Ariadne: Final Report on Project Impact

D2.5 Final Report on Project Impact

Authors: Guntram Geser (SRFG) Hella Hollander (KNAW-DANS)

Ariadne is funded by the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme.

Theviewsandopinionsexpressedinthisreportarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheEuropeanCommission.

ARIADNE–Deliverable2.5:FinalReportonProjectImpactJanuary2017AboutthisdocumentThisdocument isthe“FinalReportonProject Impact”, acontractual deliverable (D2.5)oftheprojectARIADNE -Advanced Research InfrastructureforArchaeologicalDataset Networking inEurope. TheresearchleadingtotheseresultshasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanCommunity’sSeventhFrameworkProgramme(FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1)undergrantagreementn°313193.

Version:1.0(final) January2017

MainAuthor: GuntramGeser(SRFG)

Thematiccontributions HellaHollander(KNAW-DANS),dataarchivestheme

ContributingPartners Allotherprojectpartners

Qualityreview: FrancoNiccolucciandPaolaRonzino(PIN)

ARIADNE–Deliverable2.5:FinalReportonProjectImpact January2017

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Tableofcontent1 Executivesummary....................................................................................................................7

2 Evaluationsummaryreport......................................................................................................11

2.1 ARIADNEobjectives..................................................................................................................11

2.2 Evaluationframework..............................................................................................................11

2.3 Threeviewsofprojectachievements......................................................................................12

2.3.1 TheARIADNEfootprint................................................................................................................122.3.2 High-levelrecognition..................................................................................................................14

2.3.3 ARIADNEachievementsperceivedbyresearchersandinstitutions............................................15

2.4 ARIADNEimpactindicatorsandresults....................................................................................17

2.4.1 Communitybuildingforinnovationthroughe-infrastructure.....................................................172.4.2 Promotionofawareness&goodpractices..................................................................................21

2.4.3 TNAstudyvisitsandothertraining.............................................................................................232.4.4 Onlineaccesstodataresourcesandservices..............................................................................25

2.4.5 Datainteroperabilityandunifiedaccess.....................................................................................272.4.6 Progressindatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation......................................30

2.4.7 E-researchframeworksanddemonstrators................................................................................35

2.5 FP7RIprogrammeimpactindicatorsandresults....................................................................37

2.5.1 StructuringimpactontheEuropeanResearchEra(ERA)............................................................37

2.5.2 Coordinatedevolutionofresearche-infrastructures..................................................................372.5.3 Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs.......................................38

2.5.4 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisation......................................................................................................392.5.5 Sharingofknowledge&technologies.........................................................................................40

2.5.6 Potentialforindustrialinnovation...............................................................................................41

2.6 Overallresults,conclusionsandrecommendations.................................................................43

3 Frameworkoftheimpactevaluation........................................................................................47

3.1 Generalframework..................................................................................................................47

3.2 ARIADNEasanIntegratingActivity..........................................................................................47

3.3 ARIADNEasane-infrastructureinitiative................................................................................48

3.4 Impactevaluationtask,focusandhorizon...............................................................................51

3.5 Impactindicators......................................................................................................................53

3.5.1 ARIADNEimpactindicators..........................................................................................................543.5.2 Programmeimpactindicators.....................................................................................................55

3.5.3 Mappedimpactindicators/results..............................................................................................56

4 ARIADNEimpactindicatorsandresults.....................................................................................59

4.1 Communitybuildingforinnovation.........................................................................................59

4.1.1 Briefdescription..........................................................................................................................59

4.1.2 InvolvementofinstitutionsandprojectsinEurope....................................................................604.1.3 InvolvementofinstitutionsoutsideEuropeandinternationalinitiatives...................................68

4.1.4 Participationofend-usersinprojectactivities............................................................................704.1.5 Innovationagenda&actionplanandsustainabilityplan............................................................72

4.1.6 Summaryofresults......................................................................................................................72


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4.2 Disseminationofinformationandguidestogoodpractice.....................................................75

4.2.1 Briefdescription..........................................................................................................................754.2.2 Eventorganisationandparticipation..........................................................................................75

4.2.3 Projectwebsiteandsocialmedia................................................................................................784.2.4 Informationmaterial...................................................................................................................79

4.2.5 Guidestogoodpractice...............................................................................................................804.2.6 Researchpapersandotherprojectproducts..............................................................................81


4.3 Transnationalstudyvisitsandtraining.....................................................................................84


4.3.2 TNAstudyvisits...........................................................................................................................844.3.3 Othertrainingprovided...............................................................................................................89


4.4 Onlinetransnationalaccessservices........................................................................................93


4.4.2 TNAonlineservices......................................................................................................................934.4.3 ARIADNEportal............................................................................................................................94

4.4.4 Portalaccessfigures....................................................................................................................994.4.5 Additionalweb-basedservices....................................................................................................99

4.4.6 Summaryofresults....................................................................................................................101

4.5 Datainteroperabilityandunifiedaccess................................................................................102

4.5.1 Briefdescription........................................................................................................................1024.5.2 Criticalmassofdata..................................................................................................................103

4.5.3 Overcomefragmentation..........................................................................................................1064.5.4 Unifiedaccess............................................................................................................................108

4.5.5 Long-termpreservationofrecords............................................................................................1094.5.6 Summaryofresults....................................................................................................................110

4.6 Progressindatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation.................................112

4.6.1 Briefdescription........................................................................................................................1124.6.2 CIDOC-CRMextensions..............................................................................................................113

4.6.3 CHARMmodelling......................................................................................................................1164.6.4 LinkedDatamethods.................................................................................................................117

4.6.5 Dataminingtechniques.............................................................................................................1214.6.6 NLPtechniques..........................................................................................................................124

4.6.7 Visualmediaandlandscapeservices.........................................................................................1274.6.8 Summaryofresults....................................................................................................................130

4.7 E-researchframeworksanddemonstrators...........................................................................134

4.7.1 Briefdescription........................................................................................................................1344.7.2 Archaeologicale-researchframeworksandVREs.....................................................................134

4.7.3 Demonstratorsofinnovativecapabilities..................................................................................1354.7.4 Summaryofresults....................................................................................................................136

5 Programmeimpactindicatorsandresults...............................................................................138

5.1 StructuringimpactontheERAandevolutionofRIs..............................................................138

5.1.1 Background................................................................................................................................138


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5.1.2 StructuringimpactontheERAinthefieldofarchaeology........................................................1395.1.3 Coordinatedevolutionofresearche-infrastructures................................................................140


5.2 Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs..................................146

5.2.1 Background................................................................................................................................146

5.2.2 OptimiseddevelopmentofRIs..................................................................................................1465.2.3 ImprovedaccesstoanduseofRIs.............................................................................................151

5.2.4 SustainableoperationofRIs......................................................................................................1525.2.5 Summaryofresults....................................................................................................................155

5.3 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisations...............................................................................................155

5.3.1 Background................................................................................................................................155

5.3.2 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisationin/throughARIADNE..................................................................1575.3.3 Citizens’engagementandtransdisciplinaryfertilisation...........................................................158


5.4 Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologies................................................................................160

5.4.1 Background................................................................................................................................160

5.4.2 Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologiesacrossfieldsofresearch............................................1615.4.3 Sharingbetweenacademiaandindustryandpotentialforindustrialinnovation....................167


6 AnnexA:Impactindicatorsappliedintheevaluation.............................................................173

6.1 IndicatorsdefinedinARIADNE’sDescriptionofWork...........................................................173

6.2 ExpectedbroaderimpactsdefinedintheWorkProgramme.................................................175

7 AnnexB:Backgroundstudyforacomparativeapproach........................................................177

7.1 Thequestforacomparativeapproachtoe-RIimpactsevaluation.......................................177

7.2 FrameworksnotoronlypartiallyrelevanttoARIADNE.........................................................177

7.3 TheIMPACTindicatorsforcomparisonofdatainfrastructures.............................................184

8 AnnexC:Overviewofcommunitybuildingactivities..............................................................191

9 AnnexD:Demonstrators........................................................................................................212

10References:Organisations,projectsandcontent/dataresources............................................228

10.1Research(e-)infrastructureorganisationsandprojects.........................................................228

10.2Archaeology&heritageorganisations...................................................................................229

10.3Archaeology&heritageprojects............................................................................................230

10.4Archaeology&heritagedataresourcesandservices............................................................232

11References:Literature............................................................................................................236


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AcronymsofARIADNEpartners

ADS-UoY ArchaeologyDataService,UniversityofYork(UnitedKingdom)

AIAC AssociazioneInternazionalediArcheologiaClassica(Italy)

ARHEO ArheovestTimisoaraAssociation(Romania)

ARUP-CAS ArcheologickyustavAVCR,Praha,v.v.i./InstituteofArchaeologyoftheAcademyofSciences(CzechRepublic)

Athena-DCU AthenaResearchandInnovationCenterinInformationCommunicationandKnowledgeTechnologies/DigitalCurationUnit(Greece)

CNR ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicercheinstitutes,CNR-ISTIandCNR-ITABC(Italy)

CSIC-Incipit ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCientificas/SpanishNationalResearchCouncil,InstituteofHeritageSciences(Spain)

CYI-STARC TheCyprusInstitute,ScienceandTechnologyinArchaeologyResearchCenter

DAI DeutschesArchäologischesInstitut(Germany)

DANS DataArchivingandNetworkedServices,NetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciences(Netherlands)

Discovery TheDiscoveryProgrammeLBG(Ireland)

FORTH-ICS FoundationforResearchandTechnologyHellas,InstituteofComputerScience(Greece)

INRAP InstitutNationaldesRecherchesArchéologiquesPréventives(France)

LeidenU LeidenUniversity,FacultyofArchaeology(Netherlands)

MiBAC-ICCU ItalianMinistryofCulturalAssetsandActivities-CentralInstitutefortheUnionCatalogue(Italy)

MNM-NOK MagyarNemzetiMúzeum,NemzetiÖrökségvédelmiKözpont/HungarianNationalMuseum,NationalHeritageProtectionCentre(Hungary)

NIAM-BAS NationalInstituteofArchaeologywithMuseumoftheBulgarianAcademyofSciences(Bulgaria)

ÖAW-OREA ÖsterreichischeAkademiederWissenschaften,InstitutfürOrientalischeundEuropäischeArchäologie(Austria)

PIN PIN-ServiziDidatticieScientificiperl’UniversitàdiFirenzes.c.r.l.(Italy)

SND SwedishNationalDataService(Sweden)

SRFG SalzburgResearchForschungsgesellschaftm.b.H.(Austria)

USW UniversityofSouthWales(UnitedKingdom)

ZRC-SAZU ScientificResearchCentreoftheSlovenianAcademyofSciencesandArts,InstituteofArchaeology(Slovenia)


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1 Executivesummary

This report is a deliverable (D2.5) of the project ARIADNE - Advanced Research Infrastructure forArchaeological Dataset Networking in Europe that has been funded under the EuropeanCommunity’s Seventh Framework Programme. The document reports the final results of Task 2.5:ImpactEvaluation.

The Executive Summary briefly addresses the project objectives and the framework of the impactevaluation, summarises the overall results, and gives recommendations for ARIADNE and otherstakeholderswithafocusonpotentialfurtheradvances.

ARIADNEobjectives

The overall objectives of the ARIADNE project have been to mobilise many stakeholders in thesharing and (re-)use of archaeological data, and to implement e-infrastructure services that allowinstitutions and projects tomake valuable data available to the wider community. ARIADNE thusaimed toacceleratearchaeology inEurope froma starting toanadvanced community in termsofdatasharingcapacityandintegratedaccesstoresearchresources.TheobjectivescanbesummarisedaspromotinginnovationinICT-enhancedarchaeologybasedonsharingofdataandotherresourcesthroughtheARIADNEe-infrastructure(i.e.datasets,vocabularies,tools/services).

Evaluationframework

The ARIADNE project has been an EU-funded Integrating Activity based on the IntegratedInfrastructuresInitiatives(I3)model.Accordingtothismodeltheprojectcarriedoutacombinationof three activities,Networking and community building, Research and technical development, andTrans-national access to research centres and online services, all contributing to objectivessummarisedabove.

FortheevaluationoftheimpactsofARIADNEintheDescriptionofWorkasetofindicatorsofsuccesshas been defined for the different project activities. This set has been employed for the impactevaluation.FurthermoretheevaluationtookaccountofbroaderexpectationsofimpactformulatedintheFP7WorkProgrammeforResearchInfrastructures(2012).Theseinclude,forexample,amajorcontributiontothestructuringoftheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)inthetargetsector,andtotheco-ordinated development of research infrastructures (e-infrastructure, data repositories) forarchaeology and related fields of research. Addressing also these expectations allows highlightingachievementsofARIADNEwhicharenotobviousbasedon the specific setof indicatorsemployedaccordingtotheproject’sDescriptionofWork.

In this report the two sets of indicators are called “ARIADNE Impact Indicators” and “ProgrammeImpactIndicators”.GenerallythesesetsoverlapinthattheactivitiesaccordingtotheI3model,givenexceptionalresults,alsoachievethebroaderexpectations.TheEvaluationSummaryReport(Chapter2) presents the full set of impact indicators and results, followed by chapters that describe theevaluationmethodology,indicatorsandresultsingreaterdetail.

Overallresults

The evaluation shows that ARIADNE achieved very good results in all evaluation dimensions. Inparticular,theproject

o Accomplished its goal to implement an e-infrastructure and services for cross-searchingrepositories/databasesofarchaeologicaldataandseeditwithrepresentativedatasetsofprojectpartners;


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o Achievedalarge“footprint”inthesectorwithregardtonumbersofinstitutionsandresearchersthathavebeenreachedandinvolved,includingpotentialprovidersofadditionaldatasets;

o Increased data interoperability based on a common model and enhanced vocabularies (i.e.ARIADNECatalogueDataModel,extendedCIDOC-CRM,vocabularymappingtools);

o ImplementedaEuropean-leveldataportalprovidingadvancedsearchcapabilitywith regard toarchaeologicalsubjects,locationsandtimespans(culturalperiods);

o Made available additional high value services (i.e. 3D artefact and landscape services), anddemonstrated advanced capability in making data better accessible and useful (i.e. metadataextractionfromarchaeological“greyliterature”,CIDOC-CRMbaseddataintegration).

At the core of the ARIADNE project has been the building of a European-level platform wheredispersedarchaeologicaldataresourcescanberegistered,shared,discoveredandaccessed.Suchaplatformdidnotexistbeforeanditsimplementationarguablyistheproject’skeyinnovationforthearchaeologicalcommunityinEurope(andbeyond).

Widereachandinvolvementofstakeholders

Thewide reach and large direct involvement of individual researchers, practitioners, students andothers(about10,500)inactivitiessuchasneeds&requirementssurveys,transnationalaccess(TNA)and other trainings, and sessions and individual presentations at sector conferences, workshopsmeritstobehighlighted.

The conservative estimate of 10,500 participants is 30 times larger than the membership of theComputer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) organisation/conference(350), 5 times larger than themembershipof theEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists (2000+),and about 32% of the number of archaeologists working in Europe (33,000), estimated by theDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject.

MoreoverthenumberofinvolvedEuropeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageinstitutions(65of26countries)and institutionsoutsideEuropeand international initiatives (19)appearsasexceptional.The institutionshavebeen involved invariousways, i.e.cooperationagreements, liaisonsand jointactivities on an informal basis; a number of agreements include contribution of datasets, givenrequiredfundsareavailable.

Substantialresultsonseveralfronts

Theprojectachievedsubstantialresultsonseveralfrontsincluding,butnotlimitedto,increasein

o Awarenessoftheimportanceofdataarchivingandaccess,includingtheneedofappropriatearchivesforarchaeologicaldata,

o Exchangeandtransferofknowledgeindataarchivingsolutionsandpractices,possiblyallowingcommunitiesthatlackanappropriatearchaeologicaldataarchiveto“leapfrog”toanoptimalsolution;

o Skillsdevelopmentformakingnewaswellaslegacydatasetsmoreusefulandbetteraccessible(i.e.TNAstudyvisitstocompetencecentresandothertraining);

o Mobilisationofinstitutionsinthesharingofarchaeologicaldatasets(i.e.cooperationagreements),

o Datasharingcapacity,throughtheARIADNEdatainfrastructure,

o Servicestopublish,discover,visualise,accessandusedataforresearchandotherpurposes(i.e.ARIADNEdataregistry&portal,visualmediaandlandscapeservices),


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o Interoperabilityofdata(i.e.ARIADNECatalogDataModel,extendedCIDOC-CRMandvocabularymappings),

o Coordinateddevelopmentofe-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldsofdigitalhumanities,archaeologyandheritagesciences.

Highrecognitionatalllevels

Thereportedadvancesonseveralfronts,achievedorenabledbytheARIADNEinitiative,havebeenrecognised by participants of trainings and professional development, research directors andnational institutes, and the core institutions of both the archaeological sector and the area ofresearchinfrastructures:

o TheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncilstronglyencouragesinstitutionstoparticipateinandsharedatathroughARIADNE.

o The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI Roadmap 2016) recognisesARIADNEasthecoreEuropeanintegratorofarchaeologicalresearchresources.

o Complementing the high-level recognition, testimonials of archaeology and cultural heritageinstitutionsandresearchersconfirmARIADNE’s impactbothatthenational level,whereaccesstodatahasbeengreatly improved insomecases,andat theEuropean level, throughthedataregistry/portal which allows cross-searching the improved and integrated data. Furthermore,participants in theTransnationalAccess (TNA)programmeacknowledged thehighvalueof thetrainingprovidedfortheirownorinstitutionalprojects.

Thus the ARIADNE project achieved more than a large “footprint” in the sector – the projectachievementsarebeingrecognisedatalllevels.

Conclusionsandrecommendations

ARIADNEhasbeenanEU-funded IntegratingActivityaimedatovercominga situationofdispersedandisolatedarchaeologicaldataresources.Theprojecthasachievedessentialresultsthatallowdatasharing, interoperability and accessibility for research across institutional and national as well asdisciplinaryboundaries.

The evaluation results demonstrate that the ARIADNE project has a strong impact in the field ofarchaeologicalresearchanddatamanagementinEurope,andthatthismaybecomealastingimpact.Theresultsareencouragingandasolidbasisfortakingappropriatenextsteps.

