© 2018 JETIR January 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1

© 2018 JETIR January 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIR1801177 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 889

WOMEN RIGHTS IN INDIA AND

WORLD: CASE STUDIES

1Dr.Inderpreet Kaur,1Principal, 1Unversity Institute of Teachers Training and Research,1Chandigarh University,1Gharuan

ABSTRACT

In This Paper, Women are subject to different economic,social and cultural conditions than male and facing

special huddles to their enjoyment of the same rights as men on an equal footingin all walks of life.. Despite

some progress for women, inequalities still exist in many fields, such as education, employment, and

pornography. The articles describe about the importance of gender (male and female) equality in

contemporary democracies, the professional advancement of women, equal status of men and women, the

enforcement of women's international human rights, reproductive freedom, and censorship. The literature on

the economic consequences of women's rights documents that more rights for women lead to more spending on

health and children, which should benefit development. The political and economy literature on the evolution of

women's rights finds that technological change increased the costs of patriarchy for men and thus contributed

to the expansion of women's rights.

Keywords: Women's rights, Human rights, Human capital, Development

INTRODUCTION

Our Indian constitution was written in an era when the social condition of Indian women was very poor and

need an urgent reform. She was mentally and physically tortured in the society. She was struggling to find her

social status and a respectable place in the society. At that time Indian women were in a need of some laws in

order to improve their social position and to ensure proper safety against mental and physical torture. At that

time Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, author of our Indian constitution, took certain constructive and much needed steps in

favor of Indian women to make them independent and socially strong and today we can see the revolutionary

change in the position and image of Indian women. After Independence there was need to introduce some

statutory laws to ensure safety and protection of women. Keeping in view this requirement, just like

constitutional provisions, various parliamentary steps have also been taken by the law of India in order to ensure

dignified life to the Indian Women. Parliamentary steps means and includes the enactment of various laws and

statutory acts to protect the interest of women and to stop the crime against women. These acts have proved

really useful towards progress and safety of women in society.

http://www.jetir.org/

http://www.annualreviews.org/keyword/Human+Capital

http://www.annualreviews.org/keyword/Development



OBJECTIVE

The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for case study research projects designed to examine the

localisation of Human Rights of Women; that is, for research that looks at use and human rights’ relevance for

changing realities of extreme poverty, social exclusion or marginalisation.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for case study research projects designed to examine the

localisation of Human Rights of Women; that is, for research that looks at use and human rights’ relevance for

changing realities of extreme poverty, social exclusion or marginalisation. The methodology has four specific

objectives: to identify the principal rights that have been denied to women, to identify rights achieved by

women in their daily lives through their own efforts, to contribute to a new form of human rights education for

women in which human rights instruments are conceived as instruments to satisfy human needs, and to develop

strategies for achieving full exercise of rights.

A SHORT HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 outlines

what is considered in this century to be the fundamental consensus on the human rights of all people in relation

to such matters as security of person, slavery, torture, protection of the law, freedom of movement & speech,

religion, and assembly, and rights to social security, work, health, education, culture, & citizenship. It clearly

stipulates that these human rights apply to all equally "without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex,

language... or other status" (Art.2). Obviously, then, the human rights delineated by the Universal Declaration

are to be understood as applying to women. However, tradition, prejudice, social, economic and political

interests have combined to exclude women from prevailing definitions of "general" human rights and to relegate

women to secondary and/or "special interest" status within human rights considerations. This marginalisation of

women in the world of human rights has been a reflection of gender inequity in the world at large and has also

had a formidable impact on women's lives. It has contributed to the perpetuation, and indeed the condoning, of

women's subordinate status. It has limited the scope of what was seen as governmental responsibility, and thus

has made the process of seeking redress for human rights violations disproportionately difficult for women and

in many cases outright impossible.




WOMEN’S SHARE IN SOCIETY

Human rights are those minimum rights which are compulsorily obtainable by every individual as he/she is a

member of human family. The constitution of India also guarantees the equality of rights of men and women.

