Cluster 02

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Lorna Wildgaard Royal School of Library and Information Science

Birger LarsenDepartment of Communication, AAU-CPH

(Scaling analysis) of author-level bibliometric indicators.



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Dias 202/05/23



PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION

Quantifiable and objective alternative to other metrics when evaluating faculty members for academic advancement.

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WHAT IS A RESEARCHER?

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MOTIVATION

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DATA

2154 scholars identified in online questionnaire.

793 working links to online CVs identified in

sampling strategy across 4 disciplines and 5

seniorities

Astronomy n203:

PhD n15Post Doc n49Assis Prof n27Assoc Prof n72Prof n40

Environment n203:


Philosophy n250:


Public Health n137:


Data collection start date: 13th June 2013.

Publication data of 750 researchers included. Data collection completed: July 10th 2013

Astronomy n203:


Environment n203:


Philosophy n250:


Public Health n137:


CVs and publication data of 793 scholars collected from Google Scholar, via Publish or Perish.

Excluded n43:Dead links n12Not included discipline: n15Duplicates: n1No publication list: n13No identifiable seniority: n1Impossible to find in POP: n1

IDENTIFICATION OF INDICATORS

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SUBJECTIVE GROUPING OF 54 INDICATORS

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"A review of the characteristics of 108 author-level bibliometric indicators", Scientometrics, DOI: 10.1007/s11192-014-1423-3

METHOD 1: IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL INDICATORS

Discipline Index Calculation nCorr.

Astronomy Hg The square root of (h multiplied by g). 25

Environ. Sci. H, H2

Publications are ranked in descending order after number of citations. H is where number of citations and rank is the same. H2 is where the square of the number of papers is equal to the number of citations.

26

Philosophy IQP

IQP= expected average performance of scholar in the field, amount of papers that are cited more frequently than average and how much more than average they are cited (Tc>a)

28

Pub. Health G

Publications are ranked in descending order after number of citations. G is where the the square root of the cumulative sum of citations is equal to the rank

23

MDS SCALING: SIMILARITY/DISSIMILARITY OF INDICES

ASTRO Enviro. Sci

25%

47% 38 %

24%

ENVIRO

PHIL PUB. HEALTH

EXPLORATIVE FACTOR ANALYSIS

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Discipline Publication & recognition

Normalized for field or time

Miscellaneas

Astronomy 57.3 % (0.78) 11.8 (0.49) 8.3 (-0.028)

Environ. Sci 57.2% (0.77) 6.2 (0.04) 10.4 (0.89)

Philosophy 53.6 (0.82) 7.0 (0.50) 10.4 (0.03)

Public Health 56.2 (0.77) 6.6 (0.00) 12.1 (0.59)

24-32 indicators in dimension 1 4-9 indicators in dimension 2 3-15 in dimension 3



REASSESSING THE METHOD

Purpose: Quantifiable and objective alternative to other metrics when evaluating faculty members for academic advancement.

What we have learnt so far:1. Publication and citation data is highly skewed2. Transforming the variables with log, inverse, sqrt did not

improve the normality assumption of the data or improve the MDS or the Factor Analysis,

3. Recoding the variables into categorical groups resulted in lack of detail and still not significant results (a lot of work, inconclusive results

So we returned to non-parametric and descriptive analyses of the data – simple seems to be more informative when we have skewed data that builds on publications and citations.

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DIFFERENCE IN MEDIAN PUBLICATIONS BETWEEN SENIORITIES

PublicationsMedian

Post Doc-PhD

Assis Prof – Post Doc

Assoc. Prof – Assis Prof

Prof.-Assoc Prof

Mean difference

Astronomy 12.5 20 22 28.5 20.7Environment 5 9 11 22.5 11.8Philosophy 3 2.5 0.5 11 4.25Public Health 5 11 21 33 17.5

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DIFFERENCE IN MEDIAN CITATIONS BETWEEN SENIORITIES

CitationsMedian

Post Doc-PhD

Assis Prof – Post Doc

Assoc. Prof – Assis Prof

Prof.-Assoc Prof

Mean difference

Astronomy 51.1 500.5 512 675 434.7Environment 7 107 178 109 100.2Philosophy 7.5 -1.5 1.5 21 7.1Public Health 20.5 86.5 351 436 223.5



P & C INCREASE WITH SENIORITY. DO OTHER INDICATORS?

