STADIUM NEGARA ARCHITECTURE CULTURE AND HISTORY II

B ACH E LOR OF SCI E N CE (H ON OUR S) I N AR CH I T E CT UR E

GROUP MEMBERS: LECTURER:

1. KHOR YEN MIN 0318149 MS. SHAHRIANE MOHD. SHAH 2. JOYCE WEE YI QIN 0319602 3. LEE YIH 0318340 4. LEE CZEN SHING 0317832 5. LIM CHUN HAU 0316977

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Fast Facts 1

1.2 Brief History 2

1.3 The Architect 3

2.0 Site Context Analysis 4

3.0

4.0 Architectural Layout of Building 6

5.0 Architectural Site Analysis 9

6.0 Building Construction, Structure and Material Analysis 15

7.0 Architectural Elements Analysis 22

8.0 Conclusion 26

9.0 References 27

1

INTRODUCTION

Officially opened on 1962, Stadium Negara was the first indoor stadium built in Malaysia.

It is located at Jalan Stadium, the heart of Kuala Lumpur. The construction of the stadium took

about two years to complete and the estimate construction cost was RM34 million. It is also 300-

foot diameter column-free multipurpose hall. Stadium Negara was one of the first few post-

modern architectural design buildings found in Malaysia. It was once considered one of the

advanced indoor stadium in Southeast Asia.

FAST FACTS ABOUT STADIUM NEGARA

On April 19, 1962, Stadium Negara was officially opened to the public by DYMM Tunku

Syed Putra Al Haj Ibni Al Marhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, the third Yang Di Pertuan Agong. It is

the first indoor stadium in Malaysia which was built after Stadium Merdeka. Located in Jalan

Stadium, the heart of Kuala Lumpur, Stadium Negara is situated across the road from Stadium

Merdeka. This stadium was designed by Jabatan Kerja Raya. The stadium was initially covered by

a flat roof with supports radiating from a central hub. In the 1980’s, the roof was refurbished and

a dome was built. This provides more space and better acoustics for the musical concerts held

here each year. Throughout the years, events such as local and international sports, musical

concerts and official functions were held in this stadium. It is capable to hold such huge events

because it is fully air-conditioned and has 10,200 permanent seats. In May 17, 1992, the

prestigious Thomas Cup was held in Stadium Negara. Many would cherish the moment as it was

the major sporting event held that time. On February, 2003, Stadium Negara was named as

national heritage building in Malaysia.

Stadium Negara before

refurbishment of the roof

Construction of Stadium

Negara Location Plan of Stadium

Negara

2

HISTORY OF STADIUM NEGARA

Stadium Negara was announced as one of the eight symbolic national buildings by the then

Yang Dipertuan Agong on Sept 17, 1963, the day after Malaya became Malaysia. The eight

buildings include Parliament (as a monument to faith in parliamentary democracy), the National

Mosque (freedom of worship), University Malaya (education), Stadiums Merdeka and Negara

(healthy body and mind), the National Monument (warriors’ sacrifices), Dewan Bahasa dan

Pustaka or DBP (Bahasa Malaysia) and the National Museum (national culture).

In 1949, Britain organized the first Thomas Cup. The sporting event was won by Malaya! As

winners, Malaya earned the right to host the next Thomas Cup in 1952. However, there was no

indoor stadium with an international standard then. This fired the imaginations of Malayans to

create a proper venue. Tunku Abdul Rahman, who was also a keen sportsman, felt the need of

proper facility to host regional and international competitions. Thus, he proposed to build the first

indoor stadium of Malaya.

The 10200-seat Stadium Negara was built in 1960 at a cost of RM1.5 million. Designed by

Public Works Department engineer, S.E. Jewkes, it had the largest unsupported concave roof in

the region. The roof spans a diameter of 300 feet without supporting columns. The whole stadium

had no air-conditioning that would affect the flight of shuttlecocks. The entire indoor space was

cooled by natural air ventilations which were led into the stadium via slits and vents. It was one of

the amusing features of the stadium after the unsupported roof, which was later replaced with a

space-frame dome in 1985 when leaks developed.

