1

The Kings Two Bodies A Study in Medieval Political Theology

by

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz

Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey

1957 by Princeton University Press Copyright renewed 1985 by Princeton University Press

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..

..

2005

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.. ....4 .. 9 I. : .12 II. : II...26 III. 42

1. ..42 2. ...59 3. ... ..74

IV. .82 1. 82 2. II.91

Pater et filius Iustitiae...91 Iustitia Mediatrix... .101

3. .136 Rex infra et supra legem..........................................................................136 Christus-Fiscus.155

V. : Corpus Mysticum...182 1. Corpus ecclesiae mysticum.182 2. Corpus Reipublicae mysticum....193 3. Pro patria mori....................................................................................215

Patria ...215 ..230 Rex et Patria.................................................................................239

VI. 251 1. ..251

Aevum..252 Perpetua Necessitas..260

2. Fictio Figura Veritatis.............................................................................266 Imperium semper est....266 Universitas non moritur....276

VII. 287 1. ..289 2. ....308

Corona visibilis et invisibilis308 .312 316 universitas.326 ...330 .336

3. Dignitas non moritur.346 ...347 ..362 Le roi est mort.............................................................................368 .378 Rex instrumentum Dignitatis...........................................................392

VIII. . ..403 IX. ...441 ..450 [ ]455 ..456 .473 ...507 .507 .508

4

, 12 ( . ) -, , , .

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exempla , . III, , , , . 1715., . , - , , , , , , ( ) . , , , , , , , . , , , XIV , , , : 1887. , , , , 2.

1 F.W. Maitland, Selected Essays. (Cambridge, 1936), 104127, Law Quaterly Review, XVII (1901), 131146. the king being parsonified ( personified) (. .) 2 Ibid., 117. , , , , Otto von Gierke, Deutsches Genossenschaftsrecht (Berlin, 1891), III, 294, n. 148 . , - XIV . ,

10

, - , , . , , , , , , 3. , , , , . , , , , . . 4. , 5, , , , ( , ), , , : , 6. persona ficta, , , : corporation sole. , , sole corporations, , 7.

, , , ; . . , ,

sive dicas Christum, sive praelatum, sive ecclesiam universalem, sive particularem possidere, sive episcopum, sive alium praelatum, sive Papam vicarium Christi ( , [] , , , , , , ). 3 Sir William Blackstone , Commentaries on The law of England, I, C. 7 ( 1765 .), 237ff. 4 Ibid., I, 246. 5 , ; . (. 1, . 2): , , (1608), : Sir Edward Coke, The Reports, ed. George Wilson (London, 1777), VII, 1010a: ... ( 12).. 6 Blackstone, Comm. I, 270. 7 Ibid., I,C.18, 469; Maitland, Sel. Ess., 75.

11

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8 . : Pollock and Maitland, The History of English Law (2 . Cambridge, 1898 1923), I, 512. 495 Sel. Ess., 105 ff: The Corporation Sole, Sel. Ess., 73103 Year Books (. 264) ( LQR, XVI [1900], 335354 ), Eigenkirchenrecht , corporation sole. 9 Maitland, Sel. Ess., 105.

12

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1 Maitland F. Selected . Essays. Cambridge, 1936. P. 109: 1550 ., , ; (Year Books) - . 2 Edmund Plowden, Commentaries or Reports (London, 1816), 212a. , Rep., VII, 10 ( ). 3 Sir John Fortescue, The Governance of England, c. VI, ed. Charles Plammer (Oxford, 1885), 121; . 218219, The Song of Lewes (p. 217). .

13

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, , . , , , , , character angelicus4 . , , , . , , .

, , , , . , , , , .., , , , . ( )

[] , , . , , . , , ; , , , , , , et e contra, - . ,

De natura legis Naturae, c. XXVI, .. De Laudibus Legum Angliae (Cambridge, 1942, 154). . c. XIV, 34, 2728. . 4 (Character angelicus) , ., , Eduard Eichmann, Konigs- und Bischofsweihe, Sitz. Ber. Bayer. Akad. (Mnchen, 1928), No. 6, p. 8; Max Hackelsperger, Bibel und mittelaltericher Reichsgedanke (Mnchen. Diss., 1934), 28, Anm. 35; E. Kantorowicz, Laudes Regiae (Berkeley, 1946), 49, n. 126 . (, 2 , 14:17, 20); , , , . , , , , , . Erwin R. Goodenough, The Politics of Philo Judaeus (New Haven, 1938), 98ff, The Political Philosophy of Hellenistic Kingship, Yale Classical Studies, I, 1928, 55-102, . 76ff, 100ff. , , (Loius Delatte, Les traits de la royaut dEcphante, Diotogne et Sthnidas, Bibliothque de la Facult de Philosophie et Lettres de lUniversit de Lige, XCVII, [Lige, 1942]). . Artur Steinwenter, : Zur Geschichte einer politischen Theorie, Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Kl., LXXXIII, 1946, 250-268, . 259ff. ., , Gnther Dehn, Engel und Obrigkeit, Theologische Aufstze Karl Barth zum 50. Geburstag (Mnchen, 1936), 90ff; . (Harald Fuchs, Der geistige Widerstand gegen Rom in der antiken Welt. Berlin, 1938, 5859).

14

( , ) , 5. ,

. , . ( IV, V, VI) , , , ( IV) , , 6.

, , , .

, , , , , .., , quia magis dignum trahit ad se minus dignum7. , :

. , persona mixta ( res mixta). , XIV . , , : , , ( ) , , , , 8. , , 5 Plowden, Reports, 213; . , . VII, . 302-304. 6 Plowden, Reports, 220a; (. , . 2). . , . VII, . 302-304 . 7 Plowden, Reports, 213a. (. ), , (The Second Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, London, 1681, 307): Omne maius dignum trahit ad se minus dignum ( ). XIII . (ad a. 1216, ed. Luard [Rolls Series], II, 657) III , : per barones, tanquam inferiores, non potuit ad mortem condemnari, quia maior dignitas quodam modo absorbet minorem ( , , ). . David Ogg, Joannis Seldeni Ad Fletam Dissertatio, Cambridge, 1925, Introd., pp. xlii-xlvi. 8 . D. I, 5.10. , , , , , - (quid mixtum), . . c.3, X 2,1, n.7 (In Decretaliam Volumen, Venezia, 1580, fol. 152v), : Item quando ex duobis extremis fit uno, remanentibus qualitatibus extremorum, magis principale et magis

15

, , . ,

notabile aliud ad se trahit ( , ). . ( ) (Baldus, Consilia, Venezia, 1575, III, 237, n.1, fol. 67v). Glossa ordinaria . c.3 X 2,1 : Nota quod causa mixta inter spiritualem et civilem magis sequitur natura[m] spiritualis quam civilis et sic quod est minus dignum in sui substantia, maioris est efficaciae quo ad iurisdictionem (, , , , , , ). . ., , . C.9, I, 5,n.4, Commentaria in Codicem, Venezia, 1586, fol. 194v, . C.6. 43, 2, n.1, fol. 157v, : Nota quod in unitis ad invicem, dignius trahit ad se minus dignum. Item quod plurimum potest, trahit ad se quod nimium potest et communicat illi suam propriam dignitatem et privilegia (, . , , , , ). . Glossa ordinaria (. c.3 X 3,40), : Item oleum non consecratum potest commisceri, oleo consecrato et dicetur totum consecratum ( , ). consecratum: Et ita sacrum tanquam dinius trahit ad se non sacrum ( , , , ). ( , , () ). , ( ) Novella in Decretales, . c.un.VI 3, 19, n.12 (Venezia, 1612), fol.126; ( ) [Hostiensis], Summa aurea, X, 29, n.9 (Venezia, 1586), col.297. . Oldradus de Ponte, Consilia, XVII, n.1 (Lyon, 1550), fol.7v. ., , Commentaria in Tres Libros, . . 10, 5, n.17 (Lyon, 1597), p.33: Quotiens enim maius minori coniungitur, maius trahit ad se minus ( , , ). , . Liber augustalis (4, 41) II (ed. Cervone, Napoli, 1773), (p. 93): minore lumine per luminare maius superveniens obscurato ( ). XIII . (ibid., 93) : maior causa trahit ad se minorem ( ), D. 5,1,54. (Gesta Ludovivi Octavi, 643; Bouquet, Recuel des historiens, XVII, 323: Ut maiore minus cecetur lumine lumen ( , ). . Matthaeus de Afflictis, In utriusque Siciliae Constitutiones novissima praelectio (Venezia, 1562), 1, fol.167. , , Paulus, Sententiae, I, 12, 8: maior enim quaestio minorem causam ad se trahit ( ). . Fontes iuris romani anteiustiniani, ed. S. Riccobono et alii (Firenze, 1940), II, 330 D.5, I, 54.

16

, .

, ( ) . , , , VII, . ,

, VII , , [] , [] , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 9.

9 Plowden, Reports, 238. (Reports, VII, 32). , , ; ., , Bacon, Post-Nati, in: Works of Sir Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding and D.D. Heath (London, 1892), VII, 668: , , . . Blackstone, Comm., I, c.7,248: - , , ipso facto. 1485., VII , , (que le Roy fuist personable et discharge dascun attaider eo facto que il prist sur la Raigne et estre roy). S.B. Chrimes, English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge, 1936. App. 74, 378, . 51. . (PGr, CXXXVII, 1156), , , , (969-978) . V : (tellement nettoi des ses pechiez), . . Marc Bloch, Les rois thaumaturges (Strasbourg, 1924), 483; George H. Williams, Norman Anonymous (, . III, . 1), 159160 (, ) . Kantorowicz, The Carolingian King in the Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Late Classical and Mediaeval Studies in Honor of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. (Princeton, 1954), 293.

