© 2013 THE EDUCATION TRUST DRIVING FOR EQUITY IN COMMON CORE IMPLEMENTATION : What Can We Borrow from Schools and Districts on the Performance Frontier

© 2013 THE EDUCATION TRUST

DRIVING FOR EQUITY IN COMMON CORE IMPLEMENTATION : What Can We Borrow from Schools and Districts on the Performance Frontier

Pittsburgh, PA February, 2014


America: Two Powerful Stories


1. Land of Opportunity:

Work hard, and you can become anything you want to be.


2. Generational Advancement:

Through hard work, each generation of parents can assure a better life — and better education — for their children.


These stories animated hopes and dreams of people here at home

And drew countless immigrants to our shores


Yes, America was often intolerant…

And they knew the “Dream” was a work in progress.


We were:

• The first to provide universal high school;• The first to build public universities;• The first to build community colleges;• The first to broaden access to college, through

GI Bill, Pell Grants, …


1920 1940 1960

1980 2000 2012

Percent of U.S. adults with a high school diploma


Percent of U.S. adults with a B.A. or more

4%

1920

6%

1940

11%

1960

23%

1980

29%

2000

33%

2012


Sometimes, progress was painfully slow--especially for

people of color.


Percent of U.S. adults with a high school diploma, by race 192019401960198020002012


Percent of U.S. adults with a B.A. or more, by race

192019401960198020002012

© 2013 THE EDUCATION TRUST© 2014 THE EDUCATION TRUST

Then, beginning in the eighties, inequality started growing again.


In the past four years alone, 95% of all income gains have gone to the

top 1%.

Source: Stiglitz, “Inequality is a Choice,” New York Times, October 13, 2013.


In 2012:

• In 2012, the top 5% of Americans took home 22% of the nation’s income; the top .1% took home 11%.

• And the bottom 20% took home just 3%.

Source: DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, & Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012,” U.S Census Bureau, September 2013; Stiglitz, “Inequality is a Choice,” New York Times, October 13, 2013.


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ary

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rman

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0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

Gin

i Coe

ffici

ent

Note: Gini coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates total income equality and 1 indicates total income inequality.

Instead of being the most equal, the U.S. has the third highest income inequality among OECD

nations.

United States

Source: United Nations, U.N. data, http://data.un.org/DocumentData.aspx?q=gini&id=271: 2011

http://data.un.org/DocumentData.aspx?q=gini&id=271


Median Wealth of White Families

20 X that of African Americans

18 X that of Latinos

Source: Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, “Twenty-to-One: Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics,” Pew Social & Demographic Trends, 2011.


Not just wages and wealth, but economic mobility as well.


Now, instead of being the “land of opportunity,” the U.S. has one of lowest rates

of intergenerational mobility.

United Kingdom

United States

France Germany Sweden Canada Finland Norway Denmark0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.5 0.470.410.320000000000

006 0.270.19 0.18 0.17 0.15

Earn

ings

Ela

stici

ty

Cross-country examples of the link between father and son wages

Source: Tom Hertz, “Understanding Mobility in America” (Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress, 2006).


At macro level, better and more equal education is not the only answer.

But at the individual level, it really is.


What schools and colleges do, in other words, is hugely important to our economy, our

democracy, and our society.


So, how are we doing?


First, some good news.

After more than a decade of fairly flat achievement and stagnant or

growing gaps in K-12, we appear to be turning the corner with our

elementary students.


Source:

Since 1999, large gains for all groups of students,

especially students of color

1971* 1975* 1980* 1984* 1988* 1990* 1992* 1994* 1996* 1999* 2004 2008 2012150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

9 Year Olds – NAEP Reading

African American Latino White

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

*Denotes previous assessment formatNational Center for Education Statistics, “The Nation's Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress 2012”


Source:

Since 1999, performance rising for all groups of students

1973* 1978* 1982* 1986* 1990* 1992* 1994* 1996* 1999* 2004 2008 2012160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

9 Year Olds – NAEP Math


Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore



Looked at differently(and on the “other” NAEP exam)

