Drive Happy: Quantified self technology for driving

Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause fatality.

—Royal society for the prevention of accidents

High anger drivers are likely to drive faster and are twice as likely to crash.

—Deffenbacher,2002

Design Practice Drive HappyGroup 1

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Agenda

• Problem Situation

• “The Big Idea”

• Design Process

• Demo

• Extensions / Future Work

Agenda



• Design Process

• Demo


Problem Situation

● Studies have shown emotions can affect driving performance and behaviour. !

● Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause fatality.!

● Men under 30 have the highest risk of falling asleep at the wheel.

Literature Review• Jackson et al (2013): Drivers deprived of sleep for 24

hours had significant cognitive impairment and more incidents whilst driving compared to awake drivers.!

• Blazejewski et al (2012): Drowsy driving increases your chances of being involved in an accident almost as much as drunk driving. !

• National Sleep Foundation (2005): 60% of American drivers admit to driving drowsy within the past year, also 37% have fallen asleep at the wheel at least once (and 13% of those admit to doing it at least once a month).

Literature Review!

● Zillman (1971) : High anger drivers are more likely to be in an angry state when getting in the car and react badly to provocative events.!

● Deffenbacher (2002) : High anger drivers are likely to drive faster and are twice as likely to crash.!

● Underwood (1999) : Trait driving anger correlates with amount of traffic violations.

Agenda



• Design Process

• Demo


“The Big Idea”: Drive Happy

!

Part 1: Steering Wheel Cover with sensors to monitor !

● Heart Rate

● Pressure

● Facial Expressions

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Part 2: Smartphone/Web App !

● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful” routes

● User Statistics

● Plug-in to Google Maps

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!

Part 3: Billboard at Petrol / Service Stations !

● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful” routes

Agenda



• Design Process

• Demo


Design Process: Initial Sketches

Design Process: Initial Sketches

Design Process: Research

Sleepiness !

● 95% want to be made aware.!

● 71% prefer light and audio feedback.!

● 29% prefer audio feedback.

Design Process: Research

Anger / Stress !

● 24% want to be made aware.!

● 69% prefer light, 6% prefer audio, 25% prefer light and sound.!

● Calming strategies: 56% prefer music or breathing exercises.

Design Process: Physical Prototype



Design Process: User Testing

Design Process: User Testing

Interfaces: Web app

Interfaces: Mobile app

Interfaces: Billboard Mockup

Agenda



• Design Process

• Demo


Scenario 1: Sleepy Driver

Scenario 2: Angry Driver

Agenda



• Design Process

• Demo


Further Work

● Further user testing – in-car testing !

● Higher fidelity prototypes - skin conductance !

● In-app navigation / overlay to Google Maps !

● Further research into security / privacy issues

Questions?

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References

• Blazejewski, S., Girodet, P.-O., Orriols, L., Capelli, A., Moore, N. (2012); "Factors associated with serious traffic crashes: a prospective study in southwest France"; Archives of internal medicine, 2012, Vol.172(13), pp.1039-41!!

• Deffenbacher J. L., Deffenbacher D. M., Lynch R.S., Richards T. L. (2003); "Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: a comparison of high and low anger drivers"; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003, Vol.41(6), pp.701-718!!

• DePasquale, J. P., Geller, E. S., Clarke, S. W., Littleton, L. C. (2001); "Measuring road rage: development of the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale"; Journal of Safety Research, 2001, Vol.32(1), pp.1-16!!

• Dukes, R. L., Clayton, S. L., Jenkins, L. T., Miller, T. L., Rodgers, S. E. (2001); "Effects of aggressive driving and driver characteristics on road rage"; The Social Science Journal, 2001, Vol.38(2), pp.323-331!!

• Galovski, T. E., Blanchard, E. B. (2004); "Road rage: a domain for psychological intervention?"; Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2004, Vol.9(2), pp.105-127!!

• Glenn Gunzelmann , L. Richard Moore Jr. , Dario D. Salvucci , Kevin A. Gluck (2010); “Sleep loss and driver performance: Quantitative predictions with zero free parameters”; Cognitive Systems Research 12 (2011) 154–163

References

!• Gulian E., Glendon A. I., Matthews G., Davies D. R., Debney L. M. (1990); "The stress of driving: A diary

study"; Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work,Health & Organisations, 4:1, 7-16!!

• Healey, J., Picard, R. (2000); "SmartCar: detecting driver stress"; Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Sept. 2000, Vol.4, pp.218-221!!

• Jackson, M. L., Croft, R. J., Kennedy, G. A., Owens, K., Howard, M. E. (2013); "Cognitive components of simulated driving performance: Sleep loss effects and predictors"; Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2013, Vol.50, pp.438-444!!

• Jeff Robbins(2010);”GPS Navigation...But What is it Doing To Us?”;IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society!!

• Krajewski, J., Golz, M., Schnieder, S., Schnupp, T., Heinze, C., Sommer, D. (2010); “Detecting Fatigue from Steering Behaviour Applying Continuous Wavelet Transform”; ACM 2010 ISBN: 978-1-60558-926-8/10/08!!

• Michael Biermann, M., Hoppe,T., Dittmann,J., Vielhauer, C. (2008); “Vehicle Systems: Comfort & Security Enhancement of Face/Speech Fusion with Compensational Biometric Modalities”; ACM 978-1-60558-058-6/08/9!

References

• National Sleep Foundation (2005) "Sleep in America Poll, Summary of Findings”!!

• Novaco, R., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., Stokols, J. (1979); "Transportation, Stress, and Community Psychology"; American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979, Vol.7(4), pp.361-380!!

• The World Bank. (2013). The World Bank. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from The World Bank Web Site: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3/countr ies/1W-GB?display=default!!

• Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Wright, S., Crundall, D. (1999); "Anger While Driving”; Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 1999, Vol.2(1), pp.55-68 !!

• Zillmann, D. (1971); "Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior"; Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1971, Vol.7(4), pp.419-434!

!• Driver Fatigue and Road Accidents. (n.d.). The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Retrieved

November 20, 2013 from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Web Site: http://www.rospa.com/roadsafety/adviceandinformation/driving/driverfatigue/factsheet.aspx!!

• Think Direct. (n.d); Retrieved November 20, 2013, from The Think Direct Web Site: http://think.direct.gov.uk/fatigue.html

http://www.rospa.com/roadsafety/adviceandinformation/driving/driverfatigue/factsheet.aspx

http://think.direct.gov.uk/fatigue.html