17

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, , , , , , . , [] ; [] , , , , , , . , , , , , ( ) , [Demise] , (Demise) , , , , , , . , 13.

10 Plowden, Reports, 238a. 11 Ibid., 242. 12 Ibid., 233a, 242a. 13 Ibid., 233a. (Comm., I, 249). (demise), , XV ., (demise) , . , , , , 1388 .,

18

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, , VIII , , , , [] , 14

VIII ,

15. , , , .

, , (15 )16. VIII VI , . , , , , . , , ,

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- ( III) [par demys le Roy]. . , . VII, . 195. 14 Plowden, Reports, 177a. , , (celebrati sunt nomine dignitatis) . . Baldus, Consilia (Venezia, 1575), III, 159, n.5, 45v, Maitland, Sel Ess., 77, , , . . , . VII, . 298 . . Year Books, 8 Edward II (1315), Y.B., XVIII (Selden Society, XXXVII; 1920), 202203 15 Ad Flaviamnum (ep. XXVIII, c.3), PL, LIV, 765: et mori posset ex uno, et mori non posset ex altero. ( , , ). 16 Plowden, Reports, 455a.

19

et cetera, , , 17. , .

, , , (1608.), 18. , , , , , , , , 19. , , .. mortem et destructionem domini Regis , , .

, . , , , . , ; 20. , , - , - corpus mysticum , . , . , , , . , ; , ; , , , ( ), , 21.

, , . , , , : , 21- IV [1482] 22. , , - corpus mysticum , , , 23. 17 (Post-Nati, 657658). 13 : , . 18 Coke, Reports, VII, 10-10a. 19 , , . ., , Coke, Reports, VII, 10a ( , ). ; . . Gierke, Gen. R., III, 282, Anm. 112. 20 Gierke, Gen. R., III, 517, 546ff. (Political Theories of the Middle Age [Cambridge, 1927], p. xi, n.1) . 21 Plowden, Reports, 261; . Maitland, Sel. Ess., 110. 22 Coke, Rep., VII, 10 (Calvin's Case). . , . VII, . 312. 23 corpus mysticum . , . V.

20

, , 24. , , , , , , , , 25. , , , . , . , , , , , -. , - , , , . , 26, XII XIII . .

, . , , 27. , , -, . , , : Non duo tamen, sed unus Unus autem non conversione divinitatis in carnem, sed assumptione humanitatis in Deum Unus omnino, non confusione substantiae, sed unitate personae. , , . , ,

24 , . . Rep., VII, 32. , , , . 25 Coke, Reports, VII, 11a. 26 D.1.1.1 ( quis nos sacerdotes apellet. Justityiam namque colimus) [... . ]. , , . ., , Bracton, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae, fol. 3, ed. G.E. Woodbine (New Haven, 1922), fol. 3, II, 24; Fortescue, De Laudibus, c. III, ed. Chrimes, 8. . , . IV, . 94 . 27 Pollock and Maitland, History, I, 511. , - , - , - .

21

, Livres dHeures, , 28.

, , . , , , 29. , , XVI , , , , , . . a priori, . , per se , minor Patre secumdum humanitatem . , , . , , , humanitas divinitas , , . , , , , 1649. , , , , . , character indelibilis , 30. , , : . , , , - . , , . ,

. 28 G. Morin. L'Origine du Symbole d'Athanase, Journal of Theological Studies, XII (1911), 169, n.2. 29 August Hahn, Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln der alten Kirche (3 Aufl., Breslau, 1897), 174ff ( ), 166ff ( ). . 30 . ., . II, 22.

22

, , XVII .31

, , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , . quid pro quo , , vice versa 32.

, , . , 33. , XVI , . , , , . , de similibus ad similia , .

, - - - . , , , , , . , - . , , , .., - ,

31 . Kenneth Pickthorn, Early Tudor Government: Henry VII (Cambridge, 1934), 159 . . T.F.T. Plucknett, The Lancastrian Constitution, Tudor Studies, ed. by R. W. Seton-Watson (London, 1924), 172ff. . Gierke, Gen.R., III, 308ff, 390ff, (Gierke, Political Theories, p. xi). . , . 42. 32 [A. Alfoldi] (. Mitteilungen des deutschen archologischen Instituts: Rmische Abteilung, Bd. XLIX, L, 1934-35), . (Th. Klauser, Der Ursprung der bischflichen Insignien und Ehrenrechte (Bonner Akademische Reden, I. Krefeld, 1948) 33 Gierke, Johannes Althusius (Bresslau, 1913), 64. .

23

, VII 34.

, . , , maiestas realis maiestas personalis , 35. , , , , . , , corporation sole , , , . , , .

. , , , I, , , I, 36. 27 1642 ., , , , .

, [ ], , ( ), , , . ,

34 Plowden, Reports, 212a; . 220a. 35 ., , Gierke, Gen. R., IV, 219, 315 ff passim, 247ff. ( ), , , , , . , , , , , , , (Plowden, Reports, 213a). (Gierke, Political Theories, p.xi passim). 36 . C. Stephenson and F.G. Marcham, Sources of English Constitutional History (New York, 1937), 488; C.H. McIlwain, The High Court of Parliament (New Haven, 1934), 352353 389390 . S.R. Gardiner, The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I (London, 1882), II, 420 passim. (David Hume, History of England [New York, 1880], V, 102 [1642]) , , . , (., , 1308.), , , .

24

, , , , . , ,.. , , , , , ... 37. 1642 . ,

. , , , , , , (. 1)38. , : , , , , . ; . , I , : PRO RELIGIONE LEGE REGE ET PARLIAMENTO ( , , ). (. 1f) , : . 19 1642 ., 39. ; , , , (. 2)40. ; , : 1642 . . . . . , , , , (. 3)41. , 37 (High Court, 389f) : , [] , , , , . 38 E. Hawkins, Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1911), pl. XXV, 5-6; E. Hawkins, A.W. Franks, H.A. Grueber, Medallic Illustrations (London, 1885), I, 292293, Nos. 108109 . 1c ( ) (-). , . 39 Ibid., 292, No 108, 109 ( ). 40 Ibid., pl. XXV, 7; p. 292. 41 Trsor de numismatique et de glyptique: Sceaux des rois et reines dAngleterre (Paris, 1838), pl.XX; W. De Gray Birch, Catalogue of Seals in the Department of Manuscripts in the

25

I. PRO RELIGIONE GREGE ET REGE ( , ) , , , I, , , (. 1d), - . , , , , : , , , 42.

, , , , , , 1793 . . , :

, ( ), , ; 43.

British Museum (London, 1887), I, 63, No. 597; , , 1640-1644. 42 ( ) . Ethyn Kirby, William Prynne, A Study in Puritanism (Harvard, 1931); . Hawkins, pl. XXV, 10-11; I, p.295, No.113. 43 Plowden, Reports, 177a.

26

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, , ! , , , !.. , , ? V

1. , , , , .

, , . , . , , , , , , , (1607)2. , , (1580)3 (1594)4. , , 1603. , I, , , 5. , , : , , , 1600 .6 , , ( )7, . , ,

1 V ( . ), IV, I. 2 Dr. John Cowell. The Interpreter or Booke Containing the Signification of Words (Cambridge, 1607), s.v. King (Rex); Prerogative ( ). . : Chrimes. Dr. John Cowell, EHR, LXIV (1949), 483. 3 Joseph Kitchin. Le Court Leete et Court Baron. (London, 1580). (fol. 1 r-v). 4 (Richard Crompton, LAuthoritie et Jurisdiction des Courts de la Maiestie de la Roygne (London, 1594), fol. 134 r-v), , . 5 . : F. Bacon. Brief Discourse Touching the Happy Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. In: J. Spedding. Letters and Life of Francis Bacon (London, 1861-74), III, 90ff. 1603. . S.T. Bindoff. The Stuarts and their Style. EHR, LX (1945), 220, n.2. . 207 . 6 A.P. Rossiter. Woodstock (London, 1946), 238. 7 . C.H. Norman. Shakespeare and the Law, Times Literary Supplement, June 30, 1950, p. 412, (Ibid., July 21, 1950, p. 453). . (. I, . 21).

27

8, , : (plodded) , 9. , , , , , , , . , , , 10.

- , . , . , - , . , . , ( , ), , . , , , , , , , . , !

. , , , . . , : II .

, , V, , II. , .

8 II (. . 12); Introduction, p. lxxiv. . p. xlviii ff. -: I have plodded in Plowden 9 Woodstock, V.iv. 34f, ed. Rossiter, 169. 10 . : George W. Keenton, Shakespeare and His legal Problems (London, 1930); (Max Radin. The Myth of Magna Carta, Harvard Law Review, LX (1947), 1086) .

28

, , , 11.

,

, , , , ! . , . (IV, i) ,

, V II, , , , , , .

