TOWN PLANNING

MODERN TRENDS IN PLANING(UTOPIA)

PRESENTED BYSHREYA SSUBHASHINI R.MRUNMAI G.HARSHADA B

WHAT IS UTOPIA?• The imaginary city where there is no issue of more related Urban growth.

• There is well synchronization to the growth of the city.

• People don't have any problem relating to the society or to the Urban designing satisfying all the need of the society of individuals.

• Its transcends the limitation and gets extended to the stage where no modification is needed, neither with designing nor with the administration.

• It's well noted from centuries that when cities grow , due to whereas reasons, it has always face the issue of Urban gentrification.

• Some or other issue relating to lifestyle, transport, communication, population, pollution, etc. is administered.

• Rapidindustrialization and urbanization• Increasingcongestion, chaos, and social conflict in cities

Chicago in the late 1800s

19TH CENTURY CITIES

● Cities: utopias or dystopias

● From the mind, through tangible designs and policies,to the physical plane.

● Anthropocene: concept of the world as fundamentallyshaped by humans.

CONCRETE UTOPIAS IN THE ANTHROPOCENE

CITY BEAUTIFUL & PROGRESSIVE ERA UTOPIAS

~1890s-1910s• The City Beautiful

movement wanted to use the political and economic structures to create cities that were beautiful, spacious, and orderly.

• The city needed to get away from the black soot of the coal and become more clean and classical.

1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago

HOW IT STARTED?

• A World Fair was held in Chicago in 1893.

• A need was felt for a fair which would be big, broad and beautiful in contrast to the city .

• But the cities were cramp,ugly and full of crimes. “Make No Little Plans” was the move.

• The City Beautiful Moment was headed by Daniel Burnham. It was also known as “White City”.

• In which the tourist were meant to be shielded from poverty and crime. Their plan were of huge scale.

• They plan the city by taking more importance to civic buildings and gave less importance to residential building.

Howard wanted to design an alternative to the overcrowded and polluted industrial cities of the turn of the century, and his solution centered on creating smaller “garden cities” (with 32,000 people each) in the country linked by canals and transit and set in a permanent greenbelt. His scheme included vast open space, with the aim of giving urban slum-dwellers the best of both city and country living. He captioned the above diagram “A Group of smokeless, Slumless Cities.”

Garden City concept,Core with garden surroundedby residential and green spacing over layered by industrial blocks.

THE GARDEN CITY

THE THREE MAGNETS

- Town life has good and bad characteristics- Country life has good and bad characteristics- Town-Country life can have all the good things about

life in towns and life in the country - without any of the bad things.

BROAD ACRE CITY• Wright's ideal community was

a complete rejection of the American cities of the first half of the 20th century.

• According to him, cities would no longer be centralized; no longer beholden to the pedestrian or the central business district.

• Broadacre City was a thought experiment as much as it was a serious proposal—one where the automobile would reign supreme. It was a truly prophetic vision of modern America.

• There is no administration-no bureaucracy-but the architect, who plans the city and settles its affairs.

• He arranges who may own how many acres of land and where roads start and lead to, thus preventing property speculation as well as congession

• Broadacre City is the reality that is today. To some extent the interstate highways, the rise of massive shopping malls, the cookie-cutter developments in suburbia — they are Broadacre, and Broadacre is them in a lot of ways. Not necessary planned, more in a piecemeal fashion.

• If we look at Broadacre City piece by piece and drawing by drawing, sure enough almost everything he designed we can find in there.

• Broadacre was a testing ground for perfection, or at the very least something more civilized than the chaos that seemed to define 20th century life.

• Wright foresaw that his model for the perfect community would probably never actually be built to his specifications. He believed that perhaps America was too broken to recover from the degradation of the city; too blind to the possibilities of what he saw as a better way of life.

• We got the cars; the sprawl; the gas stations. Cities as diverse as Los Angeles and Houston and Janesville, Wisconsin are in some ways versions of Wright's Broadacre dream. But in the end, for better and for worse, America never saw the rise of that architect king.

METABOLIST MOVEMENT

BIRTH OF METABOLISM

• The word metabolism describes the process of maintaining living cells.

• Young Japanese architects after World War II used this word to describe their beliefs about how buildings and cities should be designed.

• The postwar reconstruction of Japan's cities spawned new ideas about the future of urban design and public spaces

• Metabolist architects and designers believed that cities and buildings are not static entities, but are ever-changing—organic with a "metabolism.“

METABOLISM

• Postwar structures of the future are thought to have a limited lifespan and should be designed and built to be replaced.

