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Child
Development Theories
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Research has shown that early childhood may be themost important life stage for brain development.
A baby’s brain is about one quarter the size of anadults’.
Scientists have found that babies’ brains develop inresponse to stimulation.
Arouses senses such as sight, sound, touch, taste,and smell.
Babies who are stimulated develop more quicly andhave a more secure self!image.
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What is a theory?
A theory should allow us topredict and explain humanbehavior
•
It should be stated in such away that it can be shown tobe false
• It must be open to scientic
investigation
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Although researches don’t always agree,scienti"c researchers have agreed uponthe "ve following general rules.
#evelopment is similar for each individual #evelopment builds upon earlier learning.
#evelopment proceeds at an individual rate.
$he di%erent areas of development areinterrelated.
#evelopment is a lifelong process.
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sychoanalytic Theories!
"reud#s sychosexual Theory
ersonality has $ parts
There are % stages of psychosexual
development
&edipus complex allows child toidentify with same'sex parent
"ixation is an unresolved con(ict
during a stage of development
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Phallic
Stage
Child’spleasurefocuses on
genitals
Figure 2.1
Latency
Stage
Child
repressessexualinterest
and developssocial andintellectual
skills
Anal Stage
Child’spleasure
focuses onanus
enital
Stage
A ti!e ofsexual
rea"akening#source of sexual
pleasure$eco!es
so!eoneoutside of thefa!ily
%ral Stage
&nfant’spleasure
centers on!outh
Freudian Stages
' yrs topu$erty
(irth to1) yrs
1) to *yrs
Pu$ertyon"ard
* to 'years
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)ri*son#s sychosocial Theory!
There are + stages of psychosocialdevelopment
)ach has a uni,ue developmental tas*
Developmental change occurs throughoutlife span
-ey points of psychoanalytic theories!
)arly experiences and family relationshipsare very important to development
.nconscious aspects of the mind areconsidered
ersonality is best seen as adevelopmental process
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+rikson’s Stages ,evelop!ental Period
-rust vs istrust &nfancy /first year0Autono!y vs sha!e dou$t
&nfancy /1 to * years0
&nitiative vs guilt +arly childhood /* to
years0&ndustry vs inferiority iddle and late childhood
&dentity vs identityconfusion
Adolescence /13 to 23 years0
&nti!acy vs isolation +arly adulthood /23s4 *3s0enerativity vsstagnation
iddle adulthood /53s4 3s0
&ntegrity vs despair Late adulthood /'3s on"ard0
Figure 2.2
+rikson’s +ight Life6Span Stages
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Cognitive theories!
iaget#s cognitive developmentaltheory /tresses conscious mental processes
Cognitive processes are in(uenced bybiological maturation
"our stages of cognitive developmentin children
Assimilation and accommodation
underliehow children understand the world0adaptto it0 and organi1e their experiences
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Preoperational Stage7
-he child $egins to represent the "orld "ith "ordsand i!ages. -hese "ords and i!ages reflectincreased sy!$olic thinking and go $eyond theconnection of sensory infor!ation and physical action.
For!al %perational Stage
-he adolescent reasons in !ore a$stract idealisticand logical "ays.
Sensori!otor Stage7-he infant constructs an understanding of the "orld
$y coordinating sensory experiences "ith physicalactions7 progressing fro! reflexive4 instinctual actionat $irth to the $eginning of sy!$olic thought to"ardend of the stage.
Concrete %perational Stage7
-he child can no" reason logically a$out concrete
events and classify o$8ects into different sets.
Figure 2.*
1191 yearsof age
throughadulthood
(irth to 2years of age
2 to : yearsof age
: to 11 years
of age
Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive ,evelop!ent
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2ygots*y#s sociocultural cognitivetheory Children actively construct their *nowledge
/ocial interaction and culture guidecognitive development
3earning is based upon inventions ofsociety
-nowledge is created through interactionswith other people and ob4ects in the culture
3ess s*illed persons learn from the mores*illed
Information'processing theory Compares computers to the human mind
Thin*ing is information processing
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&nfor!ationis taken into$rain
&nfor!ationgets processed4analy;ed4 andstored until use
%
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+nviron!entPerson/cognitive0
(ehavior
(andura’s Social Cognitive odel
Figure 2.5
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(andura’s odeling>&!itation
Child
o$servesso!eonead!ired
Child i!itates
$ehaviorthat see!sre"arded
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+xosyste! esosyste!s
acrosyste!