…


Source:

All groups have improved since 1990, some gap narrowing

1990* 1992* 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

187

224

199

230

219

250

217

228231

258

National Public – Grade 4 NAEP Math

African American Latino WhiteAmerican Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

NAEP Data Explorer, NCES (Proficient Scale Score = 249)*Accommodations not permitted


Source:

1996 NAEP Grade 4 Math

African American Latino White0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

73%61%

26%

24%

32%

49%

3% 7%

26%

By Race/Ethnicity – National Public

Proficient/AdvancedBasicBelow Basic

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s

National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nde/


Source:


African American Latino White0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

34%27%

9%

48%47%

37%

18%26%

54%



Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s




Middle grades are up, too.


Source:


Reading: Modest improvement and some gap closing over the last decade

1992* 1994* 1998 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

236

250238

255265

275

247 252

267

279

National Public – Grade 8 NAEP Reading

African American Latino White American Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore



Source:


Math: More improvement and gap narrowing.

1990* 1992* 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

236

263

245

271

269

293

263270

275

306

National Public – Grade 8 NAEP Math

African American Latino White American Indian/Alaska Native

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore



Source:


Science: NAEP 8th Grade2009 2011

White 162 163Black 126 129Latino 132 137Asian 160 159American Indian 137 141


Pennsylvania:One of biggest gainers!


NAEP Grade 4 Math – African-American Students

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP Data Explorer

States with the Biggest Gains in Mean Scale Scores (2003 – 2013)

State GainArkansas 17

Arizona 15

Rhode Island 14

Pennsylvania 14

Minnesota 13

Tennessee 13

Florida 13

Note: On average, mean scale scores in math for African-American fourth-grade students increased by 9 points from 2003 to 2013.


NAEP Grade 8 Math – African-American Students



State GainNew Jersey 21

Rhode Island 19

Massachusetts 17

Kansas 16

Arkansas 16

Florida 15

Tennessee 15

Pennsylvania 15

Note: On average, mean scale scores in math for American-African eighth-grade students increased by 11 points from 2003 to 2013.


NAEP Grade 8 Math – Low-Income Students



State GainNew Jersey 22

Massachusetts 20

Hawaii 19

Pennsylvania 16

Note: On average, mean scale scores in math for low-income eighth-grade students increased by 12 points from 2003 to 2013.


Bottom Line:

When we really focus on something, we make progress!


Clearly, much more remains to be done in elementary and middle school

Too many youngsters still enter high school way behind.


Source:


Africa

n American

Latino

White

American In

dian/Alaska

Native

Asian/P

acific I

slander

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

49%38%

17%40%

13%

38%41%

39%

38%

27%

14% 21%44%

21%

60%



Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s




But at least we have some traction on elementary and middle school

problems.

The same is NOT true of our high schools.


Source:

Achievement is flat in reading for students overall.

1984 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2004 2008 2012240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

17-Year-Olds Overall - NAEP

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

NAEP Long-Term Trends, NCES (2004)


Source:

Math achievement for students overall is flat over time.

1973* 1978* 1982* 1986* 1990* 1992* 1994* 1996* 1999* 2004 2008 2012250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

17-Year-Olds Overall - NAEP

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP 2008 Trends in Academic Progress* Denotes previous assessment format


And despite earlier improvements, gaps between groups haven’t

narrowed much since the late 80s and early 90s.


Source:

Reading: Not much gap narrowing since 1988.

1971* 1975* 1980* 1984* 1988* 1990* 1992* 1994* 1996* 1999* 2004 2008 2012220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

17 Year Olds – NAEP Reading


Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore



Source:

Math: Not much gap closing since 1990.

1973* 1978* 1982* 1986* 1990* 1992* 1994* 1996* 1999* 2004 2008 2012240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

17 Year Olds – NAEP Math


Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore



Moreover, no matter how you cut the data, our students aren’t doing well compared with their peers in other

countries.


Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2013, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/pisa2012highlights_5a.asp.