, , , II12. , ( [V,v]) : , , , . , . , (III, ii), (III, iii) , (IV, i), . , :

11 V.H. Galbraith, A New Life of Richard II, History, XXVI (1942), 237ff. . Ervin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting (Cambridge, Mass., 1953) 118, 404405, n.5; Francis Wormald, The Wilton Diptych, Warburg Journal, XVII (1954), 191-203. . . . 1. 12 II , Cambridge Works of Shakespeare [Cambridge, 1939]). - (pp. vii-lxxvi) . , , , , . , , (Harold Child, The Stage-History of Richard II, pp. lxxvii-xcii). (John Leslie Palmer, Political Characters of Shakespeare [London, 1945]), , . . Keeton, op. cit., 163ff. II, . , , . (Antony Steel, Richard II. Cambridge, 1941).

29

, .

, . , , , , . , , , . , ,

, . (III, ii) -, .

, (IV, i). (IV, i), , , V , 13.

(III, ii) II , , , (I, ii). - , , , 1397 ., , , , , , , - 14. , , , : 15 , - -,

II .. 13 . , III, i: ? ( . ) 14 (. W.G. Boswell-Stone, Shakespeares Holinshed (London, 1896), 130; Wilson, Introduction, p.lii). 1397. , 1397. . (., , Chrimes, Constitutional Ideas, 165ff.) 15 Dixit expresse, vultu austreo et protervo, quod leges suae erant in ore suo, et aliquotiens in pectore suo: Et quod ipse solus posset mutare et condere leges regni sui. ( , , , , ). .. , 1399. (. E.C. Lodge and G.A. Thornton, English Constitutional Documents 1307-1485 (Cambridge, 1935), 2829). II, (. , . IV, . 193) . . C.6, 23, 19, 1 Omnia iura in scrinio (pectoris) principis ( () ), , (, : Glos. ord., D.33, 10, 3 v. Usum imperatorem; c.16, C.25,q.2, v. In iuris), ( ) - De

30

16. , , .

, , , . (III, ii) .

, . . , , ; , , , , nomen 17. . regimine principum, II, c.8, IV, c.1. VIII (. c.1 VI 1,2, Ed. Emil Friedberg, Corpus iuris canonici (Leipzig, 1879-81), II, 937: Licet Romanus Pontifex, qui iura omnia in scrinio pectoris suo censetur habere, constitutionem condendo posteriorem, priorem revocare noscatur ( , , , , , ). , II, , , . (.., , ) . F. Gillman, Romanus Pontifex iura omnia in Scrinio pectoris sui censetur habere, AKKR, XCII (1912), 3ff, CVI (1926), 156ff, CVIII (1928), 534, CIX (1929), 249f; . : Gaines Post, Two notes, Traditio, IX (1953), 311; Idem, Two Laws, Speculum, XIX (1954), 425,n.35. . Steinwenter, Nomos, 256ff; Erg. Bd., 85; Oldradus de Ponte, Consilia, LII, n.1 (Venezia, 1571), fol. 19r. (Walter Ullmann, The Mediaeval Idea of Law as Represented by Lucas de Penna [London, 1946], 107) (Gierke, Gen. R., III, 359, n.17), (. , . IV, . 191-192, 194-195). (mutare et condere leges [ ]), , . . VII, Dictatus papae, VII, Hg. Caspar (MGH, Epp. Sel, II), 203; II, Liber aug., I, 38, ed. Cervone, 85 ( , C.1, 17, 2, 18). 16 . Eulogium Historiarum, ed. Hayden (Rolls Series, 1863), III, 378; . : Steel, Richard II, 278. (, , II) : In diebus solemnibus, in quibus utebatur de more regalibus, iussit sibi in camera parari thronum, in quo post prandium se ostentans sedere solebat usque ad vesperas, nulli loquens, sed singulos aspiciens, Et cum aliquem respiceret, cuiuscumque gradus fuerit, oportuit genuflectere. ( , , , , , , , . - , , , .) 17 () . Pollock and Maitland, History, I,490,n.8: le corpocacion nest que un nosme, que ne poit my estre vieu [. , .I, . 2-3], et nest my substance. ( ,

31

, . ? , , ! , - ? ! . (III, ii) , , ,

. , , :

, ! ! (III, ii) ,

, , , .

, , -, -. , :

, . (III, ii) ,

; , , . , , , , . , :

. , , , , . , , , , , , , : ,

). . Gierke (Gen. R., III, 281) nomina iuris nomen intellactuale, . Arm, arm, my name!

32

; , . , - , - , ! (III, ii) ,

, , , . , , (. ). , , , - :

. , , : . , , , , , , - ? (III, ii) .

, , . . .

(III, iii) . , , , , , . , , . , ! (III, iii); . :

, , . (III, iii) ; ,

:

. , . , - ? (III, iii) , , .

, , , , (III, iii). :

: Yet looks he like a king ( ).

33

, , , , ! (III, iii) ? ! (III, iii) .

. :

, , , . . , , , . (III, iii)

macabresse . , , , , , , . .

, , , , , , , - , , :

? , , ! , ! , . , , ! , - ! (III, iii) ,

II (. 4); Oriens Augusti (III, ii.36-53; . 32c)18. , (my name, the name of king). 18 II, . Paul Reyner, Le symbole du soleil dans la tragdie de Richard II, Revue de lenseignement des langues vivantes, XL (1932), 254-260. (Wilson, Introduction, p.xii, n.3; II, , .: John Gough Nichols, Observations on the Heraldic Devices on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen, Archaeologia, XXIX (1842), 4748 [ II, III, I] . Henry Green, Shakespeare and the Emblem Writers (London, 1870), 223; Oriens Augusti . Dumborton Oaks Papers 17 (1963). ,

34

, , , . , , , . , , : . , .

! , , (III, iii).

: : . (III, iii) , ,

, . II , . - - , ( ) . , , , , - - . , , :

, , ! : , . (III, iii) ,

. , , , , . , . : , ; , . , , , .

- , , . II , , , (. Lord Howard de Walden, Banners, Standards, and Badges from a Tudor Manuscript in the College of Arms [De Walden Library, 1904], figs. 4,5,71). - , , , .

35

(IV,i) , , . , . , , , . . , ; . logothetus, rex imago Dei:

? ! , , , , , , ? , ! (IV, I) vicarius Dei.

, . , . , .

, , , . (IV, i) ;

. , , ,

. , , :

, : ! . ; , . (IV, i) , .

, . , .

, , . , ,

36

, . , 19, V, (), , - , . , , , Deo ius suum resignavit20. , , , , , , 21. character indelibilis22 , , , , :

19 (Forma degradationis) (. [. 1293-1295], III, c.7, 21-24, ed. M. Andrieu, Le Pontifical romain au moyen-ge [Studi e testi, LXXXVIII, Roma, 1940], III, 607608 Appendix IV, pp. 680681 , , ; , , ; , seriatim et sigillatim detrahit [episcopus] illi omnia insignia, sibe sacra ornamenta, que in ordinum susceptione recepit, et demum exuit illum habitu clericali (, , [] , , , ). . S.W. Findlay, Canonical Norms Governing the Deposition and Degradation of Clerics (Washigton, 1941). . Otto Cartellieri, Am Hofe der Herzge von Burgund (Basel, 1926), 62 ( . 272); Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v. Arma reversata. 20 V . F. Baethgen, Der Engelpapst (Leipzig, 1943), 175; Chronicle of Dieulacres Abbey, ed. M.V. Clarke and V.H. Galbraith, The Deposition of Richard II, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XIV (1930), 173, 146. 21 Walter Pater, Appreciations (London, 1944), 205206; Wilson, XVXVI; Palmer, Political Characters, 166. 22 (Chrimes, Constitutional Ideas, 7, n.2) Annales Henrici Quarti (ed. Riley [Rolls Series], 286): Noluit renunciare spirituali honori characteris sibi impressi et inunctioni, quibus renunciare non potuit nec ab hiis cessare ( , , ). , character indelibilis , , . , ( ) (Ferdinand Brommer, Die Lehre vom sakramentalen Character in der Scholastik bis Thomas von Aquino inklusive [Forschungen zur christlischen Literatur- und Dogmengeschichte, VIII, 2], Paderborn, 1908). III , . VII, . 14-15, 18. , sacramentum ( . P.E. Schramm, Der Konig von Navarra (1035 1512), ZFRG, germ. Abt., LXVIII (1951), 147, Anm. 72 ( IV sacramentum []).

37

, , ,

? , ! (IV, i)

: , , ! , , . , , , . , (IV, i) , , ,

, , , 23. . , . . .

, , ! (IV, i)

. , , . , , , .

, , .(IV, i) ;

, , . , , :

,

. : Eduard Eichmann, Die Kaiserkrnung im Abendland (Wrzburg, 1942), I, 86ff, 90, 208, 279, II, 304; Philipp Oppenheim, Die sakralen Momente in der deutschen Herrscherweihe bis zum Investiturstreit, Ephemerides Liturgicae, LVIII (1944), 42ff; . (PL, CCVII, 440D) (Ep., CXXIV, Ed. Luard, 350). , . 23 IV, I.

