ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF CITIES

PARIS AND BANGALORE

CHANDAN K B1OX13AT016

Paris

Historical background

3rd century B.C.Settlement by a Celtic fishermen.

52 B.C.Julius Caesar seizes the city.

Around 250 A.D. Paris Christianised.

4th-9th centuries: Frankish and Norman invasions.

1163: Construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral begins.

Late 14th centuryBlack Death.

July 14, 1789French revolution Fall of bastile

•  Paris was born with the development of the villages on La Cite. But it got its name Paris, only in the 4th century from its former name Lutetia.

• Early Parisians were fishermen, farmers, foresters, herdsmen and boatmen who had prospered on the banks of the river Seine. In 51 B.C. the Romans conquered Lutetia.

• Under the Roman Empire the region had prospered as a junction between the North-South and the Seine. La Cite was enclosed in a wall due to persistent attacks from the barbarians.

• In the 9th century Paris was pillaged and ransomed by the Vikings. Crucial architectural development stated during the reign of Philippe August in the 12th century. A second wall was constructed around the city that had, by then, increasingly expanded to the North and the South of the Seine.

• New growth sprung up along the major roads, because of inadequate space inside the city.

• The administration of Paris was reorganized in the year 1261 and was divided between the provost King (affairs of the state) and the provost merchant (local affairs). Thus we can see the organizational change of power where the merchants are allotted some power. Also for the fiscal register were furnished to list the taxpayers and the numbers of households. Social and political changes during the same century helped bringing about the building of cathedrals, excellence of the universities, the proliferation of colleges and convents, the installation of mendicant order and the flowering of Gothic.

Evolution of planning

• Towards the end of the seventeenth century Paris, together with Vienna, was probably the most heavily developed town in Europe. Houses were being built higher and higher, the courtyards becoming more cramped and the traffic more chaotic in the narrow streets.

• In the 14th yet century another wall was built in northern Paris. The city was developing into a center of finance and a principal diplomatic center in Europe.

Paris in 1300•A medieval walled city developed around the crossing of the River Seine •The Louvre palace is the point of origin of the design forces

Paris in 1600•White line indicates the position of wall during 1300•The grey shows the outward extension to the new wall due to the pressure of city growth

• Proper water mains and sewage system were prescribed in the plan.

• Narrow and polluted streets.• Regular grid housing blocks.

1760

1765

• New principal streets were added.

• More round open spaces were prescribed.

• No pedestrian footpath.• Busy food market around the

open spaces.1834

• New market halls were introduced in order avoid the cramped market places along the streets.

• Proper water conduits prescribed.

• New sewage system prescribed due to deterioration of sewage system introduced earlier.

Initial planning and execution Haussmann moulded the city into a geometric grid,

with new streets running east and west, north and south, dividing Medieval Paris into new sections. His plan brought symmetry to the city, something it was lacking beforehand.

During a time when the city was filled to the brim with people, disease was a large risk. The widening of the streets would relieve the cramped city and allow for the people to get around more easily.

It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings, providing more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive in.

Running alongside the new roads, which had been widened to accommodate the rising number of people living within the city limits, were rows of chestnut trees, which allowed Haussmann to maintain the geometric and symmetrical aesthetic that he had created with the new roads.

Where he struggled to maintain his visual order, new public spaces and monuments were erected.

He was also responsible for isolating Notre-Dame from the city, emphasizing its’ importance to the city.

The next step in Haussmann’s plan for the new Paris was to divide the city into arrondissements, or districts.

The districts started inward, on the banks of the Seine, and spiralled outwards.

Boulevard

• Haussmann molded the city into a geometric grid, with new streets running east and west, north and south, dividing Medieval Paris into new sections. His plan brought symmetry to the city

• The widening of the streets would relieve the cramped city and allow for the people to get around more easily. It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings, providing more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive in. Running alongside the new roads,were rows of chestnut trees, which allowed Haussmann to maintain the geometric and symmetrical aesthetic that he had created with the new roads. And where he struggled to maintain his visual order, new public spaces and monuments were erected.

ORIGIN & EVOLUTION

In 1537 CE, Kempe Gowda — a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore.

Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a "pete“.

The town had two main streets—Chikkapete Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapete Street, which ran north-south.

Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square—the heart of Bangalore. Kempé Gowda's successor, Kempé Gowda II, built four towers that

marked Bangalore's boundary. Following by the Marathas and Mughals, the city remained under the

Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British Raj.

• The name Bangalore is an anglicised version of the Kannada language name

• The earliest reference to the name Bengaluru was found in a ninth century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a veera gallu.

• Bengaluru is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE

• It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru

Bangalore in 1791

History• Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV

• Bangalore remained in the new Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh

• Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India

• Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO

• Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s

• Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bangalore

• Other information technology companies followed suit

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -

The growth of Bangalore from a town to a metropolis has been a result of five growth events: Shifting the state capital from Mysore; Establishment of Cantonment; Setting up Public Sector Undertakings/Academic Institutions; Development of Textile Industry; and Development of Information Technology/ ITES/ Biotech based Industries.

The distribution of economic activities in the city reflects its history, its different stages ofdevelopment as well as the underlying socio-spatial contexts. Several distinct areas orspatial groups emerge from the geographical distribution of activities in Bangalore. Thesespatial groups are:

The “Old Petta”, the historical heart of the city, constitutes a very important centre of wholesale and retail activities.

The North-East- form a second commercial hub in the Cantonment area. In the East, Chennai railway lime and Whitefield Road are important corridors that

includes the International Technology Park Ltd. South-East- Electronic city area with large Public and Private software and IT enterprises. Western zone- Housing sector for most manufacturing workers North-south axis- Households for those engaged in trade and business. North- East- Households for those engaged in public and administrative services.

Factors influencing Bangalore’s growth-

Demographics• Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 2001

• Residents of Bangalore are referred to as Bangaloreans in English Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada

• The cosmopolitan nature of the city has resulted in the migration of people from other states to Bangalore

• Telugu and Tamil are also widely spoken and understood

• A good number of Konkani speakers have settled in Bangalore since last century from Canara districts of Karnataka

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The environmental impacts of the problems associated with urban planning and growth are listed below:

ground water contamination due to soak pits and improper drainage system near open wells,

decrease in groundwater recharge due to increasing surface runoff due to paved areas,

polluting surface water bodies like tanks by the letting sewage into the lakes,

health problems due to uncollected garbage strewn around, health problems due to crowding of families in one- room or two-

room houses, increase in temperatures due to radiation from buildings and

paved roads (heat islands), and In adequate tree cover to counter this rise in temperature. Air circulation is also reduced due to the dense residential development and loss of vegetation/tree cover,