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k Rep

ublic

Chile

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ico

350

400

450

500

550

600 2012 PISA - Reading

Aver

age

scal

e sc

ore

OECD

Higher than U.S. average Not measurably different from U.S. average Lower than U.S. average

Of 34 OECD Countries, U.S.A. Ranks 17th in Reading

U.S.A.

http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/pisa2012highlights_5a.asp


Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2013, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/pisa2012highlights_4a.asp.

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OECD

aver

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way

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350

400

450

500

550

600 2012 PISA - Science

Aver

age

scal

e sc

ore

OECD


Of 34 OECD Countries, U.S.A. Ranks20th in Science

U.S.A.



Source:

Of 34 OECD Countries, U.S.A. Ranks 27th in Math Literacy

Kore

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Turk

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300

350

400

450

500

5502012 PISA - Math

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

U.S.A.OECD


National Center for Education Statistics, 2013, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2012/pisa2012highlights_3a.asp.



Only place we rank high?

Inequality.


Source:

Among OECD Countries, U.S.A. has the 4th Largest Gap Between High-SES and Low-SES Students

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350

400

450

500

550

6002006 PISA - Science

Gap

in A

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PISA 2006 Results, OECD, table 4.8b

U.S.A.


Source:

Among OECD Countries, U.S.A. has the 5th Largest Gap Between High-SES and Low-SES Students

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OECD

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350

400

450

500

550

6002009 PISA – Reading

Gap

in A

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cale

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PISA 2009 Results, OECD, Table II.3.1

U.S.A. OECD


Source:

The U.S. Gap Between High-SES and Low-SES Students is Equivalent to Over Two Years of Schooling

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exico

350

400

450

500

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6002012 PISA – Math

Gap

in A

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cale

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PISA 2012 Results, OECD, Annex B1, Chapter 2, Table II.2.4a

U.S.A. OECD


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0%

5%

10%

15%

20% PISA 2012 - Math

Perc

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Source: PISA 2012 Results, OECD, Annex B1, Chapter 2, Table II.2.7a

The U.S. ranks 26th among 34 OECD Countries on the Percentage of Low-SES Students who are High-Performing

U.S.A.OECD

Note: High-performing, low-SES students are those who are in the bottom quarter of the ESCS in their country but perform in the top quarter across students from all countries after accounting for socioeconomic background.


Gaps in achievement begin before children arrive at the

schoolhouse door.But, rather than organizing our educational

system to ameliorate this problem, we organize it to exacerbate the problem.


How?

By giving students who arrive with less, less in school, too.


Some of these “lesses” are a result of choices that policymakers make.


Funding Gaps Between States

GapHigh-Poverty versus Low-Poverty States

–$2,278per student

High-Minority versus Low-Minority States

–$2,330per student


Funding Gaps Within States: National inequities in state and local revenue per student

GapHigh-Poverty versus Low-Poverty Districts

–$773 per student

High-Minority versus Low-Minority Districts

–$1,122 per student

Source: Education Trust analyses of U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Census Bureau data for the 2005-06 school year.


In truth, though, some of the most devastating “lesses” are a function

of choices that educators make.


Choices we make about what to expect of whom.....


Source: Prospects (ABT Associates, 1993), in “Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes”, PES, DOE, 1997.

Students in poor schools receive As for work that would earn Cs in affluent schools.

87

35

56

34 41

22 21

11

0

100

Per

cent

ile -

CT

BS

4

A B C DGrades

Seventh-Grade Math

Low-poverty schools High-poverty schools


Choices we make about what to teach whom…


African American Latino White Asian0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

35%

68%63%

94%

Perc

enta

ge o

f stu

dent

s who

wer

e in

the

top

two

quin

-til

es o

f mat

h pe

rfor

man

ce in

fift

h gr

ade

and

in a

lgeb

ra

in e

ight

h gr

ade

Source: NCES, “Eighth-Grade Algebra: Findings from the Eighth-Grade Round of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K)” (2010).

Even African-American students with high math performance in fifth grade are unlikely

to be placed in algebra in eighth grade


Students of color are less likely to attend high schools that offer Algebra II.