38

? - , ; , , , . (IV, i)

, . , , :

() , , , : , . : !. , : . . , , , : 24. ,

. . . , , , . , , deus absconditus, , , , - . . , , -, , , , , , : , :

! , , . , , :

24 II (Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richard II, ed. B. Williams, in: English Historical Society, 1846), II (Ed. J. Webb, in: Royal Society of the Antiquaries [London, 1819]) XV ., , . (J. Webb, Archaeologia, XX (1824), 179). . Wilson, Introduction, lviii, : XVIXVII 211. . (., , , . XX, 91), (., , O. Treitinger, Die ostrmische Kaiser- und Reichsidee nach ihrer Gestaltung im hfischen Zeremoniell (Jena, 1938), 231, Anm. 104 , ).

39

, (IV, i) ,

, . 1649 ., , i.

, . . , , , , :

, , , ! (IV, i)

, , 25; , .

. , , , . , , , . - ? , () :

- ,

? , , , ? , , ? (IV, i) , ,

, , -. . , , , , , , , , . . : , physis , physis, - . , , . demise .

: .

25 . , . 87-88.

40

: ? . : . (IV, i) : demise , , , , 26. II 27.

, 1595 ., ( ) 28. , , ii; II . , . , 1601 . II . , , - , 29. , .. , 40 , , : II, ?30.

II . II 1680 . , , , I, 31. , -, , .

, I , II . Eikon Basilikeiii , , , I. , , , , :

,

26 Plowden, Reports, 233a; , . I, . 13. 27 Palmer, Political Characters, 118119. 28 Wilson, Introduction, xvi ff, xlix; Child (ibid.), lxxvii ff; . Keeton, Legal Problems, 163. 29 Wilson, xxx ff; Keeton, 166, 168. 30 Wilson, xxxii. 31 Ibidem, xvii; Child, lxxix.

41

32.

32 , Eikon Basilike 1648. (Rosemary Freeman, English Emblem Books [London, 1948], 162, n.1). , (Margaret Barnard Pickel, Charles I as Patron of Poetry and Drama [London, 1938], Appendix C) , (p.178), (Memoirs of the Duke of Hamilton [London, 1677]), II. . . . (F.M.G. Higham, Charles I [London, 1932], 276).

42

IIIIII..

1. ,

I , , , , XVI XVII ., .

, , , , , . , 1575 . , - , , , 1100 . . , iv. ; , , , , , , , 1.

, , , , . , , , persona mixta , . , , , . , , , . , , , , - . 1 1899. (MGH, LdL, III, 642-678), : (H. Bhmer, Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert. [Leipzig, 1899], 436-497). (177-269). , , . Harald Scherrinsky, Untersuchungen zum sogennanten Anonymus von York (Wrzburg Aumhle, 1940), (George H. Williams. The Norman Anonymous of ca. 1100 A.D.: Toward the Identification and the Evaluation of the So-called Anonymous of York (Harvard Theological Studies, XVIII; [Cambridge, 1951]) . . Williams, 125ff.

43

, angelicus videlicet et humanus, , , , , , , vita angelica 2.

persona mixta - , , , . , , . , , , , , , , 3 , 1100 . , , , - , . , , . 1107., - . Habet duos status, I , -. , ,

. . 2 . . Vita S. Odonis, c.5, PL, CXXXIII, 63C: Erat enim velut lapis angularis quadrus, angelicus videlicet et humanus ( ). , , , , , , . , , , , , . . Gerhart B. Ladner. The Symbolism of the Biblical Corner Stone in the Mediaeval West, Mediaeval Studies, II, 1940, 43-60. vita angelica ., , Kassius Hallinger. Zur geistigen Welt der Anfange Klunys, DA, X, 1954, 417-445, 429430; Angelicus tuus . Henri Grgoire. Ton Ange et les Anges de Thra, BZ, XXX, 1929-30, 641-644. 3 T.F. Tout. The Place of Edward II in English History (Manchester, 1914), 130, n.1; James Conway Davies. The Baronial Opposition to Edward II (Cambridge, 1918), 22. . , Historia Ecclesiastica, III, c. vii, 8, PL, CLXXXVIII, ed. A. Le Prevost. Paris, 1845, III, 191: Ego non clericum nec antistitem damno, sed comitem meum, quem meo vice mea preposui regno ( , , . .

44

v (1164 .), , 4.

, persona mixta, , . , , 5. , , , , 6.

4 Constitutions of Clarendon, 11, ed. Stubbs, Select Charters, (Oxford, 1921), 166; Close Rolls, 1296-1302, 330ff; Rot. Parl., I, 102ff; : Davies, op. cit., 23; Pollock and Maitland, I, 524. . G. L. Haskins and E.H. Kantorowicz. A Diplomatic Mission of Francis Accursius, English Historical Review, LVIII, 1943, 436, 446, 27. , , . : Quis es? Sacerdos magnus, summus pontifex: Tu princeps episcoporum, tu haeres Apostolorum, tu primatu Abel, gubernatu Noe, patriarchatu Abraham, ordine Melchisedech, dignitate Aaron, auctoritate Moyses, iudicatu Samuel, potestate Petrus, unctione Christus ( ? , . , , , , , , , , , , ). . . . , De Consideratione, II, 8, 15, PL, CLXXXII, 751. 5 . Eichmann. Die Kaiserkrnung, I, 203, 282f, 319, . persona mixta . , . 30. 6 . , II, . 22. imperator (rex) non omnino laicus ( () ) .: Eichmann. Knigs- und Bischofsweihe, 58, 52ff; : Die Kaiserkrnung, I, 105ff, 203 passim. . Ordo (Cencius II), hg. P.E. Schramm. Die Ordines der mittelalterichen Kaiserkrnung, Archiv fr Urkundenforschung, XI, 1929, 379: (Papa) fatiit eum clericum ( ) . . . A. Schulte. Deutsche Knige, Kaiser, Ppste als Kanoniker an deutschen und rmischen Kirchen, Historisches Jahrbuch, LIV, 1934, 137ff; Schramm. Sacerdotium und Regnum im Austausch ihrer Vorrechte, Studi Gregoriani, II, 1947, 425ff. . , MGH, LdL, III, 679, 16ff: Quare (rex) non est apellandus laicus, quia christus Domini est ( 685, 42ff) ( , ). ; . , . VII, . 16. ., Marinus de Caramanico. Prooemium Lib. aug., ed. Cervone, xxxv ed. F. Calasso. I glossatori e la teoria della sovranit (Milano, 1951), 189, 26: Reges enim non sunt mere laici in quos spiritualia iura non cadunt ( , ). , . ., , G. O. Sayles. Select cases in the Court of Kings Bench (London, 1939), Introd., xliii, n.3. persona mixta . Schramm. A History of the English Coronation (Oxford, 1937), 115, n.1, Chrimes, Const. Ideas, 8. (10 Henry VII): quod Rex est persona mixta car est persona unita cum sacerdotibus saint Eglise [ibid., 387] ( , ,

45

1100., , , , , . .

persona mixta . , persona mixta, , . , ?7 , , , .

, , , De consecratione pontificum et regum ( ). , , , . , , , , . , , , :

[ ] : , , ; , [] . , , , , , , , 8.

, , . , , , , , , . , , . , ). , , , (duplex persona, saecularis et ecclesiastica). . Gierke, Gen. R., IV, 66f, Anm. 20; , Hans Liermann. Untersuchungen zum Sakralrecht des protestantischen Herrschers ZfRG, kan. Abt., XXX, 1941, 311-383. 7 , , , , . Schramm. Der Knig von Frankreich. Weimar, 1939, 1718, 26ff; c: Kantorowicz. Laudes Regiae, 78ff passim. 8 MGH, LdL, III, 664, 26ff: Itaque in unoquoque gemina intelligitur fuisse persona, una ex natura, altera ex gratia, una in hominis proprietate, altera in spiritu et virtute. Una, qua per conditionem nature ceteris hominibus congrueret, altera qua per eminentiam deificationis et vim sacramenti cunctis aliis precelleret. In una quippe erat naturaliter individuus homo, in altera per gratiam Christus, id est Deus-homo.

46

, , .

, , - , - , , . , . , , . christomimts , , , , . , , . , , , , : , . . , (alius vir) , . 9. , , .

. , . , , , . , . , , , , , : , , , apotheosis consecratio10. , ,

9 Ibid., 665, 23: Post unctionem vero insilivit in eum spiritus Domini, et propheta factus est, et mutatus est in virum alium ( . , , ). . , , ; : 664, 20ff: [Ad unctionem] insiliebat in eos spiritus Domini et virtus deificans per quam Christi figura fierent et imago et que mutaret eos in viros alios, ita ut in persona sua esset alius vir, et alius in spiritu ( , , , ). 10 ., , M. Lot-Borodine. La doctrine de la dification dans lglise grecque. Revue de lhistoire des religions, CV CVII, 1932-1933;

47

; , , , potestas . , , , .

. , . , , ; , , , 11. , christomimts

, , . , , , , , , , in officio figura et imago Christi et Dei est12. , , , in officio , , .

