© 2006 Plano ISD, Plano, TX/Klein ISD 2007 Galileo Galilei was born February 15, 1564, in Italy near Pisa. The Leaning Tower had been completed for about

© 2006 Plano ISD, Plano, TX/Klein ISD 2007

Galileo Galilei was born February 15, Galileo Galilei was born February 15, 1564, in Italy near Pisa.1564, in Italy near Pisa.Galileo Galilei was born February 15, Galileo Galilei was born February 15, 1564, in Italy near Pisa.1564, in Italy near Pisa.

The Leaning The Leaning Tower had been Tower had been completed for completed for about 200 years. about 200 years.

The Leaning The Leaning Tower had been Tower had been completed for completed for about 200 years. about 200 years.

Shakespeare Shakespeare was born the was born the same year same year in England. in England.

Shakespeare Shakespeare was born the was born the same year same year in England. in England.


Galileo Galilei did not set Galileo Galilei did not set out to become a great out to become a great

scientist. He made most scientist. He made most of his discoveries through of his discoveries through

ordinary means--by ordinary means--by observing and questioning observing and questioning

everyday phenomena. everyday phenomena.

Galileo Galilei did not set Galileo Galilei did not set out to become a great out to become a great

scientist. He made most scientist. He made most of his discoveries through of his discoveries through

ordinary means--by ordinary means--by observing and questioning observing and questioning

everyday phenomena. everyday phenomena.


When Galileo was 17, he When Galileo was 17, he entered the University of Pisa to entered the University of Pisa to

study medicine.study medicine.

When Galileo was 17, he When Galileo was 17, he entered the University of Pisa to entered the University of Pisa to

study medicine.study medicine.

During his first year, he noticed a lamp During his first year, he noticed a lamp swinging in the cathedral and observed swinging in the cathedral and observed

that the lamp always took the same that the lamp always took the same amount of time to complete an amount of time to complete an

oscillation, no matter how large the oscillation, no matter how large the swing.swing.

During his first year, he noticed a lamp During his first year, he noticed a lamp swinging in the cathedral and observed swinging in the cathedral and observed

that the lamp always took the same that the lamp always took the same amount of time to complete an amount of time to complete an

oscillation, no matter how large the oscillation, no matter how large the swing.swing.


Thus, by the age of 19, Galileo’s first Thus, by the age of 19, Galileo’s first accomplishment was to discover and accomplishment was to discover and define define isochronismisochronism:: the period of a the period of a

swing of a pendulum is independent of swing of a pendulum is independent of its amplitude (arc).its amplitude (arc).

Thus, by the age of 19, Galileo’s first Thus, by the age of 19, Galileo’s first accomplishment was to discover and accomplishment was to discover and define define isochronismisochronism:: the period of a the period of a

swing of a pendulum is independent of swing of a pendulum is independent of its amplitude (arc).its amplitude (arc).

- same- same

chronismchronismisoiso

- time- time

isoisochronismchronism

chronismchronismisoiso


During his tenure as a math During his tenure as a math professor at the University of Pisa, professor at the University of Pisa, Galileo supposedly threw objects Galileo supposedly threw objects off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to

see if their see if their mass made any difference in the mass made any difference in the

amount of time it took the amount of time it took the objects to fall.objects to fall.

During his tenure as a math During his tenure as a math professor at the University of Pisa, professor at the University of Pisa, Galileo supposedly threw objects Galileo supposedly threw objects off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to

see if their see if their mass made any difference in the mass made any difference in the

amount of time it took the amount of time it took the objects to fall.objects to fall.

Three years later, his Three years later, his contract was not renewed, contract was not renewed,

probably because he probably because he disputed Aristotlelian disputed Aristotlelian

professors.professors.

Three years later, his Three years later, his contract was not renewed, contract was not renewed,

probably because he probably because he disputed Aristotlelian disputed Aristotlelian

professors.professors.


Galileo also disproved Aristotle’s Galileo also disproved Aristotle’s famous theory stating that large famous theory stating that large and small objects dropped at the and small objects dropped at the same time will fall to the earth at same time will fall to the earth at

different times.different times.

Galileo also disproved Aristotle’s Galileo also disproved Aristotle’s famous theory stating that large famous theory stating that large and small objects dropped at the and small objects dropped at the same time will fall to the earth at same time will fall to the earth at

different times.different times.He first thought He first thought

about this during about this during a hailstorm, when a hailstorm, when he noticed that all he noticed that all sizes of hailstones sizes of hailstones hit the ground at hit the ground at the same time.the same time.