The evaluation concludes that based on the project results there is a high potential for furtheradvancesbasedonsharingofdataandotherresourcesthroughtheARIADNEe-infrastructure.

The period of EU support for the ARIADNE project ended. However the not-for-profit ARIADNEAssociationhasbeensetuptoenablecontinuedoperationofthecurrentdatasetregistryandaccessportal,furthercommunitynetworkingandofferingtrainingforpotentialdataproviders.

Torealisethefullpotentialoftheimplementeddatainfrastructureandportalforthearchaeologicalresearch community, it is necessary to keep themomentum, incorporate additional datasets, andensurethesustainabilityofthee-infrastructureoperation.ThereforeanumberofrecommendationsaregivenforstakeholdersintheARIADNEinitiative:

Institutionalstakeholders

ARIADNEprovidesacommonplatformforarchaeologicaldatapublication,discoveryandaccess.Theplatform is a community asset which, however, requires sustained efforts for maintenance andextension.Thereforeall institutionalstakeholdersinaccessiblearchaeologicaldata,i.e.professionalassociations,researchinstitutesandfundingagencies,shouldconsider


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o Utilizing the platform for own and community wide purposes (i.e. open sharing of data asincreasinglydemandedbyfundingbodies);

o Supporting the platform by making available resources and/or mobilising data providers (i.e.datasetsofinstitutionsfromcountriesnotyetpresentontheARIADNEportal);

o Delegation of a representative to the ARIADNE Association to express and promote commoninterestsinthecontinuationofthee-infrastructureandotheractivities(i.e.opendataadvocacy,trainingandprofessionaldevelopment).

ARIADNEinitiative

FortheARIADNEinitiative,representedbytheARIADNEAssociation,thefollowingrecommendationscanbegiven:

o Trainingoffer:Focusonprovidingtrainingforpotentialprovidersofnewdatasets(i.e.curatorsofinstitutional legacy databases andmajor new projects); align with the knowledge transfer fornewarchaeologicaldataarchives(i.e.theSEADDAinitiative).

o Maintenanceofthecurrentservices:Keepthecurrentservicesrunning, includingbasicmainte-nance and updates (if required), until new funding for extension of datasets and services areacquired,forexampleinafollow-upproject.

o Incorporationofnewdatasets:Attemptto incorporatenewdatasetsbasedonspecificarrange-ments and/or according to the availability of own or external funds. A number of institutionshaveexpressedtheirinteresttousethedataregistryandportalforpublishingdatasets.

o Project based sustainability: Substantial extension of resources (datasets, tools/services) andcontinued sustainabilitywill require a series of fundedprojects or dedicatednational or inter-nationalfundingcommitments.

o Long-term sustainability: An approach for long-term sustainability of the e-infrastructure andservices could be a foundation, endowed with and/or renewed significant funding. Anotheroption couldbe that anESFRIResearch Infrastructureof thehumanities andheritage sciencessector (DARIAH, E-RIHS) takes up the e-infrastructure and adapts and utilizes it to supportresearchcommunities,includingarchaeologicalresearchers.

TheserecommendationsaregenerallyinlinewiththeARIADNEsustainabilityplanthatisincludedintheARIADNEFinalInnovationAgendaandActionPlan(D2.4,November2016).


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2 Evaluationsummaryreport

2.1 ARIADNEobjectives

The overall objectives of the ARIADNE project have been to mobilise many stakeholders in thesharing and (re-)use of archaeological data, and to implement e-infrastructure services that allowinstitutionsandprojectstomakevaluabledataavailabletothewidercommunity.Morespecificallytheprojectaimedto

o build a community of stakeholders in the sharing and (re-)use of archaeological data (dataproviders,servicedevelopersandusers),

o integrate archaeological datasets held by different digital archives and help overcome datafragmentationandlackofinteroperability,

o provide a common access point to the distributed data resource and new services/tools foraccessingandusingthedata,

o offerdata-relatedguidanceandtraining(e.g.guidestogoodpractice,transnationalstudyvisitsandothertraining),

o promote innovation in digital archaeology based on shared datasets, data models andvocabularies,andadvancedornewtoolsandservices.

The broader objectives of ARIADNE according to the FP7 Work Programme for Research Infra-structuresincludecontributionstothestructuringoftheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)inthetargetsector of archaeology and closely related disciplines, and to the co-ordinated development ofresearchinfrastructures(e-infrastructure,datarepositories)forthesedisciplinesinEurope.ARIADNEthusaimedtoacceleratearchaeologyinEuropefromastartingtoanadvancedcommunityintermsofintegrateddigitalresearchresourcesandservices.

2.2 Evaluationframework

Theframeworkoftheimpactevaluationcomprisesofthedifferentdimensionsinwhichtheprojectintended tomakeadifference, thevarious typesof impactsenvisaged, and thedefined indicators(evidence) for these impacts. This framework is largely determined by the fact that ARIADNE hasbeen funded as an Integrating Activity project under the European Union’s Seventh FrameworkProgramme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), specifically the Research Infra-structuresprogramme.

TheIntegratingActivityschemeprescribesthatprojectshavetocarryoutadefinedsetofactivities,Networking activities, Trans-national access and/or service activities, and Joint research activities.ThesecondcoreelementoftheimpactevaluationframeworkisthatARIADNEsetouttobuildane-infrastructure which integrates and provides access to data from different digital archives forarchaeological research. Themain objective of the data infrastructure is to allow researchers andotherusersawiderandmoreefficientaccesstoarchaeologicaldatasets.

FortheevaluationoftheimpactsofARIADNE,intheDescriptionofWork(GrantAgreement)asetofindicatorsofsuccesshasbeendefinedforthedifferentprojectactivities;thissethasbeenemployedfor the impact evaluation. Furthermore the evaluation takes account of a number of expectedbroader impactsof IntegratingActivities stated in the relevant FP7WorkProgramme forResearchInfrastructures (2012). Indeed, addressing also these impacts allows highlighting achievements ofARIADNEwhicharenotobviousbasedon the specific setof indicatorsemployedaccording to theproject’sDescriptionofWork.


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Thefocusoftheevaluationisoninnovationsachievedorenabledbyprojectoutcomesinthefieldofarchaeological research, for example, the community building for sharing datasets through e-infrastructure, the implemented data infrastructure and services, demonstrated innovativecapabilitiesenabledbythesharedresources(datasets,models,vocabularies,tools/services),trainingforskillsdevelopmentindata-relatedtasksandtools.

AtthecoreoftheARIADNEprojecthasbeenthedevelopmentofane-infrastructureplatformwheredispersedarchaeologicaldataresourcescanbedescribed,shared,discoveredandaccessed.Suchaplatformdidnotexistbeforeanditsimplementationarguablyistheproject’skeyinnovationforthearchaeologicalcommunityinEurope(andbeyond).Butitshouldbenotedthattheprojectevaluationconcerns mainly the implementation phase rather than the regular operation phase of the datainfrastructure and services (which is not part of the current grant agreement).However, availableresults such as usage figures of the ARIADNE portal, publicly launched end ofMarch 2016, are ofcoursereported.

Economic,socialandenvironmentalimpactsaregenerallynotconsidered.TheseareincludedneitherinthespecificARIADNEindicatorsnorthebroaderWorkProgrammeindicators.Suchindicatorslikeeconomicprosperity,jobgeneration,qualityoflife,socialcohesionandenvironmentalsustainabilitymainly concern potential regional impacts of the building and operation of major single-sitedresearchinfrastructures(e.g.largenaturalorlifesciencesfacilities).

2.3 Threeviewsofprojectachievements

This section summarises and highlights some of the results of the impact evaluation. Thepresentationisorganisedasfollows:

o ARIADNE“footprint”:Theproject footprint in thearchaeologicaldomain ispresentedbasedonfigures of the participation of individual researchers and practitioners in various ARIADNEactivities(e.g.surveys,conferencesessions,trainings)andresultsofdisseminationactivities.

o High-level recognition of ARIADNE: Recognition of ARIADNE as the core integrator of archaeo-logicaldatainEuropebytheleadingorganisationsinboththearchaeologicalsectorandtheareaof research infrastructures, the European Archaeological Council and the European StrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures,respectively.

o Statements of project-external institutions and researchers: Complementing the high-levelrecognition,statementsofarchaeologyandculturalheritageinstitutionsandresearchersconfirmARIADNE’s impactbothat thenational level,whereaccess todatahasbeengreatly improved,and at the European level through the data registry/portal that allows cross-searching theimproved and integrated data. Furthermore, participants in the Transnational Access (TNA)programme and other professional development acknowledge the high value of the trainingprovidedfortheirownorinstitutionalprojects.


2.3.1 TheARIADNEfootprint

ARIADNEaddressesthearchaeologicalresearch,dataandICTcommunity,particularlythosewithaninterest in sharing and using data through digital infrastructure and services. Many stakeholders,institutionsandindividuals,havebeenreachedandinvolvedinprojectactivities.Alargefootprintinthesectorhasbeenachieved.ARIADNEinvolved65Europeanarchaeology/heritageinstitutionsof26countries and 10 European projects through cooperation agreements and memoranda as well as


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cooperationon an informal basis. Furthermore19 institutionsoutsideof Europeand internationalprojects have been involved through liaisons, cooperation agreements or joint activities on aninformalbasis.ThefollowingfigurecangiveanimpressionofARIADNE’sfootprintinthesectorbasedonthesefigures,directparticipationof individualresearchersandpractitioners invariousARIADNEactivities,andresultsofotherdisseminationactivities.

Comparedtoavailablefiguresforthearchaeologicalcommunitythetotalofparticipationinevents,trainings,user requirements surveys (conservativeestimate10,500) representsa large footprintofARIADNEinthecommunity.TheDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEurope(DISCO)project1estimates“thatapproximately33,000archaeologistsnowworkacrossEuropeasawhole”(DISCO2014:6).Thisfigure includes archaeologists employed at scientific/academic and other institutions aswell as atarchaeologicalbusinesses(contractarchaeologistsandconsultancies).

The European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) has over 2000 regular members from (mostly)Europeandworldwide(Criado-Boado2016).TheEAAAnnualMeeting2014 in Istanbul,“by far thebest attended in EAA’s history” (EEA 2014c: 3), welcomed 2062 delegates, 1655 (80%) delegatescamefromEuropeancountries2.

The core conference for archaeology and ICT arguably is the annual Computer Applications andQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)conference.TheCAAorganisationnotes,“Overthelast1DiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEurope(EU,LeonardodaVinciII,2006-8;LifelongLearningProgramme,

2012-14),http://www.discovering-archaeologists.eu2EAA2014attendance(EAA2014c:7-8):1655delegatesfromEuropeancountries:EU28(1545),other

Europeancountries(110),includingNorway(59),Serbia(21),Switzerland(15),Albania,BosniaandHerzegovina,FYRMacedonia,Iceland,andtheVatican.215delegatesfromotherEurasiancountries:Turkey,thehostcountryoftheconference(145),Russia(56),Ukraine(6),Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan.192fromotherworldregions:e.g.USA(117),Canada(13),Australia(28),Israel(12),Japan(8),andothers.


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fortyyearsCAAhasgrownfromanannualeventattheUniversityofBirminghamtoanationalandnowworldwide conference attracting over 300 participants every year”3. The latest conference inOslodrewabout350delegates,mostlyfromEuropeandtheUnitedStates4.

Thetotalnumberofend-userswhoparticipatedinARIADNEsurveys,studyvisitsandothertrainings,andevents(co-)organisedbypartnersorwheretheygavepresentationsis14,014.Weassumethatitincludes25%participationofpeopleinmorethanoneactivity,hencethatARIADNEdirectlyreachedandinvolved10,500end-users.

Thusthenumberofresearchers,practitioners,studentsandotherpeopleinvolvedis30timeslargerthanthemembershipoftheComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)organisation/conference(350),5times largerthanthemembershipoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists(2000+),andabout32%ofthenumberofarchaeologistsworkinginEurope(33,000),estimatedbytheDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject(DISCO2014:6).

2.3.2 High-levelrecognition

The core institutions of both the archaeological domain and the research infrastructures domainacknowledgeARIADNE’ssuccess.

TheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil (EAC)5stronglyencouragesorganisationstoparticipate in theARIADNE initiative. TheEAC comprisesofheadsofnational services responsibleunder law for themanagement of the archaeological heritage in the Council of Europe member states. In theirAmersfoort Agenda, setting the agenda for the future of archaeological heritage management inEurope, the Council emphasises "the need to share, connect and provide access to archaeologicalinformationwith the help of digital technologies. The key to this aspiration is to improve collabo-ration – we need to share rather than exchange. It is essential to encourage the development ofEuropeandata-sharingnetworksandprojectsinthefieldofarchaeology.TheARIADNEprojectisanexcellent European initiative in this regard and participation in this project should be stronglyencouraged”(EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil2015:21).

TheEuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures(ESFRI)6 intheirRoadmap2016acknowl-edgesARIADNE’s roleas the leading integratorof archaeological researchdata infrastructures (i.e.data repositories):“In thearchaeological sciences theARIADNEnetworkdevelopedoutof the vitalneed to develop infrastructures for the management and integration of archaeological data at aEuropean level.Asadigital infrastructureforarchaeological researchARIADNEbringstogetherandintegrates existing archaeological research data infrastructures so that researchers can use thevariousdistributeddatasetsandtechnologies”(ESFRI2016:52and175).

MoreovertheESFRIRoadmap2016highlightsARIADNEasabackgroundof theEuropeanResearchInfrastructure forHeritageScience (E-RIHS)7,newlyplacedon theRoadmap:“HeritageSciencehasbrought about the need of structuring the net of infrastructures operating throughout Europe.Fragmentation,duplicationofefforts, isolationofsmallresearchgroupsputatrisksthecompetitiveadvantageofEuropeanheritagescienceresearch,promotedsowellbytheuniqueculturalheritage.The long-term tradition of this field of research, the ability to combine with innovation, and theintegration promoted by EU-funded projects such as EU-ARTECH, CHARISMA and IPERION CH inconservationscience,andARIADNEinarchaeologyrepresentthebackgroundofE-RIHS”(ibid.52).3CAAInternational,http://caa-international.org/about/history/4cf.CAA2016Oslo:Storymap-participants,http://caaconference.org/storymap/5EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil(EAC),http://european-archaeological-council.org6EuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures(ESFRI,http://www.esfri.eu7EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience(E-RIHS),http://www.e-rihs.eu


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ThusARIADNE is recognisedas the leading integratorofarchaeologicaldata inEuropeby thecoreorganisations in both the archaeological sector and the area of research infrastructures. TheEuropean Archaeological Council strongly encourages institutions to participate in and share datathroughARIADNE.TheEuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures(ESFRIRoadmap2016)acknowledges ARIADNE as the core European integrator of archaeological research resources (i.e.data archives); furthermore this integration is recognised as an important background of the newESFRIRoadmapinitiativeE-RIHS-EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience.

2.3.3 ARIADNEachievementsperceivedbyresearchersandinstitutions

Complementing the high-level recognition of ARIADNE, statements of individual researchers andinstitutionsconfirmtheappreciationandimpactoftheprojectresults.

Userneedsandrequirementsurveys

ARIADNEconducted two internationalonline surveys to receive informationaboutuserneedsandrequirements for data infrastructure and services and expectations from the project (ARIADNE2014a). 692 researchers, directors of research institutes and repository managers providedsubstantialinput(totalparticipants:881).Wereproduceacoupleofstatementsfromthefeedback:

o “Ariadne seems like a great idea, it is such a pity that somany repositories and data are notsharedbywider communities, fordevelopingnew ideas, teaching, creatingnewcollaborations,sharingthecompetenceofeachother”(datamanager,Norway).

o “Thisisasplendidinitiative-andIhopethatitwillreapthefruitsweallwish!”(researchdirector,Malta).

o “ThemainobjectivesofAriadneprojectareimportanttodeveloparchaeologicalresearchintheEuropeanUnion.IhopetheAriadneprojectachievessomeobjectives”(researcher,Portugal).

o “TheARIADNE project addressesmajor issues of archaeological data.Many archaeologists arewaitingfortheresultsofthisproject”(researcher,France).

o “Thanks for this ARIADNE initiative; if it can get into operation, itwill be a tremendous asset”(researcher,UK).

TheseexpectationsfromandhopesforARIADNEwerestatedabout10monthsafterthestartoftheARIADNEprojects.

RecognitionofARIADNE’simpactsbyinstitutionsandresearchers

In the final project event in December 2016 we heard, among others, the following statementscollected by partners from project-external researchers, research directors, cultural heritageagenciesandothersontheimpactofARIADNE8:

o “TheARIADNEprojectmadeitpossiblefortheArchaeologicalMapofBulgariatobecomeknownontheinternational levelthroughimproveddatamanagement,mappingandsharing.Allthis isusefulforbothnationalandinternationalresearchers”–BulgarianMinistryofCulture.

o “The on-line Inrap documentary data on the ARIADNE platform represents a considerable stepforward for the French archaeological community. The next step is putting online informationsystemscontainingtheprimarydata.WehopetocontributejointlywiththeConsortiumMemory

8ARIADNEFinalConference:Successstoriesfrompartnersandtheresearchcommunity[presentations],

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Events/ARIADNE-Final-Conference


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of Archaeologists and Archaeological Sites (MASA) from the Very Large Facility Huma-Num” –XavierRodier,IngénieurdeRecherche,CNRS,France.

o “TheHNMArchaeologyDatabasebecamethemostcomprehensiveonlinedatabase inHungaryand has a profound effect on teaching, research, datamanagement and informing developersandthepublic”–ForsterGyulaNationalCentreforCulturalHeritageManagement,Hungary.

o “The work of the ArheoVest team has materialized in standardization of archaeological sitesheets, their model being taken at national level by the RAN System [National ArchaeologicalRepertoire]” – Arhg. Dr. Victor Bunoiu, expert adviser, Country Directorate for Culture Timis,Romania.

o “From TII’s perspective, our project with the Discovery Programme, ARIADNE and the DigitalRepository of Ireland, is very significant, as it establishes a framework for the validation, longterm curation and dissemination of our data sets especially the archaeological excavationreports. TheexpertisedevelopedthroughARIADNE,hashelpedtoensurethatthisdatasetcaneasily be integrated with other archaeological data sets, be it in Ireland or abroad. This willunlockthesignificantresearchthathasbeencapturedinthe‘greyliterature’withinaEuropeancontext, which in turn will enable newmodels and frameworks to be explored and tested.” –RonanSwan,HeadofArchaeology,TransportInfrastructureIreland.

o “TheARIADNEportal,thankstoitsinnovativetechnology,isexpectedtobecomeanindispensabletoolforthedevelopmentofthescientificactivities inthefieldofarchaeology. Infact, itcollectsand integrates, for the first time and on the basis of information technology protocolsinternationallyshared,thedigitaldataprovidedbygroupsorindividualscholarsfromallaroundthe world that would hardly have been possible to find using traditional methods. With thisapproach,youwillallowtheresearchertobeabletohavealargeamountofinformationandtorelate to each other and the data: with the perspective to elaborate scientific analysis in anorganicandcomprehensivemanner”–ProfessorAngeloPellegrino,Headof theArchaeologicalAreaofOstia,Italy.

