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REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
A. Which is the largest settlement ? Name and Idenfity it.
Ans : Anadra
B. How are linear and scattered settlements shown? Explain by your means.
Ans : Linear settlements - permanent huts shown is one side of the riuer on road.
Scattered seltlement - permanent huts show in dispersal manner.
C. What type of settle are wahan and Gulabanaj ? Giue a reason for your answer.
Ans : Wahan and Gulabganj are nucleated settlements, because the permanent huts are clustered or
grouped together.
D. How are scattered settlements shown in map ? Name them.
Ans : Scattered settlement - Permanent huts are shown in dispered manner Bamba, Tokea etc.
E. Identity a genlte slope and steep slope by means of drawing contour in your notebook in brown
colour.
Ans : AB-Steep slope because the contour lines are closed.
AC-gentle slope because the contour lines are far apart from each other.
F. Why is Anadra an important town ? State is favourable features.
Ans : Anadra is an important town because has police chowki, Dispensary and post telegraph office.
G. In what colour are contours shown on the map and what is the contour interval.
Ans : Brown colour. The contour interval is 20m.
CHP-1 INSIDE QUESTIONS
1. What are the different methods used for representation of relief on the map ?
Ans : Different methods used for representation of relief on the map are –
* Hachuring
* Spot Heights
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* Contour
* Triangulation Method
* Bench Marks
* Hill Shading.
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2. What do you mean by Triangulation method ?
Ans : It is the method in which, the height of a place is fixed using Trigonometry and is shown with
a triangle on the map, with a number beside it. For eg Δ340.
3. Give the definition of contour.
Ans : A contour line is an imaginary line joining all place which are of same height above sea level.
4. How is the slope of the land determined.
Ans : Spacing of the contours determines the slopes of the land. If contours are drawn close
together, they indicate very steep slopes. If they are drawn further apart, they show gentle
slopes.
5. How many types of settlement patterns are there ?
Ans : Nucleated
Linear
Scattered
6. What is contour interval ?
Ans : Difference between the interval of two successive contour lines.
7. What is contour ?
Ans : A contour line is a imaginary line joining all places which are the same height above the sea
level.
8. What is the contour interval given in the map ?
Ans : The contour interval given in the map is 20m.
9. What are the different methods to represent relief on the earth’s surface ?
Ans : The different methods to represent relief in the earth’s surface are –
(i) Hachuring
(ii) Form lines
(iii) Hill shading
(iv) Spot heights
(v) Triangulation points
(vi) Bench marks
(vii) Contours.
10. What is an index contour ?
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Ans : The ordinance survey maps of 1 : 50,000 scale have contours drawn at the vertical interval of
20m. To make the contour maps distinct, every fifth line in multiple of 20m is accentuated.
This is called Index Contour.
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11. How can we identify steep and gentle slope ?
Ans : The spacing of the contours determines the slope of the land. If contours are drawn close
together, they indicate very steep slopes. If they are drawn far apart, they indicate gentle slope.
12. How many types of settlement patterns are there ?
Ans : There are three types of settlement patterns.
(i) Nucleated or clustered settlement.
(ii) Linear Settlement.
(iii) Diffused or scattered settlement.
13. What is a cliff ?
Ans : A cliff is a very steep rock or hill overlooking a sea. It is represented by a sudden merging
of several contours at one point.
POPULATION DYNAMICS
A. Birth Rate and Death Rate –
Birth Rate Death Rate
1. Birth Rate is the total number of
births per 1000 of population
1. Death Rate is the total number of
death per 1000 of population
in a year.
B. Immigration and Emigration –
in a year.
Immigration
1. Immigration is the international
1.
Emigration
Emigration is the movement of
movement of people into a
destination country of which they
individuals from one country to
another with the intention of permanently
are not the natives or do not possess
the citizenship.
6. I) People are the greatest resource of the world.
Reason – People are the greatest resource of the world. It is the people who works on the
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natural resources of a country to produce wealth and raise the standard of living.
II) A country which is under populated cannot exploit its natural resources to the maximum.
Reason – Agricultural resource are more difficult to develop because they require more and harder
work our along period of years before they show a good return.
III) The fertility rate in many developed and developing countries has dropped to about two
children per woman.
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Reason – Due to factors like literacy, economic development or urbanisation increasing the cost or
standard of living making the idea of having big families impractical.
IV) Emigration always has negative effect on the population.
Reason – Because it creates imbalance in the population distribution also causes famine and disease
like HIV/AIDS.
7. I) Give the importance of high literacy Rate.
Ans : A country with high literacy rate has educated, trained and scientific minded population. They
bring about technological advancement in the country. This results in faster and greater eco-
nomic development.
II) Name the sparsely populated regions of the world.
Ans : The hot deserts like the Sahara and Kalahari of Africa, the Arabian Desert and Thar Desert of
Asia.
III) What is meant by density of population ? How is it measured ?
Ans : Population density is a measurement of the number of people in an area. It is an average num-
ber. Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area Population
density is usually shown as the number of people per square km.
IV) How does migration of people affect the total population of a country ?
Ans : a) Job loss.
b) Discrimination and Rascism.
c) Social Pressure.
d) Breakdown of culture and traditions.
e) Disease.
V) Define the following.
Ans : a) Infant Mortality Rate –
Number of deaths of children below 1 year of age per 1,000 of the population.
b) Lite expectancy –
The average age at which people die.
VI) What is meant by population change ? Explain in brief.
Ans : Population change refers to change in the number of people during the specific time. This is
actually due to the change in the number of births and deaths.
VII) What is meant by population pyramid ? Explain with help of examples.
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Ans : Population pyramid is a diagram that shows the division of total population of a country into
different sex categories (male-female) and age groups of (i) below 15 years of age.
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VIII) Compare and contrast the impact of overpopulation and underpopulation.
Ans : Impact of over population Impact of under population
(i) Depletion of natural resources. (i) Unstable economy
(ii) Unemployment and poverty
(iii) Environmental hazards.
(ii) Labour shortage
(iii) Decrease in population.
IX) Give one point of difference in the population pyramid of India and Japan.
Ans : In developed countries like USA, Japan, the decrease in birth rate and death rate have kept the
base and top at medium level. There is more population in the working age group. Life expectancy
or age of survival is higher.
X) What is meant by MEDCs and LEDCs ?
Ans : MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries.
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries.
CHP-2 INSIDE QUESTIONS
1. What is population density ?
Ans : The total number of people in a country in relation to its land, is known as population density.
2. What are the factors affecting population density ?
Ans : (i) Places which are highly industrialised or commercially advanced.
(ii) Places having well - developed agriculture.
(iii) Availability of mineral resources and access to the sea.
3. Give the difference between push and pull factors.
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Ans : Push Factors Pull Factors
(i) Lack of employment (i) Better employment.
(ii) Oppressive political conditions (ii) Political freedom.
(iii) Poor economy (iii) Economic stability.
