66thth Science Science 20132013

Levels of Cellular Levels of Cellular OrganizationOrganization

Unicellular:Unicellular: One celled organism. They must One celled organism. They must perform all activities within one cell. NO TISSUES, perform all activities within one cell. NO TISSUES, ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!

Unicellular vs. MulticellularUnicellular vs. Multicellular

Multi-cellular – Organisms made of more than one Multi-cellular – Organisms made of more than one cell. The cells work together to make tissues, cell. The cells work together to make tissues, organs, and organ systems.organs, and organ systems.

Multi-cellular OrganismsMulti-cellular Organisms

Unicellular vs. Multicellular

Similar1. Carry on all 7 characteristics of life.2. Have the same MAIN cell parts as multi-cellular

organisms. Mitochondria, vacuole, ER, nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplast, golgi bodies, etc. Except nucleus in Arachebacteria and Eubacteria

Different1. Cells in multi-cellular organisms have a specific job.

Unicellular organism must carry on all 7 characteristics of life in one cell.

2. Multi-cellular organisms have tissues, organs, and organ systems. Unicellular organisms DO NOT.

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-Cells work together to form tissues-Cells work together to form tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Cardiac organMuscle tissueCardiac cells

Bone cellsepithelial tissue

Bone

Tissue- group of Tissue- group of similar cells working similar cells working togethertogether

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

Tissues work together to form organsTissues work together to form organs

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

An organ is a structure that contains at least two An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a different types of tissue functioning together for a common purposecommon purpose

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

-Organs work together to form organ systems-Organs work together to form organ systems

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

heart

Arteries & veins Circulatory system

bones Cartilage & tendons

Skeletal system

-Organ systems work together to form-Organ systems work together to form the whole organismthe whole organism

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Muscular system

Skeletal system

Circulatory system

Whole organism

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization•CellsCells that work together to do the same job that work together to do the same job form form tissuestissues•TissuesTissues that work together to do the same job that work together to do the same job form form organsorgans•OrgansOrgans that work together to do the same job that work together to do the same job form form systemssystems•SystemsSystems work together to form the whole work together to form the whole multi-cellular multi-cellular organismorganism

EpithelialEpithelial – SKIN!! – SKIN!! Function – Covers the outside of the body Function – Covers the outside of the body

and lines the inside of your body!!and lines the inside of your body!! Your skin is the largest organ in your body!Your skin is the largest organ in your body!

4 Types of Tissues4 Types of Tissues

ConnectiveConnective – ligaments, cartilage, blood, – ligaments, cartilage, blood, and boneand bone

FunctionFunction –connects other tissues together; –connects other tissues together; support, protects, nourishes and insulates support, protects, nourishes and insulates organs.organs.

4 Types of Tissues4 Types of Tissues

Bone Ligaments

MuscularMuscular – Smooth and skeletal muscles – Smooth and skeletal muscles – –Makes up some organsMakes up some organs Function - contracts and relaxes to allow Function - contracts and relaxes to allow

movementsmovements

4 Types of Tissues4 Types of Tissues

Smooth Skeletal

NervousNervous – nerves, brain and spinal cord – nerves, brain and spinal cord Function – transmits messages through the Function – transmits messages through the

bodybody

4 Types of Tissue4 Types of Tissue

Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to perform specific jobsperform specific jobs

The shape of the cell is designed for its jobThe shape of the cell is designed for its job

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Red blood

Liver cells

Nerve cells

Cardiac cells

As you know, all living things are made of cells. We have looked at two types of cells:

Typical LEAF Plant CellsNOT – root, stem or flower!!!!

Typical SKIN Cells – not nervous, muscle, bone, etc

But not all plant cells are rectangular and not all animal cells are circular!!!!!!!!!

The shape of the cell is designed for its jobThe shape of the cell is designed for its job

Form Fits FunctionForm Fits Function

Onion skin cells Nerve Cells

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMFunction – Provide gas exchange between blood and environment.In Action

Cell – Smooth muscleTissue – Smooth muscleOrgan – Lungs & nose

Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE

These are smooth muscle cells.

Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly?

Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS,INTESTINES, ETC)

Digestive SystemFunction – Breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for cellular respiration. VIDEO

Cell – smooth muscle cellsTissue – smooth muscle tissueOrgans – stomach, liver, gall bladder, small intestines, large intestines

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUEOrgans where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are:

Digestive System

Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found:

Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs.

NERVOUS SYSTEMFunction – carries messages back and forth between the spinal cord and the brain and every other part of the body. Video

CELL: This is a nerve cell called a neuron.

Notice the shape. It is shaped like a wire to carry electrical messages to and from the brain.

TISSUE - NERVOUS

ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord

Nervous cells are shaped like wires to carryNervous cells are shaped like wires to carryelectrical impulses.electrical impulses.

Nervous CellsNervous Cells

NERVOUS TISSUE

Organs where nervous tissue can be found are:

Spinal cord

Brain NervesNeurons

NERVOUS TISSUE

Other organ systems directly dependent on Nervous Tissue:

Muscular System

Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Function – Circulates blood throughout your body which carries important nutrition and oxygen for your cells.Video

Video 2

Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms need middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms need oxygen?oxygen?

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Function: Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign Function: Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign objects in the blood. objects in the blood.

White BloodWhite Blood

Why do red and white blood cells look different??

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMFunction – Circulates blood throughout your body which carries important nutrition and oxygen for your cells.VIDEO

CELLS - These are red blood cells called erythrocytes.

Notice the shape. It has a divot in the center because it doesn’t have any organelles so it can hold more oxygen. It is also very flexible. Why do you think that would be important?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMThis is a white blood cell called a leucocyte. VIDEO

Notice the shape: White blood cells are shaped like blobs to gobble up bacteria like Pac-man.Both these blood

cells along with platelets make up BLOOD. Blood is a tissue.Why?????

RBCWBC

Cell & TISSUE: Cardiac Muscle, RBC & WBC

These are cardiac muscle cells in cardiac muscle tissue .

Notice the shape. Banded for strength and quickness so your heart can pump the blood through your body. Why do you think these cells need to be strong and able to contract quickly?

Circulatory System

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

Organs where Cardiac tissue can be found are:

CirculatorySystem

Heart ONLY

Organ Systems where Cardiac Tissue is found:

CONNECTIVE TISSUEOrgan Systems where BLOOD Tissue is found:

Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood Tissue:

ALL OTHER SYSTEMS

Circulatory System

The Circulatory System is responsible for delivering oxygen and food to all the cells in the body.

CONNECTIVE TISSUETISSUE – Connective, nervous, and muscular.

Organs – heart and blood vessels.

CIRCULATRY SYSTEM

Heart and blood vessels

Does blood support, protect or connect?

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Video 2

Video

SKELETAL SYSTEM

CELL -This is a bone cell.

Notice the shape. It has tiny holes called pores to make the bone lightweight but strong.

This big hole is where tiny nerves run through.

Does bone support, protect or connect?

FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and protects organs

Bone cells are circular and stack on each Bone cells are circular and stack on each other to make the bone strong.other to make the bone strong.

Bone CellsBone Cells

Bone cells are circular and stack on each Bone cells are circular and stack on each other to make the bone strong.other to make the bone strong.

Bone CellsBone Cells

Muscle cells look like rubber bands that contract Muscle cells look like rubber bands that contract when they get the impulse from the nerve.when they get the impulse from the nerve.

Muscle CellsMuscle Cells

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Organs: BonesTissue: Connetcive

Bones

Skeletal System

Other organ systems directly dependent on Bone Tissue:

MuscularSystem

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Cartilage and Fat are also Connective Tissues.

What do they do?

CartilageFat

ProtectsProtects

MUSCLE SYSTEM

Function – moves and connect your bone

Cell – Skeletal MuscleTissue – Skeletal MuscleOrgans – Muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLE

These are skeletal muscle cells

Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract quickly and smoothly?

Notice the Shape: Skeletal muscle cells are banded (striped) to contract quickly, tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MOVE YOUR BONES!!!!!!!!

SKELETAL MUSCLEOrgans where skeletal muscle can be found are:

MuscularSystem

Muscles

Organ Systems where Skeletal muscle is found:

Other organ systems directly dependent on Cardiac Muscle Tissue: SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE

These are smooth muscle cells..

Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly?

Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS,INTESTINES, ETC)

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUEOrgans where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are:

Digestive System

Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found:

Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs.

Function : Flat to stack on each other and protect Function : Flat to stack on each other and protect the body.the body.

SkinSkin

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Function – forms a protective layer for outside of the body (skin) and lines hollow spaces (mouth, ear, nose, etc.) and organs.

This is a epithelial (skin) cell. Draw it into your notes.Notice the shape. It is thin and flat to fit together like tiles on a floor to shield the cells underneath.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Organs where epithelial tissue can be found are:

Stomach lining Mouth lining

Lining of the intestines and blood vessels

MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE ORGAN

SYSTEM IS SKIN.

EPITHELIAL TISSUEOrgan Systems where Epithelial Tissue is found:

Other organ systems directly dependent on Epithelial Tissue:

Digestive Syste

m

Circulatory System

PLANT TISSUES

Plants are also made up of cells. These cells form tissues and organs just like animals.

There are three basic organs in any plant. These organs are the roots, the stem and the leaves. Each one is made up of tissues that perform different functions to keep the plant alive.

Function : Hard brick to stack on each other and Function : Hard brick to stack on each other and make the plant stand up. The vacuole pushes against make the plant stand up. The vacuole pushes against the cell wall.the cell wall.

LeafLeaf

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS

Stems – support the above ground parts of the plant. Transports food and water between the leaves and the roots.

Stems help the other two types of plant organs by holding the leaves up so they can receive maximum sunlight. Stems also transport water from the roots to the leaves and transport food from the leaves to the roots.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANSStems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloemThese are xylem

cells. Draw them into your notes.Notice their shape. Xylem cells are shaped like tubes to carry water and minerals in an upward direction from the roots to the leaves.

FUNCTION: Carry water andMinerals to rest of plant.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANSStems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloemThese are phloem cells.

Draw them into your notes.

Notice their shape. Cells are shaped like straws to carry food made in the leaves all over the plant.FUNCTION: Carries

food to rest of plant from the leaves.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANSROOTS

FUNCTION– absorb water and minerals from the soil, anchor the plant and store food made in the leaves.

Roots provide stems and leaves with water and minerals. Roots absorb the water and minerals from the soil

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS

Roots are also made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem

This is a root in cross section. Draw it into your notes.Xylem are the

cells in the middle. Phloem are the cells around the outside. Xylem and Phloem have the same function in the root.

Root in Cross Section

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANLEAVES

FUNCTION: Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis.

This is a leaf cell. Draw them into your notes.

Notice the Shape: Leaf cells are rectangular for strength. They are also thin and flat to expose the chloroplasts to sunlight.

PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS

Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis.

This is a leaf in cross section.

Mesophyll – the middle layer where photosynthesis takes place.Cuticle – waxy layer, prevents water loss.

Skeletal SystemFunction: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells.

Organ: Bone

Tissue: Connective

Cell: Bone Cell

Muscular SystemFunction: Contracts and allows the body to move

Organ: Muscle

Tissue: Muscle

Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory SystemFunction: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out.

Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries

Tissue: muscle and nerve

Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

Digestive SystemFunction: Breaks down food for our body to use for energy

Organs; Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, gall bladder,

pancreas

Tissue: smooth muscle

Cell: smooth muscle cell

Skeletal SystemFunction: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells.

Organ: Bone

Tissue: Connective

Cell: Bone Cell

Muscular SystemFunction: Contracts and allows the body to move

Organ: Muscle

Tissue: Muscle

Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory SystemFunction: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out.

Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries

Tissue: muscle and nerve

Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

SkinFunction: Protects the body and your organs

Organ: Skin

Tissue: Epitheleal

Cell: Skin

Endocrine SystemFunction: Regulates varies body functions(hormones)

Organs: hypothalmous

Tissue: smooth muscle

Cell: smooth muscle

Excretory SystemFunctions: Removes liquid and solid wastes from the body

Organs: kidney, colon, spleen

Tissue: smooth muscle

Cell: smooth muscle

Reproductive SystemFunction: Produces male and females sex cells

Organs: testes and ovaries

Tissues: smooth muscle

Cell: smooth muscle cells