MigrationStudying its effect on urban areas

“It includes any movement within the political boundaries of a nation which

results in a change of usual place of residence.

It may consist of the crossing of a village or town boundary as a minimum

condition for qualifying the movement as internal migration. Thus, the concept of

internal migration involves implicitly an imposition of boundary lines which must

be crossed before a movement is counted as internal migration. ”

Source: censusindia.gov.in

CENSUS DEFINITION OF ‘MIGRATION’

QUICK FACTS

• The Constitution of India (Article 19) gives the right to all citizens to “to move freely throughout the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India”.

• Internal migrants in India constitute a large population: 309 million internal migrants or 30 per cent of the population (Census of India 2001), and by more recent estimates 326 million or 28.5 per cent of the population (NSSO 2007–2008).

• Lead source states: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu.

• Key destination states: Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Karnataka.

• Migrants are mostly employed in the following subsectors: construction, domestic work, textile, brick-kilns, transportation, mines, quarries and agriculture (Deshingkar and Akter 2009).

• Migration in India is primarily of two types:

• i. Long-term migration, resulting in the relocation of an individual or household;

• ii. Short-term or seasonal/ circular migration, involving back and forth movement between a source and destination. Most short-term migrants belong to socioeconomically deprived groups, such as Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, having negligible educational attainment, limited assets and resource deficits

• Internal migration is of two types, viz., intra state migration and interstate migration.

• (i) Intra State Migration:

• This type of migration takes place between two parts of the same state.

• (ii) Inter State Migration:

• Volume of interstate migration, i.e., migration between two states is much smaller than the intra- state migration simply because of increase in distance. Most of the inter-state migration takes place along border between two neighbouring states.

SOURCE : WIKIPEDIA

SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

Causes of migration

Marriage is a very important social factor of migration.

Every girl has to migrate to her in-law’s place of residence after marriage. Thus, the entire female population of India has to migrate over short or long distance.

Among the people who shifted their residence, more than half (56.1%) moved due to marriage in 1991.

SOURCE : YOURARTICLELIBRARY.COM

• EMPLOYMENT

• People migrate in large number from rural to urban areas in search of employment. The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living there. Even the small-scale and cottage industries of the villages fail to provide employment to the entire rural folk. Contrary to this, urban areas provide vast scope for employment in industries, trade, transport and services.

• About 8.8 per cent of migrants migrated for employment in 1991.

SOURCE : YOURARTICLELIBRARY.COM

• EDUCATION:

• Lack of educational facilities also results in migration of rural people into urban livelihood

• People who aspire of getting higher education which may not be available in rural educational schools migrate to urban areas which have higher education facilities

• Afterwards, many of them settle down in the cities for earning a livelihood after completion of their education

SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

• LACK OF SECURITY:

• - Political disturbances and interethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes

• - Example of this type of migration in India can be seen in Jammu and Kashmir and Assam. Large number of people migrated out during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there.

• FORCED MIGRATION

• Residents of a particular area are rehabilitated due to unsafe living conditions.

SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

• GLORIFICATION OF ‘CITY’:

• Due to social media and advertising, the city is promoted as a beacon of hope and happiness.

• People are attracted to the ‘idea’ of living in a city.

• Also, the entertainment industry employs a large number of people. Thus, struggling artistes from all parts of the country rush to the entertainment capital of the country to fulfil their aspirations.

SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

• A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.

• - When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are ‘pushed’ out to the nearby or distant towns.

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• A pull factor is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place

• - Urban centres provide vast scope for employment in industries, transport, trade and other services. They also offer modem facilities of life. Thus, they act as ‘magnets’ for the migrant population and attract people from outside. In other words, cities pull people from other areas. This is known as “pull factor”.

SOURCE : ACADEMIA.EDU

Statistics

SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU

TABLE 11: NUMBER OF MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE – INDIA