However, in the sphere of women’s human rights in India, there exists a wide gulf between theory and practice.

Indian society is a male dominated society where men are always assumed to be superior to society. The women

in India very often have to face discrimination, injustice and dishonour. Though women in India have been

given more rights as compared to men, even then the condition of women in India is miserable. The constitution

not only grants equality to women but also adopt measures of positive power of women human rights in India.

Like Rights to equality, Rights to education, Rights to live with dignity, Rights to liberty, Rights to politics,

Rights to property, Rights to equal opportunity for employment, Rights to livelihood, Rights to get equal wages

for equal work, Rights to protection from gender discrimination, Rights to protection from inhuman treatment,

Rights to protection of health, Rights to social protection in the eventuality of retirement, old age and sickness,

Rights to free choice of profession and Rights to privacy in terms of personal life, family, residence,

correspondence.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS TO ENSURE DIGNITY OF WOMEN

Lots of provisions have been introduced through constitution to ensure dignity and self respect to the women at

large. As mentioned earlier Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, author of Indian constitution, make sure that constitution of

India safeguard the social and legal rights of women. Please find below some of the provisions made in favour

of Indian women, in constitution of India:

1. Article 14:- Article 14 of constitution of India ensures equality before the law or the equal protection of

the laws within the territory of India. This is a very important provision which provides equal legal

protection to women against any women based crime. This provision also paves way for the

introduction of various laws and acts to ensure protection and enforcement of legal rights of women in

India.

2. Article 15:- Article 15 of constitution of India ensures that no one should create any sort of

discrimination only on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them within

the territory of India. At the time of Independence there was lots of discrimination in India against

women which gradually abolished after introduction of article 15. As per article 15(3) of the

constitution state has the authority to make any special provision for women and children.




3. Article 16:- Article 16 of constitution of India ensures equal employment opportunity to every citizen

of India. As per article 16 there should not be any discrimination in respect of employment opportunity

under the State only on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, and place of birth, residence or

any of them. Now we can see women are doing really good work in politics and in corporate sector.

Presently they are holding responsible positions in Government and Government run institutions. Let

me share few good names from political and corporate field. These names are Chanda kochhar, Indira

nooyi, Sonia Gandhi, Sushma Swaraj and this never ending list goes on.

4. Article 39:- Article 39 of constitution of India ensures the benefit of the directive principles of state

policy to the women. Directive principles of state policy mean guiding principles for the framing of

laws by the government at state level. Article 39(a) of directive principles of state policy ensures and

directs a state to apply policies which focus on a men and women have an equal right of adequate

means of livelihood and article 39(c) ensures equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

5. Article 42:- Article 42 of constitution of India caste a duty on every employer to ensure just and

humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. In reality the position and treatment of women in

corporate offices is really bad and in fact they are exploited by their seniors and bosses. In this scenario

the provisions of article 42 are very important and now it is duty of employer to provide good working

conditions to all the employees.

6. Article 243:- Article 243 of constitution of India ensures reservation of seats in gram panchayat for

women. This opportunity of being a part of local level arbitration process has improved the social

conditions of women in village areas.

7. These are few rights which are given by our constitution to the Indian women in order to ensure their

dignity and social respect. Further to protect these constitutional rights there are numerous legal steps

that have been taken by the state Governments which we will discuss in detail through this article.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE GLOBAL GOALS

The UN Millennium Development Goals set specific targets to reduce poverty, including targets for increased

gender equality in education, work, and representation. UN Women found that progress was uneven. Globally,

more women are now in school and work Yet girls are still more likely than boys to be out of school