Fa!ilySchool classroo!
?eligion
groups
Peergroup
Chronosyste!
School syste!
Political philosophy
= a t i o
n a l
c u s t o
! s
+ c o n
o ! i c p a t t e r n s
S o c i a l c
o n d i t i o
n sC u l t u
r a l v a l u
e s
C o !
! u n i t
y
. a s s !
e d i a
. e d i c a
l i n s t i t
u t i o
n s
Figure 2.
(ronfen$renner’s
+cological -heory
of ,evelop!ent
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roup 2 -i!eplaying
videoga!es7' hours
each day
oreaggressive
andantisocial
oreplayful
andsocia$le
-i!eplaying
videoga!es72 hours
each day
roup 1
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&a'or social institution found in all humansocieties
(sual image) woring father * housewifemother * dependent children
Reality) $his is becoming less and lesscommon as more + more mothers woroutside the home. Also because of risingdivorce rates.
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ohabiting couples -with or withoutchildren
Single parent family -because of teen
pregnancy, divorce or abandonment /Blended0 family
1omose2ual couples e.g. 3etherlandshas legalised homose2ual marriages
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4unctions)
ompanionship -/marry for love0
Se2 and reproduction
Socialisation of children
Social support -especially during crises 5conomic cooperation
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3uclear family) 4ather, mother and ids
52tended family) $he above plusgrandparents
/4amily life cycle0 6 structure of anindividual family changes over time
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$he 4amily is hanging $he 4amily is hanging
hanging roles -role 7 /e2pected behaviour0hanging roles -role 7 /e2pected behaviour0that goes with a social positionthat goes with a social position
8eople marry later, have fewer ids, and also8eople marry later, have fewer ids, and alsohave them laterhave them later
&ore divorces&ore divorces
Single parent families -these are more lielySingle parent families -these are more lielyto be poorto be poor
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$he 4amily is hanging $he 4amily is hanging
&ore woring mothers and /latchey&ore woring mothers and /latchey
ids0ids0
hildren may be unsupervised andhildren may be unsupervised and
feel neglected and unlovedfeel neglected and unloved
9oring mothers are stressed9oring mothers are stressed
-/Supermom Syndrome0 and /#ouble-/Supermom Syndrome0 and /#ouble
Burden of 9omen0Burden of 9omen0
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Stressed 9oring &othersStressed 9oring &others
52amples)52amples)
4emale nurses with children4emale nurses with children
4emale doctors with children4emale doctors with children
Role con:ict) Being a good doctor toRole con:ict) Being a good doctor to
one’s patients versus being a goodone’s patients versus being a goodmother to one’s idsmother to one’s ids
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5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth
; 5%ects on ehovah’s 9itness
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5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth
? 5%ects on patients with long term? 5%ects on patients with long term
illness)illness)
@uality of care provided by family@uality of care provided by family
members -female relatives as caremembers -female relatives as care
providers for ids, husbands, in!lawsproviders for ids, husbands, in!laws
and elderly parentsand elderly parents
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5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth
4amily and social networs promote 4amily and social networs promote
health)health)
Socially isolated have poorer mentalSocially isolated have poorer mental
health recover slower from sicnesshealth recover slower from sicness
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$he #ysfunctional 4amily $he #ysfunctional 4amily
// $roubled family that has a negative $roubled family that has a negative
e%ect on the physical ore%ect on the physical or
psychological well!being of itspsychological well!being of its
individual family members0individual family members0
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5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth
C #ysfunctional families and poor parenting)C #ysfunctional families and poor parenting)
hild abuse 6 neglect, physical abuse,hild abuse 6 neglect, physical abuse,
verbal abuse, se2ual abuseverbal abuse, se2ual abuse DverindulgenceDverindulgence
#omestic violence#omestic violence
Alcoholism and substance!abuse in theAlcoholism and substance!abuse in thefamilyfamily
Eambling problemsEambling problems
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3D$5 FF3D$5 FF
4amilies with divorced parents are 3D$4amilies with divorced parents are 3D$
355SSAR
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ultural and &ediaultural and &edia