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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes:– Limbs (appendages)– Pectoral girdle (Shoulder joint)– Pelvic girdle (hip joint)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton1. Scapula 2. Clavicle
• Allows the upper limb a great deal of freedom
Figure 5.23a Bones of the shoulder girdle.
Scapula
ClavicleAcromio-clavicular joint
(a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral)girdle showing the relationship tobones of the thorax and sternum
Figure 5.23b Bones of the shoulder girdle.
Inferior view
(b) Right clavicle, superior andinferior views
Posterior
Acromial end
Anterior
Sternal(medial)end
Acromial(lateral) end
Superior view
Anterior
Posterior
Sternal end
Figure 5.23c Bones of the shoulder girdle.
Suprascapular notch
Superiorangle
Spine
Medialborder
Lateral border
Coracoid process
Acromion
Glenoid cavityat lateral angle
(c) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Figure 5.23d Bones of the shoulder girdle.
Suprascapular notchAcromion
Coracoidprocess
Glenoidcavity
Superior borderSuperiorangle
Lateral(axillary)border
Medial(vertebral)border
Inferior angle(d) Right scapula, anterior aspect
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Arm
• One bone: The Humerus
– At the proximal end, the head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula• This is a ball and socket joint
– At the distal end, the trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the forearm
Figure 5.24a Bones of the right arm and forearm.
Greatertubercle
(a)
Lessertubercle
Head ofhumerus
Anatomicalneck
Intertubercularsulcus
Deltoidtuberosity
Medialepicondyle
Trochlea
RadialfossaCoronoidfossa
Capitulum
Figure 5.24b Bones of the right arm and forearm.
(b)
Head ofhumerus
Anatomicalneck
Surgicalneck
Radialgroove
Deltoidtuberosity
Olecranonfossa
Lateralepicondyle
Medialepicondyle
Trochlea
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Forearm
• Two bones1. Ulna—medial bone in anatomical position• Proximal end articulation
– Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus
2. Radius—lateral bone in anatomical position• Olecranon gives us the distinct elbow
Figure 5.24c Bones of the right arm and forearm.
(c)
Head
NeckRadialtuberosity
Radius
Trochlearnotch
Olecranon
CoronoidprocessProximalradioulnarjoint
Ulna
Inter-osseousmembrane
UlnarstyloidprocessDistal
radioulnar joint
Radialstyloidprocess
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hands• Carpals—wrist – arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand– Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (Row 1)– trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (Row 2)
• “some lovers try positions that they can’t handle”
• Metacarpals—palm (5 per hand)
• Phalanges—fingers and thumb– In each finger, there are 3 bones– In the thumb, there are only 2 bones
• Thumb is called the pollex
Figure 5.25 Bones of the right hand, anterior view.
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Phalanges(fingers)
Metacarpals(palm)
Carpals(wrist)
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
Capitate
Radius
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