4. What are the problems of overpopulation ?
(i) Rapid Population Growth : In most of the under developed countries, population increases
rapidly and family planning is not practised on a large scale.
(ii) Unemployment : In many under developed countries, industry is not well - established and
there are few employment opportunities.
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(iii) Housing and Health : The standard of living in overpopulated countries is low and housing
conditions are others poor and overcrowded.
5. Which category of population are called depending population ?
Ans : 0 – 14 – Under population
65 + – old age population.
MIGRATION
4.i) Give the meaning of migration.
Ans : To move from one country, place or locality to another country.
ii) Distinguish between immigration and emigration.
Ans : Immigration Emigration
1. Immigration is the international i) Emigration means leaving one’s resident
movement of people into a country with the intention to settle
destination country of which they down else where.
are not natives.
iii) In India, rural to urban and urban to rural migration is important.
Ans : In India, many urban cities are waiting job opportunities and as a result more migrants are
coming into the cities such as Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Chennai etc.
People migrate due to several reasons including social, political, environmental and economi-
cal factors.
iv) State any two advantages of migration to destination country.
Ans : (i) Cheap labour : Migrants generally do many unskilled jobs at low wages. Thus, there will
be cheap labour available for different types of services.
(ii) Skilled labours : Some immigrants are highly skilled and talented. They contribute to the
knowledge and production in the interest of the country.
v) Explain briefly the causes of Brain Drain in India.
Ans : Causes of brain drain can be broadly categorised into push and pull factors –
(a) Absence of research facilities.
(b) Economic underdevelopment.
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(c) Lack of freedom.
(d) Lack of Job opportunities.
vi) State the effects of brain drain in India.
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Positive Effects :
(a) When people move from less developed countries to developed countries they learn new
skills and expertise.
(b) The migrants send money to their relatives living in the home country.
(c) The money remittances help in reducing the level of poverty in the home country.
Negative Effect :
(a) The shortage of skilled and competent people in India.
(b) Loss of potential future entrepreneurs.
(c) Loss of innovative ideas and investment in education.
vii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration.
Ans : Advantages :
(i) Cheap labour.
(ii) Skilled labour.
(iii) Cutural diversities.
Disadvantages :
(i) Job loss.
(ii) Discrimination and racism.
(iii) Social pressure.
(iv) Breakdown of culture and traditions.
(v) Disease.
viii) What does emigration mean ? In what way it affects the country from where the migrants
come ?
Ans : (i) Loss of skilled labour : This is the biggest negative impact on the country as many young
graduates like doctors, nurses migrate to other countries.
(ii) Fall in demand for home goods : As more and more people migrate, the population might
decrease. As a result the demand for goods and services may also decrease.
(iii) Social Impact : When parents leave, children and other departments suffer the most many
children are exposed to social vibes. Besides, this elder people do not get proper support
from their children.
Emigration – The act of leaving one’s resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere.
5. (i) The trend of brain drain is considered a problem in the developing countries.
Reason – The trend of brain drain is considered a problem because in this, the most highly skilled
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and competent individuals leave the country and these people contribute their expertise
to the economy of other countries.
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(ii) State the meaning and causes of rural - urban migration.
Ans : This involves the movement of people from rural areas of country side to urban areas of the
same country in search of new job opportunities and lifestyle.
(iii) Migration has positive impact on the home country.
Reason – (a)Remittances : Generally migrants send a lot of money to their family members residing
in the home country.
(b) Better job opportunities : As many people emigrate, there are more jobs available on the
local people.
(c) Knowledge and skill flow : In case of short term or seasonal migration, migrants often
bring new ideas, skills and knowledge that they have acquired during travel.
CHP-3 MIGRATION (INSIDE QUESTIONS)
1. How many types of Migration are there ?
Ans : There are four types of Migration
(i) Immigration
(ii) Emigration
(iii) Rural-urban migration
(iv) urban-urban migration.
2. Why is united states country of immigration ?
Ans : The united states is a country of immigration. During the 19th and 20th centuries, migration
from Europe brought about 41 million people to North America. The main reason behind it
was the economic depression in the rural areas of northern Europe.
3. Give the differences between inland migration and international migration ?
Ans : Inland Migration International Migration
(i) It refers to the migration of (i) It refers to the migration of people from
people within a country migration to one country to another country of which
another place within its borders. they are not natives of.
4. What is forced migration?
Ans : The forceful migration of people from one country to another country due to political reasons
is called forced migration.
5. What are the factors responsible for rural-urban migration in India?
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Ans : In India, many urban cities are creating job opportunities and as a result more migrants are
coming into the cities such as Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Chennai etc.
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VOCABULARY
URBANISATION
(i) Urbanisation : A population shift from rural to urban areas.
(ii) Industrialisation : The process by which an economy is transformed from agriculture to
manufacturing of goods.
(iii) Empolyment : The state of having paid work.
(iv) Natural Calamities : Any natural occurence that has a disastrous effect on the area in which it
occurs.eg.earthquake, storm etc.
(v) Satellite cities :Smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the centre of a metropolitan
area. 4(i) What is meant by urbanisation ?
Ans : Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the gradual increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the
change.
(ii) State the main features of urbanisation ?
Ans : (i) Fast growth in urban population.
(ii) Large increase in big towns.
(iii) Regional Disparities.
(iii) State and explain any three causes of urbanisations.
Ans : Industrialisation : Growth of industries has expanded the employment opportunities.
Search of better jobs : In rural sector, people have to depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
But the main problem is that agriculture is basically dependant on natural factors i.e climate
and rainfall. Therefore, rural people have to migrate to cities and towns.
Modernisation : Urban areas have the advantage of better infrastructure, sophisticated tech-
nology, better transport and communication facilities, better education and medical facilities
etc.
(iv) Explain any five positive effects of urbanisation brietly.
Ans : Creation of employment opportunities : As more and more people move to cities and towns,
more employment opportunities.
Convenience : Urbanisation gives more access to education, health, social services and
cultural activities to people in cities than in villages.
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Concentration of educational facilities : In cities, more schools, colleges and univesities are
established to train and develop human resources.
Exploitation of resources : Many settlements are established where the natural resouces are
available.
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Increase in the standard of living : Movement of people from rural to urban areas increases their
standards of living and quality of life.
(v) Explain any four negative effects of urbanisation briefly.
Ans : Problem of Overpopulation : Concentration of population becomes a major problem in cities
and towns due to overcrowding.
Disintegration of joint family : Due to high cost of living in the cities, it becomes difficult to
maintain joint families. Thus families are divided due to urbanisation.
High cost of living : This is one of the major problem in the cities, it becomes difficult for the
lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
(vi) State the basis of ranking the smartest cities in the world.
Ans : (i) Adoption of smart grid technologies
(ii) Intelligent lighting.
(iii) Use of information technology to improve traffic.
(iv) Wi-fi access points.
(v) Smartphone Penetration.
(vi) App landscape etc.
