Building Construction Final

NAME STUDENT ID PROGRAMS

Kee Zhi Xian 0327828 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Tan Yew Chin 0327623 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Lim Lyi Cyia 0327519 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Ong Jia Min 0318003 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Yaw Xin Qi 0326980 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Ong Kay Mun 0326920 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

Natacia Marcella Ginola 0331347 Bachelor of Interior Architecture

GROUP MEMBERS

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Introduction on group membersWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONTHE FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS TO VISIT CONSTRUCTION GROUND AND EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS. OUR TASK WAS TO

VISIT ON GOING CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT IS EITHER MEDIUM OR LOW RISE BUILDINGS. THIS IS A VERY GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR US STUDENT TO EXPLORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDING ELEMENTS AND ITS

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND DETAIL. WE HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO RECORD AND STUDY FROM THE CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT WE VISIT AND LEARN THE DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENT THAT BEEN APPLY IN

EACH CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT WE VISITED, WE ARE ALSO REQUIRE TO STUDY AND UNDERSTAND THE BASIC TERMINOLOGY THAT WE ARE REQUIRE TO KNOW BEFORE THE SITE VISIT.

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - IntroductionWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

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1.1 INTRODUCTION ( SITE DETAIL )• 3 STORIES SHOP LOTS WITH BASEMENT PARKING LOTS

• COMMERCIAL BLOCKS3-5 BLOCKS

• OWNER MEGA MILESTONE SDN. BHD

• CONTRACTOR PERMAI IHSAN SDN. BHD

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Introduction (Site details)Written By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Site and SafetyWritten By - Yaw Xin Qi 0326980

2.0 SITE AND SAFETYMOST ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY TAKING SIMPLE ACTIONS OR TAKE ON PROPER WORKING PROCEDURES. SITES FOR EASY REFERENCE BY THE WORKERS. IF WE WORK CAREFULLY, AND TAKE APPROPRIATE SAFETY

MEASURES, THERE WILL DEFINITELY BE LESS WORK INJURY CASES, AND OUR SITES WILL BECOME A SAFE AND SECURE PLACE TO WORK.

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ORDINANCE, WHICH CAME INTO OPERATION ON 23 MAY 1997, COVERS MOST WORKPLACES IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE SAFETY AND HEALTH EMPLOYEES AT WORK. OTHER

LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO CONSTRUCTION SITES INCLUDES THE FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS ORDINANCE AND IT’S SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION, PARTICULARLY THE CONSTRUCTION SITES (SAFETY) REGULATIONS.

INTRODUCTION OF OSHATHE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 IS A PIECE OF MALAYSIAN LEGISLATION WHICH WAS GAZETTED ON 25 FEBRUARY 1994 BY THE MALAYSIAN PARLIAMENT. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ACT IS "TO MAKE FURTHER PROVISION FOR SECURING THAT SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF PERSONS AT WORK, FOR PROTECTING OTHERS AGAINST RISKS TO SAFETY OR HEALTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF PERSONS AT WORK, TOESTABLISH THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AND FOR MATTERSCONNECTED THEREWITH."

LIST OF RREGULATIONS

-EMPLOYERS' SAFETY AND HEALTH GENERAL POLICY STATEMENTS EXCEPTION REGULATIONS 1995-CONTROL OF INDUSTRY MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS REGULATIONS 1996-SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE REGULATIONS 1996-CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND SAFETY DATA SHEET OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS) REGULATIONS 2013-SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER REGULATIONS 1997-SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER ORDER 1997-PROHIBITION OF USE OF SUBSTANCE ORDER 1999-USE AND STANDARDS OF EXPOSURE OF CHEMICALS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS 2000-NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND OCCUPATIONAL

DISEASE REGULATION 2004

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PERSONAL SAFETY

- WEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. ALWAYS WEAR SAFETY HELMET VAST AND SAFER FOOT WEAR AT

CONSTRUCTION SITE.- DO NOT DRINK OR TAKE DRUGS WHILE WORKING.- PAY ATTENTION TO PERSONAL HYGIENE.- DO NOT PLAY IN THE WORKPLACE.- REPORT TO YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELY IF YOU NOTICE ANY UNSAFE CONDITION.

PUBLIC SAFETY

-PAY ATTENTION TO PUBLIC SAFETY. MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC ARE OFTEN UNAWARE OF OR DO NOT

WORK CARRIED OUT CONSTRUCTION SITES AND THE HAZARDS INVOLVED.-TAKE GREAT CARE TO PREVENT THE FALL OF MATERIALS FROM HEIGHT.-DO NOT ATTACK MATERIALS ON FLOOR EDGES OR AN SCAHOLDS.

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

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TYPICAL EXAMPLES ON BUILDING SITES (SIGNS AND SYMBOLS)

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

PROHIBITION (RED)

HAZARD/WARNING (YELLOW)

MANDATORY (BLUE)

SAFE CONDITIONS (GREEN)

AUTHORISED

PERSONNEL

ONLY

CHILDREN

MUST NOT

PLAY ON THIS

SITE

SMOKING

PROHIBITED

ACCESS NOT

PERMITTED

DANGEROUS

SUBSTANCE

FLAMMABLE

LIQUID

DANGER OF

ELECTRIC SHOCK

COMPRESSED GAS

SAFETY

HELMETS MUST

BE WORN

PROTECTIVE

FOOTWEAR MUST

BE WORN

USE EAR

PROTECTORS

PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING MUST

BE WORN

EMERGENCY

ESCAPES

TREATMENT

AREA

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SITE SECURITY SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE EASY TARGETS FOR THEFT; THE HIGH VALUE OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT CAN LEAD TO QUICK AND EASY

PROFIT FOR THE THIEF. DEPENDING ON AREA, EACH SITE WILL HAVE ITS OWN ISSUES OF CONCERN.

CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE SUBJECT TO A NUMBER OF THREATS, IN WHICH SECURITY SHOULD BE A MAIN CONCERN. THESE INCLUDE

THEFT, VANDALISM AND DELIBERATE DAMAGE AND TERRORISM, THE PERIMETER OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITE TO PLACES FREQUENTED

BY THE PUBLIC SHOULD BE GUARDED TO THE EXTENT IN WHICH UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE MUST BE

PROHIBITED.

SECURITY FENCING / HOARDING

FENCING CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF RESTRICTING UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY TO A CONSTRUCTION SITE WHERE HAZARDS ARE

PRESENT, THE INSTALLATION OF A FENCE, EITHER PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY, WHICH SHOULD BE MAINTAINED UNTIL THE END

ON THE CONSTRUCTION. AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS NOT LIKELY TO ENTER A CONSTRUCTION SITE WHILE THERE IS A PHYSICAL

BARRIER SUCH AS A FENCE, RATHER THAN, FOR EXAMPLE, SIMPLY A WARMING SIGN.

SAFETY SIGN BOARD

SAFETY SIGN BOARD AT OUR SITE

SAFETY SIGN BOARD AT THE ENTRANCE BEFORE

GO INTO THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AREA.

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

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2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERYPLANTS AND MACHINERIES ARE THE HELPFUL EQUIPMENT TO MAXIMIZE THE OUTCOME WITH MINIMUM WORK ENERGY FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. WITHOUT THESE PLANTS AND MACHINERIES INVENTED, OUR

CONSTRUCTION WORKS WILL BE VERY TOUGH AND TAKE LONG DURATION TO COMPLETE. THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF EQUIPMENT NOWADAYS HELP IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AT DIFFERENT STAGES.

EXCAVATING & EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

BACKHOE LOADER

- AN ENGINEERING VEHICLE, WHICH CONSISTS OF A SHOVE/BUCKET

ON THE FRONT AND A SMALL BACKHOE ON THE BACK. IT USES ARE

DIGGING SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS/TRENCHES, GENERAL GRADING, LIFTING LOADS AND LOADING & CARRYING MATERIALS.

EXCAVATOR

-AN VEHICLE CONSISTS OF A BUCKET ON THE FRONT ONLY. IT USES ARE

EXCAVATING BELOW/ABOVE NATURAL SURFACE OF GROUND, DIGGING

BIGGER TRENCHES & PITS FOR BASEMENTS, GENERAL GRADING WORK, LOADING ONTO HAUL UNITS AND LIFTING.

