CHAPTER 10: LATIN AMERICA: SHAPED BY

HISTORY

GUIDELINE QUESTIONS: 183-185

1) Where did the Mayans settle? What are 3 accomplishments they made?

2) Where did the Aztecs settle? What were their classes of society?

3) What were the Incas known for?

GUIDELINE QUESTIONS: 186-188

1) Where did Christopher Columbus really settle when he arrived at his exploration?

2) Describe how Hernan Cortes treated the Aztecs

3) Who is Francisco Pizarro?

GUIDELINE QUESTIONS- 189-192

1) How did Latin American nations win independence from their European rulers?

2) What were ways the French and American Revolutions influenced events in Latin America?

3) Name some challenges Latin America faced as a result of their independence.

SECTION 1: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

I. Mayan Culture and Civilization A. A.D. 300- A.D 900 in Central America and Southern Mexico B. built great cities and religious centers including Copán and Tikal C. built pyramid-shaped temples in cities D. Crops include maize, beans, squash, avocados, peppers, and papayas E. studied stars and planets to create calendars

SECTION 1: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

II. Aztecs: Civilization and CultureA. Arrived in Valley of Mexico in 1100’sB. Settled in Tenochtitlán, former Lake

TexcocoC. Aztec warriors conquered lands and

made others pay tributes (taxes in food, cotton, slaves, gold)

D. Different classes of society : Top to bottom= emperor, nobles and priests, warriors, traders, craftsman, farmers

SECTION 1: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

III. Aztecs: Science and Technology

A. Tenochtitlan- center of trade and learning B. doctors made medicine from plants C. astronomers predicted eclipses and movement of planets D. priests kept records using hieroglyphics

SECTION 1: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

IV. Incan Civilizations and Culture A. A.D. 1200- settle in Cuzco B. farmers grew maize and other crops C. Gain control areas from Andes to Pacific Ocean D. Incas lived in present day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia E. Cuzco- center of religion, trade, learning, and government F. built roads and aqueducts

FOLDABLES/EXIT TICKET: 10/1/15

1) Fold your paper into 3 sections

2) Label the top of the 3 sections: Mayans, Aztecs, Incas

3) List 3 accomplishments of each civilization under their section

SECTION 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

I. Europeans Arrive in the Americas A. Christopher Columbus: October 1492 thought he reached the East Indies, but was in the Caribbean Sea B. Treaty of Tordesillas- 1492 treaty setting up the Line of Demarcation, Spain settles and trades west of the line and Portugal has the same rights east of the line C. Conquistadors: conquerors working for Spanish government in charge of gaining land and wealth in the Americas

SECTION 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

II. Cortez Conquers the Aztecs A. 1519 sails to Mexico with 500 men and 16 horses B. Cortez is welcomed by Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan C. Spanish soldiers kill some Aztecs, Moctezuma is killed D. 1521 Cortez destroys Aztec empire- 240,000 Aztecs dead

SECTION 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

III. Pizarro Conquers the Incas A. 1531 sets sail with 180 Spanish soldiers B. 1535 Pizarro conquered the Incan empire, including Cuzco C. Spanish conquistadors had guns, cannons, horses to defeat the empires D. They also carried diseases like smallpox that destroyed villages

SECTION 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

IV. Colonization: Spain and Portugal in the Americas

A. Spain: two provinces in New Spain (Mexico City) and Peru (Lima) B. Mestizos: mixed Spanish and Native American descent lived on outskirts of city C. Native Americans worked on haciendas- plantations owned by Spaniards and Catholic Church

SECTION 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

D. Native Americans were overworked and died from malnutrition and other diseases E. 1519: Native American population was 25 million- by 1569 population was only 3 million

FOLDABLE/ EXIT TICKET: 10/7/15

1) Fold your paper into 3 sections

2) At the top of each section, label them Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro

3) List 3 things that you have learned about each individual from class, videos, or reading the last 3 days

SECTION 3: INDEPENDENCE AND SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY I. Independence in Mexico A. Mexicans encouraged by American and French Revolution B. Criollos had Spanish parents but were born in Latin America C. Miguel Hidalgo’s revolution= “Cry of Dolores” D. Revolution wants revenge against Spanish government

SECTION 3: INDEPENDENCE AND SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY

E. Hidalgo was tried and convicted of treason in July 1811 F. Agustin de Iturbide defeated the Spanish Army and declared Mexico’s independence in 1821

SECTION 3: INDEPENDENCE AND SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY II. South American Independence A. Simón Bolívar- greatest Latin American Revolutionary leader B. helped liberate Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama by 1822 C. José de San Martin- Argentine who served in the Spanish army D. San Martin fought for independence of Chile in 1817 and Peru in 1821 E. Dom Pedro helps declare Brazil independent of Portugal in 1822

SECTION 3: INDEPENDENCE AND SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY III. Challenges of Independence A. Caudillos- military officers who had unlimited power and ruled harshly B. Caudillos wanted to get rich and stay in power, but they left the nations poor IV. Economic Issues A. Many foreign countries invested money in Latin America B. Foreign debt, price of oil and other goods dropped, unemployment, and riots C. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

INDEPENDENCE FOLDABLE

Fold your paper in half. Label the left Mexican Independence and the right South American Independence.

List 3 things you learned about how each area achieved their independence

GROUP ACTIVITY: 10/13/15

Choose from 1 of the 2 options below 1) Imagine you are a poet and have

been asked to write a patriotic poem for a newly independent country in Latin America. Write a poem about that the country’s independence. Be sure to include the country’s name and details about its struggle for independence.

2) Imagine that you lived at the time of the Spanish conquest. Write a song that tells about the conquest from a Mayan, Aztec, or Incan point of view.