National mosque

built in August 1965 as a symbol of united Malaysia and a newly

independent.

NATIONALMOSQUE

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2

(ARC60203)August 2016

PROJECT 2 : REPORTTutor : Ms. Patmaselvi Paramarajah

TAN YAN JIE 0323906 | TANG FU HONG 0323092 TANG YING JIEN 0322357 | TAY SIEW WEN 0322879

TEH WEI HONG 0323743 | TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079

Content PageNumber

Introduc2on 1-3

1. SiteContextAnalysis

(TAYSIEWWEN0322879)4-17

2.ArchitecturalLayoutoftheBuilding

(TANYANJIE0323906)18-29

3.ArchitecturalStyleAnalysis

(TEHWEIHONG0323743)30-44

4.BuildingConstruc2on,Structure&MaterialAnalysis

(TANGFUHONG0323092)45-61

5.ArchitecturalElements/ComponentsAnalysis

(TENGKUSYAKIRA0323079)

(TANGYINGJIEN0322357)

62-70

71-82

Conclusion 83

ReferencesList 84

TABLE CONTENT

Introduction

Thena2onalmosquewasbuiltinAugust1965asasymbolofunitedMalaysiaandanewlyindependent.

Thearchitecturalstyleofna2onalmosquearethemixtureofIslamicandModernist.Thena2onal

mosqueisoriginallydesignedbyathreearchitectwhichwereHowardAshley,HishamAlbakriand

BaharuddinKassim.Thena2onalmosqueislocatedatJalanPerdana,50480KualaLumpur.

KeyPlan

SitePlan

History

A`erMalaysiahadgainedindependencefromtheBri2shin1957,therewasaboominthearchitecture

worldtoportrayasuccessfuldemocracy.Henceon30July1957,theFederalExecu2veCouncilpropose

tobuildana2onalmosqueasasymbolofMalaysia'sindependence.

TheMasjidNegarainKualaLumpurisheavilyinfluencedbytheearlyModernisminMalaysian

architecture.Thearchitectswantedtoimitatethe"freeplan"designofLeCorbusier,theywerethefirst

toignorestrictsymmetryofearliertradi2onalMosque.Asformismoreexclusivethanfunc2onality,the

principalfunc2onsofamosquefollowstheinternalspaceandshape.Resultsina2levelgrandprayerhall

thataccommodate5000worshippers.Themostradicaldesignthatdefiesthetradi2onalmosquedesign,

istheumbrellashapedroofwhichactasasymbolicheadsofstatefortheMuslim.Itwasagenius

combina2onofMiddleEasternandMogularchitecturewhichinspiredthe360foldedplatestructure.

TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 3

SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS01


BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY

TheNa2onalMosqueisplacedinacategoryofthegovernmentadministra2onenclaveinKuala

Lumpur.

Eventhoughtheloca2onofthesiteisfarfromMuslimresiden2alareas,itisnearertomajor

landmarkssuchastheRailwaysta2on,MerdekaStadium,Na2onalStadium,Parliamentandother

governmentoffices.

Figure1:Loca2onplan


ItislocatedcrosswiseoppositeCentralRailwaySta2onon13acreoflow,flatland

alongSultanHishamuddinRoadattheEast,CenderasariRoadattheNorthand

LembahVenningRoadattheSouthboundary.

Figure2:Siteplan

SultanHishamuddinRoad

LembahVenningRoad

CenderasariRoad


Undergroundwalkwayisconnectedfromthemosquetotherailwaysta2on.

Publicfacili2eslikeschoolsandothermarkedbuildingssuchastheGeneralPost

OfficeHeadquartersandrecrea2onalplacesarelocatedthere.

Publicfacilities

NationalMosque

Residentialarea

Figure3:Siteplan


Thesiteofthemosqueisnotlimitedbycompoundwall

exceptfortheSouth-WestandNorth-Eastsidearea.

Thereisnopropergateway.

TwolowirongrillgateswerefoundattheSouth-Westand

North-Eastsideofthemosqueforpublicandmosque

authori2esthatdirecttoanopencarpark.

PeopleareabletoenterfromtheSouth-East,North-West

andNorth-Eastsideofthemosquefromanopen

courtyard,thatislocatedbesidethe3mainroads.

Visitorshadtopassthroughsomeoftheopencourtyards,

wheretheman-madepoolsandwaterfountainswillbe

foundthere,beforeenteringthebuilding.

Figure4:AccessandcompoundwallofNa2onalMosque


NationalMosque

Figure5:Locationofsurroundingbuildings


Relationship of Building to the Surroundings

NameofBuilding Dayabumi Na2onalMosque

Similari1es InspiredbyMoorish

Islamicbuildings,covered

withfretworkrefined

palernedwiththeeight

pointstarsoftheIslamic

mo2fsandpaintedwhite

toshowthepurityof

Islam.

Theseelementsarealso

foundintheNa2onal

Mosque.

Dayabumi


NameofBuilding SultanAbdulSamad

Building

Na2onalMosque

Similari1es Hasvariousstylesof

arches,horseshoearches

andpointarches

Hasvariousarchesfound

inthebuildingaswell.

