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BORN ACCESSIBLEA11Y FROM THE START
A11Y FROM THE START
A11Y FROM THE START
Accessible Publishing Is Good Publishing
A11Y FROM THE START
WHY MAKE BOOKS ACCESSIBLE?
Use
▸ For readers with print disabilities
▸ For readers who are situationally disabled
▸ But, what a11y features are supported by reading systems?
A11Y FROM THE START
WHY MAKES BOOKS ACCESSIBLE?Business
▸ Reuse of books/archival access
▸ Marketing: Content that is more usable is more valuable
▸ Futureproofing
▸ Financial
▸ Legal requirements
A11Y FROM THE START
WHY MAKES BOOKS ACCESSIBLE?
Philosophical
▸ Democratic
▸ Make books as rich as possible
▸ Enhanced experience
▸ Streamlined Workflow
A11Y FROM THE START
COLLABORATIONHow can workflow participants collaborate?
▸ Business
▸ Organization
▸ Supply Chain
A11Y FROM THE START
AREAS OF A11Y CONCERN
▸ What a11y features should your book include?
▸ Structure
▸ Images
▸ Navigation
▸ Print design adaptation
▸ Special Features
A11Y FROM THE START
DEFINE STRUCTURE
▸ When designing for print, designer should remember that structure is on an equal footing with aesthetics in digital.
▸ Internal head structure (h1–h6)
▸ Text must be in natural reading order
▸ Identify sidebars/pullquotes: aside
▸ Identify footnotes/endnotes: aside
▸ Semantic markup of all elements: fig, figcaption; glossary
A11Y FROM THE START
▸ If design element conveys meaning for print, adapt for e.
▸ <i> vs <em> vs <cite>: editor to indicate
▸ <i> Eloise planned to travel on the Queen Mary.
▸ <em> She had to sail on Monday.
▸ <cite> As they left port, she thought of the movie Titanic.
▸ <b> vs <strong>: editor to indicate
▸ <b>The ship’s log<b>. The captain of the ship maintains the log.
▸ <strong> Warning</strong>: The ship will capsize at 0200 hours.
STRUCTURE: DESIGN + EDITORIAL
A11Y FROM THE START
EPUB:TYPE
▸ Editorial indicates in ms while marking for typesetting (establish house style guide)
▸ Designer/typesetter apply to mechanical, or
▸ Developer apply based on editorial guidance
▸ from within InDesign
▸ in XHTML
A11Y FROM THE START
LANGUAGE
▸ What is the dominant language
▸ Are there exceptions?
▸ Editor marks in manuscript + developer executes
▸ Special pronunciations (from Garrish; SSML)
▸ Record or record?
▸ Editor marks in manuscript + developer executes
▸ Not supported yet, but will they be?
A11Y FROM THE START
NAVIGATION
▸ Inside-the-book TOC needed even if not included in print edition.
▸ How many levels to use in the in-book TOC? (use ‘hidden’ to remove unwanted levels)
▸ Consider UX for in-book TOC: multi levels on smart phone are ugly and hard to use
▸ Remember, all will be available in device TOC
▸ Landmarks
▸ As many as possible
A11Y FROM THE START
NAVIGATION
▸ Extra nav lists
▸ Tables
▸ Illustrations
▸ Audio
▸ Video
▸ Page List
▸ When ebook corresponds to print volume
▸ When ebook will be used in classroom along with print edition
A11Y FROM THE START
IMAGES
▸ Is an image decoration or meaningful? For a decorative instance:
▸ Developer: use empty alt tag; role: presentation)
A11Y FROM THE START
IMAGES: CAPTION + ALT TEXT
▸ Meaningful images
▸ Is the image thoroughly described in text or caption?
▸ Mention text reference in alt tag.
▸ If brief additional content helpful, supply alt tag.
▸ Developer: pull alt text (from Structure in ID; from Bridge; from image metadata)
▸ Developer: include aria-describedby for lengthy, complicated descriptions
A11Y FROM THE START
IMAGES: WHAT MAKES A GOOD ALT TAG?
▸ Helpful geographical description: The estuary scenery is a mix of salt marsh and tidal creeks flanked by industrial complexes.
▸ Less helpful: Power lines in the morning sun.
▸ Helpful environmental description: The large pylon lines tower over woodland and are visible for many miles around
▸ Less helpful: Pylons in a field.