(vii) What is meant by satellite cities ? Name any five.
Ans : Satellities cities are smaller cities that are near to a large city which is the centre of a
metropolitan area. Satellite cities are different from suburbs, subdivisions etc because they
have their our centers.
(a) Gurugram (Satellite of Delhi)
(b) Noida (Satellite of Delhi)
(c) Gandhinagar (Satellite of Ahmedabad)
(d) Salt lake city (Satellite of Kolkata)
(e) Navi Mumbai (Satellite of Mumbai)
5.(i) In urban area, the growth rate is higher than the rural areas.
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Ans : In urban areas the growth rate is probably higher than the rural areas. Due to better health
and medical facilities, the survival rate is also higher. This is increasing population in
urban areas.
(ii) Compared to villages, life in cities is more compactable.
Ans : Compared to villages, life in cities is more compactable because cities are equipped with
more advanced transport and communication.
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(iii) In cities urban life is highly monotonous.
Ans : Urban life is highly monotonous this have a negative psychological effect on individuals
because in cities, the concept of neighborhood and community life are almost absent.
(iv) Singapore is one of the world’s major smart cities.
Ans : It gave Singapore high make for because it has policies and technology as well as its
wireless connectivity. It is a leads in transport network.
CHP-4 INSIDE QUESTIONS
1. Write the two ways in which urbanisation happens.
Ans : Urbanisation happens in any of the following two ways –
(a) Natural increase in population in urban areas.
(b) Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.
2. How does urbanisation develop a better social integration ?
Ans : In case of urbanisation, people of many castes, and religious groups, live and went together.
This creates better understanding among people and helps break down social and cultural bar-
riers in the society.
3. Urbanisation is characterised by stress. Give reason.?
Ans : Urban life is characterised by stress and strain in family relations. In cities, due to high cost of
living, women are also working. This creates pressure and stress in the family and strained
family relations.
4. What is the concept of smart cities ?
Ans : Smart cities are the ones which use the latest technologies in order to improve the quality of
lives of the citizens, and at the same time try to minimize the consumption of natural
resources, in addition to reducing costs.
5. Name the top ten smart cities of the world.
Ans : Top ten smart cities in the world are –
* Barcelona * London * Rio de janerio
* Singapore * Amsterdam * Paris
* Copenhagen * Hong Kong
* New York city * Dubai
6. What are satellite cities ?
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Ans : Satellite cities are smaller cities that are new to larges city which is the centre of a metropolitan
area. Satellite cities are different from suburbs, subdivisions etc. because they have their own
centers.
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ASIA : THE LARGEST CONTINENT (LOC. & PHY. FEAC.)
Eurasia : Europe and Asia together are called Eurasia.
Mountain Range : A chain of mountains.
Island :A land completely surrounded by water.
Peninsula :A piece of land surrounded by water on three sides.
Isthmus : A narrow strip of land which two land masses or continents are connected.
3. Give Reasons :
(i) Northernmost part of Asia is marshy.
Reason – When the northern part of the rivers freeze during the winter, the outlet of water to the Arctic
sea is sealed, the water overflows and the middle parts have floods. The flood water flows to
the depressions and fills them up. This way vast swamps and marshy areas are created in the
northern lowland.
(ii) An island off the coast of Gwadar, in Balochistan of Pakisthan, is called “Mud volcano Island”.
Reason – Because it was formed after an earthquake of about 7.8 on Richter scale on 24th september,
2013. The island is oozing out methane and mud. Hence it is named “Mud volcanco Islands.
(iii) The lower courses and mouth of the rivers ob. yenisei and lena remain frozen throughout the
year.
Reason – Because these rivers are flowing above the artic circle in the frigid zone.
4.(i) State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Asia.
Ans : Latitudinal Extent - 100S to 800N
Longitudinal Extent - 250E to
1700W.
(ii) List the physical divisions of Asia.
Ans : The continent of Asia can be divided broadly into five physical divisions.
(a) The Northern Lowlands.
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(b) The central Lowland.
(c) The Southern Plateaus.
(d) The Great River Basins
(e) The Islands.
(iii) Name the there important parallels of latitudes which pass the continent of Asia.
Ans : 00 Equator, 23½0N Tropic Of Cancer, 66½0 Artic Circle.
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(iv) How many independant states are there in Asia ?
(a) Armenia
(b) Azerbaijan
(c) Belarus
(d) Kazakhstan
(e) Kyrgyzstan
(f) Moldova
(g) Russia
(h) Tazikistan
(i) Uzbekistan
(j) Turkmenistan.
(v) Why is Asia known as a continent of contrasts ?
Ans : (i) Asia includes the highest mountain peaks including the Mt. Everest in Nepal and most of
the longest rivers.
(ii) It has the earth’s longest land surfaces, the shore of the Dead Sea.
(iii) The highest temperature in Jacobabad in Pakistan and the lowest temperature (–500C) in
Verkhoyansk in Siberia.
(iv) The highest rainfall (1087cm) at Mawsynram near Cherapunji in Meghalaya in North-East
India.
(v) The largest area with us than 25cm of rainfall per annum in desert regions.
(vi) Its vegetation varies from mosses and lichens of the Arctic region to the lrish green forest
of the equatorial regions.
(vii) Asia has some of the world’s most fertile river valleys like Ganga and Indus, Hwang Ho,
Mekong, Euphrates and Tigris.
(viii) It is the birth place of great religious line Judaism, Christianity, Islam,
Zorastrianism, Confusianism from China and Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and
Sikhism from India.
(vi) What does the CIS stand for ? When did breaking up of the USSR takes place ?
Ans : CIS stands for commonwealth of Independent States in 1991, the USSR collapsed and broke
into 15 independent republics out of which 11 formed a loose organisation know as CIS.
(vii) Northern Lowland
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Ans : It is drained by two rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya. These two rivers how into the Aral Sea,
making this area an area of island drainage.
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(viii) Name the two island groups of Asia.
Ans : Kuril Islands - They extend from the kamchatka peninsula upto the main islands of Japan.
The Malay Archipelago - (A group of Islands) it is the largest system of island groups. It is
between the Indian and pacific oceans. It includes the island of New Guinea, Celebes
(Sulawesi), Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali and Timor.
(ix) Name the mountain ranges that emerge from Pamir knot in west and east directions.
Ans : West – (i) Hindukush
(ii) Sulaiman
East – (i) Himalayas
(ii) Karakoram
(iii) Kunlun
(iv) Altyn Tagh
(v) Tien Shan
(x) Name the fertile river valleys of Asia.
Ans : (i) Tigris Euphrates
(ii) Ganga, Brahmaputra Valley
(iii) Great Plateau of China
(iv) Irrawaddy & Salween.
CHP-6 INSIDE QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by Transcaucasia ?
Ans : The western boundary of Asia lies along the Ural mountains and Ural river, and includes the
area between Cancasus mountains and Black sea called Transcaucasia.