Differences Hasnarrowveranda Haslargeandwide

veranda

Sultan Abdul Samad


NameofBuilding TheOldRailwaySta2on Na2onalMosque

Similari1es Mixtureofwesternand

Mughal(similartoMoorish

revivalarchitecture)

Na2onalMosqueandThe

OldRailwaySta2onshared

thesamearchitectural

style

The Old Railway Station


NameofBuilding TheIslamicArtMuseum Na2onalMosque

Similari1es Itisoneofthe

landmarksinKuala

Lumpur.

Islamicarchitecture

style.

Arabiccalligraphy

drawnoncolumns

andotherplaceson

thestructure.

Na2onalMosqueandThe

IslamicArtMuseumareof

thesameIslamic

architecturestyle.

The Islamic Art Museum


Respond to Climate

TheNa2onalMosqueisthebestexampleofthemixtureofamodernis2creinterpreta2onof

tradi2onalMalayArchitecturewithafoldedplatedomewithametaphorofaroyal

umbrella.


A

TheroofofthemainprayerhallismadeoffoldedconcreteplatethatrepresentstheMalayroyalcanopy.Thediameteroftheroofis61mandsupportedby16maincolumns.Theexternalpartoftheroofiscoveredwithlayersofgreenandbluetiles.Theinteriorpartoftheroofispaintedinplainwhitewithnodesignonitssurface.

B

Threesidesofthemainprayerhallissurroundedbyanopenverandaarea.RooJingstructureattheverandaareaismadeofconcreteslabthatiscoveredbyseriesofsmallconcretedomesthatareinbluetiles.Thesedomesareplacedatproperlayoff.

C

Underneaththefoldedplateroofthatcoversthemainprayerhallisaseriesofcolouredglasswindowtoallownaturallighttopassthrough.

D

AtthepeakofthefoldedplateroofisadecorativedesignthatresemblesthedomecentrepieceofSultanAhmetmosqueinIstanbul.


A

Fo lded p la tes o f theconcretemainroofweretoachieve the large spansrequired in the maingatheringhall.

B

Thepurposesoftheconcretegrillesareforprivacyfromthemainroad.Also,thesegrillesareforventilationandallownaturallightingtoentertheverandaarea.

C

Aserambi'orverandaspacewithlightcourtsandairwellstoprovideampledayligh2ngandpassivecoolingtothebuilding.Itwillblockoutdirectsunlightandprovidesshadeforprayersandkeepsthemosqueinacomfortabletemperature.


Thepoolsandfountainstherewerespreadthroughoutthecompoundasitcancooldown

thetemperatureofthesurrounding.

TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 17

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING

02


DRAWINGS

Floor Plan

Elevation


Thediagrambelowshowstheinteriordesignofthena2onalmosquewiththelegend.

Building Layout

LEGENDOFNATIONALMOSQUE(Groundand1stFloor)

1. MainPrayerHall

2. TheWomanPrayerHall

3. Library,imamsroom,Administra2onoffice

4. Verandah

5. ConferenceHall

6. Mausoleum

7. Rectangularpoolwherethemineratstands

8. Openwalkway


-Anuniquecontribu2ontotheideaofmosquearchitectureaswellasamonumenttothestrifefora

na2onalarchitectureiden2tywhichisthena2onalmosquethatislocatedinKL.

-ThedesignoftheNa2onalMosque,KualaLumpurisacombina2onofcontemporaryarchitectureand

theIslamictradi2onalarts.

-Themosqueiscompriseoftwofloors.Thefirstfloorconsistsofmainprayerhall,administra2veoffice,

library,royalantechamber,imamsroom,verandaharea,conferencehall,mausoleumandrectangular

pool.

PLAN TO SECTION ANALYSIS


CIRCULATION TO USE SPACE

Thediagramshowsthecircula2onofthena2onalmosque.Theboldpartismainlymorepeoplewillpass

byanditisalsoreactasthemainpathway.


Aswalkthroughthelinearpath,itwillpassbyamineratwhichlocatedattherectangular

poolbesidethepathway.

Linearpath:ThepaththatleadtotheWorriorstombislinear.


Passbyspacesistherela2onshipbetweenspacesandpathway.Theconfigura2onofthepath

fromentrancetoWarriorstombisflexible.Buttheloca2onofthespaceestablishesthat

path,whichistheWarriorstomb.Thepath-spacerela2onshipisusedtoapproachandenter

func2onallyorsymbolicallyimportantspaces.


MAUSOLEUM : WARRIORS TOMB

Themausoleumscontainstwotypesofarchitecturalelementswhichis:acircularplinthwhichprovide

shelterbutneedwallsandcolumntosupportit.

Mausoleumsarebuildingswhicharelarge,openandstatelyonewhereitisfortheshelterofthetombs.

Besidethat,thewell-wisherswhoofferprayersorvisitorswhocometovisitisprotectedbytheshelter.


Theopeningofthemausoleumswhichlookslikeatriangularshapethatfoldswhicharelargeenoughto

allowanuninterruptedviewfromoutsideandbutatthesame2meitallowbreezetoflowthroughthe

structure.Itgivesusthefeelingofbeinginsideofanoutsidespace.

Itwasbuiltin1965andthecombina2onofIslamicandModernistdesignprincipleswereusedinbuilding

WarriorsTomb,Na2onalMosque.Thecolour,textureandcoolnessofthemarbleandthewhitenessof

theroofaretoenhancethequalityofspaceandlightintheinteriorofthemausoleum.