He first thought He first thought about this during about this during a hailstorm, when a hailstorm, when he noticed that all he noticed that all sizes of hailstones sizes of hailstones hit the ground at hit the ground at the same time.the same time.


When Galileo was 33, he constructed When Galileo was 33, he constructed a military compass. He received lots a military compass. He received lots of attention and money as a result of of attention and money as a result of

this invention.this invention.

When Galileo was 33, he constructed When Galileo was 33, he constructed a military compass. He received lots a military compass. He received lots of attention and money as a result of of attention and money as a result of

this invention.this invention.


Soon after, he Soon after, he made a series of made a series of

telescopes of telescopes of much higher much higher quality with quality with

more than 20X more than 20X the the

magnification of magnification of the Dutch the Dutch

instruments. instruments.

Soon after, he Soon after, he made a series of made a series of

telescopes of telescopes of much higher much higher quality with quality with

more than 20X more than 20X the the

magnification of magnification of the Dutch the Dutch

instruments. instruments.

When Galileo was 35, he heard When Galileo was 35, he heard about a spyglass (telescope) about a spyglass (telescope) developed by a Dutchman. developed by a Dutchman.

When Galileo was 35, he heard When Galileo was 35, he heard about a spyglass (telescope) about a spyglass (telescope) developed by a Dutchman. developed by a Dutchman.


Objective lensObjective lens gathers and gathers and

bends light for bends light for focusing.focusing.

Objective lensObjective lens gathers and gathers and

bends light for bends light for focusing.focusing.

light light pathpathlight light pathpath

EyepiecEyepiecee

EyepiecEyepiecee

Galileo constructed Galileo constructed a refracting a refracting telescope.telescope.

Galileo constructed Galileo constructed a refracting a refracting telescope.telescope.


Galileo’s work with Galileo’s work with telescopes and his telescopes and his

astronomical discoveries astronomical discoveries led him to dispute led him to dispute

another one of another one of Aristotle’s tenets, that Aristotle’s tenets, that

the heavens were the heavens were perfect and immutable. perfect and immutable.

Galileo’s work with Galileo’s work with telescopes and his telescopes and his

astronomical discoveries astronomical discoveries led him to dispute led him to dispute

another one of another one of Aristotle’s tenets, that Aristotle’s tenets, that

the heavens were the heavens were perfect and immutable. perfect and immutable.


With his more powerful telescopes, With his more powerful telescopes, Galileo began making astronomical Galileo began making astronomical

discoveries, including,discoveries, including,

With his more powerful telescopes, With his more powerful telescopes, Galileo began making astronomical Galileo began making astronomical

discoveries, including,discoveries, including,

mountains and mountains and valleys on the valleys on the

moonmoon

mountains and mountains and valleys on the valleys on the

moonmoon

image courtesy of NASAimage courtesy of NASA


four satellites of four satellites of JupiterJupiter

four satellites of four satellites of JupiterJupiter

Jupiter's four Jupiter's four largest (of 13 largest (of 13

known moons) are known moons) are known as the known as the

Galilean satellites. Galilean satellites. From top to From top to

bottom, the moons bottom, the moons shown are Io, shown are Io,

Europa, Ganymede Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. and Callisto.

Jupiter's four Jupiter's four largest (of 13 largest (of 13

known moons) are known moons) are known as the known as the

Galilean satellites. Galilean satellites. From top to From top to

bottom, the moons bottom, the moons shown are Io, shown are Io,

Europa, Ganymede Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. and Callisto.



sunspotssunspots



and the phases of Venus.

and the phases of Venus.



Galileo made careful Galileo made careful observations and published his observations and published his

findings in a book, findings in a book, Sidereus Sidereus NunciusNuncius (Starry Messenger)(Starry Messenger)..

Galileo made careful Galileo made careful observations and published his observations and published his

findings in a book, findings in a book, Sidereus Sidereus NunciusNuncius (Starry Messenger)(Starry Messenger)..

He claimed that all of his He claimed that all of his observations made sense only if observations made sense only if

the Earth and all the planets the Earth and all the planets revolved around the sun, a revolved around the sun, a theory called theory called heliocentrismheliocentrism..