2. Name the three rivers flowing into Arctic
ocean. Ans : River Ob, river Yenisei and river
Lena.
3. Name the physical features separating Asia from Europe.
Ans : Ural mountains, Black sea and Caspian sea separate Asia from Europe.
4. What are the mountain ranges radiated from Pamir knot ?
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Ans : The mountain ranges radiated from Pamir knot are Hindukush and sulaiman in the west and
Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun, Altyn Tagh and Tien shan to the east.
5. Which Region is called Asia Minor ?
Ans : Plateau of Antolia in Turkey lies between the Pontic in the north and Taurus in the south. This
region is called Asia minor.
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CHP-6 INSIDE QUESTIONS
6. Write the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of
Asia. Ans : Latitudinal Extent – 100S to 800N
Longitudinal Extent – 250E to 1700W
7. How there is a contrast between the vegetation of Asia ?
Ans : Its vegetation varies from mosses and lichen in the Arctic region to the lush green forests of
the equatorial regions.
8. Name the countries found in south Asia ?
Ans : South Asia – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
9. Name the plateaus of Myanmar.
Ans : The plateau of Shan.
10. Name the five tributaries of Indus river.
Ans : The five tributaries of Indus are – Ravi, Jhelum, Beas, Sutlej and Chenab.
11. How are the great plains of China formed ?
Ans : The great plains of China are formed by the three large rivers – The Hwang Ho, The Chang
Jiang and Sikiang.
12. What do you mean by pacific ring of the fire?
Ans : A chain of volcanoes surrounding the pacific ocean is the called pacific ring of fire.
13. Which is called as Turan Basin ?
Ans : The Turan low land is lower than the sea level at some places. This is also known as Turan
Basin.
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14. In which country the Hindukush mountain run ?
Ans : Hindukush runs through northen Tajikistan Pakistan, Afghanistan and to the border of Iran.
15. What are the other name of Himalaya is Myanmar ?
Ans : The other names of Himalaya in Myanmar are Arakan Yoma and Pegu Yoma.
16. How are the mud volcano Island formed ?
Ans : It is a new Island off the coast of Gwadar in Baluchistan, Pakistan and it was formed after an
earthquake of about 7.8 on Richter scale on 24th September, 2013.
17. Name the islands of Malay Archipelago.
Ans : It includes the Island of New Guinea, Celebes (Sulawesi), Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Timor.
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ASIA : CLIMATE, NATURAL VEGETATION & WILDLIFE
3.(i) The monsoon winds blow in summer from South West to North East.
Reason – During summer, when the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer, the main landmass of
Asia develops low pressure. The surrounding seas being cooler, develops high pressure. Since
they blow over the ocean, they pick up lot of moisture and give heavy rainfall in south Asia.
These are known as south west monsoon winds as they blow from south west to north east.
(ii) The ocean currents affect the climate of a region.
Reason – The cold and warm ocean currents affect the climate of region e.g., the cold oyashio current,
which comes from the north and washes the western coast of Japan, affects the climate of
Japan by making it extremely cold, whereas the east coast of Japan is washed by the warm
Kuroshio current that makes the winter milder.
(iii) The climate of Indonesia is equatorial type.
Reason – Because it is, on the equator between 100N and 80 S latitudes.
4. Differentiate between
(i) Tundra and Equatorial type of Climate.
Tundra Vegetation Equatorial Vegetation
a) Mosses, lichens, small shrubs. a) Equatorial rain forest, evergreen trees.
ii) Deciduous and Desert Vegetation.
Deciduous Vegetation Desert Vegetation
a) Deciduous forests, teak, sal, shisham a) Acacia, Cacti, date palms, coarse grass.
iii) Monsoon climate vegetation and
Taiga Vegetation.
Monsoon Vegetation Taiga Vegetation
a) Deciduous forest, Teak, sal, shiham a) Coniferous forest, fir, pine, spruce,
Cedar, etc. Birch, larch
5. Answer the following.
(i) Describe the factors that affect the climate of Asia.
Ans : Latitudes
The vast extent of Asia Covering 100S to 800N latitudes, experiences all the type of climate
ranging from hot and wet Equatorial type in the south to day and cold tundra type in the north.
(b) Distance from the sea
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Places close to the sea experiences moderate climate whereas places in the interior expecience
extremes of climate.
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(c) Monsoon winds
During summer when the mainland of Asia gets heated and develops low pressure, the south
west monsoon winds blow on shore. They pick up moisture from Arabian sea and give heavy
rainfall. During winter, they blow off shore as dry northeast monsoons and do not give any
rainfall.
(d) Direction of the mountain ranges
The east-west trend of Himalayas in South Asia, prevents the cold winds from central Asia to
enter the subcontinent in winter. They force the monsoon winds to shed their moisture in the
south during rainy season.
(e) Ocean Currents
The cold and warm ocean current affect he climate of a region, eg the cold Oyashio current,
which comes from the north and washes the western coast of Japan, affects the climate of
Japan by making it extremely cold, whereas the east coast of Japan is washed by the warm
Kuroshio current that makes the wind milder.
(ii) Compare and contrast the summer and winter conditions of Asia.
Ans : Summer conditions
During summer, when the sun is directly above the tropic of cancer, the main landmass of Asia
develops low pressure.
Winter conditions in Asia
During winter, when direct rays of sun fall on the Tropic of Capricorn, central Asia
becomes extremely cold and develops high pressure.
(iii) Where are the coniferous forests found in Asia ?
Ans : Taiga forests we found in a broad belt in the central part of Siberia, located to the south of
Tundra region. The main trees of this region are pine, fir cedar and spruce.
(iv) Compare and contrast the natural vegetation of equatorial region and Tundra Region.
Ans : Equatorial Region : Equatorial rain forest, EvergreenTrees.
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Tundra Region : Mosses, Lichens and Small shrubs.
(v) How do Himalayas affect the climate of Asia ?
Ans : The east west trend of Himalayas in south Asia, prevents the cold winds from Central Asia to
enter the Subcontinent in winter. They tore the monsoon winds to shed their moisture in the
south during rainy season.
( 1 )
CHP-7 INSIDE QUESTIONS
1. What is Western Disturbances ?
Ans : Western disturbances originating in the Mediterranean sea bring winter rain fall to south
west- ern part of Asia mainly to N. West part of India.
2. Asia Experiences extreme of climate in central parts. Give reasons with example.
Ans : Because central part of Asia lies far away from the sea so not influenced by sea. Example
– Verkoyansk experiences - 500C in winter and Jacobabad in Pakistan experiences 500C
sum- mer.
3. What is 4’0 clock shower ?
Ans : In equatorial type of climate the rainfall is convectional type accompanied by thunder and
lightning at 4 O’clock in the afternoon and called as 4 O’clock shower.
4. Why are equatorial forests called as evergreen forests ?
Ans : Because the trees in equatorial forests do not shed their leaves at the same time, hence are
known as Evergreen forests.
5. Write two characteristics of thorny vegetation ?
Ans : (i) Long roots to absorb rainwater.