TRUCKS & HAULING EQUIPMENT

FORKLIFT LOADER

- FORKLIFT IS A POTENT INDUSTRIAL TRUCK THAT IS USED TO LIFT AND

TRANSPORT MATERIAL BY STEEL FORKS THAT ARE INSERTED UNDER THE LOAD. FORKLIFT ARE NORMALLY USED TO MOVE LOADS AND EQUIPMENT THAT IS

STORED ON PALLETS.

TRUCK

-AN HAULING UNIT USED TO TRANSPORT EXCAVATED MATERIALS OVER

A DISTANCE AT FAIRLY LOW COATS. PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY DEPENDS

ON SIZE OF LOADS AND NUMBERS OF TRIPS THAT CAN BE MADE IN AN

HOUR.

SAFETY MEASURES OPERATING LOAD SHIFTING MACHINERY

-UNLESS YOU ARE A WORKER CONCERNED, DO NOT WORK IN AN AREA WHERE A LOADER, AN EXCAVATOR, ETC, IS IN OPERATION.-DO NOT OPERATE ANY LOAD SHIFTING MACHINERY WITHOUT TRAINING AND APPROVAL.-OPERATORS OF FORKLIFT, TRUCKS, BULLDOZERS, LOADERS, EXCAVATORS, TRUCKS OR LORRIES SHOULD POSSESS APPROPRIATE CERTIFICATES.

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Plants and MachineryWritten By - Yaw Xin Qi 0326980

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LIFTING & VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED MOBILE CRANE

- A FULL REVOLVING SUPERSTRUCTURE MOUNTED ON A TRUCK WITH MULTI

SECTION-TELESCOPING BOOM. IT IS USED TO HOIST AND PLACE MATERIALS AND

MACHINERIES. THIS CRANE CAN TRAVEL ON PUBLIC ROADS BETWEEN PROJECTS

UNDER OWN POWER WITH MINIMUM OR NO DISMANTLING AND

REASSEMBLING.

LATTICE BOOM CRAWLER MOUNTED CRANE

- THIS CRANE HAVE FULL REVOLVING SUPERSTRUCTURE MOUNTED ON A PAIR

OF CRAWLER TRACKS. IT IS USED TO HOIST AND PLACE MATERIALS AND

MACHINERIES.

CONCRETE PLANT & EQUIPMENT

CONCRETE TRUCK

- IT IS A MOBILE CONCRETE MIXER TRUCK WHICH TRANSPORT THE

CONCRETE FORM FACTORY TO CONSTRUCTION SITE. THE MIXER TANK

KEEPS ROLLING DURING TRANSMISSION TO PREVENT CURING OF THE

MIXED CONCRETE.

CONCRETE MIXING PLANT

-IT IS A SMALL MOBILE CONCRETE MIXER WHICH USUALLY USE AT

CONSTRUCTION SITE.

SAFETY MEASURES ON OPERATING PLANTS AND MACHINERIES

-BEFORE YOU OPERATE A MACHINE, ENSURE THAT THE DANGEROUS PART OF THE MACHINE HAS BEEN INSTALLED WITH A GUARD.-AVOID GOING TO ANY AREA WITH INSUFFICIENT LIGHTING AS THERE MAY BE SOME DANGEROUS PLACES WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN PROVIDED WITH FENCING.-KEEP VIGILANT ALL THE TIME AND WATCH OUT FOR MOVING CRANES, HOOKS OR OTHER LIFTING EQUIPMENT.-BEFORE YOU USE ANY ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION OR TOOL, CHECK THE CONDITION OF ITS ELECTRIC CABLES.-AVOID DRAGGING ELECTRIC CABLES ON THE GROUND OR ALLOWING THE CABLES TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH WATER.-USE ELECTRICAL TOOLS INSTALLED WITH AN EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER.-USE AND HANDLE CHEMICALS WITH CARE.

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Plants and MachineryWritten By - Yaw Xin Qi 0326980

2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

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3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Preliminaries WorkWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

PRELIMINARIES

PRELIMINARIES PROVIDE A DESCRIPTION OF A PROJECT THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO ASSESS COSTS WHICH, WHILST THEY DO NOT FORM A PART OF ANY OF THE PACKAGE OF WORKS REQUIRED BY THE

CONTRACT, ARE REQUIRED BY THE METHOD AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE WORKS. THE PURPOSE OF PRELIMINARIES IS TO DESCRIBE THE WORK AS A WHOLE, AND TO SPECIFY GENERAL CONDITIONS AND

REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR EXECUTION, INCLUDING SUCH THINGS AS SUBCONTRACTING, APPROVALS, TESTING AND COMPLETION. PRELIMINARIES AND WORK SECTIONS TOGETHER DESCRIBE WHAT IS REQUIRED

TO COMPLETE THE WORKS REQUIRED BY THE CONTRACT.

PRELIMINARIES MAY CONTAIN:

-A GENERAL SUMMARY

-PRE-CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION.

-DETAILS OF ANY ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS TO BE PUT FORWARD BY TENDERERS.

-A DESCRIPTION OF ANY PLANNING CONDITIONS OR OTHER CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE WORK TO BE CARRIED OUT BY THE CONTRACTOR.

-A DESCRIPTION OF ANY OUTSTANDING STATUTORY APPROVALS THAT MAY FALL TO THE CONTRACTOR TO SATISFY.

-PARTY WALL REQUIREMENTS OR OTHER AGREEMENTS WITH, OR RIGHTS OF, NEIGHBOURS (SUCH AS RIGHTS TO LIGHT).

-ANY EMERGENCY SERVICES OBLIGATIONS.

-A DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMISSIONING STRATEGY, SEPARATING SETTING TO WORK AND BALANCING TASKS FROM INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION BY THE CONSULTANT TEAM.

-RELEVANT REPORTS (SUCH AS SOIL REPORTS). 10

7 PRELIMINARY WORKS TO DO BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION:

CLEANING: REMOVE JUNGLE FROM PLOT AREA. IF THERE IS ANY TREE IN THE BUILD-UP AREA, UN-ROOTED THEM COMPLETELY. AND REMOVE FROM THE PLOT AREA.

LEVELLING: THOROUGHLY LEVEL THE GROUND. IF THERE IS ANY HOLE IN THE GROUND FILL UP THAT PROPERLY. REMOVE EXCESS SOIL FROM THE PLOT OR FILL UP THE PLOT BY IMPORTED SOIL TO TAKE THE GROUND TO

DESIRED LEVEL, IF REQUIRED.

FENCING: NOW PLOT AREA IS CLEANED AND LEVELLED. IT IS TIME TO SECURE THE PLOT AREA. IT CAN BE DONE BY MAKING PERMANENT BOUNDARY WALL OR TEMPORARY FENCING AROUND PLOT. TEMPORARY FENCING

IS THE MORE COMMON WAY. BUILDER LOGO OR COMPANY LOGO CAN BE SETUP WITH FENCING FOR BRANDING. ALSO, SAFETY SIGNBOARD CAN BE ATTACHED WITH FENCE.

SITE OFFICE: SITE OFFICE CAN BE TEMPORARY OR FIXED DEPENDING ON SITUATION. IF THERE IS ANY DRIVER'S WAITING ROOM OR VISITOR'S WAITING ROOM OR GUEST WAITING ROOM TO BUILD LATER THEN BUILD

THAT FIRST TO USE AS SITE OFFICE. BUT THAT IS EXCEPTIONAL. THE COMMON PRACTICE IN THIS CASE IS TEMPORARY SITE OFFICE. YOU CAN MAKE IT WITH CI SHEET AND BAMBOO OR YOU CAN USE PORTA CABIN AS A

TEMPORARY SITE OFFICE. YOU SHOULD MAKE A TOILET WHICH IS SEPARATED FROM LABOUR'S TOILET AS YOU WILL HAVE MANY VIP CLIENTS AND VISITORS DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD.

STORE: THE MOST ESSENTIAL THING IN ANY CONSTRUCTION SITE IS STORE. TO KEEP SAFE VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS FROM UN-WANTED DAMAGE OR STOLEN, MAKE A STORE BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION.