(particularly at the secondary level). And although the number of women in elected office has risen, they are

still only 21.8 percent of parliamentarians. What’s more, women’s rights remain at risk in many areas not

addressed in the millennium goals – from violence against women to sexual and reproductive rights. And

women who are already marginalized because of their race, caste, sexuality, income, or location see the fewest




gains of all.The new Sustainable Development) Goals (SDGs) hold real promise to embed advances in women’s

rights, and include a specific goal (Goal 5 for gender equality. Goal 5 is more broad-based than the last gender

goal and includes targets on ending gender-based violence, eliminating child marriage and female genital

mutilation, and ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health. It also includes equal access to education,

expanding women’s economic opportunities, and reducing the burdens of unpaid care work on women and

girls. Now it is up to all of us to hold governments accountable for their commitments and make sure the goals

are met. Involving women – and funding the solutions of grass-roots women’s groups – will be critical to

success. While women have been able to invoke international human rights machinery when they have found

themselves in such situations, some of their specifically gender experiences of such human rights abuse-for

example, rape in detention-have not been visible within the prevailing definitions of abuse. This is because

women have traditionally been relegated to the "private" sphere of the home and family; the typical citizen has

been portrayed as male, and thus the dominant notions of human rights abuse have implicitly had a man as their

archetype. A major of the gender nature of the public/private split is that human rights violations of women that

occur between "private" individuals have been made invisible and deemed to be beyond the purview of the

state. It is particularly important to note that gender is a significant factor in the decisions of governments to

intervene in the so-called private sphere to prosecute human rights violations.Thus, abuses done to women in

the name of family, religion, and culture have been hidden by the sanctity of the so-called private sphere.

CASE STUDIES OF WOMEN STRUGGLE

WOMEN IN MOVEMENT: SOME ILLUSTRATIONS ACROSS THE WORLD

Women in movement politics, in the public arena, and in the disruptive fields of activism face the burdens of

gender expectations and transcend these expectations. Women in women’s movements, feminist, proto-feminist,

or otherwise, are spared the problems engendered by mixed-gender activism, but it is women’s autonomous

movement work that threatens the status quo the most, as it disrupts political and gender norms. Women, as

activists in movements far and wide, have been and continue to be a problem for power and authority, and thank

goodness for that.

It was a little difficult to describe the participants of the 1950s and 1960s American social movements as

alienated and atomistic; the largely middle class social base of those movements—the Black Civil Rights

movement, the student movement, the peace and anti-Vietnam war movement, other racial/ethnic liberation

movements, the environmental move-ment, the gay and lesbian liberation movement, and remobilised feminist




movements—precluded scholars from seeing protestors as only malcontents. Instead, American sociologists

analysed movement participation as rational expressions of politics by other than institutional means. Influenced

by organisational studies and economics, what came to be known as the “resource mobilisation” paradigm

arose, where, as the name suggests, questions of how movements came into being through the mobilisation of

resources were central.

THE INDIAN SCENARIO

The roots of the Indian women’s movement go back to the nineteenth century male social reformers who took

up issues concerning women and started women’s organisations. Women started forming their own organisation

from the end of the nineteenth century first at the local and then at the national level. In the years before

independence, the two main issues they took up were political rights and reform of personal laws. Women’s

participation in the freedom struggle broadened the base of the women’s movement. In post-independence India,

large numbers of women’s autonomous groups have sprung up challenging patriarchy and taking up a variety of

issues such as violence against women, greater share for women in political decision-making, etc. both at the

activist and academic level. India has a rich and vibrant women’s movement but it has still a long way to go to

achieve gender equality and gender justice.

In post-independence India, the women’s move-ment was divided, as the common enemy, foreign rule, was no

longer there. Many of the Muslim members went over to Pakistan. Some of the women leaders now formally

joined the Indian National Congress and held positions of power as Ministers, Governors and Ambassadors.

Free India’s Constitution gave universal adult franchise and by the mid-fifties India had fairly liberal laws

concerning women. Most of the demands of the women’s movement had been met and there seemed few issues

left to organise around. Women’s organisations now saw the problem as one of implementation and

consequently there was a lull in the women’s movement.