(ii) Plants have spines to lessen transpiration.
6. Write the location of equatorial type of climate.
Ans : Equatorial type of climate is found between 100N and 100S of Equator in the countries like
Indonesian islands, Malaysian Peninsula, Sri Lanka and southern parts of Philippines.
7. Write the difference between the words deciduous ad evergreen.
Ans : Deciduous means trees shed their leaves in dry winter season. Evergreen means trees do
not shed their leaves at the same time.
( 2 )
8. Name some epiphyte species ?
Ans : Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany, Rubber and Cinchona.
9. How do the plants in desert adopt themselves to the climatic condition ?
Ans : In desert area the plants have long roots to absorb rain water and the plants have spines to
lessen transpiration mostly are cactus like plants.
( 3 )
( 4 )
Annual Question Bank
Std-8
Geography
CHAPTER - V
NATURAL & MAN-MADE DISASTER
A. Explain the following –
1. Natural Disaster
Ans : Natural disaster occurs naturally and takes place at any time of the year, in any part
of the world. Earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and drought are some of
the natural disasters that cause irreparable loss of life and property.
2. Man-made Disaster
( 5 )
Ans : These type of disaster include rail-road and plane accidents, bomb blasts, leakage of
chemicals, fires, communal riots and terrorist attacks and nuclear accidents who originate from
human planning errors or negligence. They are caused due to faulty human activities.
3. Hybrid Disaster
Ans : These disasters are linked with both natural and man-made disasters.
Define a disaster. State any three effects of a disaster.
Ans : Disaster is a natural or man-made event that negatively affects life, property,
livelihood or industry, often resulting in permanent change in surrounding and environment.
Effects of a disaster –
(i) There is a heavy loss of life and property.
(ii) They destroy the ecosystem.
(iii) It often results in permanent change in surrounding and environment.
2. How many types of disasters are there ?
Ans : There are three types of disasters –
(i) Natural Disasters.
(ii) Man-made Disasters.
(iii) Hybrid Disaster.
3. State any three causes of disaster.
Ans : (i) Rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation.
(ii) Mismanagement of natural resources.
(iii) Faulty infrastructure of Buildings.
4. State any three effects of earthquake.
Ans : Tsunami, Flashflood and Landslides.
( 6 )
5. How is a tsunami generated ? When did the last tsunami affect India and neighbouring
areas ?
Ans : Tsunami is a Japanese world meaning “harbour waves”. Tsunamis are generated by
earthquakes of the seafloor, landslides under water and volcanic activity. The last tsunami that
occured in India was that of 26th December 2004 on Boxing Day.
6. State any three preventive measures to be taken during floods.
Ans : Preventive measures to be taken during floods –
(i) Area must be evacuated at the first sign of warning.
(ii) Important and essential items like drinking water, food and flash light must be taken
while going to a shelter.
(iii) Electrical appliances must be disconnected to avoid short circuit resulting in fire.
7. When did the Bhopal gas tragedy occur ?
Ans : It occured on the night of 2nd and 3rd December 1984 at the union carbide India Limited
(UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
8. What were the long term effects of Bhopal Gas tragedy ?
Ans : (i) Findings during autospies revealed changes not only in lungs but also cerebral oedema and
tabular necrosis of the kidneys.
(ii) The still birth rate increased upto 300% and neonatal mortality rate by 200%.
(iii) The hazardous health concern still continues.
9. State any three causes of hybrid disasters.
Ans : (i) Indiscriminate cutting down of the forests.
(ii) Rapid industrialisation.
(iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources.
10. What is disaster management ?
Ans : So the Countries have been focusing on emergency response i.e. dealing with the disaster,
when it happens. But the need today is prevention and mitigation of natural disaster.
11. What is NDM ? What are its objectives ?
Ans : The NDM (National Disaster Management) framework guides the initiatives of the
ministry. Training of engineers, architects and masons in sate construction practises have been
initiated and in addition Disaster Management has been included as a core subject in the school
curriculum of all educational boards.
12. What was the cause of flash floods in Uttrakhand in June 2013 ? State any three effects on
the same.
Ans : In June 2013, the North India states of Uttrakhand and Himachal Pradesh, some
regions of western Nepal and their adjoining areas experiences heavy rainfall that triggered
cloudburst causing devastating flash floods and Iandslides.
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13. Write a short-note on fire safety.
Ans : (i) Smoke Detectors – Put smoke alarm/detectors in strategic locations in your home,
such as kitchen, here bedroom and near fire places or stores.
(ii) Fire prevention safety – keep a fire extinguisher near the kitchen and have it checked
yearly.
(iii) Family fire drills – you should know the emergency number of your fire department.
(iv) Plan a fire escape route with the family choose a meeting place outside the home,
where everyone will gather.
14. How are remote sensing satellites helpful in defeating a natural disaster like Tsunami and
earthquake ?
Ans : Satellites remote sensing is a powerful tool and can clearly reveal the factors causing
environmental degradation or disasters occuring in any part of the world. Monitoring
emergencies as they happen, keeping track of a flood, alerting coast guards to pollutants in
water, detecting burning fires are some of important tasks done by remote sensing satellites.
C. Give Reasons
1. Disaster is a natural or a man made event.
Reason – Because disaster is a sudden calamity that occurs all of a sudden.
2. Fire hazards pose threat to life and property.
Reason – Because fire hazards include all types of live flames consists of sparks, hot objects
and chemicals that are potential for ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to become large and
uncontrolled.
3. Human activities have disastrous consequences for human beings themselves.
Reason – Because human activities are faulty or it has errors or sometimes negligence which
causes green house effect, global warming, drought and other kinds of pollution which are
disastrous consequences for human being themselves.
4. Mismanagement of natural resources is the man cause of natural disasters.
Reason – Because pressure on the natural resource would increase the need of the people as it
supports urbanisation and industrialization which increases the population pressure in one area in
due course of time it causes natural disaster.
5. All over the world the frequency of disasters is increasing.
Reason – Because of degradation of environment and change in climatic patterns because of
industrialization urbanisation and increase in population.
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Inside Question :
1. Why there is a increase in natural disaster in the last few decades ?
Ans. There is increase in natural disaster in last few decades because due to changing of
climatic patterns, environmental degradation due to industrialisation, urbanisation and
increasing population.
2. What is disaster management ?
Ans. So far countries have been focusing on emergency response, dealing with the disaster
when it happens. But the need today is prevention and mitigation of natural disaster is called
disaster management.
3. What are the objectives of NDMF ?
Ans. The objectives of NDMF are :
The training of engineers, architects and mason in safe construction practices have been initiated and
in addition disaster management has been included as a core subject in the school curriculum.
4. Write about the fire prevention strategy.
Ans. To keep a fire extinguisher near the kitchen and have it checked yearly children should be
taught safety rules for matches fires, electrical outlets, electrical cords soves and chemicals.