These statements highlight and confirm the effects of ARIADNE both at the national level, whereaccesstodatahasbeengreatlyimproved,andattheEuropean/internationallevel,throughthedataregistry/portalwhichallowscross-searchingtheimprovedandintegrateddata.

Effectsoftransnationalaccess(TNA)studyvisitsandothertraining

ARIADNEpartnersofferedtransnationalaccess(TNA)studyvisitstotheirresearchcentres(summerschools, individual visits) and other training opportunities (short training courses, tutorials, etc.).Over 500 mostly young researchers participated. The following examples illustrate effects ofARIADNEtrainings:

o “Thecoursegavemeaverygoodoverviewonhowmetadatacanbeorganized,andsuggestedsomegoodtoolsthatcanhelpmetocarryoutmyproject.Ialsogotincontactwithotherpeopleinthefieldthatsharemyproblemswithmetadatamanagement,andwewillhavethepossibilitytoshareourfutureexperienceandsolutions”(researcher,Belgium).

o “I have often worked alongside people using different methods of 3D recording, but neveractually completed it myself; I now feel that I have the knowledge and understanding toundertakethistypeofworkmyself”(researcher,Ireland).

o “Themainachievementsexperiencedduringthesummerschoolarerelatedtothepossibilitytomanageandhandle3Dmodels frompictures: thismeans that ina very short time itwouldbepossibletodocumentarchaeologicalfeatures,andsharethemveryeasily”(researcher,Italy).


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o “The experience of visiting ADS for two weeks and working through the documentation andarchiving of the Pergamon dataset was invaluable in helping us set up IANUS, the Germannationaldigitalrepositoryforarchaeology”(datamanager,Germany).

TheseareachievementsofindividualresearchersanddatamanagersenabledbyARIADNEwhich,inturn,willcontributetowideraccesstosharedhigh-qualitydata.

2.4 ARIADNEimpactindicatorsandresults

FortheevaluationoftheimpactsofARIADNEasetofindicatorsofsuccesshasbeendefinedforthedifferent project activities according to the I3 model of Integrating Activities and included in theDescriptionofWork(PartB,section3,pp.55-56).Thissetofindicatorswecallthe“ARIADNEimpactindicators”.The followingsectionspresentandsummarise the resultsof theprojectevaluation fortheseindicators.

2.4.1 Communitybuildingforinnovationthroughe-infrastructure

The overall goal of ARIADNE activities in this category has been involving many stakeholders(institutions and end-users) from Europe and beyond, and fostering cooperation with researchinstitutionsandprojectsona rangeofvital topicsand resources in thecontextof theARIADNEe-infrastructure(i.e.sharingofdatasets,vocabularies,tools/services).

Keyresults

o InvolvementofdomaininstitutionsinEurope:Theprojectinvolved65Europeanarchaeologyandculturalheritage institutionsofwhichat leastone,oftenmore institutionsarepresentof24ofthe 28 EU Member States and two other European countries (Iceland, Norway); the figureincludes 17 ARIADNE partners in the relevant categories. Yet to be involved in the ARIADNEinitiativearearchaeologicalinstitutionsinCroatia,Latvia,LuxembourgandSlovakia.

o Type and focus of involvement: The institutional stakeholders have been involved based onformalcooperationagreements (15)andthrough liaisonandcooperationonan informalbasis.Thesemostlyconcernedthebuildingandsharingofdatabases,useofcommonvocabularies(e.g.thesauri), and expertise in special subjectmatters (i.e. digital archiving). Institutions also sentresearchers to participate in ARIADNE Transnational Access (TNA) trainings for institutionalprojects(i.e.inviewtoprovidedatatoARIADNE).

o CooperationwithEuropeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageprojects:DuringtheprojectperiodARIADNE cooperated with 10 European projects on an informal or formal basis (e.g.Memorandum of Understanding). Among these EU funded projects are other research (e-)infrastructureprojects,i.e.CENDARI(history),DARIAH(digitalhumanities),E-RIHS(newESFRIRIinitiative), PARTHENOS cluster) as well as domain projects, i.e. ArchaeoLandscapes (remotesensingtechnologiesanddata)orNEARCH(publicarchaeology).

o Selectedcooperationhighlight:Particularlynoteworthywithregardtotheco-ordinatedevolutionof research e-infrastructures are foreseen joint dataset registration and access services forhumanities, archaeology and heritage sciences data, i.e. harmonization of data cataloguesfollowingandextendingthemodeldevelopedbyARIADNE.

o Involvement of institutions outside Europe and international initiatives: ARIADNE establishedliaisons and collaborative activities with 19 institutions outside of Europe and internationalprojects (six formal cooperationagreements).Thespectrumof institutionsandprojects rangesfromnationaland internationalauthorities (i.e. IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority, ICCROM)tospecial


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interestgroups(i.e.CAALinkedDataSIG)andspecificdataandvocabularyresources(i.e.MAGIS-MediterraneanArchaeologyGIS; PeriodO); also data collection, archiving and access systemshasbeenamajortopic(i.e.FAIMSAustralia,OpenContextandtDARintheUnitedStates).

o Selectedcooperationhighlight:WithregardtodatalinkingthecollaborationwithPeriodOmeritstobehighlighted.ThroughthePeriodOsystemARIADNEmadeavailableasetofculturalperiodsfor over 20 European countries with unique identifiers (URIs). These allow stable linking andintegrationofdataandarenowavailableforinstitutionsandprojectsworldwide.

o GoingbeyondEurope:ARIADNEpartnershave initiatedandsupporttheNorthAfricanHeritageArchiveNetwork(NAHAN).Theinitiativeaimstomobiliseandsharearchival informationaboutarchaeological investigations in North Africa. This is being implemented based on a cataloguehosted by the German Archaeological Institute from which records will be provided to theARIADNEregistry/portal.

o Participationofcommunitymembers(end-users)inprojectactivities:ARIADNEpartnersreportedparticipationofintotal14,014project-externalscholars,post-gradualresearchers,practitionersandothersindifferentactivities.Thesewereuserrequirementssurveys(692participants),trans-nationalaccess (TNA)andother trainingoffers (521),67 internationalandnational conferencesessionsandworkshops(co-)organisedbypartners(3180)and151othersattendedbypartnersgivingatleastonepresentation(9621).However,itisassumedthatthetotalnumberof14,014includes 25% participation of people in more than one activity; hence a more conservativeestimateisabout10,500.

o ARIADNE “footprint” in the European archaeology sector: The figure of 10,500 peopledirectlyreachedandinvolvedthroughdifferentARIADNEactivities is30timeslargerthanthemember-shipoftheComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)organisation/conference(350),5timeslargerthanthemembershipoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeo-logists (2000+), and about 32% of the number of archaeologists working in Europe (33,000),estimatedbytheDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject.

o InnovationAgendaandActionPlan:Theprojecthasissuedacomprehensiveagendaandactionplan for further advances in open sharing of data and digital archaeology. Institutions andindividuals are invited to consider recommended actions that are relevant to their differentmissionandactivities(i.e.R&D,dataarchiving,education&training).Theagendaandactionplaniscarriedforwardbythenot-for-profitARIADNEAssociation(formallyestablished inNovember2016). The planned activities of the ARIADNE Association include continuation of communitynetworking,TNAtraining,andresearchliaisonsestablishedduringtheproject.Furthermore,theassociationwill seekopportunities toextend theARIADNE registry andportalwithdatasetsofnewprovidersandadditionalservices.

Summaryofresults

ARIADNEhasachievedastrongcommunitybuildingforinnovationindata-relatedpracticesthroughcooperation agreements and informal liaisons andactivitieswith archaeological andother culturalheritageinstitutions inEuropeandbeyond.ARIADNEhasmobilisedandinvolvedmanyinstitutions,projectsandindividualsthroughvariousactivities.Theseincludesurveysonsectorneedswithregardto data resources and services, conference sessions and workshops on ARIADNE topics, trainingcourses, among others. Awareness of the importance of sharing data through research e-infrastructure(i.e.dataarchivingandfederation)hasbeenraisedandacommunityoforganisationsthatengage indatasharinghasemerged.Also initiativesfornewe-infrastructuressuchasnationaldigital archives for archaeological data havebeenencouraged. Joint ownership of theARIADNEe-infrastructureandserviceshasbeenfostered.


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InvolvementofarchaeologicalandculturalheritageinstitutionsinEurope

ARIADNEsetouttoinvolveinstitutionalstakeholdersofallEUMemberStates,particularlyEuropeanantiquity/heritage authorities, archaeological and other heritage research centres, universitydepartments/institutes, and research and professional associations; the category does not includetechnologicalresearch&developmentorganisations.

The project involved 65 European institutions of which at least one, often more institutions arepresentof24ofthe28EUMemberStatesandtwootherEuropeancountries(Iceland,Norway);thefigureincludes17ARIADNEpartnersintherelevantcategories.

Yet to be involved in the ARIADNE initiative are archaeological institutions in Croatia, Latvia,LuxembourgandSlovakia.Thesecountrieshaverelativelysmallnumbersofarchaeologists,i.e.60inLatvia or over 200 in Slovakia, compared to over 800 on Portugal or Romania, or over 4000 inGermanyorItaly(cf.DISCO2014:18).

Theinstitutionalstakeholdershavebeeninvolvedbasedonformalcooperationagreements(15)andthrough liaison and cooperation on an informal basis. These mostly concerned the building andsharing of databases, use of common vocabularies (e.g. thesauri), and expertise in special subjectmatters(i.e.digitalarchiving,scientificdatasets,applicationoftheCIDOC-CRMontology).InstitutionsalsosentresearcherstoparticipateinARIADNETransnationalAccess(TNA)trainingsforinstitutionalprojects(i.e.inviewtoprovidedatatoARIADNE).

CooperationwithEuropeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageprojects

DuringtheprojectperiodARIADNEcooperatedwith10Europeanprojectsonaninformalorformalbasis (e.g. Memorandum of Understanding). Among these EU funded projects for example areArchaeoLandscapes, CENDARI (e-infrastructure for European history archives), DARIAH (digitalhumanities), EUROPEANA (Europeana Research), NEARCH (public archaeology), PARTHENOS(humanitiese-infrastructurescluster),andthenewESFRIinitiativeE-RIHS(heritagesciences).

The cooperation topics include common policies and interoperability of e-infrastructures, heritagesciences (focus on tangible heritage), specific datasets/content archives and standards, andtools/services needed by researchers in the digital humanities, including e-archaeology. Further-more, public archaeology (NEARCH project) and skills development in an area not covered byARIADNEtrainings:remotesurveyingtechniquesanddata(ArchaeoLandscapesproject).

Particularlynoteworthywith regard to theco-ordinatedevolutionof researche-infrastructuresareforeseen joint dataset registration and access services for humanities, archaeology and heritagesciencesdata,i.e.harmonizationofdatacataloguesfollowingandextendingthemodeldevelopedbyARIADNE.

InvolvementofinstitutionsoutsideEuropeandinternationalinitiatives

ARIADNEestablished liaisonsandcollaborativeactivitieswith19 institutionsoutsideofEuropeandinternational projects; formal cooperation agreements have been signed with 6 institutions/projects.Thespectrumofinstitutionsandprojectsrangesfromnationalandinternationalauthorities(i.e. IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority, ICCROM) to special interest groups (i.e.CAA LinkedData SIG) andspecificdataandvocabularyresources(i.e.PeriodO).

Most liaisons focusedon sharing of reports anddatasets fromarchaeological surveys, excavationsand conservation projects (i.e. American School of Classical Studies in Athens, ICCROM, MAGIS -Mediterranean Archaeology GIS); exchange of expertise in data archiving and access (i.e. OpenContextandtDARintheUnitedStates),anduseofcommonvocabulariesanddatalinkingbasedonW3CrecommendedLinkedDatastandards(i.e.Nomisma,Pelagios,PeriodO).


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CollaborativeactivitieshaveachievedimportantresultsforadvancingdatasharingandintegrationinEurope and beyond. For example, the circulation of archiving expertise has been increased indedicatedeventsinvolvingEuropeanandotherdigitalarchiveproviders.WithregardtodatalinkingthecollaborationwithPeriodOmeritstobehighlighted.ThroughthePeriodOsystemARIADNEmadeavailable a set of cultural periods for over 20 European countries with unique identifiers (URIs).These allow stable linking and integrationof data and arenowavailable also for other projects inEuropeandbeyond.

Participationofend-usersinprojectactivities

Manymorepotentialend-usersofARIADNEresultsthanexpectedparticipated inprojectactivities.Instead of a few hundred end-users 10,500 participated in project activities. This figure does notincludepeoplereachedthroughonlinedisseminationofprojectresults.

A large number of end-users (692) participated in the user needs & requirements surveys. Thesurveys allowed the project gain a good understanding of user needs and expectations from theARIADNEe-infrastructureandservices,whichhavebeendevelopedaccordingly.521researchersandpractitionersbenefitedfromtransnationalaccess(TNA)studyvisitsatARIADNEcompetencecentres(summerschoolsandindividualvisits)andtutorialsandshorttrainingcoursesatvariousevents.In67conference sessions and workshops (co-)organised by ARIADNE partners presented and discussedwith participants on-going work and results of the project, with a total of 3180 project externalparticipantsreportedbypartners.OtherslearnedaboutARIADNE’sworkandachievementsthroughindividualpresentationsofpartnersat151other international andnationalevents,witha totalof9621participantsreported.

Thesefiguresamountto14,014peoplereachedandinvolvedbyARIADNEinsurveys,TNAstudyvisitsandothertrainings,andpresentationsanddiscussionofprojectresultsatvariousevents.However,we assume that this number includes 25% participation of people in more than one activity.ThereforeweestimatethatARIADNEreachedandinvolvedabout10,500researchers,practitioners,students,andothers.Accordingto thetypesofactivities thesewerepeopleactiveor interested inarchaeological and cultural heritage research and dissemination, particularly with digitalcontent/data,toolsandservices.

InnovationAgenda&ActionPlanandSustainabilityPlan

TheARIADNE InnovationAgendaandActionPlanprovidesacomprehensivesetof focusareasandsuggestedactivitiesonhowtoadvanceopenaccessdigitalarchaeologyinEuropeoverthenext5-10years (ARIADNE 2015b and 2016a). In the 5-year horizon it covers Research e-infrastructuresservices,toolsandotherresources,Dataarchivingandcuration,Opendatasharingandre-use,andCapacity building for open access digital archaeology. Furthermore, in the 10-year innovationhorizon,severalotherpotentialadvancestowardsinnovativedigitalarchaeologyaresuggested.

Given thebroad rangeof the InnovationAgendaandActionPlan the institutionalmembersof theARIADNEconsortiumandaffiliated institutionshavenotbeenaskedtoendorse it.Thiswouldhavebeen inappropriate as the institutions have different missions and activities (e.g. research &development, data archiving and sharing, education and training). Instead members of theinstitutions are invited to join the not-for-profit ARIADNE Association that has been formallyestablished in November 2016. The membership is on an individual and not institutional basis,because it is often difficult for institutions, especially large public ones, to participate in such anorganisation.

The ARIADNE Association focuses on continuing the activities of the EU-funded ARIADNE projectbasedontheSustainabilityPlan(ARIADNE2016a:Section4.7).Theplannedactivitiesincludefurthercommunity networking (i.e. meetings at international conferences), continuation of TNA training


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(provided “in-kind” by ARIADNE competence centres) and research liaisons established duringARIADNE.Furthermore,theAssociationwillseekopportunitiestoextendtheARIADNERegistryandPortal with new datasets and additional services. The basic operation of the facilities will bemaintained by the ARIADNE partner CNR, the largest Italian research institution and one of thelargestinEurope,“in-kind”(atleastfor5years).TheARIADNERegistryandPortalwillbeextendedwithadditionaldatasetsandfunctionalityifnewfundscanbeacquired.

2.4.2 Promotionofawareness&goodpractices

TheoverallgoalofARIADNEactivitiesinthiscategoryhasbeenwidedisseminationofinformationonthe project goals and results as well as opportunities to cooperate with and benefit from theARIADNE initiative, i.e. conference sessions and workshops, training programmes, guides to goodpracticeresearchdata,andothers.