MAKE A SEPARATE STORE FOR CEMENT BECAUSE THAT ARE HUGE QUANTITIES AND THAT ARE QUICKLY AFFECTED BY WEATHERING IMPACT. SO THE CEMENT STORE SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM WEATHER EFFECT,

SPECIALLY FROM WATER.

LABOUR SHED: IT IS COMMON PRACTICE FOR BANGLADESH AND INDIA THAT, WORKERS, WHO WORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT STAY AT SITE. FOR THEM A SHED SHOULD BE MADE AT SITE WITH ESSENTIAL

FACILITIES LIKE WATER AND POWER SUPPLY AND SANITATION. SOME CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES HAVE PERMANENT LABOUR ACCOMMODATION, SO THEY DON'T NEED TO MAKE SHED AT SITE.

UTILITY CONNECTION: AS CIVIL CONSTRUCTION NEEDS CONTINUOUS POWER AND WATER SUPPLY, SO ENSURE THEM FIRST. FOR WATER SUPPLY, YOU CAN CONNECT TO CITY'S WATER SUPPLY LINE, OR YOU CAN

INSTALL A DEEP TUBE WELL. FOR ELECTRICITY CONNECTION, CONNECT TO CITY'S POWER SUPPLY LINE


3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK

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STORAGE OF MATERIALS AND TEMPORARY SHELTERS

STORAGE FOR WET MATERIAL STORAGE FOR DRY / HARD MATERIAL MEETING ROOM

STORAGE FOR WET MATERIAL PUBLIC TOILETSSECURITY


3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORKSAMPLE OF BEAM FROM OUR SITE

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3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORKSIGNAGE

1 PROJECT TITLE

2 PROJECT REF NO

3 DEVELOPER

4 OWNER

5 ARCHITECT FOR BUILDING PLAN

6 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

7 CONSULTANT

8 BUILDER

9 EXPECTED DATE OF COMPLETION

IT SHOWS THE DIFFERENCES OF THE

OFFICIAL SIGNAGE (RIGHT) WITH THE

INFORMATION THAN THE NOT SO

OFFICIAL SIGNAGE (LEFT) WHICH

DOESN’T STATES A COMPLETE

INFORMATION ON THE BOARD.

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Site LayoutWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

3.1 SITE LAYOUTOUR MAIN SITE LAYOUT

STARTING PERIOD: JANUARY 2014 CONSTRUCTION START: MARCH 2015HANDING OVER: SEPTEMBER 2017SITE AREA: SETIA ALAM

DESCRIPTION: 3-STOREY BUILDINGS COMMUNITY, 3 MAIN BUILDING

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Setting OutWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

3.1 SETTING OUTSETTING OUT CAN BE A VERY COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROCESS BUT WITH NEED EXPERIENCE ITS QUITE EASY. EXPERIENCED ENGINEER AND SURVEYORS ARE THOSE

INVOLVED IN SETTING OUT OF STRUCTURES, IN LARGE PROJECTS, SERVICES OF LAND SURVEYORS ARE REQUIRED FOR MORE ACCURATE TRANSFER OF LEVELS AND

ANGLES IN SETTING OUT WITH THE AID OF A THEODOLITE TO DECIDED POINT AROUND THE BUILDING AREA, BUT WE ARE GOING TO CONCERN OURSELVES WITH

THE MOST COMMON SETTING OUT METHOD:- SETTING OUT USING PEGGING

- SETTING OUT USING BLOCKS

AIM OF SETTING OUT

A BUILDING IS SET OUT IN ORDER TO ACCURATELY DEFINE THE OUTLINE AND WIDTH OF THE EXCAVATION AND TO DETERMINE THE

CENTRE LINE OF THE PROPOSED BUILDING WALLS, SO THAT CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO THE BUILDING PROFESSIONALS DRAWING

(THE ARCHITECTURAL PLAN) PLAN CAN BE TRANSFER INTO THE GROUND, THIS BUILDING PROCESS IS CALLED SETTING OUT OF BUILDING. THE CENTRE LINE METHOD OF SETTING OUT IS GENERALLY PREFERRED AND ADOPTED.

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Setting OutWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

3.1 SETTING OUT

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Site BoundaryWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

3.1 SITE BOUNDARYTHE LAW SAYS YOU MUST CONDUCT YOUR BUSINESS WITHOUT PUTTING MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC AT RISK. THIS INCLUDES THE PUBLIC AND OTHER WORKERS WHO MAY BE AFFECTED BY YOUR WORK. THE PROJECT

CLIENT SHOULD PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT: BOUNDARIES, ADJACENT LAND USAGE ACCESS AND MEASURES TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS. THIS WILL INFLUENCE THE MEASURES CONTRACTORS TAKE.

ALL CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE REQUIRE MEASURES TO MANAGE ACCESS ACROSS DEFINED BOUNDARIES AND STEPS TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORISED PEOPLE. WHILE THE NUMBERS OF CHILDREN BEING KILLED OR INJURED ON

CONSTRUCTION SITES HAS REDUCED, THERE IS NO ROOM FOR COMPLACENCY. EACH YEAR, TWO OR THREE CHILDREN DIE AFTER GAINING ACCESS TO BUILDING SITES, AND MANY MORE ARE INJURED. OTHER MEMBERS OF

THE PUBLIC ARE SERIOUSLY INJURED BY MATERIALS OR TOOLS FALLING OUTSIDE THE SITE BOUNDARY. FALLING INTO TRENCHES OR BEING STRUCK BY MOVING PLANT AND VEHICLES.

THE CLIENT’S PRE-CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION

SHOULD INCLUDE:

- PROJECT BOUNDARIES;- ADJACENT LAND USE ACCESS

- MEASURES TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORISED PEOPLE.- MANAGING SITE ACCESS

- SITE BOUNDARIES: YOU NEED TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES

PHYSICALLY, WHERE NECESSARY, BY SUITABLE FENCING. THE

TYPE OF FENCING SHOULD REFLECT THE NATURE OF THE

SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

HOARDING

HOARDING IS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OF SOLID CONSTRUCTION, ERECTED

AROUND THE PERIMETER OF CONSTRUCTION SITES TO SHIELD THEM FROM VIEW

AND PREVENT UNAUTHORISED ACCESS. IT IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN

ENSURING HEALTH AND SAFETY, FOR SITE WORKERS, VISITORS AND THE GENERAL

PUBLIC AND CAN ALSO BE PART OF A SITE SECURITY SYSTEM TO PREVENT THEFT

OR VANDALISM.

HOARDING THAT FOUND ON OUR SITES

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Earth WorkWritten By – Ong Jia Min 0318003

3.1 EARTH WORKEXCAVATION

EXCAVATION IS THE PROCESS OF MOVING EARTH, ROCK OR OTHER MATERIALS WITH TOOLS, EQUIPMENT OR EXPLOSIVES. IT

INCLUDES EARTHWORK, TRENCHING, WALL SHAFTS, TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND. EXCAVATION HAS A NUMBER OF

IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS INCLUDING EXPLORATION, ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION. EXCAVATION

IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION TO CREATE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS, RESERVOIRS AND ROADS. SOME OF THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES

USED IN EXCAVATION INCLUDE TRENCHING, DIGGING, DREDGING AND SITE DEVELOPMENT. EACH OF THESE PROCESSES REQUIRES

UNIQUE TECHNIQUES, TOOLS AND MACHINERY TO GET THE JOB DONE RIGHT. THE PROCESSES USED WILL DEPEND UPON THE

STRUCTURE THAT WILL RESULT FROM THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.

Heavy construction equipment is usually useddue to the amounts of material to be moved— up to millions of cubic metres. Earthworkconstruction was revolutionised by thedevelopment of the (Fresno) scraper and otherearth-moving machines such as the loader,production trucks, the grader, the bulldozer,the backhoe, and the dragline excavator.

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3.1 EARTH WORKEARTHWORKS ARE ENGINEERING WORKS CREATED THROUGH THE PROCESSING OF PARTS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE INVOLVING QUANTITIES OF SOIL OR UNFORMED ROCK..