Stadium Negara was officially opened in 1962 by the

then Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the late Tuanku Syed Putra of

Perlis, making it the first indoor stadium in Malaysia. That

year, a new badminton tournament, the ASEAN Badminton

Championship was held in the stadium. Malaya, again, won

the championship against Indonesia.

3

THE ARCHITECT

“My dealings with people throughout the world, of different ethnicities, of

different religious beliefs, led me to believe that we’re all the same; we’re

very enigmatic. No one is better than anyone else or worse than anyone else.”

SIR STANLEY EDWARD JEWKES (Oct 9, 1913 – June 19, 2011)

Stanley Edward Jewkes was the architect and engineer of Stadium Merdeka and Stadium

Negara, which were both iconic architectures on Petaling Hill. He was also the director of the Public

Works Department (PWD) from 1959 to 1962.

Born in America, he arrived in Malaya in 1941 to join PWD, serving first in the districts of

Krian and Keroh. After World War II, he returned to Kuala Lumpur to reinstate the railway station

before settling at PWD Headquarters. In 1950, he was assigned to lead the new Design and

Research Branch, which he maintained the engineering capabilities of the department on par with

most of the other developed nations in the world.

As director of the PWD, he spoke to and successfully convinced the Cabinet regarding the

location of the triumvirate of national structures: The Parliament House, National Monument and

National Mosque. Jewkes had also came up with preliminary designs for both the Parliament

House and the National Monument, which were then relinquished under his own instructions in

favor of designs by W. Ivor Shipley and Felix de Weldon respectively. He developed the Fast Track

method of project administration and construction. He also permitted consultants from public

sectors to assists with projects such as inviting BEP for the terminal design of Subang International

Airport.

Stanley Jewkes was one of the most influential architect-engineer in Malaya during the first

decade of Malayan Independence. He was also the man who gave Malaysia her architectural icons.

On 19th June 2011, Malaysia lost one of her most important architect-engineer. Aged 97, Sir Stanley

Edward Jewkes passed away peacefully at the Mission Oaks Hospital in Oxford, Florida, leaving

behind his family and his works of architecture.

4

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS

LIM CHUN HAU (0316977)

Stadium Negara is located at Jalan Hang Jebat, 50150 Kuala Lumpur and the GPS

coordinates is 3°8’26”N, 101°42’10”E. There are 80 parking bays available at the side of the

Stadium. The distance from airport to Stadium Negara is 59.5km which takes around 46 minutes.

Public transport such as taxi, monorail and LRT are available for public to go to Stadium Negara.

The entrance of the stadium is located at Jalan Hang Jebat which is just beside the road.

Route to Stadium Negara by using Monorail

Route to Stadium Negara by using LRT

Retrieved from: Google Map

Retrieved from: Google Map

5

Moreover, Stadium Negara is surrounded by various building. Stadium Merdeka is at the

southwest side of the Stadium Negara. It is built in the year of Malaysia Independence day, 1957.

Besides that, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Victoria is located behind Stadium Negara. At the

north side, the located buildings are Pejabat Pelajaran Daerah Kuala Lumpur, Masjid Albukhary,

Albukary Mosque, VI hostel and Petaling Street Rice Roll. The building opposite of Stadium Negara

is SLK (C) Jalan Davidson. Not only that, the nearest residential building is Casa Residency

Condominium and Sri Emas Condominium which are located in front Stadium Negara. Further

away, a police station is located opposite of Stadium Merdeka. It is believed to maintain the

sequence of the Stadium whenever there is any event.

On the other hand, Stadium Negara is constructed on April 19, 1962. Therefore the building

is not a modern shaped and highly technological building. The stadium was built with a flat roof

and later on it was replaced with a dome-shaped roof. The reason lies within the climate in

Malaysia because of the sunny and raining weather. The wall is designed to be more ventilated as

there are holes in between. Whenever the stadium gets crowded, it will be very stuffy and hot

therefore air ventilation is important when designing. The dome-shaped roof also has a function

of ventilation. The hot air is concentrated at the top and release at the tip of the roof. This is to

allow more air to circulate in the stadium.