Keyresults

o Eventorganisationandparticipation:About9,600peopleof relevantcommunitiesparticipatedin conference sessions, workshops and special meetings (co-)organised by ARIADNE andindividual presentations of project partners at other events; in total 12,801 project-externalparticipants in 218 events were reported, but it is assumed that this figure includes 25%participationofpeopleinmorethanoneevent.

o Reach of project website: Between February 2013 and December 2016 there were 53,849sessions by 36,611website visitorswith a total of 184,074 page views (the targetwas 12.000websitevisitors).

o Socialmediachannels:ARIADNEhas754followersonTwitter.Of1882tweetsbyARIADNEsinceApril2013,443(23.5%)havebeenretweetedintotal1140times.Therehavebeen787mentionsofARIADNEby170twitterusers.IntotalARIADNE’ssocialnetworkshave11,500memberswithareachofaround160,000followers(thetargetwas15,000members).

o Dissemination of information materials: ARIADNE has produced and disseminated variousinformation materials, including booklets on project goals and achievements (2014, 2016),newsletters,leafletsandflyers(e.g.trainingoffer,availableservicesandtools).Oneparticularlypopular product is the first booklet ARIADNE - The Way Forward to Digital Archaeology inEurope, which since December 2014 received over 6500 views on SlideShare. The periodicprojectnewsletter(nineissues)has410subscribers(thetargetwas300).

o Onlinedisseminationofpresentationsanddocuments:ARIADNEmade91presentationsand26documents(i.e.deliverables)availableonSlideSharewhichintotalreceived69,270views.

o Guides to Good Practice: The guides and case studies produced with support by ARIADNEreceivedaround2000uniquepageviewsontheADSwebsite(thetargetwas1500visitors).Sofar themostaccessed is theDendrochronologyDataguide (published in June2015)with1275pageviews;howeverthe3DDatasetsguide,publishedinDecember2016,alreadyhashadover400pageviews.

o Research publications: ARIADNE researchers reported in total 86 project-related paperspublished in journals, conferenceproceedings,booksandotherpublications.Among the latestpublicationsisamulti-authoredpaperontheARIADNEE-infrastructure(Meghinietal.2017)inaspecialissueoftheJournalonComputingandCulturalHeritage,editedbyleadingresearchersofthe project. Also particularly noteworthy is the paper Enabling European ArchaeologicalResearch: The ARIADNE E-Infrastructure in the proceedings of the European ArchaeologicalCouncil-Symposium2016inthee-journalInternetArchaeology(Aloiaetal.2017).


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Summaryofresults

Eventsorganisationandparticipation

ARIADNEpartnerspresented theprojectwork and results andnetworkedwithparticipants at 218events, with a total of 12,801 participants. The events were conferences andworkshops in threecategories: events for researchers, practitioners, students in the field of archaeology and culturalheritage (non-digital focus); for researchers,developersandadvancedusers indigital archaeology,heritage and humanities; and for developers/providers and institutional users of research e-infrastructureaswell as researchpolicyand fundingbodies. Furthermore therewereanumberofevents ranging frommeetingswithhigh-levelofficials toevents involving schools inarchaeologicalactivities.

67 of the events were (co-)organised sessions or workshops at conferences and special meetingswithrepresentativesofinstitutionsandprojectstoliaiseandestablishoradvancecooperation(3180participants).FurthermorepartnerspresentedARIADNEandtheirprojectcontributionsat151otherevents(9621participants).Notincludedinthesefiguresaretransnationalsummerschoolsandshorttrainingcoursesandtutorials.

The number of 12,801 is the total of project external participants of (co-)organised conferencesessions, workshops, meetings and individual presentations at other events reported by projectpartners.We assume that the total includes 25%participation of people inmore than one event.Thustheestimatedtotalparticipationis9600.

Projectwebsiteandsocialmedia

Projectwebsite:Atleast12,000websitevisitorshavebeenexpected(indicatorofsuccess),butover36,000consultedtheprojectwebsite;alsothenumbersofsessions (about54,000)andpageviews(184,000) are quite high. The web statistics show that the ARIADNEwebsite has a European andinternationaluserbase;about75%ofthevisitorswerelocatedinEurope.

Socialmedia:Suchmediahavenotbeenconsideredintheimpactindicators,althoughtheyplayanever greater role in the dissemination of project information. Indeed, ARIADNE achieved a largedistribution of project information and recognition through social media platforms (SlideShare,Twitter). ARIADNE has a Twitter account since April 2013 and at present 754 followers. Of 1882ARIADNE tweets 443 (23.5%) have been re-tweeted in total 1140 times. There have been 787mentionsofARIADNEby170Twitterusers.IntotalARIADNE’ssocialnetworkshave11,500memberswithanestimatedreachofaround160,000followers.

Disseminationofinformationmaterial

The project has disseminated a set of information material which includes project booklets,newsletters,posters,leafletsandflyers.Allmaterialexceptthenewsletterhasbeendisseminatedinphysicalanddigital form.Anaudienceof3000wasexpected(indicatorofsuccess),whichcertainlyhasbeen surpassed. For example, the first project bookletARIADNE - TheWay Forward toDigitalArchaeology inEurope sinceDecember2014 receivedover6500viewson theARIADNESlideShareaccount,theARIADNEIntroductionpresentationover3500views.

Over 150 project news and announcements have been disseminated online. This included theperiodicprojectnewsletters (9 issues),publishedonlineanddisseminated to410 subscribers. Twoprojectbookletshavebeenproducedanddisseminatedat conferencesandonline:ARIADNE - TheWay Forward to Digital Archaeology in Europe (97 pages) and ARIADNE – Building a ResearchInfrastructure forDigitalArchaeology inEurope (63pages).Othereditedprintandonlineproductsincluded:aprojectleafletintwoeditions(2013,2016),andflyerstoadvertisetrainingsandproducts:


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i.e. calls for TNA study visits, presentation of available tools and services. These have beendisseminatedatinternationalandnationalevents(i.e.CAA,EAA,CHNTVienna)aswellasonline.

Guidestogoodpractice

ARIADNE has promoted good practices in the creation, documentation and archiving ofarchaeologicaldatasets.Theprojecthas initiatedandsupportedthedevelopmentoffourguidestogood practice and three case studies. These already are orwill shortly be accessible in the onlineGuides to Good Practice of Archaeology Data Service & Digital Antiquity. The guides concern 3DDatasets, Reflectance Transformation Images (RTI) Datasets, Dendrochronological Data, andThermoluminescenceDating;onecasestudyaddressestheselectionanddocumentationofdatasetsof“bigdatacollections”andtwootherscomplementthe3DandDendrochronologyguideswithreal-worldworkedexamples.BetweenAugust2013andJanuary2017thealreadypublishedguidesandcase studies received about 2000 unique page views. So far the most accessed is theDendrochronologyDataguide (published in June2015)with1275uniquepageviews;howeverthe3DDatasetsguide,publishedinDecember2016,alreadyhashadover400uniquepageviews.

Researchpublicationsandotherproducts

ARIADNE researchers reported in total86project-relatedarticlespublished in journals, conferenceproceedings,booksandotherpublications;thelistofarticlesisincludedinthefinalreportonprojectdissemination(ARIADNE2017a).Thepublications includespecial journal issuesandproceedingsonARIADNE topics suchasOpenAccess&OpenData (Archäologische Informationen,Vol.38/2015, inEnglish),CIDOC-CRMextensionandapplication(EMF-CRMWorkshop2015,CEUR-WS/Vol.1656),andResearchE-Infrastructures.

Amongthelatestpublicationsisamulti-authoredpaperontheARIADNEe-infrastructure(Meghinietal. 2017) in a special issue of the Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, edited by leadingresearchers of the project. Also particularly noteworthy is the paper Enabling EuropeanArchaeologicalResearch:TheARIADNEE-InfrastructureintheproceedingsoftheEuropeanArchaeo-logicalCouncil-Symposium2016inthee-journalInternetArchaeology(Aloiaetal.2017).

OtherARIADNEproductssuchasresearchpresentationsanddocumentshavebeenmadeavailableonSlideShare,whichprovedtobeaveryeffectivedisseminationmethod.ByJanuary2017intotal91presentations and 26 documents (i.e. deliverables) have been uploaded on SlideShare. Theseproductsreceivedintotal69,270views;36,165overthelasttwelvemonths.

2.4.3 TNAstudyvisitsandothertraining

One core objective of ARIADNE has been to support scientific communities in their access toresourcesandservicesofresearchinfrastructures/centres,includingstudyvisitsandtrainingaswellasonlineaccesstocontent/data.–ThissectioncoversPart1:Transnationalaccess(TNA)studyvisitsandothertraining.

Keyresults

o Transnationalaccess (TNA)studyvisits:TNAhasbeenofferedby threepartners in the formofsummer schools or individual visits of one week. 97 researchers from European and othercountriesbenefitedfromtheTNAprogrammeforproject-relatedskillsdevelopment(wellabovethe 85 initially foreseen in the grant agreement). In addition, a small number of researchersbenefitedfromtheprogrammeattendingatrainingevent intheirowncountry(whichwasnoteligibleforTNAfunding).


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o The training centred on data-related skills as required for archaeological projects, e.g. datamanagement planning, dataset development, 2D/3D documentation, data mapping andontologies.Thefeedbackof theresearchersonachievementsduringtheTNAfor theirprojectswasverypositive.

o Othertrainingprovided:424researchersandpractitionersparticipatedin18tutorialsandshortcourses offered by partners at various events. The number of participantswell surpassed thetarget of 250. The training offer covered topics as in the TNA and introduced participants toonlinedataresourcesandtools/servicesdevelopedorenhancedbypartners.

o Development of training programmes: ARIADNE TNA and other training have inspired relatedinitiativestoplanorreworktrainingoffers(e.g.theCIDOC-CRMcommunity).ReworkoftrainingoffersisalsomotivatedbynewtoolsdevelopedbyARIADNEpartners(e.g.vocabularymappingor2D/3Dtools).

Summaryofresults

IntheTrans-nationalAccess(TNA)programmethreeARIADNEcompetencecentres(AthenaRC,CNR-ISTIandPIN)offeredaccessforgroupvisits(summerschoolformat)andindividualvisitsofoneweek.Thestudyvisitswereofferedintheyears2014,2015and2016,withaTNAtravelbursaryforeligibleparticipants. The TNA programme centred on data-related skills as required for archaeologicalprojects, e.g. data management planning, dataset development, 2D/3D documentation, datamappingandontologies.Thetotalnumberofapplications(136)overthefouryearswasbelowtheenvisaged 300, a target which on hindsight appears as unrealistic to achieve in the project timeframe.However,thetrendinapplicationsisincreasingintime,astheprojectbecomesbetterknownintheresearchcommunityandTNAshowsitsusefulness.Demandisactuallycontinuingbeyondtheprojectend,andwillbesatisfiedbyvoluntaryTNAofferbysomeofthepartners.

Over 100 researchers from European and other countries participated in the TNA programme, 97withaTNAtravelbursary.OftheresearcherswithTNAfunding(97bursaries)over70%wereyoungresearchers (i.e. postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers); 50% were female. Theparticipantscamefrominstitutionsin23countries(21EUmemberstatesplusSerbiaandArgentina);thirtydifferentnationalitieswererepresented,20EUmemberstatesplusArgentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,Iceland,Norway,Serbia,TurkeyandUSA.

The feedback of the researchers on their achievements during the TNA summer schools andindividualstudyvisitsfortheirprojectswasverypositive.Alsotheorganisation,logisticsandtrainersof the TNA offer were appreciated very much. The main potential improvement mentioned byseveralparticipantswasthewishforlongertrainingcourses(morethanoneweek).

In addition to the TNAprogramme, 424 researchers andpractitioners benefited for their researchandother tasks (e.g. datamanagement) from18 tutorials,workshopsand short courses at eventsand partner sites. The number of participantswell surpassed the target of 250. The training offercoveredtopicssimilartotheTNAandalsohadastrongfocusonnovelmodels,methodsandtoolsoffered by project partners. Some workshops also introduced participants to the TNA and dataresourcesaccessibleonlineatARIADNEpartnersites.

ARIADNE TNA andother training offers have inspired related initiatives to plan or rework trainingefforts.Forexample, theCIDOC-CRMcommunity isplanninganewframeworkof training forCRMapplicationtoculturalheritagedata.Thecurrentre-organisationoftrainingoffersisalsomotivatedby available new tools and services developed by ARIADNE partners. Examples are the tools forknowledgeorganisationsystems (MappingMemoryManager forCIDOC-CRM/ontology;VocabularyMappingTool for thesauri, taxonomiesandothervocabularies)andadvanced2D/3Dcontent toolsandweb-basedservicesofferedbyCNRinstitutes(VisualMediaandLandscapeServices).


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2.4.4 Onlineaccesstodataresourcesandservices

One core objective of ARIADNE has been to support scientific communities in their access toresourcesandservicesofresearchinfrastructures/centres,includingstudyvisitsandtrainingaswellonline access to content/data. This section covers Part 2: Online access to data resources andservices.

Keyresults

o Online transnational access services (ADS, Arachne, Fasti Online): The initial set of ARIADNEonlinedataaccessserviceswerethreeservicesindividuallyprovidedbyArchaeologyDataService(ADS), ARACHNE/iDAI.objects (DAI) and Fasti Online (AIAC). These have been offered in theframeworkoftheARIADNETNAprogramme.

o Intheprojectperiod2/2013-3/2016,beforethelaunchoftheARIADNEportal,ARIADNEeffectsonthenumberofvisitorsandpageviewsofthethreeserviceswereunevenlydistributedintime.There were peaks of access around major conferences, which is typical of on-line access tocommunityservices(seeforexampleasimilardistributionofaccesstoreferenceservicessuchasAcademia.eduandResearchgate.net).While theserviceusage increasedduringtheperiod,theeffects of ARIADNE were more evident when the project organised sessions, workshops andother activities at major domain events, calling scholars’ attention on the opportunities itoffered.

o Provisionofdatasets for integrated search:During theprojectdata recordsof the three initialonlineTNAservices (providedbyADS,DAIandAIAC)and13otherprojectpartnershavebeenprepared for incorporation and cross-resource search through the ARIADNE data portal. Atpresent16datapublishersprovide24datasets,somewithmanycontributorsorsub-setsofownresources.1,905,922recordsfromproviders indifferentEUcountriesarenowcross-searchableontheARIADNEdataportal.

o Selectedcooperationhighlight:Therehavebeensignificantadvancesofindividualpartnerswithregard to the accessibility of archaeological data enabled by ARIADNE. An example is theArchaeologyDatabaseof theHungarianNationalMuseum, a new system initially intended forown records. Strong promotion by the museum allowed acquisition of nearly 60,000 recordscontributed by archaeologists across Hungary. The records are included in the ARIADNEregistry/portal.

o ARIADNE portal access: Since January 2016 users could cross-search the integrated datasetsthroughtheARIADNEportal(officiallylaunchedonthe30thofMarch2016attheCAAconferenceinOslo).Untilthe5thofJanuary2017theportalreceivedover10,800visitorsin15,400sessionswith 69,000 page views (the target was 800 visitors/users in the last project year). From July2016onwardstherehasbeenasignificantincreaseinuseractivityontheportal.

o Demographics:Theportalwebsitedemographicssuggestthatthereisaninternationalaudiencefortheportal.About90%ofthevisitorswerefromEurope,10%fromothercountries(i.e.UnitedStates4.13%,Russia2.49%).

o ARIADNEdataportal–makingadifferencetosingledataservices:Throughincorporationinthedata portal the volume and coverage of some data categories previously only accessible atindividualwebsiteshavebeen increasedgreatly. Inparticularthisconcernsrecordsofarchaeo-logicalinterventions(i.e.sitewatchingbriefsandexcavationreports).

o Outlook: Some additional resources of partners, affiliated institutions and projects are beingconsideredforincorporationinthefuture,i.e.resourcesproposedbyinstitutionsincooperation


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agreements.ThesewouldalsoincluderesourcesnotyetpresentintheARIADNEregistry/portal,i.e.metal-detectorfindsdatabases,soildatasetsorscientificdataofancientmetallurgy.

Summaryofresults

Onlinetransnationalaccessservices(ADS,Arachne,FastiOnline)

The initial setofARIADNEonline services,offered in the frameworkof theTNAprogramme,werethreedataservices individuallyprovidedbyArchaeologyDataService(ADS),ARACHNE/iDAI.objects(DAI) and Fasti Online (AIAC). From project start toMarch 2016, before the official launch of theARIADNEportal,ARIADNEeffectsonthenumberofvisitorsorpageviewsofthethreeservicesweremainly perceived aroundmajor conferences.While the service usage increased during the periodeffectsofARIADNEweremoreevidentwhentheprojectwaspresentwithsessions,workshopsandother activities at major domain events (i.e. EAA, CAA, CHNT and others), actually following a“seasonality”patternsimilartootheronlinereferenceservices.

ARIADNEdataportal–makingadifferencetosingledataservices

During the project resources of the three initial online TNA service providers and several otherpartnershavebeenprepared for incorporation in theARIADNEdataset registryandcross-resourcesearch on the data portal. At present 16 data publishers (ARIADNE partners) provide 24 datasets,somewithmany contributors or sub-sets of own resources; in total 1,905,922 records have beenintegratedintheARIADNEregistryandportal.

These are data resources of different types and sizes. At present the largest share of almost 1.7millionrecordscomefromsitesandmonumentsinventories/databases,withthelargestcontributionsofarfromtheUKviaADS.Intheothercategoriesofarchaeologicalinterventions(142,743records),fieldwork archives (6924 records), burial databases (343 records), artefact databases and imagecollections (52,735 records) and scientific datasets (4835 records) other partners individually ortogether have larger shares than ADS. The largest part of records of scientific datasets currentlycomesfromtheDigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology(4635records).

Through incorporation in the data portal the volume and coverage of some data categoriespreviously only accessible at individual websites have been increased greatly. In particular thisconcernsrecordsofarchaeologicalinterventions(i.e.sitewatchingbriefsandexcavationreports).

Thereareexampleswhichrepresentsignificantadvancesofpartnerswithregardtotheaccessibilityof archaeologicaldataenabledbyARIADNE.Tomentionbutoneexample, theHungarianNationalMuseumimplementedtheArchaeologyDatabase,awholenewsysteminitiallyintendedforseveralhundredownrecords.Strongpromotionbythemuseumallowedacquisitionofnearly60,000recordscontributed by archaeologists across Hungary. The records are included in the ARIADNE registry/portal.

Someadditional resourcesof partners, affiliated institutions andprojects arebeing considered forincorporationinthefuture,i.e.resourcesproposedbyinstitutionsincooperationagreements.ThesewouldalsoincluderesourcesnotyetpresentintheARIADNEregistry/portal,i.e.metal-detectorfindsdatabases,soildatasetsorscientificdataofancientmetallurgy.

AnticipatedfutureresourceswouldalsobemuchadvanceddatabasedonmappingsofdatabasestoCIDOC-CRM and recent special extensions such as CRMarchaeo. Several associated partners andongoingprojectsaspiretopossiblyprovidedataatthisadvancedleveloratleastitem-levelrecordsofvariousdatasets.


