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© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 9 Work Teams and Groups
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1 Define group and work team.
2 Explain the benefits organizations and individuals derive from working in teams.
3 Identify the factors that influence group behavior.
4 Describe how groups form and develop.
5 Explain how task and maintenance functions influence group performance.
6 Discuss the factors that influence group effectiveness.
7 Describe how empowerment relates to self-managed teams.
8 Explain the importance of upper echelons and top
management teams.
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Groups and Teams
GROUP – two or more people with common interests, objectives, and
continuing interaction
WORK TEAM – a group of people with complementary skills who are
committed to a common mission, performance goals, and approach for
which they hold themselves mutually accountable
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Explain the benefits organizations and individuals derive from working in teams.
2
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
• Good when performing complicated, complex, interrelated and/or more voluminous work than one person can handle
• Good when knowledge, talent, skills, and abilities are dispersed across organizational members
• Empowerment and collaboration; not power and competition
• Basis for total quality efforts
Why teams?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Teamwork
joint action by a team of people in which
individual interests are subordinated to team
unity
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
*David Southern left his position at Citibank to head the information technology division at the World Wildlife Fund.
*WWF’s IT division isn’t motivated by paychecks or united by team-building whitewater-rafting trips: they’re in it to support a cause they believe in.
Beyond the Book:Teamwork for a Cause
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
New vs. Old Team Environments
New Team Environment
Old Work Environment
Person generates initiatives Person follows orders
Team charts its own steps Manager charts course
Right to think for oneself. People rock boat; work together
People conformed to manager’s direction. No one rocked the boat.
People cooperate using thoughts and feelings; direct talk
People cooperated by suppressing thoughts and feelings; wanted to get along
SOURCE: Managing in the New Team Environment, by Hirschhorn, © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, N. J.
Triangle for Managing in the New Team Environment
ManagerManager
IndividualsIndividualsTeamTeam
SOURCE: Managing in the New Team Environment by Hirschhorn, © 1991 Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Social Benefits of Teams
Psychological Intimacy – emotional and
psychological closeness to other team
or group members
Integrated Involvement – closeness achieved
through tasks and activities
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Identify the factors that influence group behavior.
3
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of a Well-Functioning, Effective Group
Relaxed, comfortable, informal atmosphere
Task well understood and accepted
Members listen well and participate
People express feeling and ideas
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of a Well-Functioning, Effective Group
Conflict and disagreement center around ideas or methods
Group aware of its operation and function
Consensus decision making
Clear assignments made and accepted
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Group Behavior
Norms of Behavior – the standards that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members
Group Cohesion – the “interpersonal glue” that makes members of a group stick together
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Group Behavior
Social Loafing – the failure of a group member to contribute personal time, effort, thoughts, or other resources to the group
Loss of Individuality – a social process in which individual group members lose self-awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Describe how groups form and develop.
4
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
3 Issues Addressed by Groups
• Interpersonal issues(Matters of trust, personal comfort, and security)
• Task issues(Mission or purpose, methods, expected outcomes)
• Authority issues(Leadership, managing power and influence, communication flow)
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Group Formation
Formal Groups – official or assigned groups gathered to perform various tasks• need ethnic, gender, cultural, and
interpersonal diversity• need professional and geographical diversity
Informal Groups – unofficial or emergent groups that evolve in the work setting to gratify a variety of member needs not met by formal groups
Stages of Group Formation
Emphasis on
interpersonal concern and awareness
Emphasis on task
planning, authority,
and influence
Emphasis on task
accomplishment, leadership, and
performance
Emphasison rewards
and punishment
Mutual acceptance
Decision making
Motivation and
commitment
Control and
sanctions
Tuckman’s Five-Stage Model of Group Development
FormingForming StormingStorming AdjourningAdjourningPerformingPerformingNormingNorming
Conflict increased clarity of purpose
Power struggles
Coaching
Little agreement
Unclear purpose
Guidance and direction
Clear visionand purpose
Focus on goalachievement
Delegation
Agreement and consensus
Clear roles and responsibili-ties
Facilitation
Task completion
Goodfeeling about achievements
Recognition
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Punctuated Equilibrium Model
– Groups do not progress linearly
– Alternate between periods of inertia and bursts of energy
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Purpose and Mission
• May be assigned or may emerge from the group
• Group often questions, reexamines, and modifies mission and purpose
• Mission converted into specific agenda, clear goals, and a set of critical success factors
MATURE GROUP Characteristics
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Productivity Norms – may be consistent or inconsistent, supportive or unsupportive of organization’s productivity standards
Behavioral Norms – well-understood standards of behavior within a group
Formal and written
Ground rulesfor
meetings
Informal but well understood
Intragroup socializing
Dress codes
MATURE GROUP Characteristics
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Group Cohesion
interpersonal attraction binding group members together
Enables groups to exercise effective control over the members
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Groups with High Cohesiveness
– demonstrate lower tension and anxiety
– demonstrate less variation in productivity
– demonstrate better member satisfaction, commitment, and communication
Cohesiveness and Work-Related Tension
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mean tension
Group Cohesiveness
7 16 52 65 57 19 12
Number of groups
“Does your work ever make you jumpy or
nervous?”Low score =high tension
“The measure at work is based on group mean response to the question “Does your work ever make your feel ‘jumpy’ or nervous?” A low numerical score represents relatively high tension.SOURCE: From S. E. Seashore, Group Cohesiveness in the Industrial Work Force, 1954. Research conducted by Stanley E. Seashore at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Reprinted by permission.
