EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHEN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FROM EGG TO ADULT EMERGENCE - Imran Ali Rajput

1212

AMERICAN RESEARCH THOUGHTS ISSN: 2392 – 876X Available online at: www.researchthoughts.us

http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1399079

Volume 1 │ Issue 6 │ April 2015

Impact Factor: 2.0178 (UIF)

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA

CARNEA (STEPHEN) WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE FROM EGG TO ADULT EMERGENCE

Imran Ali Rajput1, Abdul Qadir Baloch1, Tarique Ahmed Khuhro1, Ghulam

Nabi Sehto2, Khalid Hussain Qureshi3, Muhammad Shahid Yousufzai1

1Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam- Pakistan

2Department of Plant Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam- Pakistan

3Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam- Pakistan

Abstract: Experiment on effect of different photo periods on the development of Chrysoperla carnea

(Stephen) with special reference to egg to adult emergence were carried at Agriculture Research

Institute, Tandojam. The Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were obtained

from Biological control laboratory reared under constant temperature 26± 2 oC with relative humidity

65-70%. Photoperiod significantly affected the development from egg to adult (Table 1). In complete

darkness (L: 0 D: 24), resulted in minimum hatching, larval survival (No. of pupae) and hatching

time, larval period and pupal period was longer significantly as compared to other treatments.

Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24, D: 0) resulted in maximum hatching, larval

survival (No. of pupae) and adult emergence (table 1). The hatching time, larval and pupal duration

were significantly shortened. Sex ratios were also female biased when full light hours were provided

for development. The finding of this study it is concluded that Developmental period of C. carnea from

egg to adult was shorter at 24:0 because mass rearing predator C. carnea in laboratory required

shorter time to complete life duration, and we will get more number of biocontrol agents for release in

field.

Key Words: Photo period, Chrysoperala carnea, development, eggs, adult.

Imran Ali Rajput, Abdul Qadir Baloch, Tarique Ahmed Khuhro, Ghulam Nabi Sehto, Khalid Hussain Qureshi,

Muhammad Shahid Yousufzai- EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF

CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHEN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FROM EGG TO ADULT EMERGENCE

1213 AMERICAN RESEARCH THOUGHTS- Volume 1 │ Issue 6 │2015

INTRODUCTION

Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) commonly known as “aphid lion” is

predominately important and widely distributed in Pakistan (Afzal and Khan, 1978). It

is considered a prominent general predator that feeds on a variety of insect pests of

field crops, vegetables and fruit orchards. Because of its voracious feeding on soft

bodied insects e.g., aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers, mealy bugs, white flies, thrips,

insect eggs, spiders and mites, it is considered as an important component of IPM

program (Rashid et al., 2012). The green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) is a

cosmopolitan polyphagous predator, commonly found in agricultural systems. It has

been recorded as an effective generalist predator of aphids, coccids, mites and mealy

bugs etc. (Yuksel and Goemen, 1992; Singh and Manoj, 2000; Zaki and Gesraha, 2001).

Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Common Green Lacewing. These green

lacewings are common in much of North America. Adults feed only on nectar, pollen,

and aphid honeydew, but their larvae are active predators. C. carnea occurs in a wide

range of habitats in northeastern, Midwestern and western U.S. (Anthony Shelton Ph, D

Professor of Entomology Cornell University). Pupal mortality was significantly lower at

16: 8 and 12: 12 h. the reproductive decreased significantly with increasing day length.

However fecundity, and fertility was significantly higher at 16:8 and 12:12 h ((P<0.0001).

the sex ratio was male –biased with no significant between photoperiod. The

significance of these results in the understanding of foraging behavior and mass rearing

is discussed (Yadav et al., 2008). The long larval duration was at long photoperiod 14/10

h. L/D). To the contrary, the highest numbers of consumed prey by C. carnea was

achieved under short day (10/14 h. L/D) (Koch El-Saeady et al., 2011).