TYPES OF EXCAVATION

EXCAVATION MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF MATERIAL:- TOPSOIL EXCAVATION

- EARTH EXCAVATION

- ROCK EXCAVATION

- MUCK EXCAVATION – THIS USUALLY CONTAINS EXCESS WATER AND UNSUITABLE SOIL

- UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION – THIS IS ANY COMBINATION OF MATERIAL TYPES

Excavation may be classified by the purpose:- Stripping- Roadway excavation- Drainage or structure excavation- Bridge excavation- Channel excavation- Footing excavation- Borrow excavation- Dredge excavation- Underground excavation

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3.1 EARTH WORKSLOPING

THE NATURAL SURFACE OF GROUND IS RARELY LEVEL TO THE

EXTENT THAT THERE MAY BE AN APPRECIABLE SLOPE EITHER ACROSS

OR ALONG OR BOTH ACROSS AND ALONG THE SITE OF MOST

BUILDINGS. ON SLOPING SITES AN INITIAL DECISION TO BE MADE IS

WHETHER THE GROUND FLOOR IS TO BE ABOVE GROUND AT THE

HIGHEST POINT OR PARTLY SUNK BELOW GROUND. WHERE THE

GROUND FLOOR IS TO BE AT OR JUST ABOVE GROUND LEVEL AT THE

HIGHEST POINT, IT IS NECESSARY TO IMPORT SOME DRY FILL

MATERIAL SUCH AS BROKEN BRICK OR CONCRETE HARD CORE TO

RAISE THE LEVEL OF THE OVERSITE CONCRETE AND FLOOR. THIS FILL

WILL BE PLACED, SPREAD AND CONSOLIDATED UP TO THE EXTERNAL

WALL ONCE IT HAS BEEN BUILT.

Fill Cut and Fill FILL CUT AND FILL

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3.1 EARTH WORKPROGRESSION ON SLOPING

THE CONSOLIDATED FILL WILL IMPOSE SOME HORIZONTAL PRESSURE ON THE WALL. TO MAKE SURE THAT THE STABILITY OF THE WALL IS ADEQUATE TO

WITHSTAND THIS LATERAL PRESSURE IT IS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE THAT THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL SHOULD BE AT LEAST A QUARTER OF THE HEIGHT OF

THE FILL BEARING ON IT AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 16. THE THICKNESS OF A CAVITY WALL IS TAKEN AS THE COMBINED THICKNESS OF THE TWO LEAVES UNLESS

THE CAVITY IS FILED WITH CONCRETE WHEN THE OVERALL THICKNESS IS TAKEN.

TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF FILL NECESSARY UNDER SOLID FLOORS ON SLOPING SITES A SYSTEM OF CUT AND FILL MAY BE USED AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 15. THE DISADVANTAGE OF THIS ARRANGEMENT IS THAT THE GROUND FLOOR IS BELOW GROUND LEVEL AT THE HIGHEST POINT AND IT IS NECESSARY TO FORM AN

EXCAVATED DRY AREA TO COLLECT AND DRAIN SURFACE WATER THAT WOULD OTHERWISE RUN UP TO THE WALL AND CAUSE PROBLEMS OF DAMPNESS.

TO ECONOMISE IN EXCAVATION AND FOUNDATION WALLING ON SLOPING SITES WHERE THE SUBSOIL, SUCH AS GRAVEL AND SAND, IS COMPACT IT IS PRACTICE

TO USE A STEPPED FOUNDATION AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 17, WHICH CONTRASTS DIAGRAMMATICALLY THE REDUCTION IN EXCAVATION AND FOUNDATION

WALLING OF A LEVEL AND A STEPPED FOUNDATION.

FIGURE 18 IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE STEPPED FOUNDATION FOR A SMALL BUILDING ON A SLOPING SITE WHERE THE SUBSOIL IS REASONABLY COMPACT NEAR

THE SURFACE AND WILL NOT BE AFFECTED BY VOLUME CHANGES. THE FOUNDATION IS STEPPED UP THE SLOPE TO MINIMISE EXCAVATION AND WALLING BELOW

GROUND. THE FOUNDATION IS STEPPED SO THAT EACH STEP IS NO HIGHER THAN THE THICKNESS OF THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION AND THE FOUNDATION AT

THE HIGHER LEVEL OVERLAPS THE LOWER FOUNDATION BY AT LEAST 300 MM

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3.1 EARTH WORKPROGRESSION ON SLOPING

THE LOAD BEARING WALLS ARE RAISED AND THE FOUNDATION TRENCHES AROUND THE WALLS BACKFILLED WITH

SELECTED SOIL FROM THE EXCAVATION. THE CONCRETE OVERSITE AND SOLID GROUND FLOOR MAY BE CAST ON

GRANULAR FILL NO MORE THAN 600 MM DEEP OR CAST OR PLACED AS A SUSPENDED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB. THE

DRAINS SHOWN AT THE BACK OF THE TRENCH FILL ARE LAID TO COLLECT AND DRAIN WATER TO THE SIDES OF THE

BUILDING.

SLOPES THAT FOUND IN ONE OF OUR SITE

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Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – FoundationWritten By – Lim Lyi Cyia 0327519

4.0 FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION

THE LOWEST DIVISION OF A BUILDING OR OTHER CONSTRUCTION, PARTLY OR WHOLLY

BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND, IT IS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT AND SECURE THE

SUPERSTRUCTURE AND TRANSMIT ITS WEIGHTS DIRECTLY TO THE EARTH.

FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING FOUNDATION TYPES:- LOAD OF BUILDING

- GROUND CONDITION

- TYPE OF SOIL

- TYPES OF STRUCTURE IN NEIGHBORHOOD

UNIFORM

SETTLEMENT

TIPPING

SETTLEMENT

DIFFERENTIAL

SETTLEMENT

23

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Foundation type& construction processWritten By – Lim Lyi Cyia 0327519

4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSTYPES OF FOUNDATION:

-SHALLOW FOUNDATION ( RAFT, STRIP & PAD):TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH AT THE BASE OF COLUMN OR WALL OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE.

RAFT FOUNDATION:THESE ARE USED TO SPREAD THE LOAD OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OVERALL LARGE BASE TO REDUCE THE LOAD PER UNIT

ARE A BEING IMPOSED ON THE GROUND AND THIS IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL WHERE LOW BEARING CAPACITY SOILS ARE

ENCOUNTERED AND WHERE SINGLE COLUMN LOADS ARE HEAVY.

PAD FOUNDATION:SUITABLE FOR MOST SUBSOIL EXCEPT LOOSE SANDS, LOOSE GRAVELS AND FILLED AREAS. PAD FOUNDATIONS ARE

USUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND USUALLY SQUARE IN PLAN.

STRIP FOUNDATION:A CONTINUOUS STRIP OF CONCRETE PROVIDES A CONTINUOUS GROUND BEARING UNDER THE LOAD BEARING WALLS. PLACED CENTRALLY UNDER THE WALLS & COMPOSED WITH PLAIN CONCRETE TO A MIX OF 1:3:6 BY VOLUME. THICKNESS NOT < 150MM. BUILDINGS UP TO 4 STOREY HIGH.

24


TYPES OF FOOTING: A) WHICH THE LOADED AREA (B X B) OF THE COLUMN HAS BEEN SPREAD TO THE SIZE B X B THROUGH A SINGLE

SPREAD. THE BASE IS GENERALLY MADE OF CONCRETE.

B) FOR A HEAVILY LOADED COLUMN, WHICH REQUIRES GREATER SPREAD. THE BASE OF THE COLUMN IS MADE OF

CONCRETE.

C) CONCRETE BASE DOES NOT HAVE UNIFORM THICKNESS, BUT IS MADE SLOPED, WITH GREATER THICKNESS AT ITS

JUNCTION WITH THE COLUMN AND SMALLER THICKNESS AT THE ENDS.

4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM OUR SITE

25



PILED FOUNDATION:

THIS IS TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED AT

THE SITE. THE REASON WHY THIS

FOUNDATION CHOSEN IS BECAUSE THE

SITE IS LOCATED NEAR TO SEA WHERE THE

SOIL CONDITION IS LOOSE. SO, A SERIES

OF COLUMNS ARE INSERTED INTO THE

GROUND TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD(S) OF

THE STRUCTURE TO A STABLE LOAD

BEARING SUBSOIL.