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Low High
High
Low
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Sometimes a corporate paintball outing builds team cohesiveness, but other times it only yields sore muscles and bloody lips.
Do “team-building” exercises improve team performance? Or is their sole value as a potential diversion?
Beyond the Book:Team-Building Exercises. . . In Futility?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Status Structure
the set of authority & task relations among a
group’s members
• Hierarchical or egalitarian• Often team leadership is shared
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
MATURE GROUP Characteristics
ContributorData/Info
CollaboratorMission
CommunicatorFacilitator
ChallengerDevil’s advocate
Diversity Styles
Members contribute in diverse ways
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Explain how task and maintenance functions influence group performance.
5
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Team Task Functions
those activities directly related to the effective
completion of the team’s work
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Team Task Functions
Summarize Ideas
Test Ideas
Elaborate Concepts
Seek Information
Give Information
Diagnose Problems
Evaluate Effectiveness
Coordinate Activities
Initiate Activities
TeamTasks
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Maintenance Functions
those activities essential to the effective,
satisfying interpersonal relationships within a
team or group
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Team Maintenance Functions
ExpressMember Ideas
HarmonizeConflicts
TestConsensus
SetStandards
FollowOthers’ Lead
ReduceTension
GatekeepCommunication
Test GroupDecisions
SupportOthers
MaintenanceTasks
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
[Structural Issues]
• Goals and objectives• Operating guidelines• Performance
measures• Role specification
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
[Structural Issues]
• Goals and objectives• Operating guidelines• Performance measures• Role specification
– Managers who oversee the team– Work team leaders– Team members
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
[Process Issues]
• Managing cooperative behaviors
• Managing competitive behaviors
Both of these can be positive
How are these managed in global teams?
In virtual teams?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Discuss the factors that influence group effectiveness.
6
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Diversity in Teams
Diversity• Focuses on effects of dissimilarity
within the team• May have positive or negative effects• Value dissimilarity
– Positively relates to task and relationship conflict
– Negatively related to team involvement
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Diversity in Teams
Diversity
• Demographic dissimilarity influences– Absenteeism– Commitment– Turnover intentions– Beliefs– Workgroup relationships– Self-esteem– Organizational citizenship behavior
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Creativity in Teams
Creativity• Focuses on new and/or dissimilar ideas
or ways of doing things in teams
Can team creativity be enhanced by greater team diversity?
Can social loafing, conformity, and downward norm setting be overcome?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Describe how empowerment relates to self-managed teams.
7
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
An attribute of a person or of an
organization’s culture
Preparation and careful planning
focuses empowered employees
Encourages participation
Solve specific and global problems
Foundations for Empowerment
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Empowerment Skills
CompetenceSkills
ProcessSkills
Cooperativeand HelpingBehaviors
CommunicationSkills
Self-ManagementorTeam Skills
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Self-Managed TeamsSelf-Managed Teams
Self-Directed Teams
Autonomous Work Groups – teams that make decisions that were once reserved for managers
How does an organization capitalize on the advantages and avoid the
risks of self managed teams?
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Studies suggest: leaders within self-directed work teams get better results with soft influence tactics (e.g. rational persuasion, consultation, inspirational appeals) than hard influence tactics.
How should approaches to leadership differ when leading a group from within or from without?
Beyond the Book:Self-Directed Work Teams
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcome
Explain the importance of upper echelons and top management teams.
8
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Upper Echelons: Teams at the Top
Upper Echelons – a top-level executive team in an organization
Leadership style, composition, and dynamics influences the organization’s performance
Their background characteristics predict organizational characteristics
Organization reflects their values, ethics, competence, and unique characteristics
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
5 Seasons of CEO Tenure
1. Response to a mandate
2. Experimentation
3. Selection of an enduring theme
4. Convergence
5. Dysfunction
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Executive Tenure and Organizational Performance
Org
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Low 1 7 14CEO tenure (years)
SOURCE: D. Hambrick. The Seasons of an Executive’s Tenure, keynote address, the Sixth Annual Texas Conference on Organizations, Lago Vista, Texas, April, 1991.
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Diversity at the Top
• Types of diversity needed– Functional diversity– Intellectual diversity– Demographic diversity– Temperamental diversity– And more and more and more
Diversity develops strength
© 2009 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Multicultural Top Teams
Multicultural groups represent three or more ethnic backgrounds.
Diversity may increase uncertainty, complexity, and inherent confusion in group processes.
Culturally diverse groups may generate more and better ideas, and limit groupthink.