In practice, diverse populations of C. carnea can be efficiently mass-produced

(with or without storage) under uniform conditions in the insectary. Thus, the choice of

which populations to mass-produce and use in augmentation can be based primarily on

the characteristics (e.g., climate, habitat and crop) of the intended area of release, rather

than on considerations concerning mass-rearing (Chang et al., 2000). The present study

on effect of different photoperiods on the biology of Chrysoperla carnea will help in to

provide required light for mass rearing of Chrysoperla carnea that is directly effect on

fecundity, fertility and adult longevity of C. carnea.





MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were obtained from

Biological control laboratory reared under constant temperature 26±2 oC with relative

humidity 65-70% at Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam. Fresh eggs, newly

hatched larvae, Fresh pupae and newly emerged adults were used in the experiments.

The experiment were carried out with the help of constant temperature 26± 2 oC

maintained in incubators and under four photoperiods light/Dark hours (8/16, 10/14,

24/0 and 0/24) separately as per requirement within incubators in the laboratory.

EGGS

To study eggs of C. carnea fresh eggs were transferred with the help of soft and moist

camel hair brush, in muslin black cloth about 20 in number Factitious host Sitotroga

cerealella sprinkled inside the cloth as prey (food), these eggs were kept under

incubators at constant temperatures (26± 2oC) and under four photoperiods light/Dark

hours (8/16, 10/14, 24/0 and 0/24). To maintain humidity under the incubators soaked

cotton placed in petridishes. The observation was made on following parameters;

hatching, hatching time (incubation period), larval period, larval survival, pupal

survival (Adult emergence) and Sex ratio. Experiment was adequately replicated and

data were evaluated Statistical analyses were conducted by using Statistix® Version 8.1,

Analytical Software, Inc., Tallahassee, FL, USA.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Photoperiod significantly affected the development from egg to adult (Table 1). In

complete darkness (L: 0 D: 24), resulted in minimum hatching, larval survival (No. of

pupae).and hatching time, larval period and pupal period was longer significantly as

compared to other treatments. Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24,

D: 0) resulted in maximum hatching, larval survival (No. of pupae) and adult

emergence (table 1). Also, the hatching time, larval and pupal duration were

significantly shortened. Sex ratios were also female biased when full light hours were

provided for development (Table 1).





Table 1: Mean±SE of Influence the photoperiods on the eggs of Chrysoperla carnea.

Fujiwara and M Nomura (1999) the effects of photoperiod and temperature on the

developmental period of the larval stages of Chrysoperla carnea were studied under

laboratory conditions. Developmental zero was 10.2 degrees C and the thermal constant

for the developmental period of one generation was 414 degree-days. The

developmental period at 27.5 degrees C was longer than at 25 degrees C. On the other

hand, the developmental period of pre-imaginal stages depended on photoperiod. The

durations of the pre-imaginal stages were longer under 16L-8D, 13.5L-10.5D and 10L-

14D than fewer than 14L-10D and 13L-11D. These results indicate that the pre-imaginal

stages are sensitive to both short and long days. It is assumed that this dependence on

photoperiod is useful for over wintering adults emerging in the autumn, Yadav and

Wang (2008). Also find the conformed these results on Tasmanian lace wing, Micromus

tasmaniae (Walker), is an important predator of many aphid species. This study

investigated the effect of four photoperiods on predation, development and oviposition

of M. tasmaniae in the laboratory at 21±1 OC and 60% relative humidity. Results

indicated that no individual entered diapauses at either immature or adults stage. At

each period, late instar larvae consumed significantly more aphids than early instar

larvae (P<0.0001). Developmental period of M. tasmaniae from egg to adult was

significantly shorter at 24:0 and 16: 8 h (light: Dark) than at 12:12 and 0:24 h (P<0.0001).