J. Gross. La divinisation du chrtien daprs les pres grecs (Paris, 1938); G.W. Butterworth. The deification of Man in Clement of Alexandria. Journal of Theological Studies, XVII, 1916, 157ff Cuthbert Lattey, ibid., 257 ff; A.D. Nock : Journal of Religion, XXXI, 1951, 214ff; Kantorowicz. Deus per naturam, deus per gratiam, Harward Theological Review, XLV, 1952, 253-277. apotheosis consecratio . , . 13. 11 MGH, LdL, III, 667, 35ff. , , , : Potestas enim regis potestas Dei est; Dei quidem est per naturam, regis per gratiam. Unde et rex Deus et Christus est, sed per gratiam, et quicquid facit non homo simpliciter, sed Deus factus et Christus per gratiam facit. . 676, 14ff: Summi et celestis imperatoris et secundi terrenique una eademque potestas est, sed celestis principaliter, terreni secundariae ( , , , ). Deo secundus ( Apologeticus, XXX,I), KLL L (., , , Contra Celsum, V, 39; VII, 57) , H. Volkmann. Der Zweite nach dem Knig, Philologus, XCVII, 1937, 285-316. , , (D RHH JHP RHP KLL L); C. Spyridon P. Lampros. 0PJHPOz Q $RPH &H H LH. Athena, 1879, I, 221, 11f; M. Bachmann. Die Rede des Johannes Syropulos an den Kaiser Isaak II. Angelos (1185 1195) (Mnchen diss., 1935), 11 26. . 12 MGH, LdL, III, 667,89: in spiritu et Christus et deus est, et in officio figura et imago Christi et Dei est ( , ). Ibid., 667, 39: Immo ipse, qui natura Deus est et Christus, per vicarium suum hoc facit, per quem vices suas exsequitur ( , , , ).

48

, , , . gemina persona , . , , 13. , , , , , ( ) : , .

gemina persona , , . , . , una persona, duae naturae. , , ; , , . , , , () . , , ,

13 Ibid., 665, 1920: Erat enim christus Domini et unus cum Domino spuritus. Christus etenim Deus et homo est ( . , , ). (Ibid., 665, 28ff) , : Rex autem huius Christi, id est Dei et hominis, imago et figura erat, quia totus homo erat, totus deificatus erat et sanctificatus per gratiam unctionis et per benedictionis consecrationem. Nam et si Graeci sermonis utaris ethimologia, consecratio, id est apotheosis, sonabit tibi deificatio. Si ergo rex per gratiam deus est et christus Domini, quicquid agit et operatur secundum hanc gratiam, iam non homo agit et operatur, sed deus et christus Domini ( , , , . , consecratio () , [-] apotheosis, . , ... , , , ). (. , . 30). christus Domini . 787. (Haddan and Stubbs. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents (Oxford, 1871), III, 454, 12; II - , PL, CCVII, 440D. . Leonid Arbuzow, Liturgie und Geschichtsschreibung im Mittelalter (Bonn, 1951), 95, Anm. 60. , , (670, 5 ff), christomimts; interposita vice et imitatione apostolorum ( ); , , apostolomimtai , christomimtai. : consecratio , deificatio, LPP"H, . , .

49

. () (619.) gemina natura ( ) , , gemina natura 14. (638.) , , , geminata persona15. 675. , gemina natura geminata persona gemina substantia : , geminata substantia . : Item et major et minor se ipso esse credendus est16. , (684.) . , , gemina in eo voluntas, et operatio non naturarum geminatione divisus, 17. , , , , . , 18; gigas geminae substantiae , geminatus 19.

14 PL, LXXXIV, 599C; Hinschius, Decret. Ps. Isid., 440b. 441a. 15 PL, LXXXIV, 395A; Hahn, Symbole, 237; Hinschius, 276b. , , . 16 PL, LXXXIV, 456B; Hahn, 246f; Hinschius, 407a. 17 PL, LXXXIV, 506Df; 508B. 18 Hahn, Symbole, 357: quia nec geminavit utriusque substantiae integritas personam, nec confudit geminam unitas personae substantiam ( , ). . : ep. 33, PL, LIV, 797 (gemina natura) ( ): Moralia, XVIII, 85, PL, LXXVI, 90B (nec naturarum distinctione geminatus , ). geminatio , Expositio Actuum Apostolorum, ed. M.L.W. Laistner (Cambridge, Mass., 1939), 51: ne Christi naturam geminare et in Nestorii dogma cadere videmur ( ). . 19 - (gigas) 18 (tanquam sponsus procedens de thalamo suo, exsultavit ut gigas ad currendam viam , , , , ; . 18:6); , XVII . . F.J. Dlger. Sol salutis, 2. Aufl. (Mnster, 1925) 217 Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit. (Mnster, 1918), 102 ff, . A. Alfoldi, Der iranische Weltriese auf archologischen Denkmlern, Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fr Urgeschichte, XL, 1949-50, 24. gigas geminae substantiae, , (?) (Hymns, IV, 15, PL, XVI, 1474): Procedens de thalamo suo, / Pudoris aula regia, / Geminae Gigas substantiae, / Alacris ut currat viam ( , / , / / ). . , . 63 . natura duplex . , , (. .1112), Liber de anulo et baculo, 26f, MGH, LdL, II, 509. 12 . , ,

50

, . ; , , , , , , , , . , , , - , rex est imperator in regno suo 20.

, , 1179. ( Hefele, Konziliengeschichte, V, 1886, 616, 719). ., , , Sententiae, IV, 7, PL, CCXI, 1161C: Viam quam geminae gigas substantiae exsultando cucurrit (, , ). , . Quaestiones Varsavienses trinitariae et christilogicae, ed. F. Stegmller in: Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati (Studi e Testi, 122; Citt del Vaticano, 1946), II, 306, 15: Coepit esse gigas geminae substantiae biformisque naturae, divinae scilicet et humanae (, ). , , gemina substantia (In Ep. Ad Romanos, C.1, PL, CXCI, 1307C, 1308A). ., , Opusculum de assumpto homine (ed. by Maitland, Magistri Vacarii Summa de Matrimonio, Law Quaterly Review, XIII, 1897, 143), : Et quod homo cum sit persona, ipse [Jesus] tamen assumptus dicitur et non ipsa persona. Et quod Christus et dominus glorie et gigas gemine substantiae duarum sint substantiarum nomina ( , () , . , , ). , . Joseph de Ghellinck, Magister Vacarius: Un juriste thologien peu aimable pour les canonistes, Revue dhistoire ecclsiastique, XLIV, 1949, 173-178; . . 20 . MGH, LdL, III, 675, 16ff, (. , . 47). , , , , (675, 27 ff), : Unde manifestum est reges habere sacrosanctam potestatem ecclesiastici regiminis super ipsos etiam pontifices Domini et imperium super eos ( , , ). rex imperator - , , , (Carl Erdmann, Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt des Frhmittelalters, [Berlin, 1951], 15ff, 38ff), , , XII . . Richard Drgereit. Kaiseridee und Kaisertitel bei den Angelsachsen, ZfRG, germ. Abt., LXIX, 1952, 24-73; , , , II, . W. Holtzmann, Das mittelalterliche Imperium und die werdenden Nationen, Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, VII (1953), 19, n.20; Post, Two Notes, 303. . Calasso,

51

, , . , , , gemina persona. , , , . deificati, , . 1100 . 21.

, . , , , , . ; , .. , 22. , , , . , reges christi , Christus

Glossatori, 35ff ( ), Sergio Mochi Onory, Fonti canonistiche dellidea moderna dello stato (Milano, 1951), (Two Notes, Traditio, IX, 1954, 296ff). , , , - (rex imperator), . , , (1560) , (The Works of John Jewel. [Cambridge, 1848], III, 98f); Frances A. Yates, Queen Elizabeth as Astraea, Warburg Journal, X, 1947, 39f); , . 21 , sunt dii et christi per adoptionis spiritum ( ) [667,6] alter Christus per adoptionum post Christum ( ) [675, 12], , [8:15] , , Spiritus adoptionis , . . Kantorowicz, Deus per naturam, 256, 262. , , , : filii Dei, dii, christi, angeli ( , , , ), filii hominum ( ), , [quantum] divina auctoritate sacerdotes in dignitate reges precellunt ( ) (Summa gloria, MGH, LdL, III, 66f). 22 ( 10:38; 61:1; . 4;18) . , , . , . V VI . , The Walters Art Gallery: Early Christian and Byzantine Art (Baltimore, 1947), pl. CXIX, B, Adolf Goldschmidt, Karolingische Elfenbeinskulpturen, Berlin, 1914, I, No. 154, Taf. LXV, (963-984) (in J. Strzygowsky, Iconographie der Taufe Christi (Mnchen, 1885), 59, Taf. XVIII, 4).

52

regnaturus, , , , , . , , , 23.

, , , 24. ? , gemina persona .

