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History and Structure

Chapter 5

Policing:

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English Policing• American policing is

based on English roots.

• English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”

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• Alfred the Great’s system

• 9th-10th Century• mutual pledge

England

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• mutual pledge system • tithing - group of ten (10)

families• tithing man - leader or

chief of tithing

England

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Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families

England

chief constable - head of the hundred

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Constable:• considered the

first real police officer

• appointed by local nobleman• in charge of weapons for

the hundred

England

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Shire• A geographic area equivalent to our

county.

• Hundreds were grouped into Shires.

• England was divided into 52 Shires.

• Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.

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England

1272-1307• set up curfew and

night watch program• bailiffs - night watchmen

to enforce curfew• watch and ward

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Watch and Ward• The name given to first

night watch in cities and towns.

• They operated from sundown tosunrise.

• They protected property against fire.• They guarded the gates of city.• They arrested those who committed

offenses.

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Statute of Winchester-1285• It created the watch and ward in

cities and towns.• It drafted eligible males to

serve. • It institutionalized the

“hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons

in order to answer the call to arms.

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England - 1750• The Industrial Revolution

brought many new people to the big cities.

• Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities.

• Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.

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Bow Street Runners• established 1750• patrolled streets and highways

leading to London• Sir Henry Fielding - one of

the founders• first real detective unit

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London Metropolitan Police• 1829 - Parliament passed bill

- creates London police• Sir Robert Peel - Home

Secretary• 1,000 officers called bobbies• uniformed• structured along military

lines

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American Law Enforcement

• Colonists brought systems from Europe when they emigrated to colonies.

• The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the

counties.• The constable was responsible for

law enforcement in towns.• Before the Revolution, both were

appointed by Crown.

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American Frontier•vast and wild until

late 19th century

•natural haven for outlaws and bandits

•citizen posses and vigilantes - the law

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Policing America’s Cities

• 1636 - Boston• New York - known

as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled

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• 1658 - paid watchmen in New York

• 1693 - first uniformed police officer

• 1731 - first precinct station in New

York

Policing America’s Cities

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Policing America’s Cities• 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to

initiate a police force.• 1844 - New York is the first to

establish a unified day/night police force.

• 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force.

• 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.

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American Policing

1920-1933

This was the Era of Prohibition and

widespread corruption of police.

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1960’s-1970’s

Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.

American Policing

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1967 - LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.

American Policing

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• LEAA - funded many police research projects

• Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

American Policing

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Three Levels ( jurisdictions)

• federal

• state

• local

American Policing

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Federal Law Enforcement

1789

• first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service

• patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue

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21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies

Federal Law Enforcement

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Other Federal Agencies• 1789 - U.S. Marshals• 1862 - Internal Revenue Service• 1865 - Secret Service• 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization• 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later

to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930

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Other Federal Agencies

1914

The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.

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Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Department of the Treasury

1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

2. Internal Revenue Service

3. U.S. Custom Service

4. U.S. Secret Service

5. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

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Department of Justice

1. Bureau of Prisons

2. Drug Enforcement Administration

3. Federal Bureau of Investigation

4. U.S. Marshals Service

5. Immigration and Naturalization Service

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Interior

1.Fish and Wildlife Service

2.National Park Service

3.U.S. Park Police

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Defense• Criminal Investigation Division• Office of Special

Investigations• Naval Investigative

Service• Defense Criminal Investigator

Service

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Transportation U.S. Coast Guard

General Services Administration Federal Protective Services

U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspections Service

Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

• 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover isappointed Director.

• 1924 - Identification Division iscreated to collect fingerprint

files.• 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting

data for Uniformed Crime Report publication.

• 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.

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State Law Enforcement1835 Texas Rangers:• They are believed to be the first

state police force.• Military unit is responsible for

border patrol.• They apprehend Mexican cattle

rustlers.

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State Law Enforcement

Two Models:

• centralized model

• decentralized model

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Local Agencies-Municipal

• approx. 13,580 different departments• approx. 420,000 sworn police officers• approx. 100,000 civilian employees• largest - New York - approx. 36,813

police officers• smallest – 3,409 departments with 1

sworn police officer or only part-time officers

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Local Agencies-County

• approx. 3,100 sheriff departments• approx. 155,000 full-time officers• approx. 89,000 civilian employees• largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s

Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees

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• 49 state police departments• approx. 52,000 full-time state

police officers• approx. 26,000 civilian

employees• major role - control traffic on

highway system

State Law Enforcement

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Private Protective Services

• Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today.

• Types of private security services:• company guards• airport security• bank guards• executive protection

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Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security- related services to specific clientele for a fee…

Private Protective Services

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… for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

Private Protective Services

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Types of Private Security Services: • store/mall security• school security• nuclear facility security• hospital security• automated teller machine services• railroad detectives• loss prevention specialists• computer/information security

Private Protective Services

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• Security Bureau, Inc.

• Wackenhut Corp.

• Guardsmark, Inc.

• American Protective Services

• Globe Security

Private Protective Services

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• Wells Fargo Guard Services

• Advance Security, Inc.

• Pinkerton’s, Inc.

• Allied Security, Inc.

• Burns International Security Services

Private Protective Services