Residential buildings near Stadium Negara

Retrieved from: Google Map

6

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING

LEE CZEN SHING (0317832)

Stadium Negara plays into a relationship with the city of Kuala Lumpur. It forms an area of

open spaces and parks in between the hustle and bustle of the city. Walking through this

juxtaposition of spaces, it gives user an impression of entering into a bubble, isolated from the

busy streets, pollution and noise of nearby Petaling Street. This structure is more than just a

building for sports and gatherings. It retains within the memories and legacy of Malaysia’s roots

from an era of pride and optimism.

Stadium Negara was designed based on the concept of concentric circles and also

horizontal in expression. It was constructed as an earthen bowl which looks like it is structuralised

from far. This individualistic element has made it stand out among other buildings.

Perspective of Stadium Negara

Floor Plan Elevation

7

Every side of the exterior facade do not portray symmetry. Ranging from the cantilevered

roof located at the main entrance, fragmented line of the front and back of the façade.

Geometrical shapes are used repeatedly to create an interesting visual element to the user.

Based on the floor plan, balance is achieved through the use of radial form. The placement

of the entrances also reflected the intention of creating a visually balanced building. Also,

hierarchy is used as a practical means for the sittings in the arena. Having the seats increased in

height as it goes further away from the centre of arena, allows spectators to have a clear line of

sight.

Exterior features

Floor Plan

8

There are three entrances leading into the main arena. Entrance A, B and C. There is only

one entrance on the south end of the stadium and it serves as the main point of entry for users.

On the opposite side of the stadium, there are two sub-entrances which are located a quarter of

circumference apart from each other. These serves as secondary entrances during heavy traffic

and allows users direct access to the sittings on the north end of the stadium.

Entrances of Stadium Negara

9

ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS

LEE YIH (0318340)

Stadium Negara began construction in 1960 and was completed in 1962 to host the Thomas

Cup badminton tournament. It is a search for national identity because during that period,

Malaysia has just recently became independent; especially for a multicultural nation, the effort is

even more difficult. Hence for this nation’s architectural works, it attempted to create a national

architectural identity. To achieve this, Stadium Negara possesses both the ideas of post-modernist

concern: spirit of the time and place.

The construction costs an estimated amount of RM34 million only, as during that time,

Malaysia has a very tight budget due to the unstable economy. However, due to the available

technology, the building was able to use complex truss design for the structure. This is prominently

shown on the ‘bicycle spoke’ roof, which became one of the largest in Southeast Asia and was later

on replaced with a dome in the 1980’s.

Figure 3.1: Stadium Negara in the 1970’s with the ‘bicycle spoke’ roof

‘bicycle wheel’ roof.

Figure 3.2: Stadium Negara in 2015 with the added dome

10

Stadium Negara which stands as a modernist landmark was chosen to be built on a small

slope on Petaling Hill as the architect referred this site as an acropolis in the middle of the city. The

design also implied the considerations of using louvers on the upper part surrounding the

concentric building due to Malaysia’s tropical climate to encourage natural ventilation and to work

as sun-shades within the building.

Jewkes who were born and study in United States came to Kuala Lumpur after World War

2 and applied several approaches of modern tradition in Stadium Negara as shown below:

Machine Regionalism

Le Corbusier’s brutalist architecture influenced this building with several characteristics:

I. deep overhangs at the main entrance/ drop off point facing north-east to provide

shelter

II. ‘egg crate’ windows for ventilations

III. louvered shade and openings on the upper part of building (surrounding the

concentric building, forming like a crown) to provide ventilation

IV. IV. exposed concrete construction (interior’s concrete terrace seats)

Figure 3.3: Aerial view of Coronation Park in the 1970’s with Stadium Negara on the top left.

11

The International Style

Adapting the international style at that time, the front part of Stadium Negara (facing east-

west) uses visible steel frames and large panels of glass to create the building’s form, which

contrasted the solid mass of the remaining part of building. Such design enables the foyer

to be fully lit by natural light during the day but is however trapping the heat behind the

glass, leaving the foyer area uncomfortably warm.