2001

Category Migrations by Place of birth Percentage

A. Total Population 1,028,610,328

B. Total Migrations 314,541,350 30.6

B.1 Migrants within the state of enumeration

268,219,260 85.3

B.11 Migrants from within the districts

193,592,938 72.2

B.12 Migrants from other districts of the state

74,626,322 17.8

B.2 Migrants from other states in India

41,166,265 13.1

B.3 Migrants from other countries 5,155,423 1.6

SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU

Number of Migrants Percentage to Migrants

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

Total migrants 98,301,342 32,896,986 65,404,356 100.0 100.0 100.0

Reason for migration : Work / Employment

14,446,224 12,373,333 2,072,891 14.7 37.6 3.2

Business 1,136,372 950,245 186,127 1.2 2.9 0.3

Education 2,915,189 2,038,675 876,514 3.0 6.2 1.3

Marriage 43,100,911 679,852 42,421,059 43.8 2.1 64.9

Moved after birth 6,577,380 3,428,673 3,148,707 6.7 10.4 4.8

Moved with households 20,608,105 8,262,143 12,345,962 21.0 25.1 18.9

Other 9,517,161 5,164,065 4,353,096 9.7 15.7 6.7

SOURCE : CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_FOR_YOU

Type of

MigrationTotal Males Females

Rural to

Rural 28.40 18.02 36.71

Rural to

Urban 32.83 41.42 25.95

Urban to

Rural 7.17 6.67 7.58

Urban to

Urban 34.6 37.90 29.75

Percentage

of total

inter-state

migrants 100.00 44.48 55.52

• Out of about 98 million, total intra-state and inter-state migrants in the country during last decade, 61 million have moved to rural areas and 36 million to urban areas. Migration stream out of rural areas(73 million) to another rural areas was quite high (53million) in comparison to from rural to urban areas (20 million). About 6 million migrants went to rural areas from urban areas.

• On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, i.e., the difference between in – migration and out –migration, in each state, Maharastra stands at the top of the list with 2.3 million net migrants, followed by Delhi (1.7 million), Gujrat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million) as per census. Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state

SOURCE : PEOPLEMOV.IN

Stories from MumbaiTalking to the Humans of Bombay

SOURCE : FACEBOOK

SOURCE : FACEBOOK

SOURCE : FACEBOOK

Effects of Migration

India is experiencing unprecedented growth. An IBM analysis of social media sentiment around transportation in three major metropolitans – Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore –

illustrates how cities can use public opinion to set priorities for urban planning and prepare for future growth.

SOURCE OF IMAGE: TOI

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• Migrants from north Indian states of Mumbai who have been living in Mumbai since 1834(infochange.org) were forced to return to their home states due to political campaigns.

• Health and security: Migrants do not have access to proper housing and sanitation facilities, leading to poor quality of life

• There is no policy to ensure that the share of jobs that should be availed by the native labourers goes to them, thus leading to hostility among workforce.

• In an unregulated labourmarket, increase in supply leads to lowering of wages.

• The excessive inflow of people leads to increase in density per sq. km. This leads to growth of slums.

• Pressure on housing and amenities

• Brings about diversity in culture and lifestyles

• Immigrants are willing to do unskilled jobs

• Loss of the major chunk of the youth workforce

• Traditional occupations discontinued

• Unbalanced population structure, since men leave their families behind in search of work

• Elderly population remains, so higher death rate

• Reduces pressure on jobs and resources, income sent home

EFFECT ON MIGRANTS EFFECT ON DESTINATION EFFECT ON SOURCE

SOURCE : SELF ANALYSIS WRT BBC.CO.UK

UNICEF proposals for the upliftment of migrants• Develop a universal national minimum social security package covering minimum wages, displacement

allowance, medical facilities and protective clothing and labour standards

• Revise the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act (1979)

• Increase research on sector-wise contribution of migrants in different industries of the economy, including their contribution to GDP and domestic remittances

• Build capacity of panchayats to maintain a database of migrant workers (with details of numbers of migrants and recruitment by contractors) and establish vigilant committees United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to identify entry of new migrants at the local level.

• Increase financial and human resources in migration-prone areas.

• Ensure access to formal banking facilities for migrants to enable safe and secure transfer of remittances

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

• Later renamed as Mahatma Gandhi NREGA, it is an Indian labor law and social security measure, that aims to ensure livelihood security in rural areas by providing atleast 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

• It is implemented mainly by Gram Panchayats. Labourintensive tasks like creating infrastructure for water harvesting, drought relief and flood control are preferred.

• NREGA helps in protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity.

• However, amendments have been proposed in 2014, towards increasing the minimum wage to Rs. 300, ensuring employment to all card holders of a family and to involve the Gram Sabha in the implementation of this policy.

SOURCE : WIKIPEDIA

THANK YOU

RASIKA DONGARE 09JAYANT GYANCHANDANI NEHA MALANKARRITHIKA RAVISHANKAR 40