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1.) Ineffective Encoding 2.) Decay 3.) Interference 4.)Retrieval Failure
It may only appear we forget something Information may never have been inserted
in memory in first place
Examples
Forgetting occurs because memory traces fade over time
True for our short term memory◦ example
Untrue for long term memory◦ example
People forget information because of competition from other material◦ When is interference greatest?
2 Types: 1.) Retroactive Interference 2.) Proactive Interference
New info impairs retention of previous information◦ Examples
Previously learned information interferes with retention of new info◦ examples
Something is in our memory, yet we can’t find it
-Tip of the Tongue was example
Why might this occur?
1.) Retrograde Amnesia- Person loses memory for events prior to injury◦ Examples
2.) Anterograde Amnesia – Person loses memory for events that occur after injury◦ Examples
◦ Clive Wearing video
Recall Measures- Require participants to reproduce information without any cues◦ Examples
Recognition Measures – Require participants to select previously learned information from array of options◦ Examples
Which method do you think research shows yields higher scores?
What is the capital of Washington?a.) Seattle b.) Tacomac.) Spokane d.) Olympia
What is the capital of Washington?a.) London b.) Tokyoc.)New York City d.) Olympia
Massed Practice- Practice of studying or learning material all at once◦ Example
Distributed Practice – Practice of studying or learning material over time◦ Example
Findings
Overlearning- Continued rehearsal (or studying) after a person has mastered material◦ What does research suggest?