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Computer and Networking Basics
© 2012 M and K Solutions, LLC -- All Rights Reserved
Terms to Know
√ Hardware and Software √ Networks and
Computers √ Safe Practices
hardware network AUP
software standalone computer virus
systems software logging on
operating system password
application
software file management
system unit file type
Hardware and Software
Hardware is physical computer equipment. This is equipment that you can actually touch like the CPU, the keyboard, and the monitor.
Software is computer instructions. These fall into two categories:o System Softwareo Application Software
System Software System software refers to the operating system,
the utility programs, and drivers that manage the computer.
o The Operating System controls the basic operations of your computer. • Your operating system is probably Windows XP, Vista, or
Windows 7.
o Drivers are programs that control specific brands and models of devices, like specific printers.
o Utilities are programs that help manage the system. Some examples are virus scanning software, defrag, writing to a CD.
Application SoftwareApplication software helps to user to perform a specific task—to do their work, pursue their hobbies, etc.
Examples of Application Software
Word processor◦ Word, WordPerfect
Spreadsheet◦ Excel, Lotus 1-2-3
Presentation◦ PowerPoint
Database Management◦ Access
Desktop Publishing◦ Publisher, InDesign
Email software◦ Outlook, Eudora
Personal Finance Software◦ Money, Quicken
Accounting Software◦ Quickbooks
Games Graphics Editing
◦ Photoshop Web Design Software
◦ FrontPage, DreamWeaver
Hardware - Input Devices
Input Devices include:• Keyboards• Mouse• Scanners• Cameras• Bar Code Readers• Joysticks• Game Controllers
Mouse
Keyboard
Scanner
Game Controller
Camera
Peripherals are devices that are attached to the computer that
aren’t necessary for the computer to
function, like the scanner, webcam,
joystick.
Hardware - Processor
The processor is called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
While people sometimes call the case the CPU, it is actually the system unit.
o The system unit is the computer case that contains the CPU, power supply, memory, and storage.
The CPU is actually a chip on the motherboard inside the case.
The CPU chip is called the microprocessor.
Motherboard
Microprocessor
Hardware - Memory Memory refers to computer
chips that store data and programs while the computer is running.
The memory chips are located on the motherboard inside the system unit.
RAM (random access memory) is another name for memory.
o It is the memory that is used to store programs and data.
Motherboard
RAM – Memory Chips
System Unit
Hardware - Output Devices
Output devices include:o Monitorso Printerso Speakerso Projectorso Robotic
controlso Speech
synthesizers
Monitor
Projection System
Robotic Control
Printer
Speakers
Peripherals are devices that are attached to the computer that
aren’t necessary for the computer to
function, like the scanner, webcam,
joystick.
Hardware – Storage Devices
Storage devices include:
o Disk drive
o CD/DVD drive
o Flash drive
o Tape drive
All of these devices can be external (often attached by USB or other cable).
Some are frequently internal (inside the case).
Disk drive
CD/DVD drive
Flash drive
Tape drive
Care of Storage Media Optical media (CDs and DVDs)
o Handle by edges or center, not touching surface.
o Clean with lint free closes with approved cleaning solution.
o Store upright in jewel case.
o Store at room temperature.
USB flash drives and external hard driveso Wait until operations have stopped before trying to remove.
o Use Safely Remove Hardware feature.
o Avoid static electricity.
o Store at room temperature.
o Don’t force USB connector into computer—You may have it upside down.
o Keep cap on when not in use. (Flash drive)
o Don’t move or drop while drive is spinning. (External hard drive)
USB External Disk drive
Optical media (CDs & DVDs)
Flash drive
File Management
File management refers to a group of programs on the computer that allows the user to create, edit, view, print, rename, copy, or delete files, folders, or an entire file system.
File Type and File Extension
File type—refers to the way the data is encoded for storage. The file type is indicated by the extension, like .docx for Word 2007.
File extension—an abbreviation that indicates the software used to save or open the file.
.docx – Word file .pptx– PowerPoint file .xlsx – Excel file
.mdb– Access 2007 file .html – Web page file .jpg– graphic file
Networks
A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or data between users.
o The network includes the network operating system in the client and server machines, the cables connecting them and all supporting hardware in between such as bridges, routers and switches.
o In wireless systems, wireless access points, antennas, and towers are also part of the network.
A stand-alone pc refers to a computer that is self-contained, one that does not require any other devices to function. It may be attached to the network but will continue to work when disconnected from the network.
Logging On & Password
Logging On enables you to gain entrance into the network.
• In order to log on you will need a user name and password.
• A password is a keyword used to access information. (such as: network, website, etc).
AUPAcceptable Use Policy
Most schools and business have acceptable use policies which define unacceptable behavior and its results.
In many schools the punishment ranges from a
warning to expulsion.
In most business, violation of the AUP is grounds for firing.
Be sure you are aware of and follow your school’s AUP.
Common AUP Infractions
Misuse, disconnecting, or vandalizing hardware Changing setting on computers without permission Installation of software without permission Deliberate introduction of a virus Attempting to access unauthorized files or network
resources Usage of another person’s user name and password. Using the computers for harassment or to access or convey
objectionable material Copyright and plagiarism Visiting inappropriate sites Use of chat rooms
Ways to Avoid Viruses
Use antivirus softwareo It should run memory resident (continuously)
Update your software often
Be careful opening email attachmentso Do not open an attachment from an unknown
source.o Save the file and scan it before opening.
Scan all files on floppy disks or CDs or downloaded from the Internet before using
Virus—program that was written to cause corruption of data on a computer. • It is usually attached to an executable file.
It can cause major damage to the computer‘s data.