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Portalaccessfigures

The impact indicators/targets for the ARIADNE portal (“on-line infrastructure services”)were: 300registeredusers,themajorityyoungresearchers,and800differentanonymoususersduringthelastprojectyear.Duringtheprojectitwasdecidedthatuserswillnothavetoregisterinordertousethedataportal.FortheuseofthedataportalinthelastprojectyearthefiguresfortheperiodJanuary2016tobeginofJanuary2017areasfollows:

o 10,819visitors(thetargetwas800usersinthelastprojectyear),

o 15,400sessions(averageduration3.31minutes),

o 68,982pageviews(onaverage4.48pagesviewed/session).

FromJuly2016onwardstherehasbeenasignificantincreaseinuseractivityontheportal.Itmustbenotedthatinabsolutetermsthenumberofvisitorsroughlyequalsonethirdofthetotalnumberofarchaeologists in Europe. This is an amazing success especially in a domain where the onlinecomponentisonlyaminorpartoftheresearchactivities.Theportalwebsitedemographicssuggestthatthere isan internationalaudiencefortheportal.About90%ofthevisitorswerefromEurope,10%fromothercountries(i.e.UnitedStates4.13%,Russia2.49%).

Additionalweb-basedservices

A section of the portal presents and links to services and tools that are provided by ARIADNEpartners. The section includes web-based services as well as available software tools users candownloadandinstall(i.e.thesoftwareoftheDCCDdendrochronologicaldatarepository).Theweb-basedservicesaretheARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices(providedbyCNRlaboratories),theVocabularyMatchingTool(USW),andfourvocabularyservicesthatcanbeusedforterminologylookup and aligning and linking vocabulary and data resources (UK Heritage Data Vocabularies,ThesaurusRA-RepertiArcheologici,iDAI.gazetteerandiDAI.vocab).

2.4.5 Datainteroperabilityandunifiedaccess

TheoverallgoalofARIADNEactivitiesherewastobringtogetherandintegratearchaeologicaldataresources from different European providers and make the resources cross-searchable forresearchers,practitionersandotherusers.

The ARIADNE European-level e-infrastructure provides a common platform where dispersed andcurrentlyisolatedarchaeologicaldataresourcescanbeuniformlydescribed,aggregated,discovered,visualised and accessed. The e-infrastructure services enable tackling a situation of high fragmen-tationofarchaeologicaldatawithlimitedcapabilityforcollaborativeresearchacrossinstitutionalandnationalaswellasdisciplinaryboundaries.

InthisregardtheARIADNEEuropean-levele-infrastructure isagreatstepforwardforthearchaeo-logical sector in Europe. The core achievements of ARIADNE are the data registry and portal thatallowproviderstodescribetheirresourcesbasedonacommonmodelanduserstocross-searchthedatarecordsandtoaccessrelevantdatafromthepoolofsharedresources.AstronguptakeofdatasharingbyarchaeologicalinstitutionsandprojectsthroughdigitalarchivesincorporatedinARIADNEcould allow discovery of available data from surveys and excavations in different countries,comparative studies of sites and finds, and synthetic research that transcends the spatial andtemporalscalesofindividualprojects.

This section addresses different aspects of the ARIADNE e-infrastructure services which concernindicators/targets for the volume, interoperability, andways user can cross-search the integrateddatarecordsfromproviders locatedindifferentcountries.Furthermorethelong-termpreservationofdatarecordsisaddressed.


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Criticalmassofdata

Keyresults

The ARIADNE registry and portal have been set up to allow aggregation and cross-searching ofarchaeologicaldatarecordsfrominstitutionsandprojectsinEurope.Regardingthevolume,coverageandtypeoftherecordsthefollowingindicators/targetshavebeendefined:

o Atleast5,000,000archaeologicalrecordsavailableforaccess,coveringatleast70%ofEuropeancountries:TheARIADNEportalcurrentlycontains1,905,922recordswhich,however,donotgiveanadequateaccountoftheavailableresearchcontent.Becauseinmanycases1recorddescribesanddirectstheportalusertodatasetsofhundredsorthousandsofresearchobjectswhichareaccessibleinacollectionordatabaseofthedataprovider.Theover1.9millionrecordsrepresentabout3.7millionarchaeologicaldatarecordsandresearchobjectsthatareavailableforaccess(74%ofthetargetof5millionrecords).Withregardtothecoverageofcountries,19countriesarecoveredverywell(8)oratleastanumberofsites(11),together70%ofthe28EUmemberstates.Nositesarecoveredin9countries.

o 100,000 reports available for searching and browsing: This has been achieved and largelysurpassed;over138,000recordsoffullorsummaryexcavationreportsareavailable.

o Rich information provided in terms of metadata and content, i.e. not only text records butendowedwith images, 3D etc.:This also has been achieved. The records have been uniformlydescribedbasedontheinformation-richARIADNECatalogDataModel(ACDM),includinguseofcommon vocabulary. Furthermore several resources provide images (i.e. Arachne and projectarchives in ADS and DANS-EDNA), aerial photography (i.e. ARUP-CAS, Discovery Leo Swancollection),and3Dmodels(i.e.3D-ICONSIreland,STARCRepository).

Summaryandexplanations

The ARIADNE portal provides 1,905,922 item-level and collection/database-level records thatrepresent about 3.7 million (3,691,000) archaeological data records and research objects whichprovidersmakeavailableforaccess.Therecordsalonegiveaninadequatepicture,becauseoften1recordstandsforalotofcontentthatisavailableforaccessinadatabaseorcollectionofthedataprovider.Thisisthecasewithregardtofieldworkarchivesaswellasdatabasesandcollectionswhichdonotprovideitem-levelrecordsorwhererecordscoveronlyapartofadatabase(i.e.thesitesbutnotthedocumentationoffinds).

Theabout3.7millionarchaeologicaldata recordsandresearchobjectsare74%of the targetofatleast 5million records. The data resources comprise of 1.7million records of sites&monumentsdatabases/inventories (1 record provides information about one site or monument); about 1.53millionresearchobjectsaccessibleinover6500fieldworkarchives;138,000recordsofarchaeologicalinterventions (i.e. full or summary excavation reports); and about 323,000 other research objectsavailable for access in different databases and collections (i.e. artefact databases, visual mediacollections,burialdatabases,scientificdatasets,andothers).

Withregardtothecoverageofcountries,19countriesarecoveredverywell(8)oratleastanumberofsites(11),together70%ofthe28EUmemberstates.Nositesarecoveredin9countries.ItshouldbenotedthattheARIADNEprojectconsortiumdoesnotincludedataprovidersfromallEUmemberstates, currently there are no providers from 13 EU countries. This affects the number of datarecords and research objects that are available for access and, even more so, the coverage ofcountries.

Reachingandsurpassing the targetof5million records (data recordsandresearchobjects)willbepossiblebyfutureincorporationofsufficientlylargecontentresourcesfromnewprovidersofmissingcountries and/ormore of such content from some current data providers. But to achieve a good


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coverage of all countries it will be necessary tomobilise sites &monuments databases and largenumbersoffieldworkreportsandresearcharchivesinmissingaswellasalreadypresentcountries.Thesehoweveraregenerallydifficulttomobilisebecauseofexistingregulations(i.e.non-exposureofsitelocations)orlackthereof(i.e.opendataarchivingmandatesoffundersforresearcharchives).

Overcomefragmentation

ARIADNEaddressedthe issuethatarchaeologicaldatasetsoftenremain isolated,not interoperableandthereforenotsearchableinanintegratedway.TheARIADNECatalogDataModel(ACDM)allowsdataset providers to describe the resources in a central data registry based on a common datamodel. This enables cross-searching the aggregated records of the resources overcoming their“fragmentation”(i.e.lackofinteroperability).

Keyresults

Thefollowingindicators/targetsofsuccesshavebeendefined:

o 100% of datasets integrated via mappings & crosswalks, or other appropriate integratingtechnologiessuchasGIS,LinkedData,etc.,accordingtodatasettypology:100%ofdatasetsareintegratedbasedontheACDMdatamodel.

o 100% of all datasetswith a spatial component integrated in a commonGIS platform: All geo-referenced resourcesare integrated;OpenStreetMap isbeingused formap-basedbrowsingofinformation.

o 25%ofdatasets linkedasLinkedOpenData(LOD):100%oftheACDMbaseddatasetmetadataaretransformedtoandavailableasLOD(seebelow).

o 30%increaseinservicesprovided(comparedtocurrentlyavailableones):ARIADNEprovidesnewandadvancedservicesnotprovidedbyothersinthesector(seebelow).


Thegoalshavebeenaccomplished.Thelasttwopointsrequiresomeexplanation:

LinkedOpenData (LOD):LODareopenlyaccessibledata resources thatarebasedonW3C recom-mendedstandards,inprimistheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF).TheARIADNECatalogDataModel (ACDM) is basedon theW3CData CatalogVocabulary (expressed in RDF), adapted for thedescription of archaeological data resources. The target of 25%of datasets linked as LinkedOpenDatahasbeensurpassedbytransformingallACDMbaseddatasetmetadatatoLinkedData.Thedataisstoredinanappropriatedatabase(Virtuoso)andcanbequeriedviaadedicatedLinkedDataserverhostedbyARIADNEpartnerCNR-ISTI.

Increase inserviceprovision:TheARIADNEregistryandportalareuniqueservicesnewlydevelopedandofferedbytheproject.Theseservicesenableintegrated,cross-archivesearchofdataresourcesattheEuropeanlevel,serviceswhichwerenotavailablebefore.Otherservicesdevelopedorofferedby partners through ARIADNE are also not available from others, at least not with the highlyadvancedcapabilitiestheyprovide.ExamplesaretheARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServicesandtheVocabularyMatchingTool.Insummary,theavailabilityofnewandhighlyadvancedservicesthroughARIADNEhasbeenincreased,butacomparisonandpercentageofincreasecannotbegiven.

Unifiedaccess

Keyresults

The indicators/targets forunifiedaccessconcern thewaysusersof theARIADNEportal cansearchandaccessdatafromdifferentresources:


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o 100%ofdatasetsaccessiblethroughacommoninterface:ThisgoalhasbeenaccomplishedwiththeARIADNEportalthatprovidesthecommoninterfacetoallservicesanddatasets.

o 100% of datasets availing of innovative visualization and semantic annotation tools (whereapplicable according to dataset type): Specific interfaces allow for different modes of datasearch,visualisationandaccessaccordingtothesearchparadigm.


Thegoalshavebeenaccomplished.Thelastpointrequiressomeexplanation:

Innovativevisualization:Theportalprovidesdifferentsearchandvisualisationmodesofwhichsomearestandardandothersnotcommonorhighlyadvanced.Ratherstandardare:full-textsearchoverthe records; tag cloud at entry level, in English, but with multi-lingual results. Among the notcommon or highly advanced search options are: multi-lingual keyword/subject-based search,includingtermsuggestion;thematicallysimilarrecords(withinindividualsearchresults);map-basedsearch & browse, including indication of available records when zooming into the map; geo-graphically similar records (within individual search results); timespan-based search with a visualinterfacethatallowsselectingtimespans. IfcontentprovidersemploytheservicesprovidedbytheCNR laboratories (ARIADNE Visual Media and Landscape Services): advanced visualisation andmanipulationofaccessedobjectssuchashigh-resolutionimages,ReflectanceTransformationImages(RTI),3Dartefactsmodel,3Dterrainandlandscapemodels.

Semantic annotation tools: Such tools have been developed and employed but do not concernannotationofdataontheportal.Theportaldoesnotoffertoolsforend-userstoannotatedatasets,which data providers perceive as inappropriate or would require very difficult to manage qualitycontrol.Thetoolsconcernsemanticannotationofdatasetsbytheproviders;theseareaddressedinthenextsection.

Long-termpreservationofrecords

Theindicator/targetherewas:Long-termpreservationprocessactivatedforalldatasets.

Keyresult

Long-termpreservationmechanismshavebeenimplementedfortheARIADNErecords(metadata).


The ARIADNE e-infrastructure does not provide a central data storage and preservation centre.Primary data are deposited and curated at data archives/repositories of partners or otherinstitutions.Thelong-termpreservationservicesofthedatainfrastructureconcernthedatarecords(metadata) which are ingested, enriched and included in the ARIADNE data catalogue. Long-termpreservation for these records is implemented. This is based on automatically generated PREMISmetadata stored with each data record, including changes of records. The ARIADNE datasetmetadata (including the PREMIS metadata) is stored within the e-infrastructure for long-termpreservation.Furthermore,thecataloguehasbeentransformedtoLinkedData(RDF)andstoredasanRDFdumpwhichprovidesanadditionalpreservationsolution.

2.4.6 Progressindatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation

TheoverallgoalofARIADNEactivitiesherewastoadvancedigitalmethodsandtodemonstratetheirinnovative capabilities. This summary addressed themethods that have beendeveloped, the nextsectionthedemonstrationofenabledinnovativecapabilities.


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Keyresults

o CIDOC-CRM extensions: Project partners developed or improved extensions of the CIDOCConceptualReferenceModelasrequiredforarchaeologicaldocumentation,i.e.CRMarchaeoforexcavations,CRMbaforbuildings,CRMsciforscientificobservations,andothers.FurthermoreanumberofexemplarydatabaseshavebeenmappedtotheCIDOC-CRMandrelevantextensions.Forsuchmappingsadedicatedweb-basedtoolhasbeendevelopedbyFORTH-ICS,theMappingMemoryManager(3M).Thetool isavailablealsoforotherusersandcancontributetoawideruptakeoftheCIDOC-CRMbyarchaeologicalinstitutionsandprojects.

o CHARMmodels:The Cultural Heritage Abstract ReferenceModel (CHARM) is being offered byProjectpartnerCSIC-Incipit for light-weightmodellingofdocumentationofhumanitiesproject,including archaeology. In ARIADNE CSIC-Incipit made available a programming library andexamplesofsuchmodels;generatedmodelscanbeexportedinSKOSorOWLformatsandusedinLinkedDataenvironments.

o Linked Data methods: ARIADNE partners developed and employed Linked Data methods forintegrationofvocabulariesandmetadatawithintheproject,andpreparedthegroundforfurtherlinking of resources beyond the ARIADNE pool of resources. A major undertaking was themappingofseveralthesauri(ortermlists)ofdataproviderstoconceptsoftheArt&ArchitectureThesaurus (AAT) inRDF/SKOS format.Thishasbeenaccomplishedwith toolsprovidedbyUSW(whichareavailableopensource).AlsothemappingofdatabasestotheextendedCIDOC-CRM(which isexpressed inRDFS)generatedLinkedData.Furthermore,ARIADNEpartnersproducedandhelpedotherstoproducevocabulariesinSKOSformat.Thereisanincreasingcollaborationon, and sharing of, such vocabularies, and ARIADNE has contributed to this development. AsectionoftheARIADNEportal includesvocabularymappingtoolsaswellasvocabularyservicesprovidedbyARIADNEpartners.

o Dataminingtechniques:PatternmininginLinkedDatatosupportarchaeologicalhypothesishasbeentrialledbyLeidenUniversitytogetherwithassociatedpartnerVUAmsterdam.Theminingwas conducted on a graph database of rich metadata records of archaeological fieldworkaccording to the Dutch SIKB 0102 protocol, with the protocol schema modelled in CIDOC-CRM/CRM-EH, and thesauri of the Archeologisch Basisregister (ABR) for terms used in therecords.TheresultssuggestthatstillricherLinkedDataisnecessarytoderivepatternsrelevantfor archaeologists. Useful results will require fine-grained semantic structures and specificinformation, ideally including literalandnumericalvalues.LinkedDatathat fulfils thesecriteriamayallowprovidingrelevantresults.

o Natural languageprocessingtechniques:NLPhasbeenemployed for twopurposes:extraction,indexing and linking of metadata from archaeological reports (“grey literature”), andidentification, extraction and analysis of description of research methods and processes inreports. Both machine learning based and rule-based Named Entity Recognition (NER) andinformationextractionhavebeenexperimentedwithusefulresults.Theoutcomesinclude:

Amachine-learning based application formetadata generation that is being used for the ADSGrey Literature Library, but may be adapted and implemented also by other repositories forEnglishlanguagedocuments(thecodeisavailable).FurthermoreADSprovidesaNERserviceAPIforexternaluserstogeneratemetadatafortheirdatamanagementsystems.

Resultsofrule-basedNLPofarchaeologicalreportsinDutch,EnglishandSwedishbyUSWincludeimproved methods for preparing vocabularies in the different languages for NLP tasks,customizedmatchingandinformationextractionforarchaeologicalterms,andpipelinesforrule-basedNLPofreportsinthedifferentlanguages.ThepipelinesareavailableonGitHubandrunonthewidelyemployedGATEopen sourceNLPplatform.The informationextracted fromreports


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hasbeenusedinademonstratorofCIDOC-CRMandAATbasedsemanticintegrationandcross-searchingofinformation.

NLP-basedworkondescriptionofresearchmethodsandprocessesinarchaeologicalreportshasbeencarriedoutbyCSIC-Incipitandotherpartners.TheexperimentsemployedaPythonNLTKbased tool with different methods to identify and extract description of methods andrelationships between activities. An archaeological use case, including evaluation by a domainexpert,providedencouragingresults.

o ARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices:LaboratoriesofARIADNEpartnerCNRdevelopedownandotheropensourcetoolsfurthertoprovideweb-basedservicesforeffectivepublication,visualisation and exploration of high-resolution and complex media types such as reflectancetransformationimages(RTI)and3Dartefactmodelsandterrain/landscapemodels.Theservicesare included in ARIADNE’s portfolio of freely useableweb-based services. The services greatlyadvance the capability of awide range of users to effectively generate, publish, visualize andstudyonlinehigh-resolutionvisualcontentinnovelways.Theseincludearchaeologicalresearchprojects,digital archives,e-journals,museumsandotherheritage institutions.The servicesarealreadybeingusedbymanyarchaeologyandheritageresearchanddisseminationprojects.