020406080

100

6582

Pe

rce

nt

of

sch

oo

ls o

ffe

rin

g A

lge

bra

II

Source: U.S Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection, March 2012


Students of color are less likely to attend high schools that offer calculus.

Schools with the Most Black and Latino Students

Schools with the Fewest Black and Latino Students

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

29%

55%

Source: U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights , Civil Rights Data Collection

Percent of Schools Offering Calculus


And choices we make about who teaches whom…


Students at high-minority schools more likely to be taught by novice* teachers.

Source: Analysis of 2003-2004 Schools and Staffing Survey data by Richard Ingersoll, University of Pennsylvania 2007.

Note: High minority school: 75% or more of the students are Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander. Low-minority school: 10% or fewer of the students are non-White students. Novice teachers are those with three years or fewer experience.


Math classes at high-poverty, high-minority secondary schools are more likely to be taught by

out-of-field* teachers.

Poverty Minority0%

30%

25%22%

11%13%

HighLow

Perc

ent o

f Cla

ss T

augh

t by

Teac

hers

W

ith N

eith

er C

ertifi

catio

n no

r Maj

or

Note: High-poverty school: 55 percent or more of the students are eligible for free/reduced-price lunch. Low-poverty school :15 percent or fewer of the students are eligible for free/reduced-price lunch. High-minority school: 78 percent or more of the students are black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander. Low-minority school : 12 percent or fewer of the students are non-white students. *Teachers with neither certification nor major. Data for secondary-level core academic classes (math, science, social studies, English) across the U.S. Source: Education Trust Analysis of 2007-08 Schools and Staffing Survey data.


Tennessee: High-poverty/high-minority schools have fewer of the “most effective” teachers and more “least effective”

teachers.

17.6%

21.3%

23.8%

16%

0

5

10

15

20

25

High-poverty/high-minority schools

Low-poverty/low-minority schools

Per

cen

t o

f Te

ach

ers

Most Effective Teachers

Least Effective Teachers

Source: Tennessee Department of Education 2007. “Tennessee’s Most Effective Teachers: Are they assigned to the schools that need them most?” http://tennessee.gov/education/nclb/doc/TeacherEffectiveness2007_03.pdf.

Note: High poverty/high minority means at least 75 percent of students qualify for FRPL and at least 75 percent are minority.


Los Angeles: Black, Latino students have fewer highly effective teachers, more weak

ones.

Latino and black students are:

3X as

likely to get low- effectiveness teachers

½ as

likely to get highly effective teachers

READING/LANGUAGE ARTS

Source: Education Trust—West, Learning Denied, 2012.


The results are devastating.

Kids who come in a little behind, leave a lot behind.


And these are the students who remain in school through 12th grade.


African Amer-ican

Latino White Asian Native Amer-ican

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

64% 66%

82%

92%

65%

Class of 2009

Aver

aged

Fre

shm

an G

radu

ation

Rat

e

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, “Public School Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2008-09” (2011).

Students of color are less likely to graduate from high school on time.


Add those numbers up and throw in college entry and graduation, and

different groups of young Americans obtain degrees and very different

rates…


Whites attain bachelor’s degrees at twice the rate of blacks and three times the rate of Hispanics.

Source: NCES, Condition of Education 2010 and U.S. Census Bureau, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2011.

White African American Latino

39%

20%13%

Bachelor’s Degree Attainment of Young Adults (25-29-year-olds), 2011

2x 3x


Young people from high-income families earn bachelor’s degrees at seven times the rate of those

from low-income families.

Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, “Bachelor’s Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Family Income Quartiles, 1970 to 2010.”

20100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

11%

79%

Lowest Income Quartile Highest Income Quartile

Bach

elor

’s D

egre

e att

ainm

ent b

y Ag

e 24

7x


What Can We Do?An awful lot of Americans have decided that we can’t do much.