According to “Modernity and the architecture of Mexico” (Burian 102), in order to

introduce the nation’s spirit and cultural values, participation of artists are involved

through the integration of artists, artisans and architects, proclaimed by the Bauhaus.

Such idea influenced the design of Stadium Negara but unfortunately, only limited

to the creations of murals. Symbolic abstract murals could be found on two sides of blank

walls at the main entrance. Both murals use realistic and abstract human figures to show

the different ethnics in Malaysia with varying culture, yet still interact harmonically with

each other, graphically depicted a cultural message.

Figure 3.6: (Viewing out through the main foyer) Glass and steel were covering everywhere.

Glass panels and steel structure

Figure 3.4 & 3.5: Concrete terrace seats

12

Modern Expressionism Style

Stadium Negara was designed using the concept of concentric circles and is

horizontal in expression, constructed as an earthen bowl which looks ‘structuralised’ from

far. Such individualistic new form makes it stand out among other buildings as it does not

have any direct historical reference in its image.

When you take a closer look at it, every side of the exterior are lacked of symmetry,

ranging from the cantilevered roof at the main entrance, fragmented lines of front and

back’s façade to the laminated woods used in the interior and dramatic irregular shapes at

the ticket counter’s area.

To represent the democracy in Malaysia, subtle Islamic geometric patterns and

motifs were incorporated into many of the structure’s design. Especially on the facade,

various elements are highly articulated which makes the building appear not just

aesthetical, but functional too. This is because these facades were demonstrated by the

use of some degree of sun shading panels or view buffer.

Figure 3.7 & 3.8: Human figures from different ethnics were painted on the murals

13

Figure 3.9: Cantilevered roof at the main drop-off point.

Figure 3.10 & 3.11: Dramatic curvy lines on the ceiling (left) and irregular wavy patterns on the floor coverings (right).

Figure 3.13 & 3.14: Fragmented lines on the front and back facade.

14

Islamic geometric patterns and motifs applied in Stadium Negara’s architecture style:

Figure 3.15: Star-shaped pattern used for the dome’s structure

Figure 3.16: Repetitive of circles on the ornamentations of interior

Figure 3.17: Repetitions of triangles used as the screening device buffer unwanted view.

Figure 3.18: Triangle patterns were repeated on the exterior to emphasise the dynamic structure.

Figure 3.19: Openings on the exterior’s louvers to provide natural ventilations

15

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS

JOYCE WEE YI QIN (0319602)

Stadium Negara was designed by Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes with the help of a engineers

such as Ng Eng Hean, M.D Canavan, Koon Yew Yin, S.Nakendra and W.J. Cumming. The stadium

was proposed to resemble the stadium in Earl’s Court, London when our late Tunku Abdul Rahman

requested for an indoor sports arena in 1959.

The plan of the building follows the fall of the land which provides a natural amphitheater.

The circular 300ft diameter stadium was built on 3 levels: the arena level, the second terrace level

and the third terrace level for the restaurant.

The most striking feature of the building is the circular suspended roof. Covered with

corrugated plastic sheeting over a suspended ceiling of hard board, faced with PVC to reduce

maintenance cost, the whole roof was exceedingly light. In order to overcome the aerodynamic

movement, two interesting provisions were made:

Firstly, the outer structure of the main roof and the inner roof were supported by 96 high

tensile steel wires and 96 steel wires spanning the 100ft central diameter of the roof

respectively.

Secondly, the outer and inner wires are connected by means of a stiff truss which gives

essential rigidity to the two wire levels and which provides the clerestory section to

illuminate the central arena.

Due to the paramount importance of badminton being the national sports of Malaysia,

ventilation involving large air movements was discouraged. However, the humidity of the country

necessitated maximum air movement near spectators. Therefore, a large tunnel is built circulating

the stadium under the middle terrace. This tunnel allows fresh air to be blown through the narrow

slits in the seats on the concrete terraces. Air is also blown through the arms and backs of the

upholstered seats. The upper section of the perimeter of the stadium is provided with vertical

louvers which are 12 ft deep and finished in gold and bronze aluminum.

16

The main promenade was roofed with a light reinforced concrete folded shell which was

hinged to the main building and supported on sloping tubular columns placed outside the

perimeter walls.