23 . Williams, Norman Anonymous, 131132- , , (christus Domini), ( 45:1). ., , Commentarium in Isaiam, C.45 , (841-853) (PL, CXVI, 942D): Christus interpretatur unctus. Antiquitus enim in populo Judaeorum, quemadmodum apud Romanos diadema, faciebant et regem Quare ergo apellatur Cyrus christus, cum non sit perunctus de oleo benedictionis? Quia dignitas imperialis pro chrismate ei fuit. Haec dicit Dominus christo meo pro eo quod est christo suo: vel uncto suo, hoc est, regi suo. (( . [] , , ? [ , ] . , : , ). (In Esdram et Nehemian Prophetas, C1, PL, XCI, 811) : At vero juxta mysticos sensus Cyrus rex Dominum Salvatorem et nomine [RP?] designat et factis Assimilavit namque eum Deus filio suo, quamvis ipse Deum se assimilantem minime cognoverit; primum in eo quod Christum suum eum cognominare dignatus est Assimilavit ergo Cyrum Dominus unigenito Filio suo, Deo et Domino nostro Jesu Christo ( . , . , . , , ). , , . ., , , In Isaiam, IV, Oratio ii (=Is., 45), PG, LXX, 950D 951A; , In Isaiam, C.45, PGr, LXXXVII, 2418. , , , , . ., , Scholion : ed. F.C. Conybeare, The Armenian Version of Revelations and Cyril of Alexandrias Scholia on the Incarnation and Epistle on Easter (London, 1907), 169: [] , , : . , , , . 24 . (22:21), , , . ., , Max Hackelsperger, Bibel und mittelalterlicher Reichsgedanke (Diss., Mnchen, 1934), 29f . , , () (In epist. Ad Roman., XIII, 6, PL, XVII, 172AB): principi enim

53

: , : . (potestas), . , . , . , , , , , [] , , . , (divina potestas). , , (potestas) 25. , , ,

, , , . potestas , 26.

suo, qui vicem Dei agit, sicut Deo subiiciuntur Unde et Dominus: Reddite etc. Huic ergo subiiciendi sunt sicut Deo ( , , , : . , , ). , , ( E. Dekkers, A.Gaar, Clavis patrum Latinorum [Sacris eruditi, III, Brugge, Den Haag, 1951], 30, No. 184). , ad scandalum vitandum , , , (Summa theol., IIa-IIae, q.10, a.10, ad 1): Sicut etiam Dominus Matth. XVII ostendit, quod poterat se a tributo excusare, quia liberi sunt filii; sed tamen mandavit tributum solvi ad scandalum vitandum ( (. 17) , , , , , ). . E. Gilson, Dante the Philosopher (New York, 1949), 208, n.1. 25 MGH, LdL, III, 671, 35ff: Reddite potestati, non persone. Persona enim nequam, sed iusta potestas. Iniquus Tyberius, sed bonus cesar. Reddite ergo non persone nequam, non iniquo Tyberio, sed iuste potestati et bono cesari que sua sunt Da, inquit, pro me et te, iuste potestati et bono cesari, cui secundum hominem subditi sumus Sciebat enim hoc pertinere ad iusticiam, ut redderet cesari que sunt cesaris Sed in iis omnibus implevit iusticiam. Iustum quippe erat, ut humana infirmitas divine subderetur potestati. Christus namque secundum hominem tunc infirmus erat, cesaris vero potestas divina. 26 , , 1- . (1 2:13-18). , , , : , , , , . . Erwin R. Goodenough, The Politics of Philo Judaeus (New Haven, 1938), 100. (.1080-1100), , : Reges ergo boni venerandi et sunt imitandi, Persersi non sunt imitandi, sed venerandi.

(, , , ).

C: Erdmann, Ideenwelt, 133. . , Hackelsperger (.24), G. Tellenbach, Church, State, and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest (Oxford, 1938).

54

, : , . : , ; , : Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. 27.

, , : . per se , , . , , ide fixe , , , . geminatio . , . ; , , deus , , dominus. , gemina persona gemina persona , (unigenitus) (primogenitus) . , , 28.

, , . , . , , , , deus absconditus ( ), 29.

, , . , , gemina persona, . , , , ordo : - -, ( ), .

[ ] (Christus et Deus); :

. 27 John of Salisbury, Policraticus, 514b, ed. Webb (Oxford, 1909), I, 236. 28 MGH, LdL, III, 669, 35ff: sacerdotes quidem unxit [Deus] sicut apostolos suos unctione spirituali, regem vero sicut filium suum primogentium et ante secula genitum pre omnibus participibus suis ( [] , , , ). . . 44:8. 29 , , , , , . (. Gierke, Political Theories, xliv).

55

, . , , ; , , 30. ,

, . . , , ? ? ? , 30 MGH, LdL, III, 667, 8ff: Unde et uterque in spiritu et Christus et deus est, et in officio figura et imago Christi et Dei est. Sacerdos sacerdotis, rex regis. Sacerdos inferioris officii et naturae, id est humanitatis, rex superioris, id est divinitatis. , gemina natura , . -, , , . . ibid., 665, 36ff: et rex sacerdos et sacerdos rex iure potest apellari. Nam et sacerdotis est in spiritu Christi regere populum ( , . ). . . De regia potestate, I, 10, MGH, LdL, II, 477, 21: Hic [sacerdos] sal terrae vocatur, et rex propter ducatum, quem praebere populo debet, et angelus, quia bona nuntiat, et pastor, quia divini verbi dapibus hominis explet. ( [] , , , , , , ). Ibid., 477, 38: Nam et regalem dignitatem habere videtur episcopus ( , ). inter regem et oves sibi creditas ( [] ). rex , sacerdos. ., , Didascalia Apostolorum, II, 34, ed. R. Hugh Connolly (Oxford, 1929), 96, 17ff Recognitiones - (I, 46, PG, I, 1234A): pontifex Aaron, chrismatis compositione perunctis, princeps populi fuit, et tanquam rex iudicandi plebem sorte suscepta de mundis immundisque iudicabat ( , , , , , ). . c Hinschius, Decret. Ps.Isid., 53. . ., De regimine christiano, II, c.4 (ed. H.X. Arquillire, Le plus ancien trait de lglise: Jaques de Viterbe, De regimine christiano [Paris, 1926], 199), , - , - : Est enim sacerdos in quantum homo, rex autem est et in quantum Deus et in quantum homo et sic maior dignitas importatur ex eo, quod rex dicitur, quam ex eo, quod sacerdos ( , , , , ). : Quare et in prelatis ecclesiae superior est potestas regalis, que dicitur iurisdictionis, quam sacerdotalis, que dicitur ordinis ( , , , ). . R. Scholz, Die Publizistik zur Zeit Philipps des Shnen und Bonifaz VIII (Stuttgart, 1903), 144145; Martin Grabmann, Die Lehre des Erzbischofs und Augustinertheologen Jakob von Viterbo, Episcopus: Festschrift fr Kardinal Michael von Faulhaber (Regensburg, 1949), 190191.

56

, , . ? In eone quod homo est, an in eo quod archiepiscopus est?

, , ; : homo archiepiscopus, , , 31. , , , , , , , , peccator 32.

, , , ? ; . . , : , [] , 33. 653 ., , . , , , , : , 34.

, , , ? . 31 Tractate XXIX, : Bhmer, Kirche und Staat, 479. . ., , Isidore, Etym., XV, 2,1: civitas autem non saxa sed habitatores vocantur ( , ), . 99 Maitland, Sel. Ess., 90 ( , ecclesia spiritualis ). . , . 47. 32 Bhmer, Kirche und Staat, 436437. 33 MGH, LdL, III, 673, 24: Aliter enim servit quia homo est, aliter quia etiam rex est. . Ad Bonifacium (, Ep. CLXXXV, c.5, 19, ed. A. Goldbacher (CSEL, LVII), 17, 21. . Decretum Gratiani, c.42, C.XXIII, q.4, ed. Friedberg, I, 1923, , , (Decretum, X, 121, PL, CLXI, 727), , (. Williams, Norman Anonymous, 55ff). 34 PL, LXXXIV, 431A; Hinschius, Decret. Ps. Isid., 392: Regalis proinde ordo ex hoc cuncta sibi deberi convicit, ex quo se regere cuncta cognoscit; et inde conquisita non alteri quam sibi iuste defendit; unde non personae, sed potentiae suae haec deberi non ambigit. Regem enim iura faciunt, non persona; quia nec constat sui mediocritate sed sublimitatis honore. Quae ergo honori debent, honore serviant, et quae reges accumulant, regno relinquant. honor () dignitas () (. , . VII). , , , , - . , (Gesta Chuonradi, c.7, hg. H. Bresslau,

57

, , : [Papa] qualis Petrus officio non qualis Petro merito ,.. 35. IV , , VII36.

. , , , , , , , : . . , , - christomimts ; , , , , personae mixtae ( ) personae geminatae ( )37. , , , ; .

(, ) 38, - , , , imago Christi. Rex imago Christi ( , Dei) , . , , , . : , ( )39. , persona geminata , ( ,

MGH, SS.r.Germ., 29f), , , II: Si periit rex, regnum remansit, sicut navis remanet cuius gubernator cadit. Aedes pubicae fuerunt, non privatae ( , , , . [ ] , ). : A. Solmi, La distruzzione del palazzo regio in Pavia nellanno 1024, Rendiconti dellIstituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere, LVII, 1924, 97ff. 35 Anton Michel, Die Sentenzen des Kardinals Humbert, das erste Rechtsbuch der ppstlichen Reform (MGH, Schriften, VII; Leipzig, 1943), 32, Anm. 1. 36 . 1076. ([H. Dei gratia rex Hildebrando], hg. C. Erdmann, Die Briefe Heinrichs IV (MGH, Deutsches Mittelalter, I, Leipzig, 1937), 1415, Anm. 11, 12) C. Erdmann und D. Von Galdiss, Gottschalk von Aachen im Dienste Heinrichs IV., DA, III, 1939, 168. 37 (. 9) ; : . 30. 38 . Williams, Norman Anonymous, 55ff. 39 . , . 13.

58

). , , , , , , , , . , , . . , 40.

. , , , , . . , , , - , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , . . , , , , . , ; . , , ,

40 , ( ) (Wilhelm Berges, Die Frstenspiegel des hohen und spten Mittelalters, [MGH, Schriften, II, Leipzig, 1938], 28ff): Nie zuvor und nie nachher hat der Christus Knig-Gedanke die politische Theorie so beherrscht wie im Yorker Tractat ( - , ). (Norman Anonymous, 190) , : - , , , c , , , , . . ; , (Joseph Andreas Jungmann, Die Abwehr des germanischen Arianismus und der Umbruch der religisen Kultur im frhen Mittelalter, Zeitschrift fr katholische Theologie, LXIX, 1947, 36-99).

59

, . , , , , , , 41. .

2. , Volto Santo

, , , , 42. , : Volto Santo una persona, duae naturae , . , , , : - , , , . Volto Santo , , , , 43.

, - , 900-1100. , christomimts, , - , . , 973., II (. 5)44. , , ,

41 . Summary Williams, Norman Anonymous, 199ff. 42 Volto Santo . A. Kingsley Porter, Spanish Romanesque Sculpture (New York, 1929), II, pls.63ff; G, Schrer und J.N. Ritz, Sankt Kmmernis und Volto Santo (Forschungen zur Volkskunde, XIII-XV, Dsseldorf, 1934), . . Clairece Black, The Origin of the Lucchese Cross Form, Marsyas, I (1941), 27-40. 43 : , . . J.D. Stefanescu, LIllustration des liturgies dans lart de Byzance et de lOrient, Annuaire de linstitut de philologie et dhistoire orientales, I, 1932, 72ff; . J.M. Hanssens, Institutiones liturgicae de ritibus orientalibus (Roma, 1932), III, 289, 1117. 44 Stephan Beissel, Die Bilder der Handschrift des Kaisers Otto im Mnster zu Aachen (Aachen, 1886), 61ff, Taf. 13; Adolph Goldschmidt, German Illumination, II Ottonian Period (New York, n.d.), pl. I; P.E. Schramm, Das Herrscherbild in der Kunst des Mittelalters, Vortrge der Bibliothek Warburg 1922-3, I, 1924, 198ff. . . P.E. Schramm, Die deutschen Kaiser und Knige in Bildern ihrer Zeit (Leipzig, 1928), 81ff, 191, Taf. 64; K. Vge, Eine deutsche Malerschule um die Wende des ersten Jahrtausends (Westdeutsche Zeitschrift,

60

, , . , , , . . , . , , , . ; Tellus, , , . , , , , . , , , , .

, . , vi, . , , : , 45. , , , , , -c . , , , 46. , reguli, , . , ,

Ergnzungsheft, VII, Trier, 1891, 7f; A. Boeckler, Die Reichenau Buchmalerei in: Die Kultur der Abtei Reichenau, Erinnerungsschrift (Mnchen, 1925), II, 982ff. 45 , , , - - (). Schramm, Herrscherbild, 198f; Beissel, Bilder, 62. , , (. , . 82). 46 (Herscherbild, 199; Die Deutschen Kaiser, 83) , , , . Codex Aureus (Schramm, Kaiser, Taf. 29a; . , . 16b), : ( , ), , . , reguli . -, , , , . . C. Erdmann, Forschungen, 43ff passim, Das ottonische Reich als Imperium Romanum, DA, VI, 1943, 412-441.

61

. potestas , cooperatrix ; . :

, , . , , , , , , , . , , , , . 47. , :

(usque ad celum erectus), , . imperator ad celum erectus, . ? . Collectio Hispana / Isidoriana, - , , , VII . ; . , Hispana, : vii, : imperatorem erexit ad 47 Et utique magna et sancta imperatoris potestas, que cooperatrix est gratie Dei in pascendis ovibus eius veritatis germinibus et cui a Deo omnes regere concessum est, cui totius mundi pontifices ad concilium convocare, cui de sacramentis catholice fidei et celestibus negotiis tractare et ipsis pontificibus, ut inde tractent, imperare per cooperantem sibi eandem gratiam collatum est. Propter quod usque ad celum a domino Iesu Christo erectus esse dicitur. Ad celum, inquam, non utique istud corporeum quod videmus, sed incorporeum quod non videmus, id est invisibilem Deum. Usque ad Deum quippe erectus est, quia ei in potestate ita coniunctus est, ut nulla potestas Deo sit propinquior, imperartore siblimior, sed omnis sit alia inferior. MGH, LdL, III, 676, 5ff. ( , ; , , , , , . , () . [ ] , , , , . , , , ). potestas . , . 25. , , , (caelum aereum), (caelum aethereum). . , Homiliae in Evangelia, II, 29, 5f, PL, LXXVI, 121f; , Expositio Actuum Apostolorum, I, II, ed. M.L.W. Laistner, Cambridge, Mass., 1939, 9: ut vere in caelum illum (Christum) ire monstrarent, et non quasi in caelum sicut Eliam (, () , , ). . Meyer Schapiro, The Image of the Disappearing Christ, Gazette des Beaux Arts, LXXXV, 1943, 140.

62

zelum [fidei] []. , , , ad zelum ad celum ( ). , , (, -), , 48. , , , , , , .

Hispana, , , , - imperator ad celum erectus. , , , , , . (maiestas) , ; , , viii , . , - - (. 7), - , X ., (.6), 49. , ; - christomimts, . (Christus) - (christus).

. , , II. c , : (Zwillingsbildung),

48 . Hinschius, Decret. Ps. Isid., 283, (MGH, LdL, III, 676, 41). - , - , , Hispana (ed. F.A. Gonsalez, Colliectio canonum ecclesiae Hispaniae, [Madrid, 1808], repr. PL, LXXXIV, 163C). . : G. Williams, Norman Anonymous, 189, n.640. . 49 .: Adolf Goldschmidt, Die Elfenbeinskulpturen aus der Zeit der karolingischen und schsischen Herrscher (Berlin, 1914), Taf. LXXXV - (. 900), , (: S.80, No.162). ( ) (Ibid., Taf. lxxiv, S. 80, No.163a) , , . . (Vge, Malerschule, 282), . , II , , . (Beissel, Bilder, 62f) , , , ; (Die deutschen Kaiser, 82) .

63

, III IV . (. . 32)50. , , , , - : , , , , , , , .

, , . , , , (reguli). : , , , . , 51. , , , , , (Tellus) , ix, , , (Terra) (. 8)52. ,

50 . Ernst Kitzinger, On the Portrait of Roger II in the Martorana in Palermo, Proporzioni, III, 1950, 30-35; - III II - . Schramm, Die deutschen Kaiser, 9495, 112, Taf. 65. (Georg Leidinger, Miniaturen aus Handschriften der bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in Mnchen [Mnchen, 1957], VI, 25 Taf. XIII. (, , ) . Kantorowicz, The Quinity of Winchester, Art Bulletin, XXIX, 1947, figs. 27-29 ( . 78), H. Usener, Zwillingsbildung, Kleine Schriften, IV, 1913, 334ff. . Panegyrici latini, VI, 21 (Paneg. Constantino Aug. dictus, ed. Baehrens, 1911), 218, 6: Vidisti [Apollinem] teque in illius specie recognovisti ( ). . . 51 Schramm, Herrscherbild, 199. . Vge, Deutsche Malerschule, 282283. (Beissel, Bilder, 62) , , ( , Codex Aureus), . . , . 83 . 16a-b. 52 . Andr Grabar, LEmpereur dans lart byzantin (Paris, 1936), 48ff, pl.IV;: Beissel, Bilder, 61 Schramm, Herrscherbild, 195, Anm. 72. . Hugo Buchtal, The Western Aspects of Gandhara Sculpture, Proceedings of the British Academy, XXXI, 1945, fig.29. , , (Terra), . Goldschmidt, op.cit., II, pl. IX, fig. 23. Tellus, , , , (Clm.4454); : Leidinger, op. cit., VI, 26, Taf.XIII. . X . ( : , Bibl. Nat. MS 211, fol. 34v), , , , ; Grabar, propos du nimbe crucifre Castelseprio, Cahiers archologiques, VII (1954), pl.54, fig.1

64

, , , .

, , . , .., , , , , . , , , - 53. . , , , . , , , - , ( 16:12 ), , , - (in ipsum coelum intravit)54.

( .161). (, Goldschmidt, I, pl.LXXV), , terra marique . . A. Momigliano, Terra marique, Journal of Roman Studies, XXXII, 1942, 53-64. II (nobis Roma subiacaet, quibus terra servit, mare favet; hunc terra et pontus adorant; dominatur in terra, principatur in mari et imperat in utroque , , ; ; , ); : Erg. Bd., 204205. , , , , , , , IV : Item quod dominus Rex sit imperator in regno suo et imperare possit terre et mari ( , ). : Porro utrum dominus Rex sit imperator in regno suo et utrum imperare possit terre et mari et elementis et, si obtemperarent ipsa elementa, si eisdem imperaret, nichil ad propositum nec contra Episcopum facit (, , , , , [] ). . Mmoires relatif au Parage de 1307, ed. A. Maisonobe, Bulletin de la socit dagriculture, industrie, science et arts du Dpartement de la Lozre (Mende, 1896), 521, 532; Strayer, The Laicization of French and English Society in the Thirteenth Century, Speculum, XV, 1940, 82, n.5. . 53 . Carl Schneider, Studien zum Ursprung litirgischer Einzelheiten stlicher Liturgien: , Kyrios, I, 1935, 57-73; J. Sauer, Die Symbolik des Kirchengebudes (Freiburg, 1902), 133134; Robert Eisler, Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt (Mnchen, 1910), 191 250251. 54 , De Tabernaculo, II, 8, PL, XCI, 445f . 446D: velum quo coelum figuratur (, ); 445C: Velum hoc, coelum interpretatur ( ). (445D) : Summum vero sacerdotem, qui semel in anno sancta sanctorum cum sanguine victimarum ingrediebatur, ipsum intellegi esse pontificem magnum, cui dictum est: Tu es sacerdos in aeternum. Qui semel oblatus pro peccatis nostris, ipse sacerdos et hostia per

65

, (26:3132) - . , , . , , , , , 55. , , , , , , virtutes, , , , 56.