Source:

What We Hear Many Educators Say:

• They’re poor• Their parents don’t care• They come to schools without

breakfast• Not enough books• Not enough parents

N/A


But if they are right, why are low-income students and students of

color performing so much higher in some schools…


Source:

George Hall Elementary SchoolMobile, Alabama

• 549 students in grades PK-599% African American

• 99% Low Income

Alabama Department of Education

Note: Enrollment data are for 2009-10 school year


Source:

Big Improvement at George Hall Elementary

2004 20110%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

48%

96%

73%

83%

Low-Income Students – Grade 4 Reading

George HallAlabama

Perc

enta

ge M

eetin

g or

Exc

eedi

ng S

tand

ards



Source:

Exceeding Standards: George Hall students outperform white students in Alabama

African-American Students - George

Hall

White Students - Alabama

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

97%

69%

7%

24%

Grade 5 Math (2011)

Exceeds StandardsMeets StandardsPartially Meets StandardsDoes Not Meet Standards

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s



Halle Hewetson Elementary SchoolLas Vegas, NV

• 962 students in grades PK – 5– 85% Latino– 7% African American

• 100% Low Income• 71% Limited English

Proficient

Source: Nevada Department of EducationNote: Data are for 2010-2011 school year


Source: Nevada Department of Education

2004 20100%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

7%

78%

26%

50%

Latino Students – Grade 3 Reading

HewetsonNevada

Perc

enta

ge M

eets

Sta

ndar

ds a

nd A

bove

Big Improvementat Halle Hewetson Elementary



All

Latino

Low In

come

Limite

d Engli

sh Proficie

nt0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100% 91% 95% 91% 95%

69% 63% 61% 61%

Grade 3 Math (2011)

Halle HewetsonNevada

Perc

enta

ge M

eets

Sta

ndar

ds o

r Adv

ance

dHigh Performance Across Groups

at Halle Hewetson Elementary



Exceeding Standards at Halle Hewetson Elementary

Halle Hewetson Nevada0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

4%14%6%

25%28%

33%

63%

29%

Low-Income Students – Grade 3 Math (2011)

Exceeds StandardsMeets StandardsApproaches StandardsEmergent/Developing

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s


Source:

Elmont Memorial Junior-Senior HighElmont, New York

• 1,895 students in grades 7-12– 77% African American– 13% Latino

• 25% Low-Income

New York Department of Education


Source:

Outperforming the State at Elmont

All Students African American Students

Low-Income Students0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100% 95% 96% 93%

79%

67%73%

Secondary-Level English (2010)

ElmontNew York

Perc

enta

ge M

eetin

g St

anda

rds o

r Abo

ve

New York State Department of Education


Source:

Improvement and High Performance at Elmont Memorial Junior-Senior High

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

85%

93% 96% 93% 93% 96%

46% 51% 55%57% 61%

64%

African-American Students – Secondary-Level Math

ElmontNew York

Perc

enta

ge M

eetin

g St

anda

rds o

r Abo

ve



Source:

High Graduation Rates at Elmont Memorial High School

Overal

l

Africa

n American

Latino

Economica

lly Disa

dvantag

ed

Not Eco

nomically

Disadva

ntaged

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100% 96%98%

89%99% 95%

73%

58% 57%64%

80%

Class of 2010

ElmontNew York

Perc

enta

ge o

f 200

6 Fr

eshm

en G

radu

ating

in

Four

Yea

rs



Available from Harvard Education Press

and amazon.com


Very big differences at district level, too—even in the performance of the

“same” group of students.


Source:

Average Scale Scores, by DistrictLatino Students

Hous

ton

Austi

nDa

llas

Hills

boro

ugh

Coun

ty, F

la.M

iami-D

ade

Char

lotte

Bost

onCh

icago

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

Ky.