5. Write any two log term effect of bhopal gas tragedy.
Ans. Two long term effects of bhopal gas tragedy is:
(i) The still birth rate increased upto 300% and neondtal mortality rate by 200%.
(ii) The hazardous health concern still continues.
6. What is crop failure?
Ans. It is due to faculty government policies, faculty methods of agriculture, overuse of
pesticides and insecticides the soil is getting exhausted and losing its fertility.
7. Differentiate between epidemic and drought.
Ans.
Epidemic Drought
Widespread occurrence of an infectious
disease in a community or an area.
Little or no rain for a long period.
8- What is Richter Scale ?
A – A logarithmic scale used to express the total amount of energy released by an
earthquake although the scale has no upper limit, values are typically between 1 and 9.
9- What is PTWC ?
A – Tsunamis are more frequent in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre
( 9 )
(PTWC) in Hawaii is the regional operational centre for Tsunami information in the
Pacific Ocean.
10- State three preventive measures of Earthquake when shaking begins:
Ans
➢ Drop down, take cover under a desk or table and hold on.
➢ Stay indoors until the shaking stops and you are sure it’s safe to exist.
➢ Stay away from bookcases or furniture that can fall on you.
➢ If you are outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines.
11- State a few safely measures taken by the State Government to safeguarding public
during flood.
Ans
➢ Forecast and working must be given through media, radio, TV or other public system
so that people are well informed.
➢ Wetlands must be retained. They absorb the flood water.
➢ Deforestation must be prohibited and close watch must be observed.
➢ A through research is required before planning any construction of a dam or any such
projects to foresee its effect on the surrounding area and people inhabiting it.
12- State some worst man-made disasters occurred in India
Ans.
➢ Mumbai terrorist attack on 26th November 2008.
➢ Train accident in 2012( 9 accidents in five months).
➢ Flashfloods and landslides in June 2013 in the North Indian States of Uttarakhand and
Himanchal Pradesh.
➢ Bhopal Gas tragedy in December, 1984.
13- When and where did the Chernobyl disaster occur?
Ans – On the 29th April 1986, a major nuclear accident took place in the nuclear power station
located in Chernobyl in Soviet Union, now in Ukraine.
14- What was the reason for Chernobyl disaster?
Ans – It happened because of a meltdown in a reactor. A meltdown takes place when the
cooling system of the reactor fails and the radioactive core unit heats up to their melting
point. As a result massive amounts of radioactivity were released into the atmosphere.
15- State certain immediate actions to be taken in case of any sudden disaster.
Ans-
➢ Moving the injured and affected people to safe shelter.
➢ Providing immediate first-aid to the victims.
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)
➢ Providing food and safe drinking water to the people in the shelter.
➢ Searching for and rescuing the injured, buried people especially during earth quakes
and landslides.
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)
CHAPTER - VIII
INDIA : GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
1. State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India.
Ans : India’s latitudinal and longitudinal extent are 8º4’N to 37º6’N and 68º7’E to 97º25’E.
2. Name the southernmost part of India.
Ans : Southernmost part of mainland India is cape camorin (Kanyakumari).
3. Describe the location of India
Ans : The Indian peninsula is bound on there sides by Arabian sea in the west Indian
Ocean on the south and the bay of Bengal in the East. In the north, India is separated from
the rest of Asia by a mountain wall - the great Himalayas.
4. What is meant by term peninsula ? Why India is called so.
Ans : The peninsula is a land bounded by water on there sides. India is called so because
it is bounded by Arabian sea in the west, Indian ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in
East.
5. Name the continents which are included in the Indian subcontinent.
Ans : The continents are – Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Srilanka and Maldives.
6. Name the physical divisions of India.
Ans : The physical divisions are –
(i) Himalayas
(ii) Northern Plains
(iii) Peninsular Plateau
(iv) Coastal Regions
(v) Islands
7. What is the easternmost limit and easternmost limit it Northern Are.
Ans : The eastern most limit of Northern Are is Nanga parbat and the easternmost limit is marked
by Namcha Baswa.
8. Name the hills included in purvanchal.
Ans : The hills included are –
(i) Patkai Bum and Naga hills in the north.
(ii) Mizo hill (Lushai hills) in the northwest.
(iii) Garo, Khasi and Jayantia in the centre.
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)
9. Name the prominent lakes on the East Coast of India.
Ans : There are several lakes on the east coast. The larger among them are chilika in Odisha
and Kollerue and pulicat in Andhra Pradesh.
10- What is the north-south and west to east extent of India ?
Ans – The north-south extent of mainland of India from Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the
south is 3214 km. It’s west to east extent from Rann of Kutch in the west to Arunachal Pradesh
in the east is 2933 km.
11- What is the length of the coastline along the Peninsular India ?
Ans – The length of the coastline along the peninsular India is about 6100 km..
12- How many States and Union Territories does India have ?
Ans – India is divided into 29 States and 7 Union Territories including Delhi. Delhi is given the
status of National Capital Regions (NCR) or National Capital Territory.
13- Name the three water bodies which surround the Indian Peninsula ?
Ans – The Indian Peninsula is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the
east and the Indian Ocean in the south.
14- Name the neighboring countries of India ?
Ans – Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangaladesh, Bhutan and Island country of
Srilanka and the Maldives.
15- What separates India from Srilanka ?
Ans – Srilanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
16- What is the extent of Brahmaputra Plain ?
Ans – The Brahmaputra Plain extends from Sadiya in the east to Dhubri in the west
17- Name the mountain ranges that radiating from the Pamir knot ?
Ans – The mountain ranges are Hindukush in the southwest, Kunlun in the east, Kanakoram in the
Southeast and Ladakh and Zaskar running parallel to great northern wall.
Inside Question :
1. Give the location of India.
Ans. The Indian Peninsula is bound on three sides by the Arabian sea, Indian ocean and Bay of
Bengal respectively. In North, India is separated from the rest of the Asia by a mountain wall- the
Great Himalayas.
2. According to the 2011 census which state has the lowest density of population.
Ans. According to the 2011 census Arunachal Pradesh is the state which has lowest density of
population.
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)
3. What is meant by Indian Subcontinent?
Ans. Indian Subcontinent means a large landmass forming a part of the continent. The countries
which are included in the Indian subcontinent are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka
and Maldives.
4. Name the divisions of Great plains.
Ans. The divisions of Great plains are:-
(i) The Thar Desert.
(ii) The Indus Punjab- Haryana Plain.
(iii) The Ganga- plain.
5. Name the Gulfs found in India.
Ans. The Gulfs found in India are Gulf of Khambat and Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Mannar.
6. Name the coasts of India.
Ans. The coasts of India are Coromandel Coast, Konkan Coast, Malabar Coast and Kanara
Coast and Northern circas.
7. Why are the rivers of North India more important than the South India? Give three reasons.
Ans. The rivers of northern plain more important than the South India because:
(i) They are snowfed and hence do not depend on monsoon.