WOMEN IN TELANGANA MOVEMENT

The Telangana People’s Struggle was the armed resistance of women and men to the feudal oppression in the

Telangana region of the princely state of Hyderabad. Subsequently the movement for a separate State of

Telangana resulted in success. Declaration of the formation of separate State was finally announced. Nizam’s

state of Hyderabad consisted of three linguistic regions—Telangana, which consisted of nine districts of Telugu-

speaking people, Marathwada, five districts of Marathi-speaking people, and the three Kannada speaking

districts of Karnataka. The Telangana struggle, led by the Communists, was a struggle against the autocratic rule

of the Nizam and the feudal oppression of the zamindari system. In villages controlled by the communist




peasant guerillas, vetti (forced labour) and bonded labour stopped, agricultural wages rose, the seized land was

returned to the peasant owners and other land distributed. For peasant women and men this was a struggle for

life and death. Women and men from the city of Hyderabad were drawn into it for it held the promise of

freedom from cultural and intellectual oppression. To analyse the ideological framework in which women

struggled the experiential dimensions of that struggle its implications for the women’s question must be

understood. This is an attempt to broaden the history of the struggle by recovering the subjective experience of

women to capture women’s voices from the past and to present issues as they were perceived by women. The

fact that not many women were there at decision-making, or leadership levels, does not make their participation

peripherial for, given the structures, the real question that needs to be posed is whether women could have been

present at the decision-making or not.

Women played an important role in this struggle. There were deliberate attempts to mobilise women and in

doing so the issues especially important to them—wages, wife-beating, childcare, hygiene, the right to breast-

feed infants during work, food and even lavatories—were discussed. In the final analysis, the very fact that these

issues were raised was enough to gain the loyalty and support of women. Women fought, side by side with men,

for land, better wages, an end to forced labour and against exorbitant interest rates. And they were the victims of

some of the worst atrocities. In the liberated areas peasants seized and redistributed land and put an end to

bonded and forced labour. In 1948 the Hyderabad state was incorporated into India by a police action and the

Indian Army moved to suppress this uprising. By 1950 the Communists decided to follow the Chinese model

and designated Telangana as the “Yenan of India”. In response, the Army intensified its efforts causing

moderate sympathisers to withdraw their support. In 1931 it was obvious there was little chance of victory and

the movement was called off. The Telangana movement had brought substantial gains for the peasantry. Many

were able to retain the land they had acquired and forced labour ended. The biggest benefits for women that

emerged from the success of the Telangana Movement was the end of forced labour, the end of the shocking

system of adi bapa and the forced making of concubines.

IT’S A CURSE TO BE A DALIT WOMAN:” CONTEXTUALIZING FEMALE VIGILANTISM IN BANDA

The unofficial headquarters of the Pink Gang are located in the dusty agricultural town of Badausa in the heart

of Banda, a blighted area of Uttar Pradesh, one of India's most populous states. According to economic reports

on the region, Banda has been particularly plagued by years of drought that severely parched its arid, single-

crop lands. It was identified as one of India’s poorest districts, and targeted by the state government's large-scale

jobs program. Over 20 percent of the 1.6 million people living in Banda’s 600 villages are situated at the bottom




of rigid caste hierarchies. These low-caste groups are known as Dalits (or “untouchables”), and any form of

discrimination against them has been banned by the Indian Constitution. However, legal directives have had

little effect on social practices, and high-caste members continue to repress Dalit communities subsisting at the

margins of struggling agricultural economies . Rural women bear the brunt of poverty, illiteracy, and

discrimination in Banda’s highly feudalistic society. Over the past few years, Uttar Pradesh registered one the

highest rates of dowry demands and deaths, as well as of domestic and sexual violence against village women of

all castes . And these are merely the official figures. The area is also reputed for continuing the practices of child

marriage, female infanticide, and son preference; and for the mortality rate of its young brides during childbirth,

a gang affiliate, said, “Not only is it a curse to be a Dalit, but it is just as difficult being a woman.” Thus when

the media interviewed members of the local population in Banda, most villagers did not express any surprise

that a women's vigilante group had sprung up in this rural landscape afflicted by poverty and patriarchal

prejudices.

