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“MAKING DO”: USES AND TACTICS - 1984 Michel De Certeau
by Özümcan Demir 03/03/2015
WORK+LEISURE
Work+ Leisure= Bricolage
“The dividing line no longer falls between work and leisure. These two areas of activity flow together.”
“A distinction is required other than the one that distributes behaviors according to their place( of work or leisure)”
We should question our relationship with spaces as activities becoming less dependent to the place
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LA PERRUQUE
“ the worker’s own work disguised as work for his employer”
“making do”
“artistic tricks”
Maybe companies already aware of it but let the workers “trick” themselves in order to satisfy their need for leisure.
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http://cantyouseeimbusy.com
Google’s 20 percent of time project
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Allowing employees to take one day a week to work on side projects
Gmail, Google Transit, Google Talk and Google News
Effectively no longer exists
Why? ¤
WAYS OF OPERATING
First level: regulates operations (e.g. factory system)
Second level: a way of turning it to their advantage (e.g. la perruque)
Example: North African living in Paris
“Without living the place where he has no choice but to live and which lays down its laws for him, he establishes within a degree of plurality and creativity. By an art of being in between, he draws unexpected results from his situation.”
100yilda100ev http://100yilda100ev.blogspot.com.tr/
100yilda100ev http://100yilda100ev.blogspot.com.tr/
100yilda100ev http://100yilda100ev.blogspot.com.tr/
USE OR CONSUMPTION
Consumption: a different kind of production
“It shows itself not in its own products but in an art of using those imposed on it.”
“They subverted them from within –not by rejecting them or by transforming them, but by many different ways of using them.”
“Between the person and these products, there is a gap of varying proportions opened by the uses he makes of them.”
If we cannot foresee what people will “produce” at consumption, how can we design? What about user tests? Do people act as if they are ultra-normal users?
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SAUSSURE’S IDEAS
operations ----------
capital
parole(act) --------------
langue(system)
tactic --------------
strategy
“… production furnishes the capital and that users, like renters, acquire the right to operate on and with this fund without owning it.”
SPEECH ACT Enunciation: 1. Realization
2. Appropriation
3. Relational contact
4. The establishment of present
“The speech act is at the same time a use of language and an operation performed on it.”
This model can be applied to nonlinguistic systems.
¤ Can we use it for design research to understand what will happen during consumption?
STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
STRATEGY • produce
• tabulate
• impose spaces
“strategy is the calculation(or manipulation) of power relationships that becomes possible as soon as a subject with will and power can be isolated.”
TACTICS • use
• manipulate
• divert spaces
“Tactic is an art of the weak.”
“It takes advantages of “opportunities”.”
STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
“A tactic is determined by the absence of power just as a strategy is organized by the postulation of power.”
“The weaker the forces at the disposal of the strategist, the more the strategist will be able to use deception.” “the more the strategy is transformed into tactics”
THE RHETORICS OF PRACTICE rhetorics-index of consumption “ways of speaking” provide analysis of “ways of operating”
rhetorics~tactics
“Dwelling, moving about, speaking, reading, shopping and cooking are activities that seem to correspond to the characteristics of tactical ruses and surprises: clever tricks of the “weak” within the order established by the “strong”.”
CONCLUSIONS
• De Certeau claims that everyday life is made up of tactics and strategies.
• Strategic model is also transformed and defeated by its own success: “proper” distinct from everything else, but “proper” has become whole.