(ii) The rivers of Northern plain brings fresh aluminium every year, whereas Peninsular
rivers have such soil only in small deltas.
(iii) Rivers of North India are good for irrigation as they flow through the flat fertile plain,
whereas Peninsular rivers are less suitable as they flow through rocky areas.
8. Name the Tributaries of Indus River.
Ans. The Tributaries of Indus are : the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
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)
CHAPTER - IX
INDIA : CLIMATE, FLORA AND FAUNA
A. Give Reasons for the following –
1. The Himalayas act as a barrier for India.
Reason – (i) It protects India from the cold wind of Siberia.
(ii) It traps the monsoon winds and causes rain all over the India.
2. Mumbai experiences less range of temperature as compared to Agra.
Reason – Mumbai is on the west so it is inducers by sea breeze and land breeze whereas
Agra lies in the interior part of the country so doesn’t experience sea breeze and land breeze.
3. Northwest India receives rainfall in winter.
Reason – Northwest India receives rainfall in water because of western disturbances.
4. Chennai has more rainy months but receives less rainfall than mangalore.
Reason – Because Chennai less on the lee ward side of the mountain whereas Mangalore
lies on the wind ward sides of western ghats.
5. Jaisalmar in Rajasthan receives very low rainfall from southwest monsoon.
Reason – Because Aravali range lies parallel to the direction of South West monsoons Arabian
seabranch and Bay of Bengal branch before reaching, aravali range dries up.
6. Many species are in the danger of becoming extinct ?
Reason – Due to exclusive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings the
ecosystem has been disturbed.
B.1. Name the four seasons of India.
Ans : (i) The hot dry season (March to May)
(ii) The rain season or the season of southwest monsoon (June to September)
(iii) The season of the retreating southwest monsoon (October to November)
(iv) The cold season or the season of the northeast monsoon (December to February)
2. State any two characteristic of southwest monsoon ?
Ans : (i) Most of the country gets rainfall from the southwest monsoon.
(ii) It is unevenly distributed.
(iii) It is erratic and unpredictable.
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)
(iv) It is orographic in nature.
( 16
)
3. What are the characteristic feature of hot season ? Give any two features of the hot season.
Ans : Characteristic feature of hot season –
(i) This season is marked by dry weather and excessive.
(ii) In this season, the sun shines directly overhead at the Tropic of cancer.
(iii) The range of temperature is very high.
4. Eastern coast receives rainfall in water.
Ans : During winter the dry offshore northeast monsoon winds blow from high pressure. As
they cross the Bay of Bengal, they gather enough moisture. As they strike the coromandel coast
in Eastern India, they give heavy rainfall to Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu accompanied by
stormy wind.
5. What is meant by rainshadow area ?
Ans : The leeward side of the mountain which is opposite to the windward side receives very
less rainfall or no rainfall called as rain shadow area, Eg-Deccan plateau lies on the rain shadow
area of western ghats.
6. In what way the vegetation of a place corresponds with its climate ? Give two examples.
Ans : The vegetation of a place corresponding of its place because it depends on the temperature
and rainfall of a particular area. For eg –
Rainforest in India are found on the western part of western ghats which receives heavy rainfall.
7. Where are the deciduous forests found ? Give two characteristics of the same.
Ans : The deciduous forests are found in the areas of average temperature of about 27ºC. These
forests occur in the areas of aver rainfall between 150 to 200 cms.
Characteristics :
(i) These forests shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during the spring and early summer
during March/April.
(ii) These are most important economically as they yield valuable timber and several other
forest products.
8. Differentiate between a National park and a sanctuary.
Ans : National Park Sanctuary
A national park is a large area
where several ecosystems exist freely.
They are not disturbed by human
exploitation and occupation. It is
a reserved area meant for preserving
natural vegetation, wildlife and natural beauty
A willdlife sanctuary is almost like a
national park and special care is taken
of endangered species.
.
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)
9. Why is it necessary to conserve forests ?
Ans : Forests are our renewable resources and help in maintaining ecological balance. They
reduce pollution, maintain humidity, purity air and are a source of timber, fruits, house and fuel.
10. How do forests help in conserving our wildlife and ecobalance in nature ?
Ans : (i) Forests help in maintaining ecological balance.
(ii) Forests prevents soil erosion as the roots of the trees hold the soil together. They
also prevents floods.
(iii) Forests provide clean environment. Hence it is advisable to have forests around the
industries as the forests take in the carbon dioxide and provide the surroundings
with oxygen.
(iv) Forests help to absorb much of the suns insolation and also cause rain.
11. Why is it necessary to conserve our forest reserves ?
Ans : Conservation of wildlife is necessary. Due to indiscriminate cutting of forests, hunting
and commercial exploitation, many species of wildlife are under threat of becoming extinct.
12- The Southern Part of India experience equable climate than the Northern India. Give reason.
Ans – It is because the Tropic of Cancer divides India into temperate north and tropical south. Thus
Northern India experience continental climate as it is away from the coast whereas the
southern part experience equable climate throughout the year neither very hot nor very cold as
it is close to the coast.
13- The South-west monsoon is divided into two branches. Give reason.
Ans – It is because of the peninsular shape of India. The Arabian Sea causes rainfall in the western
part and the Bay of Bengal brings rainfall in north-eastern India.
14- Name two states of North India that receive rainfall in winter, why ?
Ans – Punjab, Haryana receive rainfall in winter. The western disturbances cause the winter rainfall
in North India. Western disturbances are originating from the Mediterranean region.
15- Name the factors that affects the climate of India.
Ans – Factors affecting the climate of India are –
I. Latitude
II. Altitude
III. Northern Mountains (Himalayas)
IV. Distance from the Sea.
V. Western disturbances and tropical cyclone
VI. Upper Air Currents and Jet Steam
16- State three important features of Indian monsoon.
Ans –
➢ It is unevenly distributed
➢ It is erratic and unpredictable.
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)
➢ It is Orographic in nature.
17- Where are the tropical evergreen forests found ?
Ans – These forests are found on western part of Western Ghat, Karnataka, Kerala, the Eastern
Himalayas and Northeast India – Lushai, Khasi, Jayantia, Garo and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
18- Name some main species of evergreen forests. State their uses.
Ans – Rosewood, Shisam, Gurjan, Ebony
Rosewood, Shisam and Ebony used for making high quality furniture. Gurjan used in making
railway sleepers and furniture.
19- State the objectives of Project Tiger.
Ans – The Project Tiger aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats.
It aims at elimination of all form of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core
area.
It aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted “Tiger Reserves” which geographical
regions are falling within India.
Inside Question :
1. What is meant by kayals? Where are they found?
Ans. There are number of lagoons and backwaters called kayals. They are found in Malabar coast.
2. Name the physical divisions of India.
Ans. The Physical divisions are:
(i) The Himalayas (ii) Northern plains (iii) Peninsular plateau
(iv) Coastal Regions (v) Islands
3. Give two examples of climatic contrast of India.
Ans. Two examples of Climatic contrast of India are :
(i) The annual rainfall varies from 1187 cm at Mawsynram (Highest in Asia) in the state of
Meghalaya, to 25cm in Rajasthan.