According to Khan, who is currently writing a book on the Pink Sari Brigade, the group’s main office is “a

concrete, box-shaped structure and it belongs to Sampat Pal, the self-proclaimed commander in chief of the

Gulabi Gang.” Sampat is a wiry woman, married to an ice cream vendor, mother of five children, and a former

government health worker who has played a pioneering role in setting up the gang. She rebelled against caste

and gendered inequities at an early age—when faced with her parents' resistance to her receiving an education

she began drawing on the walls, the floors, and dusty village streets. Sampat’s parents finally acquiesced and

sent her to school. Her education came to a halt when she was married off at the age of nine and, subsequently,

had her first child at thirteen. To increase her meager family income, Sampat began working as a government

health-worker, which brought her into close contact with the socio-economic problems of rural women. She quit

her job in frustration as she felt the state government had done little to alleviate the pitiable conditions of muted

village communities.

APPLYING THE HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK TO WOMEN

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines human rights as universal, inalienable, and indivisible. In

unison, these defining characteristics are tremendously important for women's human rights. The universality of

human rights means that human rights apply to every singleperson by virtue of their humanity; this also means

that human rights apply to everyone equally, for everyone is equal in simply being human. In many ways, this

universality theme may seem patently obvious, but its egalitarian premise has a radical edge. By invoking the

universality of human rights, women have demanded that their very humanity be acknowledged. That




acknowledgement and the concomitant recognition of women as bearers of human rights-mandates the

incorporation of women and gender perspectives into all of the ideas and institutions that are already committed

to the promotion and protection of human rights. The idea that human rights are universal also challenges the

contention that the humanrights of women can be limited by culturally specific definitions of what count as

human rights and of women's role in society.

The idea of human rights as inalienable means that it is impossible for anyone to abdicate her human rights,

even if she wanted to, since every person is accorded those rights by virtue of being human. It also means that

no person or group of persons can deprive another individual of her or his human rights. Thus, for example,

debts incurred by migrant workers or by women up in sex trafficking can never justify indentured servitude

(slavery), or the deprivation of food, of freedom of movement, or of compensation. The idea of inalienable

rights means that human rights cannot be sold, ransomed, or forfeited for any reason.

1. ACCESS TO EDUCATION

A 2013 report by UNESCO found that 31 million girls of primary school age were not in

school, and about one out of every four young women in developing countries had never

completed their primary school education. That number represents a huge pool of untapped

girl power: that same report suggests that educated women are more likely to get married

later, survive childbirth, raise healthy kids, find work, and earn more money, among other

positives.


http://2u.com/wef-2014-girls-education/



2. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Even in a country as wealthy and developed as the US, women still experience major

inequality in the workforce: By some estimates, women earn only $0.77 for every $1 earned

by men. Globally, the gender gap is even wider: women earn only one tenth of the world’s

income despite working two thirds of the total work hours . Empowering women to earn their

fair share could benefit their entire communities in a big way: women are likely to invest

more of their money back into their families and communities than men typically do .

3. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH & RIGHTS


https://www.whitehouse.gov/equal-pay/career

http://www.womendeliver.org/knowledge-center/facts-figures/gender-equity/

http://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/investinginwomenandgirls.htm

http://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/investinginwomenandgirls.htm



225 million women in developing countries have an unmet need for family planning,

contributing to 74 million unplanned pregnancies and 36 million abortions every year,

according to figures cited by Women Deliver, a women’s advocacy group . Helping women

take charge of their baby-making reduces unsafe abortions and maternal deaths by over 70%

each, and conserves precious resources that would otherwise have gone toward pregnancy-

related costs.

4. MATERNAL HEALTH

UK Department for International Development

The World Health Organization estimates that 800 women die every day from preventable,

pregnancy-related causes. That’s nearly 300,000 lives per year needlessly lost during what is

fundamentally a life-creating event. What more is there to say?


http://www.womendeliver.org/knowledge-center/facts-figures/reproductive-health/

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/



5. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

1 in 3 women experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetimes, according to WHO.