, , , . , ad praedicandum aeterni regis evangelium, . , , 57.

proprium sanguinem in ipsum coelum intravit ( , , , : . , , ). . . L.W. Laistner : A.H. Tompson, Bede, his Life, Times and Writings (Oxford, 1935), 246. , , : ., , Allegoriae super Tabernaculum Moysi, ed. P.S. Moore and J.A. Corbett, in Publications in Mediaeval Studies, III, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1938, 122123. 55 , op. cit., 446A: Quatuor autem columnae, ante quas appensum est hoc velum, coelestium sunt potestates agminum, quatuor virtutibus eximiis praeclarae ( , , , ). , . . , In Ezech., I, Homil. III, 8. PL, LXXVI, 809A, F. van der Meer, Maiestas Domimi (Citt del Vaticano, 1938), 227228. . Sauer, Symbolik, 134. 56 , - , . van der Meer, Maiestas Domini, 223ff; . Iraeneus, Adversus haereses, III, 11, 8. 57 Deus, qui ad praedicandum aeterni regis (regni) evangelium Francorum (Romanum) imperium praeparasti (, ( ), ()) . Gerd Tellenbach, Rmischer und christlischer Reichsgedanke in der Liturgue des frhen Mittelalters (S.-B. Heidelberg, 19341935), Abh. 1. Sacramentarium Pragense VIII ., hg. Alban Dold und Leo Eizenhfer (Texte und Arbeiten der Erzabtei Beuron, 1.Abt., Heft 38-42; Beuron, 1949), II, 137*, No. 246,4. . Hans Hirsch, Der mittelalterliche Kaisergedanke in den liturgischen Gebeten, MIG, XLIV, 1930, 9ff. , . (C. Erdmann, Der Heidenkrieg in der Liturgie und die Kaiserkrnung Ottos I., MIG, XLVI, 1932, 129-142; Ideenwelt, 1920, Anm. 6-7) , praedicatio evangelii ( )

66

, , c , . , , 58. , , , (. 9, 10). , , , , Caelus , (. 11)59.

, . , ( 26:33). , , , : , , , , . , -, 60. - , .

, . ., , ( , 589.): Ipse mereatur veraciter apostolicum meritum, qui apostolicum implevit officium ( , ); PL, LXXXIV, 345CD. . Joseph Kirchberg, Kaiseridee und Mission unter den Sachsenkaisern und den ersten Saliern von Otto I. bis Heinrich III. (Historische Studien, 259, Berlin, 1934); M. Bnding, Das Imperium Christianum und die deutschen Ostkriege vom zehnten bis zum zwlften Jahrhundert (Historische Studien, 366, Berlin, 1940). ., , Schramm, Die Ordines der mittelalterlichen Kaiserkrnung, ArchUF, XI, 1929, 371 Die Krnung bei den Westfranken und Angelsachsen von 878 bis um 1000, ZfRG, kan. Abt., XXIII, 1934, 220; Paul L. Ward, An Early Version of the Anglo-Saxon Coronation Ceremony, EHR, LVII., 1942, 360. 58 , . 59 ( , - -) . (G. Croquison, Une vision eschatologique carolingienne, Cahiers archologiques, IV, 1949, 10129). ( Caelus . p. 116117), , , . 60 , De Tabernaculo, PL, XCI, 447AB: Intra hoc velum templi posita est arca testamenti; quia mediator Dei et hominum, homo Christus Jesus, qui solus paternorum est conscius arcanorum, super coelos coelorum ascendens (. , . 7274), sedet ad dexteram Patris. Hoc velo sanctuarium et sanctuarii sanctuaria dividuntur; quoniam Ecclesia, quae ex angelis sanctis et hominibus constat, partium adhuc peregrinatur in infimis, partium in aeterna patria regnat in supernis ( , , , , , , . ; , , , , , ).

67

, : , , . , II, (. 12), 61. , , , , , . , x, : 62. - . 18 : , , . ( ) , . , , gigas geminae substantiae. , , 63. , . , . , - 64.

61 Grabar, LEmpereur, pl.XXIII,1 p.60. 62 . , .40 (. , . 7981) [ed. Lon Vaganay, (Paris, 1930), 298ff , (H.B. Swete, (QHNNLzP RHH 3L: The Ahmim Fragment of the Apocryphal Gospel of St. Peter (London, 1893), p.18, n.2. , , , . H.L. Strack, P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, Mnchen, 1928, IV, 888). , , , , , . . Strack-Billerbeck, IV, 947f, III, 851. 18:6. . 63 gigas geminae substantiae . , . 19. . , Apologia, I, 54. , 18 (18:5), . . Dlger, Sonne der Gerechtigkeit, 102ff; Sol Salutis, 217218; -, In Psalmorum librum exegesis, XVIII, PL, XCIII, 581D. . Hubert Schrade, Zur Ikonographie der Himmelfahrt Christi, Bibliothek Warburg: Vortrge 1928-29 (Leipzig, 1930), 119120 Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst: Die Auferstehung Christi (Berlin und Leipzig, 1932), 39; Helena Gutberlet, Die Himmelfahrt Christi in der bildenden Kunst (Straburg, 1934), 7071. 64 , , XII, 1, PGr, XXXIII, 726: RLMHzO LH K LHzHIL R

68

( (1:15): 65), .

, . , . A priori , - , . , , Enarrationes in Psalmos . , gigas geminae substantiae. 91 , . : , , 66. , , 90 . ( 90:10) , 67. - . , . : [ , ], In ipso tabernaculo Imperator militavit pro nobis. . : , : , . , , LMHzO L O LO LO K KL O HQO LQRzHIHLO. , , , XLII, 13. . Rendel Harris and Alphonse Mingana, The Odes and Psalms of Solomon, Manchester, 1920, II, 5556. - (In Pascha, II, PGr, LIX, 728) ( 12:9) . (In Exodum, c.12, PL, XCI, 306D) , , ; Christus cum duabus legibis ( ). 65 , , (In Apocalypsim (1:15), PGr, CVI, 229A): KL NH HQ O H ( ); , Comm. In Apoc. ( 1:15), ibid., 519AB. XII . (Comment. in Apocalypsim, ed. Dyovouriotis, : (LLP LHPLPH IaHP K

V, 1928, 24, 19: OL KH O KPH HR LQPKOPH ( ) . , PL, CXVII, 956B: [pedes] aliquando significant stabilitatem aeternitatis, aliquando vero humatitatem per quam ad nos venit cognitio divinitatis, aliquando praedicatores ( , , , - ). . , In Apocal., PL, V, 319. . R.J.H. Jenkins and C.A. Mango Dumbarton Oaks Papers, IX-X, 1956, 132, n.52. 66 . , Enarrationes in Psalmos, XCI, 11, PL XXXVII, 1178; O Christe, qui in coelis sedes ad dexteram Patris, sed pedibus tuis et membris laboras in terra. 67 tabernaculum ( ROO RH) . 2 . 5:4 II 1:13. . . Delatte, Traits de la royaut, 181; : Kantorowicz, Deus per naturam, 270, n.56.

69

, : , : 68.

, . ; , ; . , 69.

. , , -, , , 90 . . 90 , par excellence, (13): ; 70. , , , , (. 13) 13 90 , , , 71. ,

68 . , op. cit, XCI, 5, PL XXXVII, 1163: Tabernaculum Dei caro est. In carne inhabitavit Verbum, et caro facta est tabernaculum Deo: in ipso tabernaculo Imperator militavit pro nobis Longe est super omnes coelos, sed pedes habet in terra: caput in coelo est, corpus in terra Sed ne putemus quia separatum est caput a corpore: discretum est enim locis, sed iunctum est affectu. imperator , rex (), , , , . ., , Erik Peterson, Christus als Imperator Theologische Traktate (Mnchen, 1951), 151-164. . , , . . ., , Summa Inperatorie maiestati: inperator noster, Christus Jeusus, ventis imperans et mari ( , , ). . Stephan Kuttner, Repertorium der Kanonistik (Studi e Testi, 71, Citt del Vaticano, 1937), 179f; S. Mochi Onory, Fonti canonistiche dellidea moderna dello stato (Milano, 1951), 112f, n.3. 69 -, In Psalmos, XC, PL, XCIII, 975C-976B; , [ ], Glossa ordinaria, Ps. XC, PL, CXIII, 999; Canterbury Psalter, fols. 163v164r, ed. M.R. James, London, 1935; , Comm. in Psalmos, XC, 10 ( titulus), PL, CXCI, 852C (: 847D). 70 . Grabar, LEmpereur, 237ff. . Josef Der, Ein Doppelbidnis Karls des Grossen, Forschungen zur Kunstgeschichte und christlichen Archologie, II, 195