He claimed that all of his He claimed that all of his observations made sense only if observations made sense only if

the Earth and all the planets the Earth and all the planets revolved around the sun, a revolved around the sun, a theory called theory called heliocentrismheliocentrism..

HeliocentrismHeliocentrism was first was first introduced by introduced by Copernicus, an Copernicus, an

astronomer from astronomer from Poland.Poland.

HeliocentrismHeliocentrism was first was first introduced by introduced by Copernicus, an Copernicus, an

astronomer from astronomer from Poland.Poland.


HeliocentrismHeliocentrism went against the went against the

teachings of teachings of Aristotle, the Aristotle, the ancient Greek ancient Greek

philosopher whose philosopher whose geocentricgeocentric

theories were theories were supported by the supported by the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

HeliocentrismHeliocentrism went against the went against the

teachings of teachings of Aristotle, the Aristotle, the ancient Greek ancient Greek

philosopher whose philosopher whose geocentricgeocentric

theories were theories were supported by the supported by the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.Galileo boldly Galileo boldly continued to be a continued to be a big supporter of big supporter of the Copernican the Copernican

theory.theory.

Galileo boldly Galileo boldly continued to be a continued to be a big supporter of big supporter of the Copernican the Copernican

theory.theory.


As a result of his findings, Galileo As a result of his findings, Galileo made a lot of enemies and was called made a lot of enemies and was called

before the Inquisition. before the Inquisition.

As a result of his findings, Galileo As a result of his findings, Galileo made a lot of enemies and was called made a lot of enemies and was called

before the Inquisition. before the Inquisition.

The Inquisition was a The Inquisition was a permanent organization permanent organization of the Catholic Church of the Catholic Church created in the Middle created in the Middle Ages, headed by the Ages, headed by the

Pope, and established Pope, and established specifically to deal with specifically to deal with

heretics, those who heretics, those who publicly disagreed with publicly disagreed with

the teachings of the the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.

The Inquisition was a The Inquisition was a permanent organization permanent organization of the Catholic Church of the Catholic Church created in the Middle created in the Middle Ages, headed by the Ages, headed by the

Pope, and established Pope, and established specifically to deal with specifically to deal with

heretics, those who heretics, those who publicly disagreed with publicly disagreed with

the teachings of the the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.


Galileo did not see a conflict Galileo did not see a conflict between science and religion. He between science and religion. He

believed that science reinforced the believed that science reinforced the idea of God.idea of God.

Galileo did not see a conflict Galileo did not see a conflict between science and religion. He between science and religion. He

believed that science reinforced the believed that science reinforced the idea of God.idea of God.

The Catholic Church The Catholic Church interrogated Galileo interrogated Galileo and strongly warned and strongly warned him to present his him to present his

findings as findings as hypotheses, not hypotheses, not

facts.facts.

The Catholic Church The Catholic Church interrogated Galileo interrogated Galileo and strongly warned and strongly warned him to present his him to present his

findings as findings as hypotheses, not hypotheses, not

facts.facts.Galileo published another work Galileo published another work after discovering 3 new comets, after discovering 3 new comets, again supporting his theory of again supporting his theory of

heliocentrism.heliocentrism.

Galileo published another work Galileo published another work after discovering 3 new comets, after discovering 3 new comets, again supporting his theory of again supporting his theory of

heliocentrism.heliocentrism.


. . . But to want to affirm that the

sun really is fixed in the center of

the heavens and only revolves

around itself (i. e., turns upon its

axis ) without traveling from east

to west, and that the earth is

situated in the third sphere and

revolves with great speed around

the sun, is a very dangerous

thing, not only by irritating all the

philosophers and scholastic

theologians, but also by injuring

our holy faith and rendering the

Holy Scriptures false.

Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, speaking Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, speaking for the Pope, had this to say about for the Pope, had this to say about

Galileo’s findings:Galileo’s findings:

Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, speaking Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, speaking for the Pope, had this to say about for the Pope, had this to say about

Galileo’s findings:Galileo’s findings:


Galileo published a third book in Galileo published a third book in total support of heliocentrism and total support of heliocentrism and

portraying others as fools who portraying others as fools who supported other views.supported other views.

Galileo published a third book in Galileo published a third book in total support of heliocentrism and total support of heliocentrism and

portraying others as fools who portraying others as fools who supported other views.supported other views.