Summaryofresults

CIDOC-CRMextensionandmappings

TheCIDOC-CRMinitiallyhasbeendevelopedforthedocumentationand integrationof informationaboutartefactsheldbymuseumsandotherheritageinstitutions.Theconceptualreferencemodelisan ISO standard since 2006 (ISO21127:2006, renewedas ISO21127:2014).WithinARIADNE severalCIDOC-CRMextensionshavebeencreatedorenhancedwhichtogetherformtheARIADNEReferenceModel.Thismodelisintendedtoallowtheaccuratedocumentationofcomplexentitiesandrelationsof archaeological/scientific observations and analysis, data integration and search, involvingreasoning over the distributed data and knowledge. The CIDOC-CRM extensions cover docu-mentation and metadata of archaeological excavations (CRMarchaeo), ancient/historic buildings(CRMba), scientific observations and argumentation (CRMsci, CRMinf), spatio-temporal relations(CRMgeo),anddigitisationprocesses(CRMdig).

Archaeological institutionsandprojectscannowmodelandintegratebettervariousdataresourcesusing the CIDOC-CRM with appropriate extensions. This has been exemplified by mappings of anumberofrepresentativedatabases,includingdatabasesoffieldwork,findsandmonuments,burialsand finds such as coins. A new tool, theMappingMemoryManager (3M) has been developed byARIADNEpartnerFORTH-ICStofacilitatethemappingprocessandthemappingvalidation.Theweb-based application eases the mapping of database schemas to the CIDOC-CRM and selectedextensionsandmay contribute toawideruptakeof theCIDOC-CRMbyarchaeological institutionsandprojects.

CHARMmodels

Researchers of project partner CSIC-Incipit offer the Cultural Heritage Abstract Reference Model(CHARM) which can be used for light-weightmodelling of documentation of humanities projects,includingarchaeology.CHARMisexpressed intheirconceptualmodelling languageConMLandcanbeextendedtocreatemodelswhichbestsuittheparticularneedsofdifferentprojects.

In ARIADNE CSIC-Incipit hasmade available a programming library that can be usedwith CHARMmodels,i.e.amodellingenginecapableofstoringandmanipulatingConMLmodels,andexamplesofsuch models. The library can be used by software developers who want to create systems for


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processing archaeologicalmodels that are based on CHARM.Models expressed in CHARM can beexportedinSKOSorOWLformatsandusedinLinkedDataenvironments.

LinkedDatamethods

ARIADNEpartnersdevelopedandemployedLinkedDatamethodsforintegrationofvocabulariesandmetadatawithin theproject, andprepared theground for further linkingof resourcesbeyond theARIADNEpoolofresources.

Enablinginteroperabilityandcross-searchingofdatarecordsfromseveralprovidersandindifferentlanguagesbasedonsubjectsrequiredmappingoftermsoftheirthesauri(ortermlists)toconceptsofacommonsemantic“hub”.Thereforepartnershadtomapsubjecttermstheyuseindatarecordstothe comprehensiveArt&Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) that is available in the LinkedData formatSKOS.

Over6400mappingswereconducted,withmappingsbyindividualpartnersrangingfrombelow100toover1600terms.Termsfrom27vocabulariesemployedby12projectpartnershavebeenmappedto the AAT. For example, the Institut National des Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (Inrap)uses many terms of the PACTOLS thesaurus for the subject metadata of their catalogue ofarchaeological reports (DOLIA). In total1634PACTOLS termshavebeenmapped to theAAT.MostpartnersusedthemappingtoolsprovidedbyUSW(whichareavailableopensource).

Furthermore, ARIADNE partners produced and helped others to produce vocabularies in SKOSformat.Suchworkhasbeencarriedoutbefore,inparallelto,orwithinARIADNE.Oneexampleofaparallel development in the UK SENESCHAL project is the set of major British Heritage Datavocabularieswhichare freelyavailable inSKOS format togetherwithweb servicesandwizards forsemantic tagging of data. An example of a vocabulary development supported by ARIADNE is themulti-lingual dendrochronology vocabulary in SKOS formatof theDigital Collaboratory for CulturalDendrochronology(DCCD,hostedbyDANS).

There isan increasingcollaborationon,andsharingof,LinkedDatavocabularies,andARIADNEhascontributedtothisdevelopment.Togivebutonefurtherexample:ARIADNEpartnerscollectedandprovidedthePeriodOservicewithasetof659periods(PaleolithictoModerntimes)for24Europeancountries.PeriodOassignsuniqueresourceidentifiers(URIs)toperiodinformationwhichallowsclearandstable linkingofdataresourceswhichconcernthesameperiod.AnewservicecomponenthasbeenincludedintheMoReaggregatorofAthena-DCUtoattachPeriodOURIstoperiodinformationinrecordscollectedforARIADNE.ARIADNEpromotestheuseofPeriodOtoallowwiderinterlinkingofdatabasedonchronologiesinLinkedDatainitiatives.

A sectionof theARIADNEportal includes four servicesof vocabularies in SKOS format that canbeusedforterminology lookupandaligningand linkingvocabularyanddataresources.ThesearetheUKHeritageData vocabularies (mentioned above), the Thesaurus RA (Reperti Archeologici) of theItalian Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation (ICCD) for objects coming fromarchaeologicalexcavations(theSKOSversionisbeingcuratedbyMiBAC-ICCUandPINVastLab),andtheiDAI.gazetteerandiDAI.vocaboftheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute(DAI).iDAI.vocabcomprisesofseveralthesauriofarchaeologicalterminologyindifferentlanguages.

Dataminingtechniques

Pattern mining in Linked Data to support archaeological hypothesis has been trialled by LeidenUniversity togetherwithassociatedpartnerVUAmsterdam.Theworkproduced interesting resultsconcerningarchaeologicaldata.Anexaminationof(few)availablesetsofarchaeologicalLinkedDatafoundthattheseconsistedlargelyofflatdatastructuresanddescriptivevalues.Thesewereunlikelyto allow patternmining for hypothesis generationwhich archaeologists indicated as relevant in auserrequirementsstudyoftheresearchgroup.Thestudyalsofoundthatthearchaeologistswould


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onlyconsiderresultsofadataminingapplicationifthesecanbeinterpretedeasilyandthemethodsemployedareunderstandableandtrustable.

Tohaveamore complex setof LinkedData thegroupgenerated LinkedDataof73 richmetadatarecordsofarchaeological fieldworkdocumentationaccordingtotheDutchSIKB0102protocol.Theprotocol schemawasmodelled in CIDOC-CRM, including the EnglishHeritage extension (CRM-EH).FurthermoreArcheologischBasisregister(ABR)thesaurioftheDutchCulturalHeritageAgencyhavebeenpreparedforuseinthetransformationofSIKB0102XMLdocumentstoRDF.AgraphdatabasehasbeensetupandpopulatedwiththeRDFdata.

Thedatahasbeenexploredwithadataminingpipelinedevelopedbytheresearchgroup(MINoS-MINing on Semantics). Responding to selected archaeological topics, methods, etc. the pipelineoutputs potentially interesting patterns in the Linked Data. Outputs can be (facet) browsed orexamined algorithmically using pre-sets. The research results have been encouraging from atechnical perspective but still of partial utility froman archaeological perspective.Domain expertswere surprisedby the rangeofpatterns thatwerediscovered,althoughmost could reasonablybeinferredjustbasedonexperienceandarchaeologicalknowledge.Intheframeworkofanexperimentsuchasthisone,thisisactuallyapositiveresultfortheabsenceof“falsepositives”.

The results confirmed a strong dependence of the usefulness of pattern mining for hypothesisgeneration on the granularity of knowledge embodied in datasets of Linked Data. For archaeo-logicallyrelevantresultsfine-grainedsemanticdataisnecessary,whichmeanssufficientcomplexityof the structural features (i.e. ontologies) and specific information, ideally including literal andnumerical values. Linked Data that fulfils these criteria may allow providing relevant results forarchaeologists.

Naturallanguageprocessingtechniques

In ARIADNE Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been employed for two purposes: extraction,indexingand linkingofmetadata fromarchaeological reports (“grey literature”),and identification,extractionandanalysisofdescriptionof researchmethodsandprocesses inreports.Bothmachinelearningbasedandrule-basedNamedEntityRecognition(NER)andinformationextractionhavebeenexperimentedwithusefulresults.

Formachine learning basedNER ametadata extractionweb application has been developed. Theapplication includes an annotation tool for collecting machine training data, techniques forclustering, labelling and ranking the NER output, and export of selected metadata in a variety offormats. The application has been developed for the ADS Grey Literature Library, but may beadapted and implemented also by other repositories for English language documents (the code isavailable).FurthermoreADSprovidesaNERserviceAPIforexternaluserstogeneratemetadatafortheirdatamanagementsystems.

Project partner USW developed and trialled NER and information extraction from archaeologicalreports in different languages with their GATE-based OPTIMA semantic annotation system. Thepublished results include improvedmethods for preparing vocabularies in different languages forNLP tasks,customizedmatchingand informationextraction forarchaeological terms,andpipelinesfor rule-basedNLPof reports inEnglish,DutchandSwedish.ThepipelinesareavailableonGitHubandrunonthewidelyemployedGATEopensourceNLPplatform.ResultsofNLPofarchaeologicalreports in the different languages together with extracts from datasets have been included in ademonstrator of CIDOC-CRM and AAT based semantic integration and cross-searching ofinformation.

NLP-based work on description of research methods and processes in archaeological reports hasbeencarriedoutbyARIADNEpartnersCSIC-IncipitandAIACincollaborationwithresearchersofthe


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Centre de Recherche en Informatique at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. The experimentsemployedanautomatictool(TextProcessMiner)thathasbeendevelopedutilizingPythonNLTKandother NLP libraries/components. The tool employs NLP techniques with a focus on the verbsemantics for methods/activity mining and rule-based mechanisms for activity relationshipsdetection (basedon i.e. sequence, parallelismandmutual exclusion).Ademonstrationof thisNLPapproachforthedetection,extractionandanalysisofmethoddescriptioninarchaeologicalreports,including evaluation by a domain expert, provided encouraging results. The tools of the researchprototypearenotyetavailableforgeneraluse.

ARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices

InARIADNE’sDescriptionofWorknoindicatorsforthisfieldofresearch&developmenthavebeendefined.Butadvanced imagingsolutions (i.e. reflectancetransformation images)and3Dmodelsofartefactsand terrainsareessential inarchaeological researchdocumentationanddissemination.AhighdemandforservicesthateasethepublicationandaccesstosuchmediahasbeenexpressedinARIADNEuserworkshopsandtraining.

The ARIADNE Visual Media and Landscape Services enable effective generation, publication,visualization and exploration of different media types in high-resolution and different interactionmodalities.Theseservicesalreadyarebeingusedbymanyprojects:

o The Visual Media Service (CNR-ISTI) for high-resolution images, reflectance transformationimages(RTI)and3DmodelsisavailablesinceApril2015.Sincethenithasbeenusedtoprocess,publish and visualise over 400 3D and other visual media. The service is accessed by severalhundredusers (dataproducers and visitors) permonth,with increasing figuresof access since2016.

o Launched inspring2016, theARIADNELandscapeServices (CNR-ITABC)arebeingemployedbyarchaeology and heritage research, training and dissemination projects (i.e. virtualmuseums).Over300multi-resolutionterraindatabaseshavealreadybeenprocessedandresultsprovidedincontentgalleriesonthecloud-basedplatform.

Theservicesgreatlyadvancethecapabilityofawiderangeofuserstoeffectivelygenerate,publish,visualizeandstudyonlinehigh-resolutionvisualcontent(i.e.3Dmodels)innovelways.Theseincludearchaeological research projects, digital archives, e-journals, museums and other heritageinstitutions. For example, digital humanities projects and e-journals increasingly are looking forpossibilities to provide media-rich research publications comprising of the papers and underlyingdata(evidence)presentedashigh-resolution3DmodelsorRTIimages.

2.4.7 E-researchframeworksanddemonstrators

The overall goal of ARIADNE activities here was to enable advanced or new digital methods anddemonstratetheinnovativecapabilities.ThissectioncoversPart2:Innovativecapabilities.

Keyresults

o TowardsVirtualResearchEnvironments (VREs): Theprojecthas studied the current stateof e-research in different fields of archaeological research, perceived difficulties, and requirementsfor progress towards innovative e-archaeology, possibly based on VREs. Building on theimplemented ARIADNE e-infrastructure, one next step could be the creation of VREs,implementedonorrelatedtothedata infrastructureandportal.Thesetofdatadiscoveryandaccess services, data specificweb services (e.g. for 3Dmodelsof objects and landscapes), andnewservicesandtoolsfordifferentfieldsofarchaeologycouldevolvetowardsadvancedVREs.


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o Demonstrated capability to support advanced or new digital methods: The project achievedsignificant progress in novel methods of data documentation, linking, processing andvisualisation (e.g. extended CRM/ontology, Linked Data, data mining/NLP). Building on thisprogress the project explored a number of innovative use cases. Twelve application pilotsdemonstrate innovative capabilities enabled by ARIADNE services/tools, models, vocabulariesanddatasets(thetargetwasatleast10demonstrators).

Summaryofresults

E-archaeologyframeworks

The creation of the ARIADNE e-infrastructure and data portal is an essential achievement for thearchaeological domain as it provides a common platformwhere dispersed data resources can beuniformly described, discovered and accessed. One next step could be the creation of VirtualResearchEnvironments(VREs)fore-archaeology,implementedontopoforrelatedtotheARIADNEe-infrastructure.

VREsareweb-basedresearchenvironmentswhichoffergenerice-infrastructuresservices(e.g.datadiscovery and access) and specific services and tools research communities need for differentresearch tasks and types of data. ARIADNE already offers some e-research services like the visualmediaand landscapeservices,whichenableeffectiveonlinepublicationandexplorationof images(e.g.ReflectanceTransformationImaging-RTI)and3Dmodelsofobjectsandlandscapes.

The ARIADNE project has not been charged to develop VREs for researchers in different fields ofarchaeology,butpreparedthegroundforsuchenvironmentsbasedonthee-infrastructureservices(i.e.dataportal)andadditionaltools/servicesfordataintegration,visualizationand(re-)use.

The project has studied the current state of e-archaeology in different fields of archaeologicalresearch, perceived difficulties, and requirements for progress towards innovative e-archaeology,possibly based on VREs. The study results suggest that there is much potential for ARIADNE toprovideVREs,withtheprovisothatthedatainfrastructureandserviceswillhavetotakeaccountofthe multi-disciplinarity of archaeological research, particularly different data standards andvocabulariesthatarebeingusedbydifferentresearchspecialities.

Demonstratorsofinnovativecapabilities

Project partners developed demonstrators of innovative capabilities that are enabled by ARIADNEservices/tools,models,vocabulariesanddatasets.12demonstratorshavebeenreported,thetargetwas“atleast10”;thereportincludesadocumentationofeachdemonstrator.Theintendedusersoftheinnovativecapabilitiesareresearchers,datamanagersandintegrators,anddevelopersofnoveltoolsandservices.Someof thedemonstratorshadanexperimentalcharacter, i.e.data integrationbased on the extended CIDOC-CRM and different vocabularies. These demonstrated advancedcapabilitytosearchdataresourcesandidentifyrelevantrelatedinformation.OthersareclosetooralreadyproductivesolutionsthatarebeingusedbyARIADNEpartnersandothers(i.e.VisualMediaandLandscapeServices).


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2.5 FP7RIprogrammeimpactindicatorsandresults

The project impact evaluation also took account of expected additional and broader impacts ofIntegrating Activities beyond the indicators of success defined in ARIADNE’s Description ofWork.These are stated in the relevant FP7 Work Programme for Research Infrastructures (2012).Presentingalso these impactsallowshighlightingachievementsofARIADNEwhicharenotobviousbasedonthespecificsetofindicatorsemployedaccordingtotheproject’sDescriptionofWork.

2.5.1 StructuringimpactontheEuropeanResearchEra(ERA)

The overall goal of ARIADNE activities here was to promote cooperation and connect researchcommunitiesandresources(data,ICTservices)attheEuropeanlevel.

Keyresults

o ARIADNEbuilt the European-level e-infrastructure for the field of archaeology,which providesdirectionforandpreventsfragmentationofeffortsfordatamobilization,sharingandintegration.

o ARIADNE mobilized a large community of stakeholders around the e-infrastructure. TheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncilofheadsofnationalbodieschargedwith themanagementofthe archaeological heritage throughout Europe encourages institutions to share data throughARIADNE.

o ARIADNE is recognized in the ESFRI Roadmap 2016 as the leading European integrator ofarchaeologicalresearchdatainfrastructures(e.g.nationalandotherdataarchivesinthesector).

Summaryofresults

ARIADNEhasbeenthecatalystforacollaborativestructuringoftheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)inthefieldofarchaeologyandrelateddisciplines.Theoverallgoalof thisstructuring isenablingdatasharing of and integrated access to datasets from institutions located in European countries andbeyond,promotingahigherleveloftransnationalcooperativeresearch.

ARIADNE has developed a data infrastructure platform (data registry/portal) where currentlydispersedandoften isolatedarchaeologicaldataresourcescanbeuniformlydescribed,discovered,visualized and accessed. This European-level e-infrastructure provides direction for and preventsfragmentationofeffortsfordatamobilization,sharingandintegration.

ARIADNE mobilised a large number of stakeholders around the acknowledged e-infrastructureinitiative.RecentlytheESFRIRoadmap2016recognisedARIADNEastheleadingEuropeanintegratorofdigitalarchives/repositoriesforarchaeologicalresearchdata(ESFRI2016:52and175).Moreover,the EuropeanArchaeological Council encourages institutions to share data throughARIADNE (EAC2015:21).

Sharing of data, tools and services fosters mutual understanding and collaboration among theinvolved archaeological research infrastructures, technological research & development centres,academies of science, research associations and public authorities from differentMember States.Capitalising on complementary expertise and capacities leverages the innovation potential of thesharede-infrastructureanddataresourcesfortheinstitutionsandusercommunitiesinvolved.

2.5.2 Coordinatedevolutionofresearche-infrastructures

The overall goal of ARIADNE activities here was to contribute to the coordinated development/evolution,synergiesandintegrationofe-infrastructuresinthetargetareaofarchaeologyandrelatedfieldsofthehumanitiesandheritagesciences.