-DEEP FOUNDATION ON SITE ( PILED):

PILES ARE USED TO PENETRATE THROUGH UPPER LAYERS OF INCOMPETENT SOIL

IN ORDER TO TRANSFER THE LOAD TO COMPETENT LOAD BEARING SOIL OR

ROCK DEEPER WITHIN THE EARTH. DEPTH > 3M BELOW FINISHED LEVEL.

LOWER DENSITY

MEDIUM DENSITY

HIGH DENSITY

PILE CAP

LOAD STRUCTURE

PILE

PILE

PILE

PILE

COLUMN

LOAD

PILE

PILE CAP

ROCK

END BEARING

SOFT SOIL PROVIDES LITTLE OR NO SUPPORT

GROUND SURFACE

COLUMN

PILE CAP

PILES OR OTHER TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS 26



-END BEARING PILE: • THE SHAFT PASSES THROUGH SOFT DEPOSITS.• THE BASE RESTS ON BEDROCKS / PENETRATES DENSE

SAND / GRAVEL. • PILE ACTS AS COLUMN.

-FRICTION PILE: • EMBEDDED IN COHESIVE SOIL, OFTEN FIRM

CLAY. • OBTAINS ITS SUPPORT MAINLY BY THE

ADHESION OR ‘SKIN FRICTION’ OF THE SOIL ON

THE SURFACE OF THE SHAFT.•THE LOAD IS TRANSFERRED TO THE ADJOINING

SOIL BY FRICTION BETWEEN THE PILE AND THE

SURROUNDING SOIL.

TYPES OF PILING MATERIAL: TYPES OF PILE:

-COMBINATION PILE: • A PILE MAY PASS THROUGH A FAIRLY SOFT

SOIL THAT PROVIDES FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

AND THEN INTO A FORM LAYER WHICH

DEVELOPS A LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY BY

BOTH END BEARING AND FRICTION OVER A

RATHER SHORT LENGTH OF EMBEDMENT

SOFT SOIL

DENSE SOIL

LOAD

END BEARING PILE LOAD

FRICTION PILE LOAD

SAND

CLAY

LIMESTONE

FRICTIONFRICTION

LOAD

CLAY

SAND

27


4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSTYPES OF LOAD:

A) DEAD LOAD –CONCRETE STRUCTURE, WALLS, TIMBER STRUCTURE, ROOF COVERING & OTHER

PERMANENT COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

B) LIVE LOAD –NON-PERMANENT FIXTURES & FITTINGS (TABLES, CHAIRS, ETC) C) WIND LOAD

CORRECT FOUNDATION LAYER WRONG FOUNDATION LAYER

28


4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSPILING PROCESS:

CASTING

SHOE (DETACHABLE)

SHOE

CASING PULLED OUT SLOWLY

DETACHABLE SHOE LEFT BEHIND

(A) CASING + SHOE DRIVEN

(B) REINFORCEMENT INSERTED

(C) CASING WITHDRAWN AS CONCRETING DONE

29

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Super StructureWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

SUPERSTRUCTURE

BEAM

COLUMN STAIRCASE

SLAB

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE

WALL

30

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Super StructureWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTUREA SUPERSTRUCTURE IS AN UPWARD EXTENSION OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE ABOVE A BASELINE CALLED GROUND LEVEL IN GENERAL AND IT USUALLY SERVES THE PURPOSE OF THE STRUCTURE'S INTENDED USE.

IN BUILDINGS, THE PORTION OF THE STRUCTURE THAT IS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL THAT RECEIVES THE LIVE LOAD IS REFERRED TO AS SUPERSTRUCTURE. THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF A BUILDING IS THE PART THAT IS ENTIRELY

ABOVE ITS FOUNDATION OR BASEMENT.

31

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Beam Written By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.1 BEAM BEAMS ARE GENERALLY HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WHICH TRANSFER LOADS HORIZONTALLY ALONG THEIR LENGTH TO THE SUPPORTS WHERE THE LOADS ARE USUALLY RESOLVED INTO VERTICAL FORCES. BEAMS ARE USED FOR RESISTING VERTICAL LOADS, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAMS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE TYPE OF SUPPORT. THE FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAMS ARE : -

CONTINUOUSLYSUPPORTED BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM

FIXED BEAM

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

32

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – BeamWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.1 BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

IF THE ENDS OF A BEAM ARE MADE TO REST FREELY ON SUPPORTS BEAM, IT IS CALLED A SIMPLY (FREELY) SUPPORTED BEAM. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM IS A TYPE OF BEAM THAT HAS PINNED SUPPORT AT ONE

END AND ROLLER SUPPORT AT THE OTHER END. DEPENDING ON THE LOAD APPLIED,

IT UNDERGOES SHEARING AND BENDING. IT IS THE ONE OF THE SIMPLEST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN

EXISTENCE. THE ABOVE IMAGE ILLUSTRATES A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM.


CANTILEVER BEAM

A CANTILEVER IS A BEAM SUPPORTED ON ONLY ONE END. THE BEAM TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO THE

SUPPORT WHERE IT HAS MANAGE THE MOMENT OF FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS. MOMENT OF FORCE IS

THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO TWIST OR ROTATE AN OBJECT. SHEAR STRESS IS DEFINED AS A STRESS

WHICH IS APPLIED PARALLEL TO THE FACE OF A MATERIAL. IN OTHER WORDS, THE BEAM BEARS A SPECIFIC

WEIGHT ON ITS OPEN END AS A RESULT OF THE SUPPORT ON ITS ENCLOSED END, IN ADDITION TO NOT

BREAKING DOWN AS A RESULT OF THE SHEAR STRESS THE WEIGHT WOULD GENERATE ON THE BEAM'SSTRUCTURE. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION ALLOWS FOR OVERHANGING STRUCTURES WITHOUT EXTERNAL

BRACING / SUPPORT PILLARS. CANTILEVERS CAN ALSO BE CONSTRUCTED WITH TRUSSES OR

SLABS. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION IS FAMOUS IN MANY KINDS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND IN

OTHER KINDS OF ENGINEERING, WHERE PROFESSIONALS USE TERMS LIKE END LOAD, INTERMEDIATE LOAD

AND END MOMENT TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH A CANTILEVER WILL HOLD.


33

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – BeamWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.1 BEAM FIXED BEAM

IF A BEAM IS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS IT IS FREE CALLED FIXED BEAM. ITS ANOTHER NAME IS BUILT-IN BEAM OR

ENCASTRE BEAM.IT IS ONE WITH ENDS RESTRAINED FROM ROTATION. IN REALITY A BEAMS ENDS ARE NEVER COMPLETELY FIXED, AS THEY ARE OFTEN

MODELLED FOR SIMPLICITY. HOWEVER, THEY CAN EASILY BE RESTRAINED ENOUGH RELATIVE TO THE STIFFNESS

OF THE BEAM AND

COLUMN TO BE CONSIDERED FIXED. A FIXED BEAM WILL DEFLECT LIKE THIS UNDER A UNIFORM LOAD:

CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED BEAM

A CONTINUOUS BEAM IS A STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MULTIPLANE BEAM ON HINGED SUPPORT. THE END SPANS MAY BE CANTILEVER, MAY BE FREELY SUPPORTED OR FIXED SUPPORTED. AT LEAST

ONE OF THE SUPPORTS OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM MUST BE ABLE TO DEVELOP A REACTION ALONG

THE BEAM AXIS.

THE MOMENT OF INERTIA REMAINS CONSTANT

WITHIN THE LIMITS OF EACH SPAN, BUT VARIES

FROM ONE SPAN TO ANOTHER.

SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM OUR SITE SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM

OUR SITE

34

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – ColumnWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.2 COLUMN COLUMN

A COLUMN CAN BE DEFINED AS A VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED TO TRANSMIT A COMPRESSIVE LOAD. A COLUMN

TRANSMITS THE LOAD FROM CEILING/ROOF SLAB AND BEAM, INCLUDING ITS OWN WEIGHT TO THE FOUNDATION. HENCE IT

SHOULD BE REALIZED THAT THE FAILURE OF A COLUMN RESULTS IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE. THE DESIGN OF A

COLUMN SHOULD THEREFORE RECEIVE IMPORTANCE. IN THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, COLUMNS ARE MOSTLY

CONSTRUCTED BY CONCRETE; APART FROM THAT MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, STEEL, FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYMER, CELLULAR

PVC, AND ALUMINIUM TOO ARE BEEN USED. THE TYPE OF MATERIAL IS BEEN DECIDED ON THE SCALE, COAST AND APPLICATION

OF THE CONSTRUCTION.