Whether it’s domestic abuse, rape, or sexual trafficking, gender-based violence denies far too

many women the opportunity to live happy, healthy, and fulfilling lives.

6. CHILD MARRIAGE

UNAMID, Photo by Albert González Farran

An estimated 140 million girls will become child brides between 2011 and 2020 . Girls who

marry before age 18 are typically denied an education, at risk of complications related to

premature childbearing, and more vulnerable to intimate partner violence.


http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/violence_against_women_20130620/en/

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/



7. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

World Bank

Female Genital Mutilation (or FGM), defined by WHO as including “procedures that intentionally alter or cause

injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons,” is a complex issue with religious and cultural

implications for the groups who practice it. That said, the general consensus in the international community is

that FGM imposes real health consequences, violates a child’s rights, and promotes inequality between the

sexes.





8. WATER & SANITATION

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - Photo by Kate Holt/Africa

Practice

When clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities are in short supply, women and

girls suffer most. Case in point: Girls whose schools lack proper bathrooms will often skip

school during their menstrual periods for fear of embarrassment or stigma. It’s also true that

women in developing countries are frequently tasked with fetching water, which can be a

time-consuming process. As my colleague Christina pointed out, the girls and women of the

world have much better things to do with their time than shuttle buckets around.


http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nelly-lukale/stand-up-tall-and-break-t_b_5405523.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nelly-lukale/stand-up-tall-and-break-t_b_5405523.html

https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-things-women-and-girls-could-be-doing-if-they-w/



9. GENDER EQUALITY

UN Women Asia & the Pacific, Photo by Gaganjit Singh

Equality (or the lack thereof) is a recurring issue when it comes to women and girls, whether

it’s unequal access to schooling for girls in developing countries, or unequal pay for women

in the workplace. In a world where 95% of countries are led by a male head of state, it’s clear

that we as a global community have a long way to go before women are given a fair

shake.While the 9 issues outlined above are specific to girls and women, addressing them

will positively impact everyone—even my fellow clueless men of the world. Stay tuned to

Global Citizen all month as we explore the many ways in which a win for girls and women is

a win for us all.

HUMAN RIGHTS

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, enshrines "the equal rights of men and women",

and addressed both the equality and equity issues.In 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) for legal

implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. They must also

establish tribunals and public institutions to guarantee women effective protection against discrimination, and


http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation/facts-and-figures#notes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_against_Women

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_against_Women



take steps to eliminate all forms of discrimination practiced against women by individuals, organizations, and

enterprises.

CONCULSION

It is important to promote common values such as respect for human rights and equality between women and

men as well as a common understanding that human rights are universal and apply to all, irrespective of, inter

alia, sex. Equality between women and men is a fundamental principle of the European Union enshrined in the

Treaties and is one of the objectives and tasks of the Union, and mainstreaming the principle of equality

between women and men in all its activities represents a specific mission for the Union.The priority theme and

a set of concrete recommendations for governments, intergovernmental bodies and other institutions, civil

society actors and other relevant stakeholders, to be implemented at the international, national, regional and

local level. According to Smt. Indira Gandhi former prime minister of India “people tend to forget their duties

but remember their Rights”. Many a time, you also feel that you have certain rights.Rights and duties go

together, my right is others duty, and my rights is my duty also.Right should be used for social good duty

toward the state. Right without duties are mere power. But do you think that every human being enjoys the

rights or everyone performs the duties. But everyone will agree that there are certain rights that must be enjoyed

by individuals.Particularly, in a democratic country like ours country, there are rights that must be guaranteed to

every citizen. Similarly there are certain duties that must be performed by democratic citizens. Which is why,

the Constitution of India guarantees some rights to its citizens. They are known as Fundamental Rights.

Besides, the Indian Constitution also enlists certain core duties that every citizen is expected to perform.

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© 2018 JETIR January 2018, Volume 5, Issue 1