Albu

quer

que

Nation

al Pu

blic

Scho

ols

Larg

e City

Atlan

taSa

n Di

ego

New Yo

rk C

ityM

ilwau

kee

Clev

eland

Detro

itPh

ilade

lphi

aLo

s Ang

eles

Dist

rict o

f Col

umbi

a Pub

lic Sc

hool

sFr

esno

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320Grade 8 – NAEP Math (2011)

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

NAEP Data Explorer, NCES

Note: Basic Scale Score = 262; Proficient Scale Score = 299

Houston


Source:

Average Scale Scores, by DistrictAfrican-American Students

Bost

onHo

usto

nCh

arlo

tteAu

stin

Dalla

s

Hills

boro

ugh

Coun

ty, F

la.At

lanta

New Yo

rk C

ity

Nation

al Pu

blic

Scho

ols

Larg

e City

Chica

goPh

ilade

lphi

aBa

ltim

ore C

ity

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

Ky.

Miam

i-Dad

eSa

n Di

ego

Clev

eland

Dist

rict o

f Col

umbi

a Pub

lic Sc

hool

sLo

s Ang

eles

Milw

auke

eDe

troit

Fres

no

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320Grade 8 – NAEP Math (2011)

Aver

age

Scal

e Sc

ore

NAEP Data Explorer, NCES

Note: Basic Scale Score = 262; Proficient Scale Score = 299

Boston


National Public

Los Ange-

les

San Diego

Houston

Boston

0 5 10 15 20 25

11

15

15

17

19

Latino Students – NAEP TUDA Grade 8 Math

Change in Mean Scale Score, 2003-2011

Source: NCES, NAEP Data ExplorerNote: Chart includes only districts that participated in, and had members of this specific subgroup, in both the 2003 and 2011 NAEP TUDA administrations .

In Boston and Houston, Latino students made far faster progress between 2003 and 2011 than in the country as a whole


National Public

Chicago

Atlanta

Boston

0 5 10 15 20 25

10

15

21

21

African-American Students – NAEP TUDA Grade 8 Math

Change in Mean Scale Score, 2003-2011

Source: NCES, NAEP Data ExplorerNote: Chart includes only districts that participated in, and had members of this specific subgroup, in both the 2003 and 2011 NAEP TUDA administrations .

African-American students in Atlanta and Boston improved at twice the rate of their counterparts nationally


Bottom Line: At Every Level of Education,

What We Do Matters!


Assuring Equity in Common Core Implementation

What can the high performers teach us?


#1. Good schools, districts don’t leave anything about teaching and

learning to chance.


An awful lot of our teachers—even brand new ones—are left to figure out on their own what to teach

and what constitutes “good enough” work.


What does this do?

Leaves teachers entirely on their own to figure out what to teach, what order to teach it in, HOW to

teach it…and to what level.


Source: Prospects (ABT Associates, 1993), in “Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes”, PES, DOE, 1997.

‘A’ Work in Poor Schools Would Earn ‘Cs’ in Affluent Schools

87

35

56

34 41

22 21

11

0

100

Per

cent

ile -

CT

BS

4

A B C DGrades

Seventh Grade Math

Low-poverty schools High-poverty schools


Students can do no better than

the assignments they are given...


Grade 10 Writing AssignmentA frequent theme in literature is the conflict between the individual and society. From literature you have read, select a character who struggled with society. In a well-developed essay, identify the character and explain why this character’s conflict with society is important.


Grade 10 Writing Assignment

Write a composition of at least 4 paragraphs on Martin Luther King’s most important contribution to this society. Illustrate your work with a neat cover page. Neatness counts.

© 2013 THE EDUCATION TRUSTSource: Unnamed school district in California, 2002-03 school year.

Essay on Anne Frank

Your essay will consist of an opening paragraph which introduced the title, author and general background of the novel.

Your thesis will state specifically what Anne's overall personality is, and what general psychological and intellectual changes she exhibits over the course of the book

You might organize your essay by grouping psychological and intellectual changes OR you might choose 3 or 4 characteristics (like friendliness, patience, optimism, self doubt) and show how she changes in this area.



•My Best Friend:

•A chore I hate:

•A car I want:

•My heartthrob:Source: Unnamed school district in California, 2002-03 school year.



High Performing Schools and Districts

• Have clear and specific goals for what students should learn in every grade, including the order in which they should learn it;

• Provide teachers with common curriculum, assignments;

• Have regular vehicle to assure common marking standards;

• Assess students regularly to measure progress; and,• Don’t leave student supports to chance.