External walls were faced with exposed, washed limestone and granite aggregate. Selected

interior areas were covered as featured walls with precast concrete blocks with a receded surface

and others with precast sculptured blocks. Internal finishes employ sandstone for feature points.

Crushed black marble from Kedah and white marble from Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur,

graded and laid to form patterns provide the flooring for the upper promenade exhibition area.

The patterns are broken by narrow bands of orange colored glass mosaic tiles.

Figure 4.1 & 4.2: Upholstered seats (left); Narrow slits on concrete terrace (right)

Figure 4.3: Tubular column support (exterior)

17

In 1985, a dome roof was designed and added onto the building due to the water leakage

caused by the former flat roof. The architects wanted to create a greater space with minimal

interior support and noise to avoid disturbance to the activities held in the stadium. Thus, they

built the new dome roof integrating the space frame structure and Fuller’s tensegrity dome

structure.

Figure 4.4, 4.5 & 4.6: Different types of floor finishes after renovation in 1982.

Figure 4.7 & 4.8: Structure of the dome roof

18

COMPARISON: ASTRODOME, HOUSTON

Billed as “The Eighth Wonder of the World” by Judge Roy Hofheinz, the 70,000-seat

Astrodome, debuted in 1965 as the world’s first domed stadium. The Astrodome was the past’s

vision of the future. The greatest dome ever conceived, a climate-controlled wonderland of science

and cutting-edge engineering, the biggest indoor space ever made by man, an immense decorated

cylinder with a flying-saucer roofline.

The stadium was built as a solution to the climate in Houston, Texas which is often hot.

Before the Astrodome was built, spectators would have to endure heat, humidity and mosquitoes

to watch baseball matches. Very often, games were interrupted when it starts to rain. Hence, the

stadium was built as a sheltered baseball court. However, due to construction issues, the stadium

was forced to close down in 2008, ending its 4 decades of service in Houston.

Figure 4.9: Astrodome, Houston, Texas. World’s First Domed Stadium

19

SIMILARITY: [ROOF STRUCTURE]

Space Framed Structured Dome Roof

Space frame structures are truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from

interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. It is a structural solution that provides complete

freedom in large span areas as it does not require column supports while providing strong

resistance and economic efficiency.

Both architects of the respective stadiums chose space frames to provide complete

freedom to the large arena beneath. Besides, it is economical in terms of time and manpower as

the demountable steel elements are light and easy to handle, and their assembly is safe and time

saving.

Figure 4.10: Astrodome- Space frame structured dome during construction.

20

DIFFERENCE #1: [INITIAL ROOFING] GLASS DOME ROOF VS PVC CONCAVE ROOF

The roof of the Astrodome was initially made of sheet glass creating a huge greenhouse

with skylights for acoustical purposes. Having the stadium built for sheltering purposes,

transparent material was used as the arena of the stadium was a field of grass for baseball

activities. Thus natural sunlight was needed for the grass.

On the other hand, Stadium Negara did not have to consider the maintenance of the arena

when constructing the roof. Hence, the roof was covered with sheets of PVC for easy maintenance

and lightweight structure. The ventilation of light through the clerestory created by the vents at

the perimeter of the stadium was sufficient to light up the arena.

Figure 4.11: Astrodome- Glass dome

Figure 4.12: Stadium Negara- PVC Roofing

21

DIFFERENCE #2: [AIR VENTILATION SYSTEM]

Air Conditioning vs Built-In Ventilation System

As a solution towards the hot weather in Houston, engineers included exclusive air

conditioning system to the stadium. The stadium was cooled and heated using equipment with

approximately 6,000 tons of cooling capacity. Altogether 2,000,000 cu feet of air per min was

circulated, of which 250,000 cu feet per min was fresh air. Smoke and hot air are expelled at the

top of the dome. The indoor temperature was continuously maintained at 22C to avoid buildup of

heat and humidity.

Stadium Negara, in contrast, was ventilated naturally by a huge air tunnel running beneath

the seats and large vents at the upper sections. The concrete seats were constructed with small

slits at the back to allow sufficient air ventilation.