The Catholic Church found Galileo The Catholic Church found Galileo strongly suspicious of heresy and strongly suspicious of heresy and sentenced him to house arrest at sentenced him to house arrest at

his villa in Arceti for the rest of his his villa in Arceti for the rest of his life.life.

The Catholic Church found Galileo The Catholic Church found Galileo strongly suspicious of heresy and strongly suspicious of heresy and sentenced him to house arrest at sentenced him to house arrest at

his villa in Arceti for the rest of his his villa in Arceti for the rest of his life.life.

He was forbidden to He was forbidden to publish and forced to publish and forced to

recant.recant.

He was forbidden to He was forbidden to publish and forced to publish and forced to

recant.recant.

Click for Click for trial trial

details!details!


details!details!


details!details!


Galileo’s health Galileo’s health declined, he lost declined, he lost his eyesight, and his eyesight, and the death of his the death of his

daughter left him daughter left him without support.without support.

Galileo’s health Galileo’s health declined, he lost declined, he lost his eyesight, and his eyesight, and the death of his the death of his

daughter left him daughter left him without support.without support.

Galileo was 78 years old when he Galileo was 78 years old when he died in 1642. died in 1642.

Galileo was 78 years old when he Galileo was 78 years old when he died in 1642. died in 1642.


Galileo died in Galileo died in Arceti. His Arceti. His

remains were remains were later moved to later moved to Florence where Florence where he was buried he was buried

close to close to Michelangelo. Michelangelo.

Galileo died in Galileo died in Arceti. His Arceti. His

remains were remains were later moved to later moved to Florence where Florence where he was buried he was buried

close to close to Michelangelo. Michelangelo.

PisaPisa

.. Florence Florence .. Arceti Arceti


Philosophy professors and Philosophy professors and theologians were both theologians were both

responsible for Galileo’s responsible for Galileo’s accusations of heresy.accusations of heresy.

Philosophy professors and Philosophy professors and theologians were both theologians were both

responsible for Galileo’s responsible for Galileo’s accusations of heresy.accusations of heresy.

In 1979, Pope John Paul II In 1979, Pope John Paul II ordered an investigation into ordered an investigation into

Galileo’s situations, and in 1992, Galileo’s situations, and in 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its the Vatican acknowledged its

errors.errors.

In 1979, Pope John Paul II In 1979, Pope John Paul II ordered an investigation into ordered an investigation into

Galileo’s situations, and in 1992, Galileo’s situations, and in 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its the Vatican acknowledged its

errors.errors.


Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography

Van Helden, Albert. (1995). Galileo Timeline. [Online]. Available: Van Helden, Albert. (1995). Galileo Timeline. [Online]. Available: http://es.rice.edu/ED/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.html

Van Helden, Albert. (1995). Galileo Timeline. [Online]. Available: Van Helden, Albert. (1995). Galileo Timeline. [Online]. Available: http://es.rice.edu/ED/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.html

Blotzer, Joseph. (1910). Inquisition. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Blotzer, Joseph. (1910). Inquisition. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume Volume VIII. [Online]. Available: VIII. [Online]. Available: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/o8026a.html

Blotzer, Joseph. (1910). Inquisition. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Blotzer, Joseph. (1910). Inquisition. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume Volume VIII. [Online]. Available: VIII. [Online]. Available: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/o8026a.html

Field, J.V. (1995). Galileo Galilei. [Online]. Available: Field, J.V. (1995). Galileo Galilei. [Online]. Available: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galileo.html

Field, J.V. (1995). Galileo Galilei. [Online]. Available: Field, J.V. (1995). Galileo Galilei. [Online]. Available: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galileo.html

““Galileo”. (13 Dec 2001). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. [Online]. Galileo”. (13 Dec 2001). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. [Online]. Available: Available: http://encarta.msn.com/find/print.asp?&pg=8&ti=01735000&sc=

0&pt=1

““Galileo”. (13 Dec 2001). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. [Online]. Galileo”. (13 Dec 2001). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. [Online]. Available: Available: http://encarta.msn.com/find/print.asp?&pg=8&ti=01735000&sc=

0&pt=1

Documents

© 2006 Plano ISD, Plano, TX/Klein ISD 2007 Galileo Galilei was born February 15, 1564, in Italy near Pisa. The Leaning Tower had been completed for about