ORGANIZATION SPACES

Balanceisachievedthroughthestructuralplanofthismosqueintermsofpropor2onandspa2al

sequences.Astheformofthisbuildingisbasicallyquitesimpleandbasicwhereitisalmostsymmetrical

toeachsiteoftheplanaswellastheeleva2on.

Thestructuralplanisasequenceshaped,hypostylemosque,meaningitisaflatroofsupportedby

columns.Asfortheeleva2ontheweightofeverybuildingisalmostthesamebecauseofthesizeandthe

height.

Symmetry and Balance


SymmetricalBalancethroughplan-theshapeofthetworoofshowsthebalanceofthebuilding.

SymmetricalBalancethrougheleva2on-thesizeandheightofthebuildingshowsthebalancebetween

eachbuilding.


Agridorganiza2onconsistsofformsandspaceswhoseposi2onsinspaceandrela2onship

withoneanotherareregulatedbyathree-dimensionalgridpalernorfield.The

arrangementofthepillarsinthatareaisperpendicularsetsofparallellinesthatestablisha

regularpalernofpointsattheirintersec2ons.

Grid Organization


Thena2onalmosquedoesntshowquitemuchofthehierarchybecausefromtheplanit

showbalancewhereasoneleva2on,eachbuildinghavetheirownspecificshapeandsizes.

Hierarchy

TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 29

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS

03


INTRODUCTIONtoNa2onalMosquearchitecturestyle

Architecturestyleisoneoftheimportantfactorswhichmakesthebuildingsosignificantandhistorically

notable.Elementsliketheuniquemethodtoconstruct,theforms,func2onofthebuilding,oreventhe

buildingmaterialscouldaffectthearchitecturestyleofthebuilding.

Firstofall,theideatobuildaNa2onalMosqueistocommemorateasasymbolofanewlyindependent

andunitedMalaysiaa`erMalaysiaindependentwhichis1957.TheNa2onalMosquewasconstructedin

1965anditwasdesignedbyateamofBri2shandMalaysianarchitectswhichcreatesacombina2onof

cusng-edgemodernistdesignandIslamicarchitecturecanbeeseeninthebuilding.ThiscausesNa2onal

Mosqueinfluencedbywesternstyle,anditconsistssomeofwesternfeaturesforexample,landscaped

gardens,fountains,poolsandadecoratedcourtyard.


Na2onalmosqueconsistsoftwomainstructurewhichisamainprayerhallandaMausoleum.

MainprayerhallMausoleum

Minaret

Ontheotherhand,the

minaretwasinspiredbythe

shapeofafoldedumbrellato

createacontrastbetween

them.

Fortheexteriorbrightbluefolded

platesofthemaindomeandit

representsanopenedumbrella,


Insidethemainprayerhallisavast

spacewithintricatelypalernedwalls,

colour-glasswindowsandelaborate

chandeliers.

AMausoleumoraceremonialareaisconnected

tothemainprayerhallwhichlandscapedwith

ornamentalpoolsandisusedforformal

ceremoniesandhousesthebodiesofkey

Malaysianpoli2calfigures.

Poolsandpathwaystogoinrepresentsamoat

andbridges.

Asaconclusionforthis,theformsofna2onalmosquefollowsthefunc2onneededandmostofthe

elementsorstyleareadaptedfromlocal,Islamicarchitecture,post-independencearchitectureandsome

westerninfluence.


TheRoyalUmbrella

Besidesthefoldedplatedomerepresentedan

umbrellatogetsridfromthehotandhumid

tropicalclimate,italsoresembleofaroyalumbrella

whichsignifyingtheimportanceofthebuildingasa

na2onalmonument.

TheRoyalUmbrella

ThearchitecturalexpressioninNa2onalmosqueisquite

unique,becauseitreflecttothesitecontextinMalaysiaand

someoftheformswasinspiredbythecultureorlocal

produc2on.Allthesereflectsamoderninterpreta2onof

tradi2onalMalayarchitectureandIslamicarchitecture.

LOCAL ADAPTATIONS OF MODERNISM


Thisprecastconcretepanelprovides

asenseofrhythm,scale,formand

texturetothefaade.

SkinofPineapple

Theprecastconcretepanellingpartwithnumerouswell

ornamentaldetailsofthebuildingthatenvelopethe18-storey

towerblockisthemostexpressive,andfunc2onalist.

Importantlyitisinspiredbyapineapplesskinfor

atheis2cpurposethatallownaturallightsto

penetrateinandatthesame2meprovidesan

openingforven2la2ontopreventthehotclimatein

Malaysia.

Toovercomelocalhotandhumidclimate

Thearchitectdesignedanextensivesetofserambior

verandahspacewithlightcourtsandairwellsinNa2onal

Mosquetoprovidesufficientdaylightandpassivecooling

tothebuildingwithlargefenestra2onforven2la2on.

Asitcanbeclearlyseenthatthewholemosqueare

surroundedbytheconcretepanelthroughfigureonthe

le`.

Local Adaptations of Modernism


Horse Shoe Arch

MosqueisaplaceforMuslimtoworshipGods,whichIslamicarchitectureisoneoftheessen2al

requirementstobeappliedinthatbuilding.