Pupal mortality was significantly lower at 16: 8 and 12: 12 h. the reproductive decreased

significantly with increasing day length. However fecundity, and fertility was

significantly higher at 16:8 and 12:12 h ((P<0.0001). the sex ratio was male –biased with

no significant between photoperiod. The significance of these results in the

Photo

periods

(L/ D)

Hatching

(No. of

eggs)

Hatch

time

(days)

Larval

period

(days)

No. of

pupae

(Mean

+SE)

Pupal

period

(days)

Adult

emergence

Sex ratio

Male Female

8:16 14.2±0.47bc 4.7±0.25b 8.0±0.40b 10.5±0.28c 5.5±0.28b 8.5±0.64 bc 3.2.±0.75b 5..2±0.47bc

10: 14 16.2±0.47ab 4.0±0.00bc 7.0±0.40bc 13.7±0.47b 4.5±0.28c 10.0±0.40b 3.5±0.28ab 6.7±0.75b

24: 0 18.2 ±0.85 a 3.0± 0.00 c 6.0±0.00c 16.0±0.70a 3.5 ±0.28d 14.5±0.64a 5.0±0.40a 9.5±0.64a

0: 24 11.5 ±1.70 c 6.5 ± 0.64a 13.0±0.40a 7.0 ±0.91d 10.2±0.25a 7.5±0.64c 3.0±0.40b 4.5 ±0.28c





understanding of foraging behavior and mass rearing is discussed Koch El-Saeady et

al., (2011), further confirmed these results that iwo experiments were carried out to

evaluate the effect of three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30oC) and the influence of

three photoperiods (14/10, 12/12 and 10/14 h. L/D) on the larval, pupal duration period

and predation capacity of Chrysoperla carnea reared on Aphis craccivora. In the 1st

experiment obtained results showed that increasing of temperature resulted in

decreasing in both larval and pupal duration’s period and reducing in the total

numbers of consumed preys (A. carccivora). Results obtained in the 2nd experiment

proved that the long larval duration was at long photoperiod 14/10 h. L/D). To the

contrary, the highest numbers of consumed prey by C. carnea was achieved under short

day (10/14 h. L/D).

CONCLUSION

The finding of this study it is concluded that Developmental period of Chrysoperla

carnea from egg to adult was shorter at 24:0 because mass rearing predator C. carnea in

laboratory required shorter time to complete life duration, and we will get more

number of biocontrol agents for release in field.

REFERENCES

1. Anthony Shelton (Biological control. A Guide to natural Enemies in North

America, Ph, D, Professor of Entomology Cornell University).

2. Afzal, M. and M.R. Khan, 1978. Life history and feeding behavior of green

lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Pakistan J.

Zool., 10:98-90.

3. Fujiwara, M Nomura, (1999). Effects of photoperiod and temperature on larval

development of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology Volume: 43, Issue: 4,

Pages: 175-179.

4. Chang Yin-Fu, Maurice J. Tauber, Catherine A. Tauber and Jan P. Nyrop (2000)

Interpopulation variation in Chrysoperla carnea reproduction: implications for

mass-rearing and storage Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 95 (3), 293-

302.





5. Koch El-Saeady, A. A.; I. L. Ibrahim; S. A. Hammad and S. S. Abd El Fattah, (

2011) Effect of different constant Temperature and Photoperiods on some

Biological aspects of Chrysoperla Carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

reared on Cowpea Aphid, Aphis Craccivora. J. Plant Prot. and Patho; Mansoura

Univ; Vol. 2 (11): 973-979.

6. Rashid, M. M., Khattak. M. K. Abdullah, k. Amir, M. Tariq and M. Nawaz. 2012.

Feeding potential of chrysoperla carnea and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on

cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 22: 639-643.

7. Singh, N. N. and K. Manoj 2000. Potentiality of Chrysoperla carnea in

suppression of mustard aphid population. Ind. J. Ent., 62: 323-326.

8. Yadav, X. Z, H. E. and Q. Wang (2008). Effect of photoperiod on development

and reproduction in Tasmanian lace wing, Micromus tasmaniae (Walker)

(Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). New eland Plant Protection 61:338-342. (2008).

9. Yuksel, S. and H. Goemen. 1992. The effectiveness of Chrysoperla cranea

(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) as a predator on cotton aphid, Aphis

gossypii (Glov.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Proc. Second Turkish Nat. Congr. Ent.,

pp. 209-216.

10. Zaki, F. N. and M. A. Gesraha. 2001. Production of the green lacewing,

Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) reared on semi-artificial

diet based on algae, Chlorella vulgaris. J. appl. Ent., 125: 97-98.

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHEN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FROM EGG TO ADULT EMERGENCE - Imran Ali Rajput