35

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – ColumnWritten By – Kee Zhi Xian 0327828

5.2 COLUMN CONSTRUCTION OF A RCC COLUMN

RCC (REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE) COLUMN IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER OF RCC FRAME STRUCTURED BUILDING. IT'S A VERTICAL MEMBER WHICH TRANSFERS LOADS FROM SLAB AND BEAM DIRECTLY TO

SUBSEQUENT SOIL. A WHOLE BUILDING STANDS ON COLUMNS. MOST OF THE BUILDING FAILURE HAPPENS DUE TO COLUMN FAILURE. AND MOST OF THE COLUMN FAILURE HAPPENS NOT FOR DESIGN FAULT BUT FOR

THE POOR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE. SO, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF THE RCC COLUMN PROPERLY.

CONSTRUCTING RCC ( REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE) COLUMN INVOLVES FOLLOWING FOUR STAGES OF WORKS : -

1. COLUMN LAYOUT WORK 2. COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK 3. COLUMN FORMWORK 4. POURING CONCRETE INTO COLUMN.

36

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - SlabWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

5.3 SLAB A FLAT PIECE OF CONCRETE, PUT ON THE WALLS OR COLUMNS OF A STRUCTURE. IT SERVES AS A WALKING SURFACE BUT MAY ALSO SERVE AS A LOAD BEARING MEMBER, AS IN SLAB HOMES.

FUNCTIONS OF CONCRETE

- PROVIDE A FLAT SURFACE

- TO SUPPORT LOAD

- SOUND, HEAT AND FIRE INSULATOR

- ACT AS A DIVIDER (PRIVACY) FOR THE OCCUPANTS

- UPPER SLAB BECAME THE CEILING FOR THE STOREY BELOW

- SPACE BETWEEN SLAB AND CEILING CAN BE USED TO PLACE BUILDING FACILITIES

TYPE OF CONCRETE SLAB

IN GENERAL, SLABS ARE CLASSIFIED AS BEING ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY. SLABS THAT PRIMARILY DEFLECT

IN ONE DIRECTION ARE REFERRED TO AS ONE-WAY SLABS. WHEN SLABS ARE SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS

ARRANGED GENERALLY IN ROWS SO THAT THE SLABS CAN DEFLECT IN TWO DIRECTIONS THEY ARE

USUALLY REFERRED TO AS TWO-WAY SLABS.

ONE WAY OR TWO WAY SLAB

ONE MORE DEFINITION REGARDING ONE-WAY AND TWO –WAY SLAB IS THAT IF ONE DIRECTION SPAN

TO OTHER DIRECTION SPAN RATIO (OR MORE PRECISELY IF LONGER DIMENSION TO SHORTER

DIMENSION RATIO) IS GREATER THAN 2 IT IS TERMED AS TWO WAY SLAB, OTHERWISE IF LESS THAN

TWO IT IS TERMED AS TWO-WAY SLAB.

ONE WAYS SLAB TWO WAYS SLAB

37

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - SlabWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A SLAB : -

5.3 SLAB

REINFORCING BARS IN PLACE FORMS FULL OF CONCRETE FORMS REMOVED

SLAB SAMPLE THAT FOUND IN OUR SITE : -

38

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - WallWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

5.4 WALL WALLS ARE USED AS BOUNDARY MARKERS TO DEFINE THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL SPACES WITHIN A HOUSE PLAN AND THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WALLS IN A HOUSE; ONE TYPE IS THE INTERNAL WALLS WHICH DEFINE

THE INTERIOR SPACES WHILE THE EXTERNAL WALL SEPARATES THE INTERIOR SPACES FROM THE EXTERNAL SURROUNDING SPACE.

FUNCTIONS OF WALLS

- STRENGTH AND STABILITY

- EXCLUSION OF MOISTURE/ WEATHER PROTECTION

- THERMAL INSULATION

- DURABILITY

- ACOUSTIC INSULATION

-AESTHETICS

39

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - StaircaseWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

5.5 STAIRCASE A STAIR IS A SYSTEM OF STEPS BY WHICH PEOPLE AND OBJECTS MAY PASS FROM ONE LEVEL OF A

BUILDING TO ANOTHER.” A STAIR IS TO BE DESIGNED TO SPAN A LARGE VERTICAL DISTANCE BY DIVIDING

IT INTO SMALLER VERTICAL DISTANCES, CALLED STEPS.

FUNCTIONS OF STAIRCASE

- STABILITY

- PROTECTION FROM FIRE

- SUITABLE DIMENSIONS (FOR NORMAL, ELDERLY, DISABLED PEOPLE & CHILDREN) - APPEARANCE

COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGY

FLIGHT- A PROGRESSION OF VENTURES BETWEEN VARIOUS LEVELS OR STORIES OF A BUILDING

LANDING - A REGION OF FLOOR AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF OR BETWEEN FLIGHTS OF STAIRS FOR

ALTERING COURSE IN THE STAIRS AND GIVING A RESTING PLACE BETWEEN LONG FLIGHTS OF STAIRS.TREAD - THE PART OF THE STEP THAT IS STEPPED ON. RISER - THE VERTICAL PORTION OF THE STEP BETWEEN STEPS. NOSING - AN EDGE PART OF THE TREAD THAT EXTENDS FROM THE RISER BENEATH.WINDERS - WINDERS ARE STEPS THAT ARE SMALLER ON ONE SIDE THAN THE OTHER. THEY ARE UTILIZED

TO ALTER THE COURSE OF THE STAIRS WITHOUT ARRIVALS. A PROGRESSION OF WINDERS SHAPE A

ROUND OR WINDING STAIRWAY.STRINGER OR STRING - THE BASIC PART THAT BACKINGS THE TREADS. THERE ARE ORDINARILY TWO

STRINGERS, ONE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE STAIRS; HOWEVER THE TREADS MIGHT BE UPHELD NUMEROUS

DIFFERENT WAYS. THE STRINGERS ARE SCORED SO THAT THE RISERS AND TREADS FIT INTO THEM.HANDRAIL: A RAIL FIXED PARALLEL ABOVE THE PITCH LINE AT THE SIDES OF A STAIR. BALUSTERS- VERTICAL MEMBERS WHICH SUPPORT A HANDRAIL. NEWEL- A VERTICAL POST WHICH MAY OFFER HELP FOR EITHER THE HANDRAIL, OR SUPPORT FOR THE

UPPER END OF AN EXTERNAL STRING.

40


5.5 STAIRCASE PROCESS OF MAKING STAIRS

FOAMWORK

POURING CEMENT

FOAM REMOVED

SAMPLE OF STAIRCASE FROM OUR SITE

41


5.5 STAIRCASE CONCRETE STAIRS

BUILDING INTERIOR CONCRETE STAIRS IS A COMPLEX PROJECT, AS YOU HAVE TO BUILD A FORMWORK, INSTALL A STRUCTURE OF REINFORCING BARS, POUR CONCRETE AND FINISH THE STAIRS WITH A FLOAT. AS

COMPARED TO REGULAR WOODEN STAIRS, CONCRETE STAIRS ARE MORE DURABLE AND RIGID, THEREFORE IT IS A PERFECT CHOICE IF YOU WANT LESS PROBLEMS FOR MANY YEARS IN A ROW.

MATERIALS

- FINE SAND AND GRAVEL, CEMENT

- WOODEN BOARDS (2×4)- 4×4 POSTS – TO SUPPORT THE FORMWORK

- NAILS AND SCREWS

- REINFORCING BARS

SAMPLE OF STAIRS CONSTRUCTION FROM OUR SITE

42

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - DoorWritten By – Ong Kay Mun 0326920

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW DOOR

A DOOR IS A MOVABLE STRUCTURE USED FOR OPENING AND CLOSING AN ENTRANCE OR FOR GIVING ACCESS TO

SOMETHING.