Bycomparingtotypicalmosque,mihrabisthemost

importantstructuretoownbyeachmosqueto

showstheuniquenessofamosque,butminbaris

notthatimportantasitcanbeappliedornottobe.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Figurele`showsthevaria2onofhorseshoearches,whichappliedin

thedesignofmihrabinNa2onalMosque.


Moreover,thetechnologyandthematerialsusedinNa2onalmosquemakesIslamaprogressiveand

dynamicreligionasitrespectthespiritoftheagein.Forexample,thetradi2onal2mbermosquesof

Malaysiawerebuiltaccordingtotheirspiritofthe2mesinrela2ontotheconstruc2onandstructural

technologyofthatperiod.

Reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinthe

construc2onofNa2onalMosquewhichshowsa

modernisminfluence.

Theornaments'palernsorformsappliedshows

thatNa2onalmosquecans2llportraymosque

architecturalexpressionwhichconcernstheidea

ofspiritofthe2mes.

Minaret

Besides,thereisanancillaryfeature

thatshouldbeinstalledineach

mosqueasatypicalrequirementsin

Islamicarchitecture,whichisthe

minaretormuezzin.Itfunc2onisto

giveacalltofountainorprayerfor

ambula2on.

21

Islamic Architecture


WESTERN AND MODERNIST INFLUENCES

TheNa2onalMosqueisoneofthewesterninfluencedmosquesinMalaysia.Thisisbecause,atthat

par2cular2me,themajorideaofhavingbuildingswithwestern-designedmosquesinMalaysiaare

derivedfromsultandesiresandthenobilitytoshowsgrandnessofBri2shculture.

Besides,Mosquesarebuiltduring18and19centuryfollowedtheGeorgianarchitecture,whichwas

widelyusedinEngland.Georgianarchitectureconsistssymmetricalbuildings,grandstructures,andmost

ofthemaredecoratedwithclassicalmo2fssuchascapitalisedcolumns,keyedarchesandpediments.

Ornamentedcolumns,pedimentsandarcheswithclassicalmo2fs


Symmetricalplanning

Influenced by Georgian Architecture


TajMahal(Indian,Mogularchitecture)

Moreover,incasetoachieveapala2aleffectinthebuildings,Bri2shcourtschoosetoenlargethespace

insidealthoughthespaceisbeyonditsfunc2onatthat2me.

BesidesGeorgianarchitecture,IndianorMogulstyleofarchitecturewerealsopreferredbytheBri2sh

administrators,aswellasofthegrowingIndianMuslimcommunityinMalaysiaduringthelate19thand

early20thcenturies.

Western and Modernist Influences


1 2

First floor Ground floor

FreeplanbyLeCorbusier

'Itreferstoanopenplanwith

nonload-bearingwallsdividing

interiorspace.

Construc2onoftheNa2onalMosque,in1965wasprobablythemostsignificanteventinthehistoryof

earlyModernisminMalaysiaarchitecture.Itwasthefirstbuildinghavingthedesignwhichisdifferent

fromthestrictsymmetrylayoutoftypicalmosques,anditalsocreateafreeplan'feelingthatinspiredby

LeCorbusier(1887-1965),thewell-knownFrencharchitect.

Thebuildingitselfcontainoftwofloors,thefirstfloorwithpilotedcolumnswhichsurroundedthemain

prayerhallanditispreservedlikeawideverandas.Itisdedicatedforprayersperformanceand

ceremoniesaswell.Hence,thegroundfloorhouse18publicfacili2es,suchastheadministra2onoffice

forcollec2onofzakat,aclinic,andclassroomsforreligiousinstruc2on.

POST-INDEPENDENCE MODERNIST

Byalachingtotheprincipleofformfollows

func2on'thatwidelyusedintheearly

Modernist,thespacesinsideNa2onal

Mosquearearrangedtoitsfunc2on

respec2vely.


Themostsignificantarchitecturalstyleof

Na2onalMosqueistheumbrellaroof.It

isa360degreefoldedplatestructure

whichcomesfromacrea2veconstruc2on

whichcreatesauniquecombina2onofthe

twomajorstyleofMalaysianmosque

architecture,modernismstyle(material)

andtradi2onalvernacularmosque(form).

Na2onalMosquewasasuccessmasterpiece,whichcorrespondtoaninterna2onaltrend,itsstructural

system(thealachmentofsymbolicmeaningstothestructureofabuilding)becamethepredominant

inspira2onforearlypost-independenceMalaysianmosques.

Post-Independence Modernism


COMPARISON TO A TYPICAL MOSQUE

Na1onalMosque,Malaysia BlueMosque,Istanbul

Mainprayerhall

Minaret

Domes

Ornaments

Elements (Arches)


Pulpit (Mimbar)

Other features

Heroes Mausoleum

Fountain

Large Courtyard

Landscape


Asaconclusionasacomparison,everymosquesconsistsofalargeprayerhallwhichcalleda

Sahn'whichisalargecourtyardtobeheldalargenumberofprayer.Moreover,thereisatower

calledminaret,itisoneofthemostobviousfeaturesinmosquearchitecture,whichatalltower

locatednearbyamosqueorevenalachedtogether.Besides,Qubba,domesofmosquescalled

inArabic,issymbolicrepresen2ngthevaultofaheaven.Itisasignificantfeaturetobeowned

foreverymosquebutitisnotaritualrequirementlikeminaret,thetowerforcallingothers

prayer.

TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 44

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS

04


TYPICAL MOSQUE CHARACTERISTICS

Concrete,bricks,steel,stone

andmarblearethematerials

thatfrequentlyusedinthe

construc2onofthecurrent

modernmosque.

Themodernmosquesusuallycomewith

Plants,palernedpavements,

gardenligh2ngs,waterfeatures

andsignagesarethepleasing

landscapefeaturesthatusually

incorporatewiththemodern

mosques.

Tallminarets,onion-shapedor

top-shapeddomes,andhigh

ceilingsarethetypicalelements

thatfoundinthemodern

mosque.

BlueMosque(SultanAhmedMosque)locatedatIstanbul


MalaysiaNa2onalMosquecomeswitha245feet

minaretandanumbrella-likeroofwhichrecognize

asanimpressiveexampleforexpressionism.

Themosquewasconstructedof

reinforcedconcreteinstalledwithItalian

marble.Themainprayerhallofthe

mosquecanaccommodatemorethan

3,000peopleforprayeratone2me

whilst.

Apartfromthat,thegalleriesroofedwithplen2ful

smalldomessurroundedthemainprayerhallcan

withstandaddi2onalof5,000people.

Meanwhile,theNa2onalMosqueinspiredbythemodernmosquebutendswithuniqueelementssuch

as

Na2onalMosquesketch


Before Construction AnInterna2onaldesigncompe22onwasheldbytheKualaLumpursTownshipArrangementand

thisproposalwasrejected.Then,theydecidedtoholdthecompe22onna2onallyandwasturned

downtoo.Thiswasbecausetheyfounditwasdifficultandcostly.

Finally,theyresolvedthisbygivingthisjobtothePublicWorksDepartmenttodesignthemosque.

ThePublicWorksDepartmentsarchitectscollected,analyzedandcomparedthefamousmosques

designs.Mr.BaharuddinbinAbuKassimandanothertwoarchitectswereassignedtodesignthe

mosque.Mr.BaharuddinhadvisitedandstudiedfamousmosquesfromPakistan,Iran,Turkey,

Spain,ArabandIndia.InJune1960,hisdesignwasacceptedbythemosquecommilee.

CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE


During ConstructionBeforetheystartedthisproject,theydemolishedthepreviousbuildingonsite.Then,the

levellingtheground,pilingworksandconstruc2onofwatersystemwerecarriedout.Thedesign

oftheNa2onalMosquewasknownforitsmodernismexpressionismarchitecture.

Thefoldedplatedomemetaphorizearoyalumbrellawhichisthetradi2onalMalayArchitecture

signifiedtheimportanceofthebuildingasana2onalmonument.Theconstruc2onmethodofthe

mosqueshowedtheadvancementinbuildingtechnologyandengineering.

The245feet(about75meter)highminaretwiththeumbrella-likeroofwastheexampleof

expressionisminNa2onalMosque.ReinforcedconcretecoveredwiththeItalianmarbleswere

alsoconstructedinthismosque.

After ConstructionThemainhallprayercanshelterover3,000peopleforprayerandthesurroundinggallerieswith

numeroussmallerdomescanaccommodate5,000morepeople.


ThestructuralsystemoftheNa2onalMosqueinKuala

Lumpurgenerallyisafusionofpostandbeamconcrete

structure.

Reinforcedconcreteisconcreteinwhichsteelisingrainedsothe

twomaterialsacttogetherinresis2ngforces.Towithstandthe

badweathercondi2onssuchasmonsooninMalaysia,the

reinforcedconcretewasappliedasitwasmoreforcefulthan

normalconcrete.

Post

Beam

Concrete

Steel

Structure

Post and Beam Concrete Structure

Reinforced Concrete


TheNa2onalMosquebuiltwiththereinforcedconcrete

foldedplateroofwhichwasaModerniststylepopular

duringthat2me.

Construc2onmethodsalsoincludedseverallevelsofcra`smanshipneededfor

eachmosque,coveringthebrand-newtechnicalknowledgebroughtinbyChinese

andIndianbuildersinconjunc2onwiththeBri2sh-educatedengineersand

architectsworkingwiththePublicWorksDepartment.

Theconstruc2onoftheroofalongtheverandawasbuiltinwaffleslabs.

Pansremoved

nearcolumns.

Waffleribs.

Finished

withblue

2les.

Waffle Slabs

Reinforced Concrete Folded Plate Roof


MATERIALS USED Exterior Facades

Thecoolnessandtextureofmarbleflooringandthewhitenessofconcreteroofof

theHeroesMausoleumembellishthequalityofthespacebyreflec2ngthelightin

theinteriorofthemausoleumthroughthewhitenessofthematerialsused.

InIslamicstudy,thecolourwhiteisconcordwithfuneralrites.

Heroes Mausoleum

TheHeroesMausoleumisapar2ally

outdoorspacelocatedatthewestof

Na2onalMosque.


Theconcretegeometricalgrilledpalernslocatedatthenorthandeast

sidesoftheexteriorfacade.Provideven2la2onwhichallowsthewind

topassthroughaswellasblockingthedirectsunlightduringthe

day2me.

Concrete Geometrical Grilled Patterns

Provideven2la2onwhichallows

thewindtopassthrough.