22

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

KHOR YEN MIN (0318149)

The North-West entrance (Figure 5.1) is mainly enclosed with tempered glass which is supported

by aluminium frames. Tempered glass is used to obtain maximum penetration of natural sunlight into this

space. With the intelligent play of natural sunlight, this space is usually brightly lit (Figure 5.2) which gives

a welcoming gesture to users as they enter the building. The windows in Stadium Negara’s entrance consist

of four pieces of tempered glass in a set which are arranged in a fixed angle (Figure 5.3). This arrangement

allowed natural air ventilation to happen which can make the space cooling. Although there are openings

between the tempered glass, the architect has prevented rain water from pouring into the building. Besides

that, there are four ticket booths (Figure 5.4) located at the entrance of the building. These booths had

previously been used as the entrances into the building.

Dropped ceiling (Figure 5.5) is found in this building between the entrance and the arena.

As users approach into this space, they will feel a sudden enclosure around them. This design

Figure 5.1: North-west Entrance (Main Entrance)

Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4

23

intention will increase user’s level of curiosity which will draw them toward the end of the walkway

into the arena. As they enter into the arena, a sudden transition from small to big is formed. This

transition creates a sense of openness to the user’s experience (Figure 5.6).

Vernacular architecture has been used in this building for ventilation openings. (Figure 5.7

& 5.8) They also act as ornamentations to show the identity of the stadium. Besides that, opening

ventilations such as louvers (Figure 5.9 & 5.10) can be easily found in the arena. Ventilation

openings are crucial for the enclosed arena to prevent air pollutants from affecting the user’s

health. With these openings, less electrical fans are used to make the space inside cooling. Also,

adequate airflow throughout this stadium has made the materials in the building well preserved

for decades.

Furthermore, the interior of the stadium is lit up with natural sunlight from hundreds of

fixed windows (Figure 5.11) placed on the perimeter of the arena. These windows are also used

for maximum penetration of natural sunlight during daytime which is sufficient to light up the

arena. Although the building massing of the arena is the combination of a cylinder and a

hemisphere, the placement of the windows created a smooth transition between both volumes

(Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.6 Figure 5.5: Dropped ceiling walkway

Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

24

In the arena, the seating is divided into upper and lower tiers. Most of the concrete terrace

seats are built on the upper tier. These seats consist of small slits to allow sufficient air ventilation

(Figure 5.13). In descending order, the seats will be slowly added with features such as back and

arm rest (Figure 5.14 & 5.15). These seats usually cost more than the upper tiers as it is more

comfortable and nearer to the center point. The stairs of the terrace are also designed with the

play of layering (Figure 5.16). They are made out of concrete and some of them are layered with

floor tiles as finishing. The arena, the seating is divided into upper and lower tiers. Most of the

concrete terrace seats are built on the upper tier. These seats consist of small slits to allow

sufficient air ventilation (Figure 5.13). In descending order, the seats will be slowly added with

features such as back and arm rest (Figure 5.14 & 5.15). These seats usually cost more than the

upper tiers as it is more comfortable and nearer to the center point. The stairs of the terrace are

also designed with the play of layering (Figure 5.16). They are made out of concrete and some of

them are layered with floor tiles as finishing.

Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12

Figure 5.14 Figure 5.13

Figure 5.16 Figure 5.15

25

Initially, Stadium Negara has a flat roof and the design was inspired by “bicycle wheel

structure” (Figure 5.17). It was one of the largest flat roof in South East Asia. In the year 80’s, the

flat roof has been replaced by a domed roof steel space-frame structure (Figure 5.18 & 5.19). This

was because of water leakage into the stadium. The new roof was built for shading the seats. Thus,

this has made the arena slightly dimmer than before.

Figure 5.17 Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19: Back view of Stadium Negara

26

CONCLUSION

The overall design style represents the democracy in Malaysia. Subtle Islamic geometrical

patterns and motifs were incorporated into the façade. The design and events which took place at

the stadium symbolises the eagerness for Malaysia as a multiracial nation to open up to the world

and serve as a stage for cross cultural interactions.

27

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