SLIDING DOOR

A SLIDING DOOR IS A TYPE OF DOOR WHICH OPENS

HORIZONTALLY BY SLIDING, USUALLY PARALLEL TO A WALL. SLIDING DOORS CAN BE MOUNTED EITHER ON TOP OF A

TRACK BELOW OR BE SUSPENDED FROM A TRACK ABOVE

• Running track

• Single glazing

• Weather strip

• Glazing broad

• Multi-chambered sash

• Easy-to-fit runner

• Mainframe

• Thermal break43

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - Door Written By – Ong Kay Mun 0326920

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW FLUSH DOOR

A FLUSH DOOR IS A COMPLETELY SMOOTH DOOR AND HAVING PLYWOOD OR MDF FIXED

OVER A LIGHT TIMBER FRAME.

1. OUTER COVERING

2. MAIN BOARD

3. BAR STRIP

4. WOOD PIN & FIX PLATE

5. WOOD PIN

6. INSULATION RUBBER SEAL

7. STEEL PLATE SLOT CANAL

8. QUALITY COLD-ROLLED STEEL

9. WOOD BLOCK FOR LOCK MOUNT

10. WOOD REINFORCED RIBBON

11. INFILLING

12. SOLID WOOD

PVC MEMBRANE

MDF BOARD

MDF WOODEN BAR

FIREWOOD SKELETON

MDF BOARD

44

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - WindowWritten By – Ong Kay Mun 0326920

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW WINDOW DEFINITION

• AN OPENING CONSTRUCTED IN A WALL, DOOR, OR ROOF THAT FUNCTIONS TO ADMIT SIDE HUNG

WINDOW LIGHT OR AIR TO AN ENCLOSURE AND IS OFTEN FRAMED AND SPANNED WITH GLASS

MOUNTED TO PERMIT OPENING AND CLOSING.

• A FRAMEWORK ENCLOSING A PANE OF GLASS FOR SUCH AN OPENING.

• A PANE OF GLASS OR SIMILAR MATERIAL ENCLOSED IN SUCH A FRAMEWORK.GREENHOUSE WINDOW

• AN OPENING OR TRANSPARENT PART THAT RESEMBLES A WINDOW IN FUNCTION OR APPEARANCE.

TYPES OF WINDOWS : -

• AWNING WINDOW

A WINDOW CONSISTING OF SEVERAL TOP-HINGED SECTIONS

ARRANGED IN A VERTICAL SERIES.

• SIDE HUNG WINDOW

A FRAMEWORK OF WOOD OR METAL THAT CONTAINS A GLASS

WINDOWPANE AND IS BUILT INTO A WALL OR ROOF TO ADMIT

LIGHT OR AIR.

• GREENHOUSE WINDOW

IS A 4 GLASS SIDED WINDOW THAT COMES OUT FROM THE

HOUSE TO INCREASE LIGHT AND PROVIDE VIEWS AND FRESH AIR

FROM MULTIPLE SIDES.

• FIXED WINDOW

A WINDOW THAT CANNOT BE OPENED, WHOSE FUNCTION IS

LIMITED TO ALLOWING LIGHT TO ENTER. THE FRAMES OF THE

FIXED WINDOWS ON THE SITE ARE FROM ALUMINUM.

• TILT TURN WINDOW

IS A EUROPEAN-STYLE WINDOW WITH TWO DISTINCT

FUNCTIONS: SWING IT IN LIKE A DOOR OR TILT THE TOP OF THE

SASH INTO YOUR ROOM FOR VENTILATION.

45


6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW

SIDE HUNG WINDOW

A CASEMENT IS A WINDOW THAT IS

ATTACHED TO ITS FRAME BY ONE OR MORE

HINGES. CASEMENT WINDOWS ARE

HINGED AT THE SIDE. THEY ARE USED

SINGLY OR IN PAIRS WITHIN A COMMON

FRAME, IN WHICH CASE THEY ARE HINGED

ON THE OUTSIDE. CASEMENT WINDOWS

ARE OFTEN HELD OPEN USING A CASEMENT

STAY.

TOP HUNG

FANLIGHTMOLDING

HEAD

FRICTION

HINGE

JAMB

TOP

RAIL

SILLMULLION

STAY

LOCKING

HANDLE

BOTTOM

RAIL

|————— HINGE LENGTH———|

STACK HEIGHT

-Top Hung Swings from top with handle on the bottom of the sash

-SIDE HUNG

SWINGS FROM ONE SIDE WITH HANDLE ON

OPPOSITE SIDE

Hung Type

46


6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW FIXED WINDOW

A WINDOW THAT CANNOT BE OPENED, WHOSE FUNCTION IS LIMITED TO ALLOWING

LIGHT TO ENTER. THE FRAMES OF THE FIXED WINDOWS ON THE SITE ARE FROM

ALUMINUM.

SAMPLE FROM OUR SITE

OUTSIDE

CASING

RAIL

SILL

DRIP GAP

Jamb

LOWER SASH

INSIDE CASING

STOOL

APRON

HEIGHT

WIDTH

HEIGHT

WIDTH

47


6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW DOOR

INSTALLATIONSTEP 1ASSEMBLE HANGERS AND RETAINING STOPS.

STEP 2FIT HANGER APRON TO DOOR PANEL.

STEP 3 INSERT HANGERS AND RETAINING STOPS.

STEP 4 SECURE TRACK.

STEP 5MORTISE DOORS AND FIT DOOR GUIDES.

STEP 6FACE AND SOFFIT FIX OPTIONS.

STEP 7ATTACH DOOR PANEL AND ADJUST UNTIL LEVEL.

STEP 8POSITION AND SECURE RETAINING STOPS.

WINDOW

INSTALLATION

THIS INSTALLATION GUIDE

ASSUMES THAT A

FRAMEWORK OF STUDS

(OFTEN CALLED A BUCK

FRAME OR BLOCKING).

STEP 1AFTER THE WINDOW OPENING HAS BEEN BLOCKED-UP, PLACE THE

WINDOW INTO OPENING MAKING SURE THAT THE HANDLE IS

TIGHTENED, AND THE WINDOW IS CLOSED.

STEP 2ENSURE WINDOW IS ALIGNED AND PLUMB BY SHIMMING SILL

AND SIDE JAMBS AS NECESSARY. BE SURE TO CHECK BOTH

SIDE-TO-SIDE AND FRONT-TO-BACK FOR ALIGNMENT AND

PLUMB.

STEP 3SECURE WINDOW USING FOUR (4) PAN HEAD OR ROUND

HEAD WOOD SCREWS (2 ON EACH SIDE) THAT ARE SECURED

THROUGH THE SIDE WALL INSTALLATION CHANNELS (INSET

1).

STEP 4APPLY SILICONE CAULK (OR OTHER TYPE OF APPROVED SEALANT) TO THE OPENING BETWEEN THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

MAINFRAME AND WALL. 48

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - RoofWritten By – Natacia Marcella Ginola 0331347

ROOF IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF A BUILDING. IT IS NEEDED TO KEEP OUT THE WEATHER AND TO CONTROL THE HEAT AND COOLING PROVIDED FOR HUMAN COMFORT INSIDE.

THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF ROOFS AND EACH SERVES A PURPOSE. THEY ARE DESIGNED TO KEEP THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE WARM IN THE WINTER AND COOL IN THE SUMMER AS WELL AS KEEPING THE HOUSE FREE OF

MOISTURE, WHETHER RAIN, SNOW OR FOG.

FUNCTION

• PROTECT THE BUILDING BELOW FROM THE WEATHER. IN ORDER TO FULFILL THIS

FUNCTION OVER A PERIOD OF MANY YEARS, IT MUST BE STRONG, STABLE AND

DURABLE.

• PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO THE PASSAGE OF MOISTURE FROM EXTERNAL ELEMENTS.

• DO NOT CAUSE SURFACE CONDENSATION AND MOLD.

• PROVIDE REASONABLE LEVELS OF THERMAL INSULATION.

• PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE FROM ADJACENT OR ADJOINING PROPERTIES.

7.0 ROOF

COMMON TYPE OF ROOF

Hip Roof

Gable Roof Gambrel Roof Mansard Roof

Flat Roof Shed Roof

49

THE FIRST SITE IS A GUEST HOUSE WHICH IS BEING BUILT CURRENTLY. THE ROOF OF THE BUILDING IS KNOWN AS TRADITIONAL ROOF BECAUSE IT IS BUILT USING THE TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND IS

A SLED ROOF / MONO-PITCHED ROOFS.