Blockingthedirectsunlightand

providesufficientdaylightintothe

building.


Plaincreamcolouredmarblesareinstalledonthenorth,southandeastwallsexceptfor

themihrabwall.Decora2veelementsarelimitedtothemainprayerhalloftheNa2onal

Mosque.Thus,alineofQuranicverseswrileningoldthatcomesacrossthewalls

func2onsasthedecora2veelementinaprudenceway.

Main Prayer Hall

MATERIALS USED Interior Facades

BandofgeometricalpalernsandQuranicversesrunacrossthemainprayerhall.


ThemainprayerhallinterlacedwiththeQuranicversesdesignedwithaband

ofgeometricpalernsmadefrombrown,greenandbluecolouredglaze

ceramic2leswithso`lightpenetratedfrombackground.

Main Prayer Hall

Quranicverses

Greencolouredglazedceramic2les

Bluecolouredglazedceramic2les

Browncolouredglazedceramic2les


Themainprayerhallissupportedby16mainconcretecolumnsandthese

columnsareelaboratedwithmuqarnasplasteratthetopandglazedceramic

2lesorganizedindiamondpalernatthebolom.

Main Prayer Hall

Muqarnasplaster

Glazedceramic2les

diamondpalernat

thebolom.


Theverandahcomeswithterrazzoflooringand154concretecolumns

furnishedwithunglazedblackmosaic2lesarebuilttosupportthebillowy

concreteroofatthesame2me.Thesecolumnsaccomplishedwithstripsof

anodizedgoldcolouredaluminiumatthetopandbase.

Verandah

TerrazzoFlooring

AnodizedGoldColouredAluminium

AnodizedGoldColouredAluminium

UnglazedBlackMosaicTiles


Thewallsonthethreefacadesofthemainprayerhallwereinstalledwithninealuminium

slidingdoorsanodizedwithgoldcolour.

Aluminium Sliding Doors

Aluminiumanodizedwithgoldcolour

givesagrandnessfeeling.


Pavillion

The48concretecolumnsofthepavilionbuiltattheeastsideofthemain

prayerhallarefurnishedwithunglazedwhite2lemosaic.Thesecolumns

areusedtowithstandtheparasolroofstructureoftheNa2onalMosque.

UnglazedGoldTileMosaic

UnglazedWhiteTileMosaic


SIMILARITIES WITH THE MODERN BUILDING

The Similari2es with the Modern Building in the West Based on the

construc2on of the Na2onalMosque,we can see some similari2eswith the

construc2onofoneofthemostwell-knownresidences inthewest,designed

byoneofthemodernmasters,FrankLloydWright.Thehousemen2onedisthe

FallingwaterinBearRun,Pennsylvania.

FallingWater,Pennsylvania Na2onalMosque,Malaysia

Falling Water


OneoftheSimilari2esisthatFallingwaterwasbuiltusingreinforcedconcrete.

Reinforced concrete is commonly used in themodern building as it was the

new technology at that period. Wright had also designed the house with

can2levered floors. This reflects back to the Na2onal Mosques can2levered

roofdesign.

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete was used as the beam and

suppor2ngstructureof theFallingWater.Wright

had also designed the house with can2levered

floors.

Na2onalMosquescan2leveredroofdesign.


Lastly,thethirdsimilaritywastheuseofwaffleslabs.Wrightusedwaffleslabs

intheconstruc2onofFallingwaterasitprovidedalighterands2fferslabwhich

reducedtheextentof founda2ons.Thisslabwasmadeofathintoppingslab

and narrow ribs spanning in both direc2ons between columnheads or band

beams.Thecolumnheadsorbandbeamsarethesamedepthastheribs.

Waffle Slabs

Theconstruc2onoftheroofalongtheverandawasbuiltinwaffleslabs.

Pansremoved

nearcolumns.

Waffleribs.

Wafflesslabtechnique

wasusedastheFalling

Watersbase.

TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 61

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

05


ROOF

Oneofthemostprominentfeaturesofthemosquewouldbethebrightblueroofthatholdsveryhigh

significance.Asothermosqueswouldhaveroundeddomeroofs,theNa2onalMosquefeaturesinsteada

foldedblueroof.Themosquewasdesignedwiththeinten2oninemphasisingMalaysiasadvancementin

buildingtechnologywithoutforgesngtheoriginsandincorpora2ngtheinfluencesoftradi2onalMalay

style.Indesigningtheroof,thearchitectwasinspiredbyhowroyalsarefrequentlyescortedbyumbrellas.

However,theuseofconcretemeantthatstraightlineswereneeded.Hefoundthatthepayungkertas

commontotradi2onalMalaysianculturehadstraightlines.Thefinaldesignissimilartoasemi-opened

umbrellawith16points.Thedesignnotonlycombinestradi2onalandmodern,itbecameaninteres2ng

wayincrea2ngalargerspanasitcoversthemainhall.


Theroofofamosquehavecomealongwayfromthefirstmosquewhichisarectangularbuildingmade

offourmudwallstogigan2csemicirculardomethatdominatesthewholebuildingwithitsiconicIslamic

design.Mostoftheoldergenera2onofMosquefoundinMalaysiaareinfluencedbytheMughalStyleand

NorthIndianStyleastheycarryadis2nguishableonionshapeddome.

When theMalayan soil gain its independence,modernismstarts to set intoMalaysiaarchitecture.The

Na2onal Mosque are heavily influenced by Modernis2c Expressionism which carries a metaphoric

messageinastructurallyexpressiveform.Confron2ngwithpreviousdomeshapemosquewhichsignifies

aperfectcirclethatmeansaperfecthaven,theNa2onalMosqueignoredthetradi2onalvernacularstyle

andfollowsthemetaphorofaroyalsymbolicicon,thegoldenpayungkertas.

Roof Analysis

Roof of the National Mosque Payung Kertas


Inperspec2ve,oneofthemostvisibleandeye-catchingfeatureofamosquewouldbetheminarets.It

canusuallybeseenfromfarandholdstheimportanceofbeingthepointinwhichacalltoprayeris

recitedasitresonatesthroughoutthesurroundingareas.Aminaretisalsousedasavisualmessageof

thepresenceofIslamthroughoutacitysskyline.AttheNa2onalMosque,theminaretstandsupto73-

metreshighandisbuiltnexttoalongpoolwherethereflec2onofthedominantminaretcanbeseen

fromthemainhall.Toppingoffthetallminaretisadesignthattakesa`ertheiconicroof,itresemblesa

closedumbrella.ThetopisveryunlikelyfoundinmostIslamicarchitecturethusmakingthetowering

minaretaveryiden2fiablelandmark.

MINARET


TheMinaretinIslamicreligiousarchitecturehavealwaysbeenabeacontothefaithfulprayers.The

minaretwasinfluencedbyformerGreekwatchtowers.ItwasbuilttobethelandmarkofIslam.

BeforetheNa2onalMosquewasbuilt,thepreviousminaretofancientmosquevariesfrompencil-slim

towerstofatsquaresha`stowers.Inconjunc2onwithdifferentsizesofminaret,theNa2onalMosque

wantedtobreakthetypicalnormandformtheuniqueoctagonalshapedminaret.

Minaret Analysis


WATER FEATURES

ThroughoutthecompoundoftheNa2onalMosquevariouswaterfeaturesaredistributed.Thewater

fountainsaredesignedtohaveanoctagonalbasewhichiscommoninIslamicArchitecture.


WaterhasalwaysbeenanimportantelementinIslamiclifeastheysaylivingthingsaremadeofwater.

WaterfeatureshaveplayedavitalroleinIslamicarchitectureassymbolizepurifica2ontolife.

Viewedinanarchitecturalperspec2ve,waterfeaturesfoundinmosqueareusuallyusedtotackletohot

climates.Thewaterfeaturesalsohelpstoprovideaspaceforworshipperstocleansetheirbodybefore

enteringthemosqueforprayers.ItalsoplaysapartintheIslamicarchitecturedecora2onasthewater

reflectstheNa2onalMosque'sfacadebyemphasizingthedetailsofthedecora2ons.

Water Features Analysis


MAIN HALL

ThemainhalliswheretheprayersaremostlyheldandfrequentlyoccupiedbyMuslims.UpholdingtheIn

the hall, an important feature in a mosques architecture; the mihrab. The mihrab is important in a

mosqueas it indicatesthedirec2onofprayer.Thus italsodeterminesthedirec2onandposi2onofthe

structuretoincreasethecapacityofpeoplewithinthespace.

Enclosedbythefoldedroof,themainhalloftheNa2onalMosqueisdecoratedwithbluestainedglass.As

naturallighthitsthestainedglassit is illuminatedshowingtheQuranicinscrip2onsmeanttoserveasa

passivereminderoftheteachingsinIslam.

The main hall is designed to have an open floor plan allowing an increase in spa2al capacity to

accommodatemasscrowdscominginduringprayer2mes.


COURTYARD

Afeaturethatcanbefoundinallcongrega2onalmosqueswouldbethecourtyard.Itisimportantthata

mosqueisabletoholdtheen2remalepopula2onofthetownespeciallytoalendforFridayprayers.The

Na2onalMosquecourtyardissemi-enclosedthuscanbeusedtoaccommodateupto15,000Muslims.

Thecourtyardisdesignedtoallowsunlighttopenetrateintothearea.Thecourtyardhasconcrete

parasolshelpbyuniformedpillars,gapsinbetweenarefilledwithglasstoonlyallowlighttoenterand

keepstheareadryfromrain.Thewallsaremadeofoctagonalshapesreflec2veofIslamicarchitecture,

thespacesinthepalernallowsforven2la2onaswindpassesthrough.Atmiddaythecourtyardbecomes

well-litasthelightisreflectedbythewhite2lescrea2ngapurevibeinthearea.


Themostbasicdesignforamosquearchitectureistobeabletoaccommodatealargeamountofprayers.

ThisspacesarecalledSahnandareinfluencedbythehouseofProphetMuhammadthatconsistofalarge

courtyard.

Asperceived,olderMosqueusuallyhavetheirSahnintheopenspace,buttheNa2onalMosquehadit

builtitinasemi-enclosedarea.Thiscanbeanalyzethattheclimateofanareaaffectsthespacesinthe

Mosque. As Malaysia is hot and humid, a semi-enclosed area provides a cool and dry area for the

worshipperstocarryouttheirprayers.