• Metabolically designed architecture is built around a spine-like infrastructure with prefabricated, replaceable cell-like parts easily attached. These 1960s avant-garde ideas became known as Metabolism.

GLOBAL METABOLISM

From about the time of Expo '70, Tange Kenzo and other Metabolism architects began working at the international level.

They have since produced projects around the world that put the ideas of Metabolism into practice in many different forms. Here we examine major projects at the city scale, including Tange Kenzo's Master Plan for Reconstruction of Skopje City Center in Macedonia, and Maki Fumihiko's Republic Polytechnic.

THE MODERNIST URBAN UTOPIA● Great faith in progress● Technologicalutopianism: better living through innovation and design● High density, linear,efficient, rationalizationof space

Radiant city

Contemporary City was an unrealized project intended to house three million inhabitants designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1922.

• The centerpiece of this plan was a group of sixty-story cruciform skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed both offices and the flats of the most wealthy inhabitants. These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces.

• At the center of the planned city was a transportation hub which housed depots for buses and trains as well as highway intersections and at the top, an airport.

• Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways, and glorified the use of the automobile as a means of transportation. As one moved out from the central skyscrapers, smaller multi-story zigzag blocks set in green space and set far back from the street housed the proletarian workers

"...the car would abolish the human street, and possibly the human foot. Some people

would have aeroplanes too. The one thing no one would have is a place to bump into

each other, walk the dog, strut, one of the hundred random things that people do ...

being random was loathed by Le Corbusier ... its inhabitants surrender their freedom of

movement to the omnipresent architect.Robert Hughes

• Finally, most people object to the idea of bulldozing the area of Paris at the foot of Montmartre due to its perceived historical value.

• This might seem important now to those of us who look at Paris through the eyes of tourists rather than residents or city planners – but again this was 1925. Paris was a city struggling with problems of population density and transport, and the area in question would have been regarded in some quarters as a slum.

• The idea of Paris’s four story mansard-roofed tenements as picturesque and charming is really a bit of a late twentieth century development, and is probably more universal among foreigners than among the French.

• The idea of a contemporary city failed

1989: The end of utopia

● Conflation of 20th century utopianism and totalitarianism

Today, our priority is no longer to improve human society but to save the planet from human society. Changes to be made to the social system are more remedial than systemic: reducing air pollution and carbon footprints, recycling, refitting, redesign, and the like. Adaptivity is the keyword. But who can argue with the goal, and since the very word socialism has become an insult

Henri Lefebvre

TOWARDS NEW UTOPIA

. The Anthropocene: Revisited

● Change in Earth systemsresulting from human behavior such as fossil fuel consumption.

● Impacts range from climate change to resource scarcity and social conflict.

Unprecedented Challenges + Solutions

● Unprecedented challenges require unprecedented (read: radical, normative)solutions.● Saliency of urban focus, yet there is no silver bullet.● Utopianism is about the ability to look beyond what is (current material/ideological paradigm) and envision a fundamentallydifferent and better future.

Utopian Urbanism in the Anthropocene● "Utopia has been discredited, it is necessary to rehabilitate it. Utopia is never realized and yet it isindispensable to stimulate change" -Henri Lefebvre (1991)● Utopian Urbanism as response to dystopian Anthropocene.

MASDAR CITYLocated in the desert near Abu Dhabi and under construction since 2007,Masdar City is planned as one of the world’s first completely sustainable communities, combining renewable energy sources and efficient resource usage with traditional Arabian design and spectacular architectural elements

MASDAR CITYAIMS OF THE CITY

• ZERO CARBON• ZERO WASTE• FOSSIL FUEL FREE

LAND USE PATTERN

• Planners recognized that the biggest environmental gains come from some of the most passive, and least expensive, tools: the city’s (and buildings’) orientation (with regards to the sun and prevailing winds) and its form.

• Next most effective is building performance optimization, such as an efficient envelope and systems, and smart building management.

• Active controls, such as renewable energy, are the most expensive, while offering the lowest relative environment-impact returns. That’s why designers first concentrated on orientation and performance optimization, thereby reducing a large amount of energy demand with little cost, and only subsequently looked at what active controls could be implemented.

DESIGN AND PLAN

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Masdar City minimises energy consumption by deploying best commercially available international energy efficient techniques and setting stringent building efficiency guidelines in areas such as

• insulation,

• Low-energy lighting specifications,•

• The percentage of glazing (i.e., windows)

• Optimizing natural light,

• Installing smart appliances, ex: building management systems

• A citywide energy management system that interacts to manage the electrical load on the grid – all along the system, from the utility to the consumer.

CIRCULATION PATTERN