© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by: 1.Copernicus 2.Brahe 3.Kepler 4.Galileo 14.01

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by:

• Copernicus• Brahe• Kepler• Galileo

14.01 Q


The fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by:

• Copernicus• Brahe• Kepler• Galileo

14.01 A


EXPLANATION:The fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by:

3. Kepler

Based on the mathematical relationships that emerged from his study of Brahe’s observations, Kepler set forth the first astronomical model that actually portrayed motion—that is, the path of the planets—and those orbits were elliptical, not circular.

14.01 E


Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of:

• virtues and vices• divine harmonies• mathematical relationships• logical hierarchies

14.02 Q


Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of:

• virtues and vices• divine harmonies• mathematical relationships• logical hierarchies

14.02 A


EXPLANATION:Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of:

3. mathematical relationships

The universe was rational; however, its rationality was not that of medieval scholastic logic, but of mathematics. Copernicus had thought that the heavens conformed to mathematical regularity; Galileo saw this regularity throughout physical nature.

14.02 E


Isaac Newton’s most important work was the:

• Principia Mathematica• Letters on Sunspots• The New Astronomy• Universal Laws

14.03 Q


Isaac Newton’s most important work was the:

• Principia Mathematica• Letters on Sunspots• The New Astronomy• Universal Laws

14.03 A


EXPLANATION:Isaac Newton’s most important work was the:

1. Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Newton published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, better known by its Latin title of Principia Mathematica. Much of the research and thinking for this great work had taken place more than fifteen years earlier.

14.03 E


Francis Bacon believed that:

• the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles

• knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition

• knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine

• that the best era of human history lay in antiquity

14.04 Q


Francis Bacon believed that:

• the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles

• knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition

• knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine

• that the best era of human history lay in antiquity

14.04 A


EXPLANATION:Francis Bacon believed that:

2. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition

Bacon believed that human knowledge should produce useful results—deeds rather than words. In particular, knowledge of nature should be enlisted to improve the human condition.

14.04 E


John Locke was a defender of:

• equal rights for women• absolute monarchy• religious toleration• the idea that governments were based on the

model of fathers ruling families

14.05 Q


John Locke was a defender of:

• equal rights for women• absolute monarchy• religious toleration• the idea that governments were based on the

model of fathers ruling families

14.05 A


EXPLANATION:John Locke was a defender of:

3. religious toleration

In his Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), Locke used the premises of the as yet unpublished Second Treatise to defend extensive religious toleration among Christians, which he saw as an answer to the destructive religious conflict of the past two centuries.

14.05 E


The Catholic Church admitted that errors had occurred in the 1633 trial of Galileo in:

• 1880• 1634• 1992• 1789

14.06 Q


The Catholic Church admitted that errors had occurred in the 1633 trial of Galileo in:

• 1880• 1634• 1992• 1789

14.06 A


EXPLANATION:The Catholic Church admitted that errors had occurred in the 1633 trial of Galileo in:

• 1992

Although much more complicated than a simple case of a conflict between science and religion, the condemnation of Galileo cast a long and troubled shadow over the relationship of the emerging new science and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The controversy continued into the late twentieth century, when Pope John Paul II formally ordered the reassessment of the Galileo case. In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church admitted that errors had occurred, particularly in the biblical interpretation of Pope Urban VIII’s advisers.

14.06 E


Pascal allied himself with the:

• Jesuits• Puritans• Ultra-Catholics• Jansenists

14.07 Q


Pascal allied himself with the:

• Jesuits• Puritans• Ultra-Catholics• Jansenists

14.07 A


EXPLANATION:Pascal allied himself with the:

4. Jansenists

Pascal considered the Jesuits’ casuistry a distortion of Christian teaching. He rejected the skeptics of his age because they either denied religion altogether (atheists) or accepted it only as it conformed to reason (deists). He never produced a definitive refutation of the two sides. Rather, he formulated his views on these matters in piecemeal fashion in a provocative collection of reflections on humankind and religion published posthumously under the title Pensées (Thoughts). Pascal allied himself with the Jansenists, seventeenth-century Catholic opponents of the Jesuits.

14.07 E


Between 1400 and 1700, European courts sentenced between:

• 5,000 and 8,000 people to death for harmful magic and witchcraft



• 600,000 and 1 million people to death for harmful magic and witchcraft

14.08 Q


Between 1400 and 1700, European courts sentenced between:




• 600,000 and 1 million people to death for harmful magic and witchcraft

14.08 A


EXPLANATION:Between 1400 and 1700, European courts sentenced between:

3. 70,000 and 100,000 people to death for harmful magic and witchcraft

Nowhere is the dark side of early modern thought and culture more strikingly visible than in the witch-hunts and panics that erupted in almost every Western land. Between 1400 and 1700, courts sentenced an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 people to death for harmful magic (maleficium) and diabolical witchcraft.

14.08 E


The leading religious painter of the Catholic Reformation was:

• Peter Paul Rubens• Louis LeNain• Michelangelo Caravaggio• St. Teresa of Avila

14.09 Q


The leading religious painter of the Catholic Reformation was:

• Peter Paul Rubens• Louis LeNain• Michelangelo Caravaggio• St. Teresa of Avila

14.09 A


EXPLANATION:The leading religious painter of the Catholic Reformation was:

1. Peter Paul Rubens

The association of baroque art with Roman Catholicism had its counterpart in the secular world. Charles I (r. 1625–1649) of England during the 1630s when he ruled as an all-but absolute monarch without calling Parliament employed the Roman Catholic Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) to decorate the ceiling of the Banqueting Hall at his palace in London with paintings commemorating his father James I (r. 1603–1625). Rubens was the leading religious painter of the Catholic Reformation.

14.09 E


In the fifteenth century, the standard explanation of arrangement of the heavens combined the work of Ptolemy and:

• Plato• Aristotle• Gregory the Great• Roger Bacon

14.10 Q


In the fifteenth century, the standard explanation of arrangement of the heavens combined the work of Ptolemy and:

• Plato• Aristotle• Gregory the Great• Roger Bacon

14.10 A


EXPLANATION: In the fifteenth century, the standard explanation of arrangement of the heavens combined the work of Ptolemy and:

2. Aristotle

In Copernicus’s time, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the heavens combined the mathematical astronomy of Ptolemy, contained in his work entitled the Almagest (150 C.E.), with the physical cosmology of Aristotle.

14.10 E


Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science was his:

• discovery of the planet Mercury• proof of the Copernican system• compilation of a large amount of astronomical

data• discovery of the moons of Jupiter

14.11 Q


Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science was his:

• discovery of the planet Mercury• proof of the Copernican system• compilation of a large amount of astronomical

data• discovery of the moons of Jupiter

14.11 A


EXPLANATION:Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science was his:

3. compilation of a large amount of astronomical data

In pursuit of his own theory, Brahe constructed scientific instruments with which he made more extensive naked-eye observations of the planets than anyone else had ever done. His labors produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.

14.11 E

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© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. The fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by: 1.Copernicus 2.Brahe 3.Kepler 4.Galileo 14.01