A11Y FROM THE START
IMAGES: TEXT AS ART
▸ Text as art (e.g., illustrated pie chart):
▸ alt=“pie chart showing 30% apples, 30% oranges, 40% plums”
▸ Title Page, e.g. Use
▸ epub:type:frontmatter title page
▸ alt=“book title, author, publisher”
A11Y FROM THE START
TABLES
▸ Rework for ebook use if feasible.
▸ Mark up correctly in XHTML.
▸ If using an image for tabular matter, provide fallback (link to nonlinear content or to website)
A11Y FROM THE START
MATH ML
▸ Math symbols are often expressed as images in digital content rendering them inaccessible
▸ If expressed as MathML the symbols can be accessed by a screenreader
▸ MathML consists of a number of XML tags for marking up equations in terms of presentation and semantics
A11Y FROM THE START
DESIGN
▸ Ebook design does not need to mirror print design
▸ It’s possible to create unaccessible EPUBs, so it’s important to spend the time getting it right
▸ Design adaptation considerations
▸ Account for design and semantic elements not needed in print (TOC; narrative pause; extra content)
▸ Move elements (e.g., copyright to back)
A11Y FROM THE START
DESIGN
▸ Color:
▸ Must not convey meaning.
▸ Contrast must be high enough to be visible on all screens.
▸ e-ink
▸ night mode
▸ media queries to target devices/modes
A11Y FROM THE START
DESIGN
▸ Designer must use tools appropriately
▸ style sheets
▸ master pages
▸ text flow
▸ image management
▸ color management
A11Y FROM THE START
SPECIAL E-ONLY FEATURES
▸ Media Overlays
▸ Different from TTS (text-to-speech)
▸ Read-aloud materials
▸ Record audio: synchronized audio narration
▸ Implement in EPUB (using SMIL markup: sync audio with text)
A11Y FROM THE START
SPECIAL E-ONLY FEATURES
Audio/video
▸ Provide fallback description for video.
▸ Use native HTML5 for controls if possible.
▸ Plan and design interface in advance. If custom controls are necessary (image as button, e.g.) use ARIA roles, states, and properties.
▸ Subtitles + captions:
▸ Editor creates in manuscript
▸ Developer executes
A11Y FROM THE START
SCRIPTING
▸ All content must be available with or without script.
▸ Accessibility concerns
▸ And, many reading systems don’t currently allow scripting (hello, Kindle)
▸ From EPUB3 Best Practices (Garrish/Gylling):
▸ Does scripted content include useful information, or is it only diversionary.
▸ Can content be made accessible in a usable way, and can you build a fallback to provide the same or similar experience?
A11Y FROM THE START
EXTRA CONTENT
▸ Richer backmatter
▸ Appendices
▸ Bibliography
▸ Annotations
▸ Indexes
▸ Hyperlinked backmatter (good or bad—what’s the link life?)
▸ Extra front matter
▸ TOCs
▸ Introductory material
A11Y FROM THE START
METADATA
▸ ebooks with accessibility metadata are discoverable.
▸ Include a11y metadata for any elements present.
▸ ONIX 3, Codelist 196 includes 23 a11y description codes. Some are:
▸ table of contents and Index navigation
▸ Reading order
▸ Short and Full alternative descriptions
A11Y FROM THE START
RESOURCES
Books
EPUB3 Best Practices by Matt Garrish & Markus Gylling http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920024897.do
BISG Quick Start Guide to Accessible Publishing http://bisg.org/news/297929/The-BISG-Quick-Start-Guide-to-Accessible-Publishing-Moving-Inclusion-Forward.htm
Accessible EPUB3, by Matt Garrish http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920025283.do
HTML5 & CSS3 Visual QuickStart Guide, 7th Edition, Elizabeth Castro & Bruce Hyslop http://www.peachpit.com/store/html5-css3-visual-quickstart-guide-9780321719614
Reading System Support http://epubtest.org/
Participate https://www.w3.org/community/epub3/
Color webaim.org
A11Y FROM THE START
RESOURCES
W3C http://w3.org/accessibility
Images, alt text http://diagramcenter.org/59-image-guidelines-for-epub-3.html
http://diagramcenter.org/standards-and-practices/accessible-image-sample-book.html
http://diagramcenter.org/poet.html
epub:type
▸ https://idpf.github.io/a11y-guidelines/content/semantics/epub-type.html
A11Y FROM THE START
CONTACT US
Sarah Hilderley
@quarrypress
Kevin Callahan
@BNGOBooks