AMITY UNIVERSITY JHARKHAND, RANCHI

TOPIC :- MOTHERBOARD & PROCESSOR

Introduction to Computers and Programming in C (ES202)

Submitted By Submitted to

Name: Avinash Tiwari Mr. BIRESH KUMARBranch: B.TECH (MAE)Semester: 1ST

Reg. No: A35705416004GROUP : 9

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr. Biresh Kumar who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful assignment on the topic MOTHERBOARD AND PROCESSOR, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things. I am really thankful to them.Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

        ---PRIYANSHU KUMAR Reg. No: A35705116009 B.TECH (ECE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A Computer is an electronic device that accepts input(s), processes that input and gives the desired output in form of useful device.

The main task of a computer system is to process given data so a computer system is also called data processing system.

COMPUTER

Computer = Hardware+software+userware

COMPUTERS

MOTHERBOARD

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

TOPICS

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, baseboard, planar board or logic board,is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in.

It allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

MOTHERBOARD

A MOTHERBOARD

Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor.

As of 2007, most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair.

FORM FACTOR OF MOTHERBOARD

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MOTHERBOARD & THEIR FUNCTIONS

A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from a PC's key components.

Chipset manufacturers include SIS, VIA, ALI. NORTH BRIDGE SOUTH BRIDGE

CHIPSETS

The North Bridge is in charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM, which is why it is located physically near the processor.

NORTH BRIDGE

The South Bridge (also called the input/output controller handles communications between slower peripheral devices.

SOUTH BRIDGE

A CPU socket (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and is designed to attach a CPU.

CPU sockets

000-209 Intro to CS. 5/Mother 18

Read-Only Memory can be read but generally not changed.

It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents even when the power is turned off.

ROM chips are used to store the instructions a computer needs during start-up.

ROM

BIOS stands for Basic Input/output System. BIOS is a "read only" memory, which consists of low-level software that controls the system hardware and acts as an interface between the operating system and the hardware. Most people know the term BIOS by another name—device drivers, or just drivers. BIOS is essentially the link between the computer hardware and software in a system.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed.

COOLING SYSTEM

Jumper pins are small protruding pins on the motherboard. A jumper cap or bridge is used to connect or short a pair of jumper pins. When the bridge is connected to any two pins, via a shorting link, it completes the circuit and a certain configuration has been achieved.

JUMPER PINS

Jumper caps are metal bridges that close an electrical circuit. Typically, a jumper consists of a plastic plug that fits over a pair of protruding pins. Jumpers are sometimes used to configure expansion boards.

JUMPER CAPS

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (CMOS RAM)

Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made from CMOS RAM chips which is kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the PC’s power is off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is powered on.

CMOS devices require very little power to operate.

CMOS RAM

The CMOS RAM is used to store basic Information about the PC’s configuration for instance:-

Floppy disk and hard disk drive types Information about CPU RAM size Date and time Serial and parallel port information Plug and Play information Power Saving settings

CMOS RAM FUNCTIONS

Cache memory is a small block of high-speed memory that enhances PC performance by pre-loading information from the (relatively slow) main memory and passing it to the processor on demand.

Most CPUs have an internal cache memory (built into the processor) which is referred to as Level 1 or primary cache memory. This can be supplemented by external cache memory fitted on the motherboard. This is the Level 2 or secondary cache.

implemented outside the die, it is referred to as the Level 3 (L3) cache.

CACHE MEMORY

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

ORPROCESSOR

THE BRAIN OF COMPUTER

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions..

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Working of processorThe working of processor mainly consist four steps i.e. Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back. These steps are discussed below :

• Fetch : During the fetch step, the processor retrieves program instructions from memory.

• Decode : In this step, the instruction is broken down into parts.

Working of processor

Execute : In the execute step, CPU performs

the operation implied by the program

instructions.Write back : During the write back step, the Processor writes back the

results of execution, to the computer's memory.

Basic knowledge about processor

Clock speed : Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic

computations and operations. It is measured as a frequency in

hertz. Generally this speed varies 2.4-3.4 GHz.

Core : A processor core is a hardware unit in the processor architecture that can execute

instructions sent to it.

Components of CPU

control unit (CU) tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit how to respond to a program's instructions.

It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals.

Control unit

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operation.

An ALU is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits.

The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed and, optionally, status information from a previous operation; the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation.

Arithmetic logic unit

A processor register is a quickly accessible location available to central processing unit (CPU). Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage.

REGISTERS

An instruction cycle (sometimes called a fetch–decode–execute cycle) is the basic operational process of a computer. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction dictates, and carries out those actions. This cycle is repeated continuously by a computer's central processing unit (CPU), from boot-up to when the computer is shut down.

Instruction cycle

Some popular brands of processorIntel : The Intel

computer processor is exclusively designed by

Intel. Its latest and most

popular models include Intel hyper thread

technology that speed up processor speed .

AMD : The AMD computer

processor is exclusively made by

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD). It provides excellent

performance and value. It is compatible

with most off-the-shelf computer programs and

applications. Some AMD Computer Processors are

programmed with built-in anti-virus

protection

INTERNET WIKIPIDEA HANDOUTS by Mr. Biresh Kumar

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THANK YOU