In other words, they strive for consistency in everything they

do.


Questions for Common Core Implementation Efforts

1. What do you need to do—what kinds of supports, etc—to avoid

teachers having to “make it up for themselves?”

2. What do you need to do differently in schools, classrooms where the aims have been lower?


#2. Good schools, districts know how much teachers matter, and they act on

that knowledge.


There are VERY BIG differences among our teachers.


Math Classes at High-Poverty and High- Minority Schools More Likely to be Taught by Out of Field* Teachers

Note: High Poverty school-75% or more of the students are eligible for free/reduced price lunch. Low-poverty school -15% or fewer of the students are eligible for free/reduced price lunch. High minority school-75% or more of the students are Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander. Low-minority school -10% or fewer of the students are non-White students.

*Teachers with neither certification nor major. Data for secondary-level core academic classes (Math, Science, Social Studies, English) across USA.Source: Analysis of 2003-2004 Schools and Staffing Survey data by Richard Ingersoll, University of Pennsylvania 2007.


Students at High-Minority Schools More Likely to Be Taught By Novice* Teachers

*Novice teachers are those with three years or fewer experience.Source: Analysis of 2003-2004 Schools and Staffing Survey data by Richard Ingersoll, University of Pennsylvania 2007.

Note: High minority school-75% or more of the students are Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander. Low-minority school -10% or fewer of the students are non-White students.


Tennessee: High poverty/high minority schools have fewer of the “most effective” teachers and more “least effective”

teachers

Source: Tennessee Department of Education 2007. “Tennessee’s Most Effective Teachers: Are they assigned to the schools that need them most?” http://tennessee.gov/education/nclb/doc/TeacherEffectiveness2007_03.pdf

Note: High Poverty/High minority means at least 75% qualify for FRPL and at least 75% are minority.


A low-income student is 66% more likely to have a low value-added teacher.

Los Angeles: LOW-INCOME STUDENTS LESS LIKELY TO HAVE HIGH VALUE-ADDED TEACHERS

A low-income student is more than twice as likely to have a low value-added teacher for ELA

In math, a student from a relatively more affluent background is 39% more likely to get a high value-added math teacher.

ELA MATHA student from a relatively more affluent background is 62% more likely to get a high value-added ELA teacher.


Low-Achieving Students are More Likely to be Assigned to Ineffective Teachers than Effective Teachers

Source: Sitha Babu and Robert Mendro, Teacher Accountability: HLM-Based Teacher Effectiveness Indices in the Investigation of Teacher Effects on Student Achievement in a State Assessment Program, AERA Annual Meeting, 2003.


DIFFERENCES IN TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS ACCOUNT FOR LARGE DIFFERENCES IN STUDENT LEARNING

The distribution of value-added scores for ELA teachers in LAUSD


ACCESS TO MULTIPLE EFFECTIVE TEACHERS CAN DRAMATICALLY AFFECT STUDENT LEARNING

CST math proficiency trends for second-graders at ‘Below Basic’ or ‘Far Below Basic’ in 2007 who subsequently had three consecutive high or low value-added teachers


Questions for Common Core Implementation Efforts

3. What are you doing to make sure low-income students and students

of color are taught by their fair share of strong teachers?

4. How can you stagger or layer your Common Core efforts to provide differential support for teachers

with different needs?


#3. Leading schools/districts put all kids—not just some—in a rigorous course

sequence that prepares them for postsecondary education.


Single biggest predictor post-high school success is

QUALITY AND INTENSITY OF HIGH SCHOOL

CURRICULUM

Cliff Adelman, Answers in the Tool Box, U.S. Department of Education.


College prep curriculum has benefits far beyond college.


Students of all sorts will learn more...


Source: USDOE, NCES, Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000, in Issue Brief: Students Who Prepare for College and Vocation

*Grade 8-grade 12 test score gains based on 8th grade achievement.

