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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-1
The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System
Human Biology 11Ms. Bowie
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-2
Learning Outcomes Describe the structure of the heart and the function of each part. Trace the flow of blood through the heart. List the most common heart sounds and what events produce
them.
List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions of each.
Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions of each.
Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
List and describe the components of blood.
Give the functions of red blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets.
List the substances normally found in plasma.
Explain how bleeding is controlled.
Explain the differences among blood types A, B, AB, and O.
Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
HEART STRUCTURES
Part 1
27-4
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27-5
Introduction The circulatory system consists of heart (a pump)
and blood vessels (tubes)
Blood is sent to: Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients Every cell of the body to deliver “products”
It also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-6
The Heart: Structures
The heart is an organ about the size of a loose fist
Located slightly left of the midline
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)
The Heart has 4 chambers Two atria
Upper chambers Left and right Separated by a septum
Two ventricles Lower chambers Left and right Separated by a septum
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The Heart Valves: Structures (cont.)
Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
Mitral valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
PULMONARY SYSTEM OF CIRCULATION
Part 2
27-10
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27-11
The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenated blood in from
bodyOxygenated
blood in lungs
Atria Contract Ventricles Contract
Deoxygenated blood out to lungs
Oxygenated blood out to
body
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The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
The pulmonary system explains the flow of blood through the heart & lungs. It does not include the rest of the body.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD
Part 3
27-13
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Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles Carry blood away
from the heart
Strongest of the blood vessels
Under high pressure
Arterioles Small branches of arteries
Aorta Takes blood from the
heart to the body Gives an extra “push”
Coronary arteries Supply blood to heart
muscle
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Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in
veins
Moves blood BACK to the heart
Low pressure means that the blood needs help to get back to the heart
Muscle contractions in the body help move blood
Valves in the veins prevent backflow
Venules
Small vessels formed when capillaries merge
Superior and inferior vena cava
Largest veins
Carry blood into right atrium
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Blood Vessels: Capillaries
Tiniest branches of arterioles
Smallest type of blood vessel
Connect arterioles to venules
Only about one cell layer thick
Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell
Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-17
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle The systemic circulation describes the flow of blood through
the vessels that supply the body. It does not include the lungs.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
HEART BEATCARDIAC RHYTHM
Part 4
27-18
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27-19
The Heart: Heart Sounds
One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb – First sound
When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut
Dubb – Second sound When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic
valves snap shut
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD
Part 5
27-21
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Blood Composition
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Blood A tissue made up of:
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets – cell fragments
Plasma – fluid part of blood
Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of fat tissue Gender - females have
less than males
Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of fat tissue Gender - females have
less than males
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-24
Blood Components: Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes
Another name for red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout the body Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs
Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; darker red
Carries carbon dioxide Blood is NEVER actually blue! Anemia
Is a condition where a person has a low red blood cell count
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-25
Blood Components: Platelets
Platelets form sticky nets that are important in the blood clotting process.
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27-26
Blood Components: Plasma
Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of water
Proteins Albumins
Pull water in to the blood help maintain blood pressure
Globulins – transport fats and vitamins
Fibrinogen – the “glue” that holds platelets together and are needed for blood clotting
Nutrients Amino acids Glucose Nucleotides Lipids from the digestive
tract
Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
Electrolytes Waste products
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
BLOOD TYPES
Part 6
27-27
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27-28
Blood Types
Types are distinguished by antigen (“think – gang colours”) and antibodies
There are 4 main types: Antigen A (Type A blood) Antigen B (Type B blood) Combination A + B (AB)
(Type AB blood) No Antigens at all
(called O Type)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-29
Blood Types (cont.)
Blood Type Antigen Present
(Gang colours)
Antibody Present(attackers)
People with this blood type can
receive:
A A B Types A and O
B B A Types B and O
AB AB None ALL Blood Types
A, B, AB, and O
O None A and B Only Type O
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
HEART DISEASE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Part 7
27-30
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Disease Description
Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells
Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves
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Disease Description
Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium)
Congestive Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Disease Description
Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs
Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Disease Description
Sickle Cell Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries
Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her?
Bravo!
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-36
In Summary Circulatory system
Transport system for body Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood Transport medium RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma