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Ergonomics for senior design, Dr. Richard Marklin
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Ergonomics
R.W. Marklin, Ph.D., CPE
Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Oct. 3, 2012
What is ErgonomicsA Primer
R.W. Marklin, Ph.D, CPECertified Professional Ergonomist
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Marquette University
Etymology of Ergonomics
Ergo: work from GreekNomos: laws, customsErgonomics is etymologically laws or
customs of workBut we need a less abstruse definition in
order to understand ergonomics in the contemporary world
Definition of Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the science of evaluating and designing products and work environments around the strengths and limitations of the human user in order to:Maximize occupational healthMaximize ease of use Maintain productivity of user
PsychoSocialWork OrganizationWorker SatisfactionMgmt-Worker Rel.
Compensation.
Cognitive FactorsMental workload
Physical FactorsTools and Equipment
Methods of TaskMeasure external
and internal forces (EMG)
Human Operator
Industrial HygieneNoise
Heat/ColdChemicals R.W. Marklin is a
Physical Ergonomist
Three Spheres of Ergonomics
Truck Cab Dimensions
Cab Design
Seat Travel- Forward and RearSeat to Bulkhead DistanceSteering Wheel HeightCab Ceiling HeightPedal LocationHeight between Cab Floor and IP
7
Insufficient Rear Travel
Site Visit vehicle 95th percentile male
modeling by Siemens Jack
Worker’s legs rotated outward
Safety hazard and postural discomfort
8
Insufficient Forward Seat Travelavel
Site Visit vehicle 5th percentile female
modeling by Siemens Jack
Worker does have full support from seat back
9
Calculating Seat Travel
Accelerator to Seat Ref Point (SRP)
SAE J4004 method for calculating forward and rear seat travel
EPRI 2010 utility workers’ male anthropometry
Gen. pop female anthropometry
10
Seat Travel Recommendations:AV / DD Cab
11
Seat Travel Recommendations:Pickup Cab
12
Seat to Bulkhead Distance
Insufficient distance may not allow driver to recline seatback sufficiently
13
Recommendation
Recommended minimum seat to bulkhead distance is 15.7 in.
Seat dimensions taken from database of 27 site visit vehicles
14
Recommendation
At least 42 in. height from Seat Ref. Point to cab ceiling
Ht from cab floor to SRP can vary – reason to use SRP
Based on 99th percentile male utility workers
15
Pedal Location
Insufficient distance between brake and accelerator Toe stuck under pedal Boot overlaps both
pedals Workers have larger
feet than gen. pop Some workers drive
vehicles without boots
16
This cab has sufficient distance between brake and accelerator but not between accelerator and hump.
Recommendation
EPRI 2010 anthropometry study: 99th percentile shoe size was 14D
2 in. clearance added to ½ of boot width
Center of accelerator used to accommodate big boots (overlap with big boots and narrow accelerator)
17
Recommendation
99th percentile boot size
Vehicle database used for dimensions and angle of accelerator
18
Computer Keyboards
Computer Keyboard Designs
Computer Keyboard Designs
Conventional keyboardSplit keyboardSloped keyboardTilted keyboard
Epidemiology & Keyboards
Tittirandonda, Burastero, and Rempel (1999) summaryConsistent relationship between
computer-related risk factors and MSDs, specifically sustained awkward postures of wrist
This presentation will address how alternative keyboard designs can reduce awkward postures risk factor
How Do MSDs’ Risk Factors Relate to Conventional Computer Keyboards? Posture
Extended wrist Ulnarly deviated wrist
Repetition 3 key strokes per second Up to 50,000 to 100 000 key strokes
per day
Force Minimal forces but exerted many times
Wrist Deviation and Tendons
Cross-Section of Wrist
Trapezium
Flexor digitorum
superficialis tendon
Flexor digitorum
profundus tendon
Pisiform
Flexor pollicis longus tendon
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
Flexor retinaculum Median nerve
(Saidoff & McDonough, 2002)
Biomechanical Consequences of a Deviated Wrist Position
Friction of tendons across the carpal tunnel Requires more muscular effort due to friction and contact forces May lead to tenosynovitis (friction causes irritation of tendons,
leading to inflammation, pain and swelling) May lead to carpal tunnel
syndrome (swelling in the carpal tunnel leads to increased carpal tunnel pressure)
Carpal Tunnel Pressure
Pressure against median nerve in carpal tunnel could cause carpal tunnel syndrome
Pressure against tendons and their sheaths could cause tenosynovitis
Carpal Pressure (mm Hg) = f (wrist flex/ext)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Flexion * Extension
(Rempel et al., 1997)
Split Keyboard
Slant angle of a keyboard Split fixed-angle Split adjustable-angle
10.5° slant
12.5° slant
The slant angle is half the opening angle
Sloped Keyboard
Slope angle of a keyboard Positive slope keyboard Negative slope keyboard
15° slope
-15° slope
Tilted Keyboard
Tilt angle of a keyboard Vertically inclined keyboard
20° tilt
Conventional Keyboard Wrist Deviation
Left hand Wrist Ulnar Dev.
15.0 ± 7.7°
Wrist Extension 21.2 ± 8.8°
Pronation 62.2 ± 10.6°
Right hand Wrist Ulnar Dev.