Low Quartile Students Gain More From College Prep Courses*

1916

28

20

0

30

Math Reading

NE

LS

Sco

re G

ain

Vocational College Prep


They will also fail less often...


Challenging Curriculum Results in Lower Failure Rates, Even for Lowest Achievers

16

23

47

31

0

50

Quartile I (Lowest) Quartile 2

Per

cen

t E

arn

ing

"D

" o

r "F

"

College Prep Low Level

Source: SREB, “Middle Grades to High School: Mending a Weak Link”. Unpublished Draft, 2002.

Ninth-grade English performance, by high/low level course, and eighth-grade reading achievement quartiles


And they’ll be better prepared for the workplace.


Speaking of preparation for college and careers…

In both Common Core and non-Common Core states, college

readiness for all is the new goal.


Common Core Implementation

5. What will the new standards mean for your high school course

sequences?6. And what about equitable access

that old friend, 8th grade Algebra.


Yes, reasonable people can disagree on whether 8th grade

algebra should be a goal for all of our students.


But what’s harder to fathom is this:


African American Latino White Asian0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

35%

68%63%

94%

Perc

enta

ge o

f stu

dent

s who

wer

e in

the

top

two

quin

-til

es o

f mat

h pe

rfor

man

ce in

fift

h gr

ade

and

in a

lgeb

ra

in e

ight

h gr

ade

Source: NCES, “Eighth-Grade Algebra: Findings from the Eighth-Grade Round of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K)” (2010).

Even African-American students with high math performance in fifth grade are unlikely

to be placed in algebra in eighth grade


How does this happen?Race, Preparation and 8th Grade

Algebra in NCNorth Carolina


Background

• What 7th Graders at end of 2006-2007 with EVAAS projections to proficiency in 8th Grade Algebra actually enrolled the following year?

• Students Eligible: 42,144• Students Enrolled: 18,670


2008 8th Grade Algebra in NC


Source:

Percent of Prepared Students Actually Enrolled in 8th Grade Algebra, by Race

American Indian

Latino

Black

White

Asian

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

32.7

37.3

41

45.1

66

Percent of Eligibles Enrolled

Statewide Aver-age: 44%


#4. Leading schools/districts set their goals high.


Elementary Version…


M. Hall Stanton Elementary:Percent of 5th Graders ADVANCED

1

30

1

42

05

1015202530354045

2001 2005

Reading

Math


High School Version…


Even when they start with high drop out rates, high impact high schools focus on preparing all kids for

college and careers

Education Trust 2005 study, “Gaining Traction, Gaining Ground.”


And the leaders don’t think about closing the achievement

gap only as “bringing the bottom up.”


1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 20090%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

0% 0% 0%

1% 1% 1%1%

0%

1% 1%

2% 2%

5%

6%

7% 7%

9%

10%

NAEP – Grade 8 Math

African American

Latino

White

Perc

ent a

t Adv

ance

d

African American and Latino students are not making gains at the advanced level at the same

rate as white students

Source: NAEP Data Explorer, NCES


1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 20090%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

1% 1% 1% 1%

2% 2%

4%

7% 7%

8%

10%

12%

NAEP – Grade 8 Math

Lower Income

Higher Income

Perc

ent a

t Adv

ance

d

Lower income students are not making gains at the advanced level at the same rate as higher

income students

Source: NAEP Data Explorer, NCES



7. How do we make certain we move students all along the

achievement spectrum?8. How can we get educators to aim

higher for initially higher achieving low-income students and students

of color?


#5. Principals are hugely important, ever present, but

NOTthe only leaders in the school


Elmont Memorial Junior-Senior High School



9. How can we structure and support bigger leadership roles for

department and grade-level chairs?

10. What sources of “data” can tell us how implementation is going and

how equitable our progress is?


Washington, D.C. Royal Oak, MI 202/293-1217 734/619-8009

Oakland, CA

510/465-6444

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© 2013 THE EDUCATION TRUST DRIVING FOR EQUITY IN COMMON CORE IMPLEMENTATION : What Can We Borrow from Schools and Districts on the Performance Frontier