Courtyard Analysis

TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 71

Landscape

Roofingforlowthermalcapacitythat

givegoodshadingagainstsunlight

S2ltedstructureto

keepthebuildingcool

Maincomponentof

theBuilding

TheNa2onalMosqueisbuiltinrela2on

withatradi2onalMalayhouseandits

surroundinglandscape.

Landscape Analysis


Coldairentersthebuildingfrom

thes2ltstructureandcoolsthe

wholebuildingthroughconvec2on

Hotairescapesfromthe

upperpartofthebuilding

TheNa2onalMosquethatareinfluencedby

tradi2onalMalayhousehavecolumnsthatactas

s2ltstoallowcoolairtoenterfromthebolomof

themosque

Landscape Analysis


Columns

The48concreteparasol-likecolumnsinthemain

courtyardarefringedsidedbysideofthetwo

rectangularpools.Itwasarepresenta2veof

coconutstreesasthecolumnsandpondsasthe

poolsthathoversovermainprayerareaand

keepsitcool

haveasimilar

designofagrowing

coconuttree

Columns Analysis


Columnsthatarebuildinsidethegrandhallhave

awiderandthickersizetosupportahugeloadof

worshippersandtheheavyumbrella-shapedroof

widerandstumpier

insize

supportstheheavy

weightload

Columns Analysis


Theideaofhavingabunchofcolumnsinfrontof

theprayerhallistos2mulateaforestofcoconut

trees.Italsoprovidesprivacyasitblocksofthe

visibilityoftheprayerhallsmainentrance.

Columns Analysis


Facade

Asmostmosquearemodelleda`erIslamic

architecture,thefaadesaregenerallyin

symmetricaldesignwithclassicalmo2fssuchas8

pointedstarsandbasicpolygonshapes

Themosquewasscreenedby

complexgrillmetalframes,

paintedwithwhitepaints

DoorsfoundinNa2onalMosque

havetransparentfaadeto

allowtheflowofaircircula2on

withinthemosque

Whitefacadewallrunsacross

somepartoftheexterior

Mo2fsthatarecommonlyfoundinthefacadeof

Na2onalMosque

Facade Analysis


Windblowsinto

theNa2onalMosque

allowgoodair

ven2la2on

Faadewithmetalframesareplacealongthe

exteriorofthemosquetoactasawalltoallow

onlycoolwindtopassthroughandblocksofthe

hotsun,forallowingtheworshipperstocarryout

theirprayerinacoolatmosphere

Sunlightsarereflected

topreventitfromhea2ng

uptheinterior

Facade Analysis


Carpet

Thereisalsoavaria2on

inthecolourofthe

diamonddesigntoshow

thetopandbolompoint

BolomPoint

TopPoint

Thedesignofthecarpets

arebasedongeneralIslamic

mo2fs,whichinthiscase,

theyusediamond-likeshape

todecoratethecarpets

CarpetusedintheNa2onalMosquehavea

universalideawhichistoensurecleanlinessof

theplaceoftheprayerandcarpetshaveastrong

symbolicmeaningtoIslamicculture

Carpet Analysis


NorthWest

Na2onalMosque

Mecca

Palernoncarpet

showingthedirec2on

Theuseofgeometricalshapesaretohavea

sharppointthatpointsdirectlytowardsthe

Meccawithadefinitebolompoint.Givingahint

forworshipperstoknowwhichdirec2ontopray

to.

Carpet Analysis


Mausoleum

Grandhallroofdesign

Mausoleumroofdesign

themausoleumsfacetedroofechoesthegrand

hallsroofdesign.Itwastosignifythehonouring

forthesevenna2onalheroesbyshelteringthem

withagoldenpayung

Mausoleum Analysis


themausoleumissurroundedbyacircularpond

asacircleissymbolictoasafehavenforthe

na2onalheroestorestupon

Acircularplan

ofthemausoleum

Mausoleum Analysis


Comparingtothegrandhallthathavecomplex

designandblue2ling,themausoleumhavea

whiteconcretefinishingaswhitecolour

symbolisepureheartsofthena2onalheroes

GrandHallwith

blue2lefinishing

Mausoleumwith

whiteconcretefinishing

Mausoleum Analysis

Beforethisassignment,wehaveknownnotmuchofinforma2onaboutNa2onal

Mosque.Duringthewholeassignment,ourgrouphasdonequitealotof

researchaboutthecharacteris2csoftheNa2onalMosqueandtheNa2onal

Mosqueitself.ThedesignoftheNa2onalMosqueisquiteinteres2ngbecause

theyuseddifferenttypesofelementstoconstructit.Otherthandoing

researchesontheinternet,wewenttotheNa2onalMosquetoexperienceit

ourselves.Beforewewentintothemosque,wewereaskedtoweartheirclothes

fornotbeingtooexpose.

AswewentinsidetheNa2onalMosque,weexperiencethecircula2onandhow

thedesignreallylooklikeinsteadofseeingitintheinternet.TherewasaUstaz

whoexplainedmoredetailaboutthehistoryoftheNa2onalMosqueandthe

reasontheyconstructtheNa2onalMosque.A`erthesitevisitandthroughthe

explana2onofthatUstaz,welearntalotabouttheNa2onalMosqueandweare

abletoproceedtodividedtheworksandproducedareportabouttheNa2onal

Mosqueindetail.

CONCLUSION

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