10.1 ± 7.2°
Wrist Extension 17.0 ± 7.4°
Pronation 65.6 ± 8.3°
Simoneau et al. (1999)
N = 90 touch typists (approx. 60 wpm)Age = 37.8 ± 9.3 yearsExperience = 14.4 ± 8.8 years
Fixed-Angle Split Keyboard
Adjustable-Angle Split Keyboard
Right Wrist Ulnar Deviation
Marklin et al. (2000)
Wrist Extension
Marklin et al., 2000
Summary of Split Keyboards
Split keyboards with opening angle of 20˚ to 25˚reduced ulnar deviation by >10˚Within 2˚ of neutral for rightWithin 5˚ of neutral for left
Reduced wrist factor of ulnar deviationNo decrease in typing speed or accuracy
Recommended Keyboards
Electric Power Industry
Ergonomics Handbooks
EPRI Document #1005199
November 2001
EPRI Document #1005430
March 2004
EPRI Document #1005574
March 2005
EPRI Document #101042
January 2008
EPRI Document #1014942
March 2008
Manhole Covers
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Current Work Practice
Manholes provide access to underground vaults and utility corridors
Square: up to 3 ft x 4 ftRound: up to 4 ft in diameter123 to 209 lbs
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Current Work Practice
Hook and chainSteel lifting hook
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Current Work Practice
1st class lever with a magnet
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Current Work Practice
1st class lever with a magnet
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Current Work Practice
2nd class lever
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Problems
High forces on shoulder and trunk muscles – particularly using the hook and chain and steel lifting hook
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Recommended Ergonomic Recommendations
1st class lever with magnet
2nd class lever
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Benefits of 1st class lever with magnet
Based on field study with 32.5 inch 175 lbs coverPeak force with handle attached to 175 lbs
cover: 177 lbfPeak force with 1st class lever: 68 lbf
Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers: Benefits of 1st class lever with magnet
University of Michigan 3D SPPP based on field study with 32.5 in. 175 lb cover:Spinal compression with hook and chain:
over 2800 lbfSpinal compression with 1st class lever and
magnet: < 433 lbfNIOSH safe limit = 770 lbf
Mobile Computers
Laptops in Utility Vehicles
Mobile Computer Laboratory Study
Investigate the effects of different laptop PC locations in a utility vehicle cabBiomechanical effectsPerformance and safety effectsSubjective assessment
60
Location on Passenger Seat
On top and in front of passenger seat
Location – Driver Side
Goniometers and EMG
Shoulder Angle
Laboratory Study: Dependent Variables
BiomechanicalBody segment angles
Neck angle (rotation and flexion)Shoulder (abduction and flexion)Elbow (flexion)Wrist (radial/ulnar deviation and flexion/extension)Trunk (rotation and flexion)
Muscle force: EMG activity of major trunk, shoulder and arm muscles
65
Laboratory Study: Dependent Variables
Comfort and effortAssessed using ordinal subjective
assessment formsPerformance
Time to complete tasks on PCAccuracy of tasks
PreferenceRank order of placement from worst to bestSelection of best placement
66
Left Erector Spinae EMG
67
Laptop on and in front of passenger seat (A & B) increases left back muscle force substantially for both tasks
Left Erector SpinaeN=7
L o ca ti o n *T a sk; We ig h te d M e a n s
V e rti ca l b a rs d e n o te 0 .9 5 co n fi d e n ce i n te rva l s
K e yb o a rd
T o u ch scre e n
0 .1 7 5 2
0 .1 0 3
0 .0 4 0 40 .0 6 0 1
0 .1 7 5 2
0 .1 0 3
0 .0 4 0 40 .0 6 0 1
0 .1 8 2 6
0 .1 4 5 8
0 .0 8 8 0 .0 8 7 9
0 .1 8 2 6
0 .1 4 5 8
0 .0 8 8 0 .0 8 7 9
A B C D
L o ca ti o n
0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
Me
an 0 .1 7 5 2
0 .1 0 3
0 .0 4 0 40 .0 6 0 1
0 .1 8 2 6
0 .1 4 5 8
0 .0 8 8 0 .0 8 7 9
Right Deltoid EMG
68
Laptop on and in front of passenger seat (A & B) increases right shoulder force substantially for touchscreen tasks
R ight D eltoidN=22
L o ca ti o n *T a sk; We ig h te d M e a n s
V e rti ca l b a rs d e n o te 0 .9 5 co n fi d e n ce i n te rva l s
K e yb o a rd
T o u ch scre e n
A B C D
L o ca ti o n
0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
Me
an
Recommended Location of Laptop
Subjective Assessment
Subjects overwhelmingly liked the locations near driver seat
Disliked the locations near passenger seat
Question 3: Median R esponseN=22
4 .0
5 .0
5 .5
2 .0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
BC
D A
4 .0
5 .0
5 .5
2 .0
Wind Turbines
Wind Turbines – Enormous, Plentiful (>15,000 in US), and Growing
Lakeshore Technical College
135 ft. wind turbine 24 new students each
year 100% placement 1 hour drive from
Milwaukee
73
Wind Power Maintenance Tasks
Inspection and maintenanceOil exchange and filtersCheck torque on boltsParts removal and replacement
74
Wind Turbine Site Visit
Texas site
Wind Turbine Site Visit
Tasks in Nacelle (box on top to tower)8 ft tall, 8 ft wide, 20 ft long
Muchas Gracias