View
56
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Manoj Patel Assistant Professor
Jhunjhunwala Business School
Data Collection {Tools, Techniques, Methods}
What is DATA?
Information
Statistics
Figures
Numbers
Facts Records
What does web say about data??
a collection of facts from which conclusions may be
drawn; "statistical data”
(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn)
The term data means groups of information that
represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of
a variable or set of variables(en.wikipedia.org/wiki)
information; A collection of object-units that are
distinct from one another. (en.wiktionary.org/wiki/data)
Data is Information that has been organised and
categorised for a pre-determined purpose.
(news.miuegypt.edu.eg/index.php)
What does web say about data??
In computer science, data is anything in a form suitable for use with a computer. Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a set of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. In this sense, data is thus everything that is not program code. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing))
are the smallest units of measure. The word is technically the plural of datum but often used as a singular. Data are the components of information. They may be the 1's and 0's of computer memory, names and addresses in a demographic file, or the raw facts and figures before interpretation. (home.earthlink.net/~ddstuhlman/defin1.htm)
Types of Data
PRIMARY
Collected by researcher first hand
Demands efforts and resources
Depends upon the researcher’s ability and clarity of purpose
SECONDARY
Collected by someone else but used by researcher second hand
Cheaper and quicker
Needs lesser resources
Have to ascertain accuracy of content/time/sources/ purpose/methods/ adequacy/ credibility
Various sources/forms
Data Collection…steps
Construction of tools for data collection
Decision about techniques of data collection
Testing the tool/technique by Pilot study or Pre-testing of tool/technique
Finalization of tool/technique
Ascertaining reliability and validity of tools/techniques to be used for data collection
Actual collection of data
Data collection tools & techniques
TOOLS Questionnaire
Interview schedule
Observation schedule
Scales
Tests
Inventory, Checklist, Opinionnaire
Sociogram/Sociometry
TEHNIQUES Questioning: Written,
Oral
Interviewing: Face to face, Telephonic, Electronic/Net, Group, Video
Observation
Projective Techniques
Panel Methods (Diary, Checklist, Logs etc.)
Factors influencing decision about data collection Tool/Technique/Method
Scale and magnitude of the study
Characteristics of the respondents
Unit of inquiry and analysis
Availability of resources: Money, Time, Human, Technical, Competence
Field Conditions
Subject under study
Expected outcome
Degree of precision/reliability required
Decisions about data collection Method
Settings: Natural – Contrived/Artificial
Inquiry: Obstructive/Undisguised – Unobstructive/Disguised
Nature: Qualitative – Quantitative
Structure:
Structured – Semi structured – Unstructured
Questions: Open ended – Closed ended
Administration: Human – Mechanical
Analysis: Pre coded – Not coded
Data comes through….
Tools & Techniques
METHOD
Procedure
Framing of Questions…
Length of a question/tool
Language, Sequence, Style
Objective of asking (measuring what?)
Structural issues: Embarrassing/personalisation, Leading/Directive, Assumptions/presumptions, Hypothetical/ambiguous, median replies, Loaded/ Inbuilt coercion-forced, Double barreled, Double negatives
When you collect Data…YOU must-
Record time (time of the day/date/ month/year) when you collected it
Total time (number of days/months/ years) it took to collect it along with field note for each response
Procedure you followed to collect it Average time per respondent/unit Experiences you had collecting it
Right Question…?!
United Nations conducted a Worldwide survey. The question asked was:
"Would you please give your honest opinion about
solutions to the food shortage in the rest of the world?"
The survey was a huge failure.
Africa didn't know what 'food' meant, India didn't know what 'honest' meant, Europe didn't know what 'shortage' meant, China didn't know what 'opinion' meant, the Middle East didn't know what 'solution' meant, South America didn't know what 'please' meant, And in the USA they didn't know what 'the rest of the world' meant !!
Good DATA depends upon…
Clarity of purpose/objectives of the study Appropriateness of tool/technique Sharpness of the tool and abilities of
investigator/researcher in using the techniques
Cooperation/rapport with the respondents
Decisions about utilization at analysis stage