MONO-PITCHED ROOF FEATURES

MONO-PITCHED ROOFS ARE KNOWN TO BE THE SIMPLEST OF PITCH ROOFS. IT IS MADE OUT OF A SINGLE SURFACE OF THE SLOPING ROOF WHICH IS

GENERALLY NOT ATTACHED TO ANOTHER ROOF SURFACE. MONO MEANS SINGLE AND THE SLOPE IS REFERRED TO AS THE PITCH.

ADVANTAGES

• CAN BE EASILY CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT MUCH HASSLE WITHIN A VERY SHORT SPAN OF TIME.

• DOESN’T REQUIRE TOO MANY HANDS WHEN COMPARED WITH THE GABLE ROOFING.

• DOESN’T INVOLVED TOO MUCH EXPENSES.MATERIALS

Clay tiles Timber

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic – Roof type and construction processWritten By – Natacia Marcella Ginola 0331347

7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

SAMPLE OF ROOF FROM OUR SITE

50

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION: A CUT ROOF

THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF CUTTING THE TIMBER ON SITE AND BUILDING UP THE ROOF USING RAFTERS, JOISTS AND PURLINS, ETC. WITH THE EXACT DETAILS BEING DETERMINED BY THE SIZE OF ROOF, SIZE

OF TIMBERS ETC.

1. AFTER THE WALLS ARE BUILT, THE WALL PLATES ARE INSTALLED ON TOP OF EACH SIDE OF THE

WALL.

2. ONCE THE WALL PLATES ARE IN PLACE, THE CEILING JOISTS ARE PLACED SPANNING FROM ONE WALL

PLATE TO THE OTHER END BUILT INTO THE WALL.

3. RAFTERS ARE THEN NAILED TO THE WALL PLATE. THIS PROVIDES A FIXING FOR THE RAFTER FEET

AND SPREADS THE LOADS ALONG THE WALL.

4. CUT A BIRDSMOUTH JOINT INTO THE RAFTER TO ALLOW IT TO SIT SECURELY ON THE WALL PLATE.


7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

51


7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSROOF COVERING PROCESS

1. INSTALL THE FASCIA BOARD TO PROTECT THE FEET OF THE

RAFTERS AS WELL AS SUPPORTS THE BOTTOM COURSE OF

TILES.

2. PLACED THE ROOF UNDERLAYMENT TO REDUCE THE FLOW OF AIR

THROUGH THE ROOM.

3. 4X4 BATTENS ARE THEN INSTALLED IN RIGHT ANGLE

TO THE RAFTERS. IT IS USED TO HOLD THE TILES IN

PLACE.

4. INSTALL THE TILES BY NAILING IT TO THE BATTENS.

5. ONCE THE ROOF IS COMPLETELY TILED, ENSURE TO INSTALL A ROW

OF TILES AROUND

THE EDGES, WHICH IS THE EDGING. THIS HELPS TO SECURE TILES IN

THEIR POSITION.

52


7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSFLAT ROOF

FLAT ROOFS ARE FORMS OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION WITH ONLY A SHALLOW PITCH, POSSIBLY EVEN NONE AT ALL, AND A COVERING OF AN IMPERVIOUS

LAYER OF MATERIAL OVER THEIR ENTIRE AREA.

REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF FEATURE

THE ROOFS ON SITE ARE CONSTRUCTED USING REINFORCED CONCRETE. CONCRETE IS KNOWN TO BE INHERENTLY WEAK IN TENSION, CRACKS AND VOIDS CAN ALSO FORM DUE TO THERMAL EXPANSION, CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGE. AS A RESULT, WATER WILL SEEP

THROUGH THESE VOIDS. THEREFORE, WATERPROOFING IS REQUIRED TO KEEP THE ROOF WATER TIGHT SINCE THEY ARE EXPOSED TO THE

WEATHER.

CONCRETE ROOFS ALSO EXHIBIT EXCELLENT SOUND INSULATION PROPERTIES AND HAVE A HIGH THERMAL MASS, WHICH HAS A FAVORABLE

EFFECT ON THE INTERIOR CLIMATE.

SAMPLE OF ROOF FROM OUR SITE

53


7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSROOF CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1. AFTER THE PLASTERBOARD CEILING IS INSTALLED AND THE CEILING

JOISTS ARE ATTACHED ON TOP, REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB IS

THEN PLACED.

2. A LAYER OF VAPOUR CONTROL BARRIER ARE ADDED IN ORDER TO

PREVENT THE INFILTRATION OF MOISTURE.

3. A THICK LAYER OF INSULATING MATERIAL IS PLACED AFTER FOR

THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION.

4. THE NEXT STEP IS WATERPROOFING, IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT

LAYER IN A FLAT ROOF. THE TASK OF THIS IS TO PROTECT THE

BUILDING AGAINST PRECIPITATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL

EFFECTS.

5. LASTLY, CEMENT SCREED IS USED AS THE ROOF FINISHES, IT IS LAID

DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE.

54

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - SummaryWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

8.0 SUMMARY

55

WEBSIDE

https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/ http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/shallow-foundation-spread-footings.html http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/ https://www.slideshare.net/Welltan/building-construction-36880123 https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-types-and-uses/9237/ http://www.oneprojectcloser.com/roof-designs-terms-types-and-pictures/ https://myrooff.com/monopitch-roof/ http://www.paversearch.com/roof-tile-advantages.htm http://www.ultimatehandyman.co.uk/how-to/diy-building/build-a-pitch-roof http://www.diydata.com/general_building/roof_construction/roof_construction.php http://www.uacg.bg/filebank/att_1321.pdf http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/4224738/ http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/07/construction-process-of-rcc-column_27.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab https://www.milgard.com/learn/understanding-windows-doors/components-windows-and-doors/what-its-called http://www.carinyawindows.com.au/types-windows-doors http://www.pella.com/glossary/window-styles/

8.1 REFRENCES

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - RefrencesWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

56

https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/

http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/shallow-foundation-spread-footings.html

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/

https://www.slideshare.net/Welltan/building-construction-36880123

https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-types-and-uses/9237/

http://www.oneprojectcloser.com/roof-designs-terms-types-and-pictures/

https://myrooff.com/monopitch-roof/

http://www.paversearch.com/roof-tile-advantages.htm

http://www.ultimatehandyman.co.uk/how-to/diy-building/build-a-pitch-roof

http://www.diydata.com/general_building/roof_construction/roof_construction.php

http://www.uacg.bg/filebank/att_1321.pdf

http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/4224738/

http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/07/construction-process-of-rcc-column_27.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab

https://www.milgard.com/learn/understanding-windows-doors/components-windows-and-doors/what-its-called

http://www.carinyawindows.com.au/types-windows-doors

http://www.pella.com/glossary/window-styles/

57

WEBSIDE

https://www.thebalance.com/types-of-windows-844567 https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-doors-building-works/11898/ http://www.build.com.au/types-doors http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/doors-and-windows/how-to-install-a-new-window https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/how-to-install-window https://www.familyhandyman.com/doors/installation/how-to-install-an-entry-door/view-all https://www.doorsplus.com.au/doorsplus-difference/expert-door-installation/ http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/?option=com_content&view=article&id=584&Itemid=608 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_1994

BOOKS FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION MANUAL BY SEDLBAUER, SCHUNCK, BARTHEL, KUNZEL

THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES BY DUNCAN MARSHALL, DEREK WORTHING, NIGEL DANN AND ROGER HEATH

Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Interior Architecture - First Year Semester OneBuilding Construction I - Project I “Experiencing Construction”Section Topic - RefrencesWritten By - Tan Yew Chin 0327623

8.1 REFRENCES

https://www.thebalance.com/types-of-windows-844567

https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-doors-building-works/11898/

http://www.build.com.au/types-doors

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/doors-and-windows/how-to-install-a-new-window

https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/how-to-install-window

https://www.familyhandyman.com/doors/installation/how-to-install-an-entry-door/view-all

https://www.doorsplus.com.au/doorsplus-difference/expert-door-installation/

http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/?option=com_content&view=article&id=584&Itemid=608

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_1994

Design

Building Construction Final