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DISCIPLINE OUTPUT EFFECT OF OUTPUT

IMPACT OVER TIME

QUALIFY IMPACT TO FIELD

RANK PORTFOLIO

Astronomy PC, sc, nnc, Sig, Csc, Fc,

Cage, AWCR, AWCRpa, AW, AR

Sum pp top ncits, IQP, NprodP

Millers H, h, A, R, g, hg, e, Q2, POPh

Enviro. Sci. P, FpC, CPP, Sc, FracCPP, nnc, Sig, Csc, Fc

Cage, AWCR, AWCRpa, AW, AR

Mcs, sum pp top ncits, mean mjs mcs, max mjs mcs, IQP, NprodP

Millers h, h, m, A, R, g, hg, e, Q2, H2, POPh

Philosophy P, Fp C, Sc, nnc, Sig, Csc, Fc Cage, AR NprodP m,A,R,g,e,

H2

Pub. Health P, Fp C, Sc, nnc, Sig, Csc, Fc

AWCR, AWCRpa, AW, AR

Mcs, Sum pp rop ncits, Sum pp top prop, NprodP

Millers h, m, A, R, g, hg, e, Q2, H2, PopH



ARE PUBLICATION & CITATION COUNT EFFECTED BY GENDER?

nMales nFemales Md P, male

Md P, female

Md C, male

Md C, female

Astronomy 162 30 48 39 881 518Environ. Sci 160 35 29 18 321 135Philosophy 179 43 9 8 12 8

Pub. Health 79 53 31 29 311 353

Dias 1502/05/23

Environmental Science: Significant difference in the amount of publications produced by male and female researchers, U=2036, z=-2.525, p=0.012, r=0.18. Significant difference in the amount of citations male and female researchers receive, U=2056, z=-2.460, p=0.014, r=0.176



ARE PUBLICATION & CITATION COUNT EFFECTED BY ORIGIN?

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ARE PUBLICATION & CITATION COUNT EFFECTED BY ACADEMIC AGE OR SENIORITY?

Purpose: How well do seniority and academic age predict number of publications? How much of the variance in publication scores can be explained by scores on these two scales?

Method: Multiple Regression

Results (ALL FIELDS):The model which controls for seniority and academic age explains between 22-36.2% of the variance in publications (A=36%, E=36%, P=30%, PH=22%) and 1-22% of the variance in citations, (A=18%, E= 19%, P=0,9%, PH=22%.

Conclusions:Academic Age makes the largest unique contribution as a predictor of publications or citations, Seniority makes very little contribution .

Dias 1702/05/23



Purpose:Controlling for the effect of gender and origin, is our set of variables (academic age and seniority) still able to predict a significant amount of the variance in publication count?

Method: Hierarchical Regression (ATT: high correlated data, assumptions of normality violated)

Results (All Disciplines):Only Academic age and seniority made a statistically significant contribution to the model. With academic age recording a higher beta value (.30-.46) than seniority (.18-.25) in each discipline.

Dias 1802/05/23

ARE PUBLICATION & CITATION COUNT EFFECTED BY ACADEMIC AGE OR SENIORITY WHEN CONTROLLING FOR GENDER AND ORIGIN?



FINDINGS: RECOMENDING PUBLICATION AND CITATION INDICATORS

CONCLUSIONS (SO FAR)

1. Indicator values are effected to varying degrees, dependent on discipline, by gender, origin, seniority and academic age (database & version).

2. Academic age is dependent on how it is calculated. Here is highly dependent on database coverage. Seniority is more understandable. But does it make sense?

3. Don’t have to wrap data in algorithims. More informative to summarize patterns between indicators.

4. It is important to report the database and which version of the database was used to collect the data.



CONCLUSIONS (SO FAR)

5.Variance in amount of publications between scholars differs from discipline to discipline. Clear difference in amount of publications and citations.

6.The indicators are estimates. Report confidence intervals and range to contextualize the values.

7.Strong correlation between indicators. Central and isolated indicators need further investigation allowing for confounders.

8.No one indicator can stand alone. Work continues to identify indicators suitable for discipline and seniority.



THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Q. When does adjusting the data to fit the model become cherry picking?

Data & Analytics

Cluster 02