(ii) The places to the North of Tropic of Cancer experience continental type of climate, i.e.
very hot during summer and very cold during winter, e.g. temperature rises upto 55º in
Rajasthan, while in Oras near Kargil, the temperature may go down to - 40º.
4. What do you mean by Monsoon ?
Ans. The word monsoon owes its origin to an arabic word ‘Mausim’ meaning ‘season’. These
winds reverse their directions seasonally. They blow from southwest to northeast for six months
and from northeast to southwest for another six months.
5. Name the local winds blow during hot dry season
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)
Ans. The local winds blow during hot dry season are: Kali Baisakhi, Loo and Mango showers.
( 10 )
6. What do you mean by Western disturbances?
Ans. Western disturbances are the depressions originating in Mediterranean Sea that give rain to
northwest India during winter.
7. What do you mean by Orographic rain? Give one example
Ans: Orographic rain means the relief rainfall caused due to the obstructions by the mountains
or highlands to the rain bearing winds.
Example : Mumbai lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats.
8. How can we classify the Natural vegetation of India?
Ans. We can classify the natural vegetation of India by the following ways:
a) Forests based on variation of rainfall.
b) Tropical evergreen forests or tropical rainforests.
c) Deciduous monsoon forests
d) Desert vegetation or thorny forests.
9. Why are evergreen forest not exploited properly ?
Ans. Evergreen forests are not exploited properly because due to dense undergrowth and lack of
transport facilities.
10. What do you mean by Xerophytes?
Ans. The plants that grow in desert type of vegetation are called xerophytes, i.e. they either have
very thin leaves or no leaves. Their stems and leaves are often covered by sharp spines.
11. Write two characteristics features of deciduous forest?
Ans. The two characteristics features of the deciduous forests are:
a) The forests shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during the spring and early summer
during March/April.
b) They occupy much larger area than the evergreen forests.
12. What are the species found in mountain vegetation?
Ans. The species found in mountain vegetation are spruce, cedar, eucalyptus, oaks, laurel,
bamboo, poplar birch and walnuts.
13. What does pneumectophores mean ?
Ans. Mangrove vegetation is characterized by breathing roots or pneumatophores which acts s
respiratory organs. Its stilt like roots remain submerged under water but can been in low tides.
14. Why is conservation of wild life necessary?
Ans. Conservation of wildlife is necessary because due to excessive exploitation of the plants and
animal resources by human beings the ecosystem has been disturbed. Pollution due to chemical and
industrial waste and deposits, reckless cutting of forests to bring land under cultivation and
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inhabitation and also responsible for the imbalance in our ecosystem
( 12 )
CHAPTER - X
INDIA : HUMAN RESOURCES
Answer the following questions
1. What is meant by human resources ?
Ans : Human Resource can be defined as – “The resurces that resides in the knowledge, skill
and motivations of people”.
2. State the moral urban population distribution of population distribution in India.
Ans : Rural population implies people living in villages urban population reters to people
living in towns and cities. Industrialisation and urbanization go hand in hand. Hence, in
developed countries, urban population exceds rural population. Whereas in developing countries
with agricultural economy rural population is higher.
3. State and explain the factors affecting distribution of population in India.
Ans : a. Geographical location.
(i) Availability of water.
(ii) topography or landforms.
(iii) Climate
(iv) Soil
b. Economic factors
(i) Minerals
(ii) Urbanisation
(iii) Industrialisation
4. Write a short note on sex ratio in India.
Ans : This means the proportion of male and femal in the total population. It is rxpressed with
the help of sex ratio. The ratio is defined as number of temales per thousand males in a
population. For example, in 2011 the sex rafio of India was 940 females per 1000 males.
5. Distinguish between skilled and unskilled human resoures with example.
Ans : Skilled human resources Unskilled human resovers
(i) Skilled human resources retres to (i) Unskilled human resoures retas to the
the pusons who are trained. person who possess no special training
and whose work involues the pertormaner of
simple duties.
(ii) Examples are teacher, lawyer, (ii) Example - peon, watchman, cleaner,
doctor, engineer etc. sweeper, gardener etc.
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6 - Why is human resource important for a country ?
Ans – Human resource is important for a country as they can help a country meet its needs and help
in its economic growth. Human beings are the most important resource of a country because
they can use their intelligence and ability to exploit other resources such as land, minerals and
water in the best possible way.
7- Describe the role of health and education in developing human resources.
Ans – Health and education play a very important role in the development of human resource.
Healthy people can work well and do things quickly. They are able to utlise other resources in
a better way.
Education also plays in important role in the development of human resource. Education
improves his/her level of understanding increases their capacity and mental efficiency to
produce more. A country with high proportion of well educated people can achieve rapid
economic growth.
8- Name the two categories of working population.
Ans – The working population of a country is divided into
(i) Skilled human resources
(ii) Unskilled human resources.
9- Define ‘Topography’ ?
Ans – The proportion of male and female in the total population.
10- Define ‘Natural Resources’ ?
Ans – Minerals accruing in nature which be exploited for economic gain.
11- What is known s female infanticide ?
Ans – Females die at all stages of life due o different reasons. Girl children die due to negligence
some girl children are killed just after birth. This is known as female infanticide.
12- State three impact of skilled human resources.
Ans –
➢ They utlise the available means and resources in very effective way.
➢ They help in generating employment opportunities and thereby help in solving the problem of
unemployment.
➢ They increase the national income which contributes to eh overall human development.
Inside Question :
1. Write three importance of human resources.
Ans. (a) Human resources can improve natural resources, enhance their values and use them
efficiently.
(b) Human resources help them in utilizing their capacities and penalties to the utmost.
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(c) Human beings obtain skills to make the most efficient use of other resources as well as
their own.
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2. What are the economic factors that influence population distribution?
Ans. (a) Minerals- ares with rich mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and Industrial activities
generate employment. So skilled and semi-skilled workers move to those areas.
(b) Urbanization- Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical
facilities, better means of transport and communication, so the cities grow in size.
(c) Industrialization- Industrial belt provide job and opportunities and attract large number of
people.
3. What are the problems of rapid rise in urban population in India ?
Ans. Increasing slums, decrease in standard living in urban areas and environmental pollution.
4. Why there is unfavourable sex ratio in India?
Ans. (a) Females are neglected and males get better treatment
(b) Girl child die due to negligence, some girl children are killed just after birth. Women die at
the time of delivery.
5. When was the “Skill India” programme launched? Ans.
In March 2015 “Skill India” programme was launched.
6. What is the main objectives of “Skill India”?
Ans. The main objective is to provide training, support and guidance to all occupations that were
based on basic traditional skills like carpenters, cobblers, welders, blacksmith, masons, nurses, tailors,
weavers.
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