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Keyresults

o ARIADNE contributed substantially to the clustering, coordination and knowledge exchangeamongtherelevante-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldofhumanitiesandheritagesciences.

o ARIADNE collaborateswithmany actors to evolve in a coordinatedwaye-infrastructurebasedresearch in the multi-disciplinary field of archaeology, i.e. actors in the areas of prehistory,ancienthistory,epigraphy,environmentalarchaeology,dendrochronology,culturalperiods,andothers.

Summaryofresults

ARIADNEhascontributed substantially to thecoordinatedevolutionofe-infrastructuresanddigitalresources for humanities and heritage sciences, including archaeology. Coordination activitiesincluded clustering and knowledge exchange with e-infrastructure initiatives such as CENDARI,CLARIN,DARIAH,Europeana,IPERION-CH,PARTHENOSandthenewESFRIinitiativeE-RIHS.

The partnership of ARIADNE, DARIAH and PARTHENOS merits to be highlighted with regard tocommonpoliciesand interoperabilityofe-infrastructures forthehumanitiesandheritagesciences.ThecollaborationwithEuropeanaResearch,whichbuildsonthemassiveculturalheritagecontentofEuropeana,maynotonlybenefit researchersbutalso foster interestof teachers, studentsandthewiderpublicinarchaeology,classicalstudiesandrelateddisciplines.

Theprimaryfocushoweverisenablinge-infrastructuressupportICT-enhancedresearchinthemulti-disciplinary field of archaeological research. In this regard the collaboration of ARIADNE withinstitutionsandprojectsinspecificareasareofvitalimportance.Tomentionbutafew:withregardtoprehistory(CENIEH,Spain;DGUF,Germany),ancienthistory(Pelagios),dendrochronology(DCCD),cultural chronologies (PeriodO), environmental archaeology (SEAD, Sweden), and others.Coordination and targeted collaboration fosters synergies among projects, sharing of resources,cross-fertilisationandinterdisciplinaryapproaches.

2.5.3 Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs

TheoverallgoalofARIADNEactivitiesherewastosupportoptimaldevelopment,operationanduseof integrated data archives, ensuring that researchers and other users have reliable and efficientaccesstodatatheyrequireforresearchandotherpurposes.

Keyresults

o ARIADNE has developed integrated access to existing national-level and other archaeologicaldata archives in Europe, enabling use of data from different European countries (e.g. forcomparativestudiesandsynthesis).

o The project has also investigated the requirements for sustainable operation of data archives(e.g.mandates,certification,coststructures),andpartnershavesharedwidelybestpracticesintheoperationofarchives.

o ARIADNEhaspromotednewinitiativesfornational-leveldataarchivesande-infrastructuresforthearchaeological researchcommunity inseveralEuropeancountries,and fosteredknowledgetransferbetweenestablisheddatacentresandnewinitiatives.

o ARIADNE data archives and other European institutions have submitted an EU COST Actionproposal aimed to expand the sharing of expertise in digital archiving (“Saving EuropeanArchaeologyfromtheDigitalDarkAge-SEADDA”,submitted1/12/2016).


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Summaryofresults

ARIADNE has developed integrated access to existing national-level and other archaeological dataarchives in Europe, enabling discovery and (re-)use of research data from different countries forcomparative and other studies. Indeed, the project has put the sharing of data through digitalarchivesandintegratinge-infrastructureontheagendaofthearchaeologicalresearchcommunityinEurope.

ARIADNE has investigated the conditions for sustainable operation of data archives (e.g. coststructure, centralised service, mandate), and partners have widely shared best practices in theirdevelopment,managementanduse,directlyaswellasthroughonlineguidestogoodpractice.

Exchange, discussion and dissemination of consolidated knowledge in digital archiving ofarchaeologicalandotherhumanitiesdatahasbeenenabledin13dedicatedevents,11organisedbyARIADNEdigitalarchivistsandresearchers.Theseeventsinvolvedleadinginstitutionsandprojectsinthefieldandhavebeenattendedbyover500people.

ARIADNEalsopromotednewinitiativesfornational-leveldataarchivesande-infrastructuresforthearchaeologicalresearchcommunityinseveralEuropeancountries(i.e.Austria,Hungary,IrelandandSlovenia).Furthermoretheprojectfosteredknowledgetransferforstate-of-the-artarchivesbetweenestablishedandnewinitiatives.

The ARIADNE data archives and other institutions have submitted an EU COST Action proposal“SavingEuropeanArchaeology fromtheDigitalDarkAge - SEADDA” (1/12/2016),aimed tocollect,consolidateandtransferbestpracticesinarchiving,disseminationandre-useofarchaeologicaldata.

OverallARIADNEhasincreasedthematurityofthedisciplinewithregardtoresearchinfrastructures(digital archives and integrating e-infrastructure) and the participation of institutions in thedevelopmentandsharingofdataresources

2.5.4 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisation

The overall goal of ARIADNE activities herewas to enable fertilisation between different fields ofresearch, e.g. sharing of data, conceptual understanding and integration, collaboration on noveltools/services.

Keyresults

o ARIADNE provides data services relevant to all scholarly/scientific domains involved inarchaeologicalresearch;sharingand linkingthroughARIADNEvariousdatacanstimulatecross-disciplinaryfertilisationamongresearchersofthedifferentdomains.

o ARIADNEpromotedcross-fertilisationwith regard to theconceptualunderstandingofdifferentfields of research (e.g. use and extension of the CIDOC-CRM ontology), and collaboration ofscholarsandtechnologistsonnewsoftwaretoolsandservices.

Summaryofresults

Archaeologyisamulti-disciplinarydisciplinethatspansseveralfieldsofthehumanities(e.g.historyofartsandarchitecture,classicalstudies,historicalarchaeology,ethnographyandothers)aswellashas close ties with the natural sciences (e.g. projects that use archaeometrical, biological andenvironmentalresearchmethods).

ARIADNEprovidesdataservicesrelevanttoallscholarly/scientificdomainsinvolvedinarchaeologicalresearch.SharingandlinkingthroughARIADNEofdatasetswhichcontainvariousdatacanstimulatecross-disciplinary fertilisationamong researchersofdifferentdomainsbothwithinandbeyond the


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humanities.ARIADNEresearchersalsohaveexploredthepotentialofvirtualresearchenvironments(VREs)forarchaeologicalprojectsinviewofenablingdomainandcross-domainintegrativeresearch.

Cross-fertilisationhasbeenpromotedwithregardtotheconceptualunderstandingofdifferentfieldsofresearchthroughtheapplicationofknowledgeorganizationsystems(thesauri,ontologies)forthelinkingand integrationofdata resources.Especially theextendedCIDOC-CRM(ARIADNEReferenceModel)hasthepotentialtostimulatecross-fertilisationamongdifferentfieldsofresearch.

ARIADNE also fostered cross-fertilisation between scholars and developers of software tools forresearchpurposes.Thishasbeenexperienced in the trans-national studyvisitsandcourseswherescholars learned how to apply various tools, and software developers learned about therequirementsofthescholars’projects.

TheevaluationhasalsoconsideredthepotentialoftheARIADNEdatainfrastructureandservicesforpromoting interest inquestionsofarchaeologyandheritagebyeducators, studentsand thewiderpublic, maybe stimulating study work and visits to archaeological sites and cultural heritagemuseums. Access to archaeological “open data” may foster a broader engagement of citizens indigitalarchaeology.

However, it has been concluded that it is too early to evaluate if ARIADNE allows non-experts adeeperinvolvementin(online)“publicarchaeology”or“communityarchaeology”projects.Afutureevaluationof theARIADNEdata infrastructureandservices,after someyearsof regularoperation,couldlookforcaseswheretheyhavebeenusedinsuchprojectsandincitizens’owninvestigations.

2.5.5 Sharingofknowledge&technologies

OnecoreobjectiveofARIADNEwastosharenewknowledgeandtechnicalsolutions(tools/services)across fields of research,with related public sector bodies and businesses, and enable innovationbeyondtheresearchsector.ThissectioncoversPart1:Sharingofknowledge&technologies.

Keyresults

o ARIADNE partners shared new knowledge and advanced or new models, methods, tools andservices widely across relevant fields of research, including the multi-disciplinary field ofarchaeology,culturalheritageandhumanitiesresearch,andheritagesciences.

o Theprojectoutcomesareavailablealso forpublicsectororganisationsandbusinessesthatareactiveinthesefields(e.g.culturalheritageadministration/management,contractarchaeologistsandconsultancies)andothersforwhomtheadvancedornewknowledgeandtechnicalsolutionsarerelevant.

Summaryofresults

ARIADNE has shared new knowledge and results of technological development widely acrossrelevant related fields of research. The knowledge and technology transfer includes sharing ofmodels, tools/techniques and services, presentations, tutorials and short courses for tool/serviceusers,goodpracticeguides,andpublicationsonusecasesandresearchresults.

Know-howandtechnologiesfordataarchivingandpublication

In many events and other dissemination activities ARIADNE has put the need for data sharingthrough state-of-the-art archives and integrating e-infrastructure on the agenda of the researchcommunity.Projectpartnershavesharedwidelygoodpracticesinthedevelopmentandoperationofdigital archives. In particular, ARIADNE has fostered knowledge transfer between established data


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archives/centres and initiatives for centres in other European countries, so that new entriesmay“leapfrog”toastate-of-the-artsolutionbylearningfromacknowledgedbenchmarks.

InadditiontothisknowledgetransferARIADNEpartnershavecontributedtothedevelopmentandsharingofdataarchivingandpublicationsolutions.Examplesareexperiencesreportedontheuseofthe ARCHES platform for cultural heritage inventory and management (developed by GettyConservationInstituteandWorldMonumentsFund);mirrorhosting,back-upandenhancementsoftheOpenContextdatapublicationplatformbytheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute;andopensourcesharingoftherepositorysoftwareoftheDigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology(DCCD)byDANS.

Know-howandtechnologiesforintegratinge-infrastructureandservices

Data infrastructures and services employ various standards and technologies, someofwhichhavebeenadaptedand/orimprovedbytheproject.ARIADNEprovidesanexamplefortheadaptationanduseoftheW3CrecommendedDataCatalogVocabulary–DCATforthedescriptionofdatasetsofadomain of research; employs the MoRe (Metadata & Object Repository) aggregator which isprovidedbyARIADNEpartnerAthena-DCUasaCloud-basedservice;andsharestoolsthatenhancedata interoperability, e.g. theVocabularyMatching Tool and theMappingMemoryManager (3M)whichfacilitatesthemappingofdatabasestotheextendedCIDOC-CRM.

NaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP)

NLPisawell-establishedfieldofresearchanddevelopmentwithnumeroussolutionsandproductiveapplications. ARIADNE work in this field employed different frameworks such as GATE (GeneralArchitecture for Text Engineering) and Python NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit), and investigatedvariousmethodsforimprovingNLPtasksspecificallyforarchaeologyandculturalheritagecontent.Amajorgoal in thisareahasbeenmakingreportsofarchaeological fieldwork,specialistanalysisandother“greyliterature”betteraccessibleandusefulthroughNLPbasedmetadataextraction.Arguablythegreatestadvancehasbeenachieved inthe investigationofwhatcanbeachievedby,andwhatstillneedstobeimprovedfor,employingarchaeologicalterminologiesindifferentlanguagesforthispurpose.

VisualMediaandLandscapeServices

Project partners have developed web-based services for visual media (high-resolution images,Reflectance Transformation Imaging and 3D artefact models) and large 3D terrain and landscapemodels.TheseservicesareincludedintheARIADNEportfolioofweb-basedservices.Employingsuchservices/tools in researchprojects, for contentdeposited indigital archives and/orpublished in e-journalsgreatlyadvancesresearchers’capabilitytopublish,access,visualizeandstudyarchaeologicalandotherculturalheritageobjectsonline.

ARIADNE’sfocushasbeenonspecificneedsandrequirementsofarchaeologyandculturalheritage.Thereforemost of themodels, tools/techniques and services have been specifically developed orcustomisedforusersofthissector,butsomemayalsoberelevanttootherdomains.

2.5.6 Potentialforindustrialinnovation

OnecoreobjectiveofARIADNEwastosharenewknowledgeandtechnicalsolutions(tools/services)across fields of research,with related public sector bodies and businesses, and enable innovationbeyondtheresearchsector.ThissectioncoversPart2:Potentialforindustrialinnovation.


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Keyresults

o Innovation in the archaeological “industry” seems feasiblemainly through enhanced access tosharedknowledge,e.g.fieldworkreportsofcontractarchaeologistsandacademicresearchandsynthesis.

o Accesstomoreandricherdata/informationaboutarchaeologicalsites,monumentsandobjectscan benefit also heritage-led regional development and cultural heritage communication, e.g.urbanregenerationprojectsandculturalheritagetourism.

o There is low potential for ICT businesses to provide e-infrastructure and services (e.g. dataarchives)forarchaeologicalresearch.

Summaryofresults

Industrialinnovationinarchaeology

With regard tobusinesses in these fields thenotionof “industrial innovation”aspromotedby theResearchInfrastructuresprogrammecanhardlybeapplied.Thenotionisinformedbylargephysicalresearch infrastructureswhere innovationmayresult from industrialprovidersbeingchallengedtocome up with novel instrumentation, joint R&D projects with the RI, or the use of experimentalfacilities. Industry in archaeology means contract archaeologists and consultants who providefieldworkservicesinsocalleddeveloper-ledorpreventivearchaeology.

Oneareawherebothprivate sector andacademic archaeologists canbenefit is the sharingof theoutcomes of their work through digital archives. Contract archaeologists producemany fieldworkreports that are important for progress in archaeological knowledge. If such reports can bemadebetter accessible together with academic research and synthesis, all actors can benefit from acommonresource,e.g.forpreparingfieldwork,excavationsandconservationofwork.

Accesstomoreandricherdataandinformationaboutarchaeologicalsites,monumentsandobjectscanalsobenefitheritage-ledregionaldevelopmentprojects,e.g.inareassuchasurbanregenerationand cultural heritage tourism. Special ARIADNE services such as theVisualMedia Servicesmaybeusedintheonlinepresentationofarchaeologicalandotherculturalheritageobjectsandsites.

Industryinvolvementindatainfrastructureservices

With regard to the participation of industrial actors in the development of e-infrastructures theEPIRIAevaluationoftheFP7ResearchInfrastructureprogrammehasshownthattheirinvolvementinIntegrating Activities has been rather low. ARIADNE followed the general pattern of IntegratingActivities in that research organisations rather than ICT businesses have been entrusted with thedevelopmentofthetechnicalsolutionsandservices.Themainreason isthatthe involvedresearchorganisationsanddigitalarchiveshaveatrackrecordinimplementingdataservicesfortheculturalheritagesector.

Data infrastructure and services build on awell-established set of technical approaches and openstandards and software so that ICT businesses may try becoming service providers. However weassume that running adata infrastructure and services specifically for archaeological research anddissemination (or other fields of research) does not represent a business case for private sectorcompanies.

Data archives present a similar situation based on a division of work in the academic publishingsector.Mostresearchpublishersdonotseedatamanagementandpreservationaspartoftheircorebusiness. As open data mandates of research funders have become more widespread, mostpublishers recommend dedicated research data archives, while few have implemented an ownrepositoryfordataunderpinningpublicationsintheirjournals.Datarepositorieswhichareoperated


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bycommercialactorsarerare:ExamplesareFigshare(runbyMacmillanPublishers’DigitalScience)andMendeleyData(Elsevier),forthelatterDANSprovideslong-termdataarchiving.

2.6 Overallresults,conclusionsandrecommendations

We briefly recapitulate the objectives of the ARIADNE project, summarise the overall results andconclusions of the project evaluation, and give recommendations for ARIADNE and otherstakeholderswithafocusonpotentialfurtheradvances.

ARIADNEobjectives

The overall objectives of the ARIADNE project have been to mobilise many stakeholders in thesharing and (re-)use of archaeological data, and to implement e-infrastructure services that allowinstitutions and projects tomake valuable data available to the wider community. ARIADNE thusaimed toacceleratearchaeology inEurope froma starting toanadvanced community in termsofdatasharingcapacityandintegratedaccesstoresearchresources.TheobjectivescanbesummarisedaspromotinginnovationinICT-enhancedarchaeologybasedonsharingofdataandotherresourcesthroughtheARIADNEe-infrastructure(i.e.datasets,vocabularies,tools/services).

Overallresults

The evaluation shows that ARIADNE achieved very good results in all evaluation dimensions. Inparticular,theproject

o Accomplished its goal to implement an e-infrastructure and services for cross-searchingrepositories/databasesofarchaeologicaldataandseeditwithrepresentativedatasetsofprojectpartners;

o Achievedalarge“footprint”inthesectorwithregardtonumbersofinstitutionsandresearchersthathavebeenreachedandinvolved,includingpotentialprovidersofadditionaldatasets;

o Increased data interoperability based on a common model and enhanced vocabularies (i.e.ARIADNECatalogueDataModel,extendedCIDOC-CRM,vocabularymappingtools);

o ImplementedaEuropean-leveldataportalprovidingadvancedsearchcapabilitywith regard toarchaeologicalsubjects,locationsandtimespans(culturalperiods);

o Made available additional high value services (i.e. 3D artefact and landscape services), anddemonstrated advanced capability in making data better accessible and useful (i.e. metadataextractionfromarchaeological“greyliterature”,CIDOC-CRMbaseddataintegration).

At the core of the ARIADNE project has been the building of a European-level platform wheredispersedarchaeologicaldataresourcescanberegistered,shared,discoveredandaccessed.Suchaplatformdidnotexistbeforeanditsimplementationarguablyistheproject’skeyinnovationforthearchaeologicalcommunityinEurope(andbeyond).

Widereachandinvolvementofstakeholders

Thewide reach and large direct involvement of individual researchers, practitioners, students andothers(about10,500)inactivitiessuchasneeds&requirementssurveys,transnationalaccess(TNA)and other trainings, and sessions and individual presentations at sector conferences, workshopsmeritstobehighlighted.

The conservative estimate of 10,500 participants is 30 times larger than the membership of theComputer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) organisation/conference(350), 5 times larger than themembershipof theEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists (2000+),


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and about 32% of the number of archaeologists working in Europe (33,000), estimated by theDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject.

MoreoverthenumberofinvolvedEuropeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageinstitutions(65of26countries)and institutionsoutsideEuropeand international initiatives (19)appearsasexceptional.The institutionshavebeen involved invariousways, i.e.cooperationagreements, liaisonsand jointactivities on an informal basis; a number of agreements include contribution of datasets, givenrequiredfundsareavailable.

Substantialresultsonseveralfronts

Theprojectachievedsubstantialresultsonseveralfrontsincluding,butnotlimitedto,increasein

o Awarenessoftheimportanceofdataarchivingandaccess,includingtheneedofappropriatearchivesforarchaeologicaldata;

o Exchangeandtransferofknowledgeindataarchivingsolutionsandpractices,possiblyallowingcommunitiesthatlackanappropriatearchaeologicaldataarchiveto“leapfrog”toanoptimalsolution;

o Skillsdevelopmentformakingnewaswellaslegacydatasetsmoreusefulandbetteraccessible(i.e.TNAstudyvisitstocompetencecentresandothertraining);

o Mobilisationofinstitutionsinthesharingofarchaeologicaldatasets(i.e.cooperationagreements);

o Datasharingcapacity,throughtheARIADNEdatainfrastructure;

o Servicestopublish,discover,visualise,accessandusedataforresearchandotherpurposes(i.e.ARIADNEdataregistry&portal,visualmediaandlandscapeservices);

o Interoperabilityofdata(i.e.ARIADNECatalogDataModel,extendedCIDOC-CRMandvocabularymappings);

o Coordinateddevelopmentofe-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldsofdigitalhumanities,archaeologyandheritagesciences.

Highrecognitionatalllevels

Thereportedadvancesonseveralfronts,achievedorenabledbytheARIADNEinitiative,havebeenrecognised by participants of trainings and professional development, research directors andnational institutes, and the core institutions of both the archaeological sector and the area ofresearchinfrastructures:

o TheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncilstronglyencouragesinstitutionstoparticipateinandsharedatathroughARIADNE.

o The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI Roadmap 2016) recognisesARIADNEasthecoreEuropeanintegratorofarchaeologicalresearchresources.

o Complementing the high-level recognition, testimonials of archaeology and cultural heritageinstitutionsandresearchersconfirmARIADNE’s impactbothatthenational level,whereaccesstodatahasbeengreatly improved insomecases,andat theEuropean level, throughthedataregistry/portal which allows cross-searching the improved and integrated data. Furthermore,participants in theTransnationalAccess (TNA)programmeacknowledged thehighvalueof thetrainingprovidedfortheirownorinstitutionalprojects.



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Conclusionsandrecommendations

ARIADNEhasbeenanEU-funded IntegratingActivityaimedatovercominga situationofdispersedandisolatedarchaeologicaldataresources.Theprojecthasachievedessentialresultsthatallowdatasharing, interoperability and accessibility for research across institutional and national as well asdisciplinaryboundaries.

The evaluation results demonstrate that the ARIADNE project has a strong impact in the field ofarchaeologicalresearchanddatamanagementinEurope,andthatthismaybecomealastingimpact.Theresultsareencouragingandasolidbasisfortakingappropriatenextsteps.

The evaluation concludes that based on the project results there is a high potential for furtheradvancesbasedonsharingofdataandotherresourcesthroughtheARIADNEe-infrastructure.

The period of EU support for the ARIADNE project ended. However the not-for-profit ARIADNEAssociationhasbeensetuptoenablecontinuedoperationofthecurrentdatasetregistryandaccessportal,furthercommunitynetworkingandofferingtrainingforpotentialdataproviders.

Torealisethefullpotentialoftheimplementeddatainfrastructureandportalforthearchaeologicalresearch community, it is necessary to keep themomentum, incorporate additional datasets, andensurethesustainabilityofthee-infrastructureoperation.ThereforeanumberofrecommendationsaregivenforstakeholdersintheARIADNEinitiative:

Institutionalstakeholders

ARIADNEprovidesacommonplatformforarchaeologicaldatapublication,discoveryandaccess.Theplatform is a community asset which, however, requires sustained efforts for maintenance andextension.Thereforeall institutionalstakeholdersinaccessiblearchaeologicaldata,i.e.professionalassociations,researchinstitutesandfundingagencies,shouldconsider

o Utilizing the platform for own and community wide purposes (i.e. open sharing of data asincreasinglydemandedbyfundingbodies);

o Supporting the platform by making available resources and/or mobilising data providers (i.e.datasetsofinstitutionsfromcountriesnotyetpresentontheARIADNEportal);

o Delegation of a representative to the ARIADNE Association to express and promote commoninterestsinthecontinuationofthee-infrastructureandotheractivities(i.e.opendataadvocacy,trainingandprofessionaldevelopment).

ARIADNEinitiative

FortheARIADNEinitiative,representedbytheARIADNEAssociation,thefollowingrecommendationscanbegiven:

o Trainingoffer:Focusonprovidingtrainingforpotentialprovidersofnewdatasets(i.e.curatorsofinstitutional legacy databases andmajor new projects); align with the knowledge transfer fornewarchaeologicaldataarchives(i.e.theSEADDAinitiative).

o Maintenanceofthecurrentservices:Keepthecurrentservicesrunning, includingbasicmainte-nance and updates (if required), until new funding for extension of datasets and services areacquired,forexampleinafollow-upproject.

o Incorporationofnewdatasets:Attemptto incorporatenewdatasetsbasedonspecificarrange-ments and/or according to the availability of own or external funds. A number of institutionshaveexpressedtheirinteresttousethedataregistryandportalforpublishingdatasets.


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o Project based sustainability: Substantial extension of resources (datasets, tools/services) andcontinued sustainabilitywill require a series of fundedprojects or dedicatednational or inter-nationalfundingcommitments.

o Long-term sustainability: An approach for long-term sustainability of the e-infrastructure andservices could be a foundation, endowed with and/or renewed significant funding. Anotheroption couldbe that anESFRIResearch Infrastructureof thehumanities andheritage sciencessector (DARIAH, E-RIHS) takes up the e-infrastructure and adapts and utilizes it to supportresearchcommunities,includingarchaeologicalresearchers.

TheserecommendationsaregenerallyinlinewiththeARIADNEsustainabilityplanthatisincludedintheARIADNEFinalInnovationAgendaandActionPlan(D2.4,November2016).


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3 Frameworkoftheimpactevaluation

3.1 Generalframework

Theframeworkoftheimpactevaluationcomprisesofthedifferentdimensionsinwhichtheprojectintended tomakeadifference, thevarious typesof impactsenvisaged, and thedefined indicators(evidence) for these impacts. The framework is largely determined by the fact that ARIADNE hasbeen funded as an Integrating Activity project under the European Union’s Seventh FrameworkProgramme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), specifically the Research Infra-structuresprogramme(2012).TheIntegratingActivityschemeprescribesthatprojectshavetocarryoutadefinedsetofactivities:Networkingactivities,Trans-nationalaccessand/orserviceactivities,andJointresearchactivities.Thesecondcoreelement for the impactevaluationframework is thatARIADNE setout tobuild ane-infrastructure that integrates andprovides access to archaeologicaldatasets.

InordertoallowacomparativeapproachtheARIADNEimpactevaluationlookedforanestablishedframework for the evaluation of the impact of Integrating Activities for networks of researchinfrastructures.Butsuchaframeworkdoesnotexist,despitethefactthatacrossalldisciplinesabout90 such projects have been funded under FP79. The reason appears to be that the significantdifferences of the projects with regard to disciplines, types of research infrastructures and usercommunities do not allow the application of a common evaluation framework. A similar situationexists with regard to a comparative analysis of impacts of different e-infrastructure projects (seeSection3.3andAnnexB).

ThereforetheconclusionwasthattheARIADNEprojectmustbeevaluatedprimarilyaccordingtoitsscopeandexpected impacts asdefined in theDescriptionofWork (GrantAgreement). In additionthe evaluation takes account of a number of expected broader impacts of Integrating ActivitiesstatedintherelevantFP7WorkProgrammeforResearchInfrastructures(2012).Indeed,addressingalsotheseimpactsallowshighlightingachievementsofARIADNEwhicharenotobviousbasedonthespecificsetofindicatorsemployedaccordingtotheproject’sDescriptionofWork.

ThesectionsthatfollowdescribetheIntegratingActivityschemeandthee-infrastructurecomponentof ARIADNE. Furthermore the impact evaluation task, its overall focus and time horizon, and thedifferentimpactdimensionsandindicatorsareaddressed.

3.2 ARIADNEasanIntegratingActivity

ARIADNE is an Integrating Activity, funded under the European Union’s Seventh FrameworkProgrammeforResearchandTechnologicalDevelopment(FP7),WorkProgramme2012forResearchInfrastructures.TheARIADNEprojectproposalrespondedtothetopic INFRA-2012-1.1.3,“Researchinfrastructuresforarchaeologicaldatasetsandrelatedtechnologies”.

AccordingtotheFP7WorkProgramme2012forResearchInfrastructures10,“TheaimofIntegratingActivities is to bring together and integrate, on a European scale, key research infrastructures, inordertopromotetheircoordinateduseanddevelopment.ThiswillensurethatEuropeanresearchers

9EuropeanCommission,DGResearch&Innovation,Infrastructures:FP7fundedI3projects(NetworksofRIs

fundedasIntegratingActivityprojects),https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/index_en.cfm?pg=ri_projects_fp7

10Sourceofthequotesthatfollow:FP7WorkProgramme2012.Capacities:Part1:ResearchInfrastructures.EuropeanCommissionC(2011)5023of19July2011,pp.8-10,https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/pdf/wp2012_research_infrastructures.pdf


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haveawiderandmoreefficientaccesstothehighperformingresearchinfrastructurestheyrequiretoconducttheirresearch,irrespectiveofthelocationoftheinfrastructures”.

As stated in theWorkProgramme,an IntegratingActivity“shall combine, ina closely co-ordinatedmanner,followingtheIntegratedInfrastructuresInitiatives(I3)model:

o Networkingactivities, to fostera cultureof co-operationbetween research infrastructuresandscientific communities andhelp developing amore efficient and attractive EuropeanResearchArea;

o Transnationalaccessand/orserviceactivities,tosupportscientificcommunitiesintheiraccesstotheidentifiedresearchinfrastructures;

o Joint research activities, to improve, in quality and/or quantity, the services provided by theinfrastructures.

All three categories of activities are mandatory as synergistic effects are expected from thesedifferentcomponents.”

The ARIADNE project has been set up according to the Integrated Infrastructures Initiatives (I3)model, hence combines Networking activities, Trans-national access and/or service activities, andJointresearchactivities.TheevaluationoftheimpactoftheARIADNEprojectfocusesontheimpactsofthedifferentI3activitiestakingaccountalsoofperceivedsynergisticeffects.

3.3 ARIADNEasane-infrastructureinitiative

OnemajorobjectiveofARIADNEhasbeentobringtogetherandintegrateresearchinfrastructuresinthefieldofarchaeologicalresearchsothatresearchers(archaeologistsandothers)haveawiderandmoreefficientaccesstosharedresourcesandservices.

UnderthetermResearchInfrastructure(RI)verydifferentfacilitiesandservicesaresubsumed.TheEuropeanStrategyForumonResearch Infrastructures (ESFRI)11distinguishesbetween“single-site”,“distributed”and“virtual”RIs(ESFRI2006:16).Asingle-siteRIisamajorfacilityatwhichresearchisconducted, for example, amolecularbiology laboratoryor a synchrotron, andadistributedRI is anetworkorganisationofsuchfacilitiesbasedoncommonprinciplesofserviceprovision.AvirtualRIisane-infrastructure thatprovidesdigital servicessuchasconnectivity,authentication/authorisation,datasearchandaccess,useofcomputingresources12.

ARIADNEhas created a virtual infrastructure that providesdata registration, discovery, access andother services on top of distributed digital archaeological archives/repositories. These archives/repositoriesareinfrastructuresthatareintegratedbytheARIADNEdatainfrastructureandserviceswhichareaccessiblethroughacommondataportal.Itisimportanttonotethatthise-infrastructuredidnotexistbeforebuthasbeendevelopedbyARIADNE;itrepresentstheproject’scoreinnovationinthefieldofarchaeologicalresearchanddatamanagement.ThereforetheimpactofARIADNEasane-infrastructure initiative must be evaluated with regard to the realised data infrastructure andservices (e.g. integrationofdata resources,novel services,etc.) and thepotential theyprovide forfurtherinnovationinthedomainofarchaeologicalresearch.

11ESFRI-EuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures,http://ec.europa.eu/research/esfri/12TheResearchInfrastructuresObservatory,http://observatory.rich2020.eu,providesinformationabout341

ResearchInfrastructuresandRIsupportprojectsthathavebeenfundedbytheEuropeanCommissionthroughthe7thFrameworkProgrammeforResearch;138oftheentriesaree-Infrastructureprojects.


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For the impact evaluation it is important to distinguish ARIADNE’s data- and domain-centred e-infrastructurefromothere-infrastructuresandservices.Thetablebelowpresentsthedifferenttypesofe-infrastructures.

Type Briefdescription Examples

HighPerformanceComputing(HPC)

Advancedcomputingservicesbasedonsupercomputersforscientificandengineeringapplications

PRACE(providesaccesstosixHPCsystems)13

DistributedComputingInfrastructure(DCI)

DCIsprovideagatewaytoGrid/Cloud-basedcomputingresourcesandtools(e.g.virtualmachines),whichmaybeusedstand-aloneoraspartofaVRE

EGI.eu(coordinatesapan-EuropeanplatformofDCIs)14

VirtualResearchEnvironments(VREs)

Acombinationofe-researchtoolsandservicesasrequiredbyaresearchcommunity;maybeimplementedondataorcomputinge-infrastructure

ThesetofARIADNEgeneral&specificservices(e.g.visualmedia&landscapeservices)mayevolveintoaVRE15

DomainDataInfra-structure&Services

Dataregistration,cross-archivesearch,accessandotherservicesforaspecificdomain

ARIADNE

Otherexamples:CENDARI16,IPERION-CH17

Domain-basedDataArchives/Repositories

Servicesforcurationandlong-termaccesstoresearchdataofaspecificdomain

ArchaeologyDataService,E-DepotforDutchArchaeologyandotherARIADNEarchives

Otherexamples:GenBank18,PANGAEA19

Generice-Infrastructure&Services

Genericservicessuchasdataidentifiers,storageandreplication,metadatasolutions,authentication/authorizationandothers

DataCite20,EUDAT21,OpenAIRE22

ResearchandEducationNetworks

Internetconnectivity,datatransferandcommunicationservices

GÉANT23andnationalResearchandEducationNetworks

13PRACE-PartnershipforAdvancedComputinginEurope,http://www.prace-project.eu14EGI.eu-InternationalGrid&CloudInfrastructureforResearch,http://www.egi.eu15ExamplesofVREprojectsareBioVel(FP7;ecology),https://www.biovel.eu;ViBRANT(FP7;biodiversity/

taxonomy),http://vbrant.eu;BlueBRIDGE(H2020,marinesciences),http://www.bluebridge-vres.eu;EVER-EST(H2020;earthsciences),http://www.ever-est.eu

16CENDARI-CollaborativeEuropeanDigitalArchiveInfrastructure,http://www.cendari.eu17IPERION-CH-IntegratedPlatformfortheEuropeanResearchInfrastructureonCulturalHeritage,

http://www.iperionch.eu18GenBank,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/(includesover11,000recordsofancientDNAofhumans,

animals,plants,bacteria,etc.)19PANGAEA–DataPublisherforEarth&EnvironmentalScience,http://www.pangaea.de(includesover3200

datasetsrelatedto“archaeology”)20DataCite,https://www.datacite.org21EUDAT-EuropeanDataInfrastructure,http://www.eudat.eu22OpenAIRE-OpenAccessInfrastructureforResearchinEurope,http://www.openaire.eu


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Takingaccountofessentialdifferencesbetweene-infrastructures

Impact evaluationmust take account of theessential differencesbetween the existing typesof e-infrastructure.Theyarenotcomparablebutarepositionedindifferentlayersofthee-infrastructureecology(seetableabove).

The general basis is networks that provide Internet connectivity and data transfer andcommunicationservices(i.e.ResearchandEducationNetworks).Nexttherearethegenericservicesfordataidentification,management,searchandaccess,e.g.EUDAThasdevelopedanumberofsuchserviceswhich can be employed by e-infrastructures of different disciplines.We also include hereOpenAIRE, mainly because this e-infrastructure is meant to support projects of all disciplines.OpenAIREassiststheEUpoliciesonopenaccesspublicationsanddata,allowingsearchforresearchoutputsandinformationaboutEUfundedprojects,organisationsandresearchers.

TheARIADNEinitiativeispositionedinthedomain-focusedlayerofe-infrastructures.ARIADNEbuildson data archives/repositories that specialise in the curation of archaeological and other culturalheritage data, and provides integrating services that allow cross-archive search, access and otherservices.AlsoVirtualResearchEnvironments(VREs)typicallysupportresearchersinoneoragroupofrelated domains of research. VREs implement a combination of e-research tools and services asrequiredbya researchcommunity.ARIADNE’ssetofgeneral services (e.g.datasearchandaccess)andspecificservicesfordifferenttypesofdata(e.g.visualmedia,landscapeandotherservices)mayevolveintosuchaVREforresearchersinarchaeologyandotherheritagesciencedisciplines.

DistributedComputingInfrastructure(DCI)providesaccesstoGrid/Cloud-basedcomputingresourcesandtoolsthroughaScienceGateway.AGatewayusesgenericDCIservicessuchasauthentication/authorizationandsupportstheusercommunityintheuseoftheirapplications(e.g.virtualmachines)andavailablecomputingresources.Usergroupscanshareapplicationsanddataand,thereby,formavirtual research community. Finally High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure providesadvancedcomputingservicesbasedonsupercomputersthatareaccessibleremotelyaspartofGrid-basede-infrastructureorotherdedicatedhigh-throughputconnections.

Fortheevaluationoftheimpactsofthesee-infrastructuresitisimportanttoconsidertheirdifferentfunctions and user communities. A comparison of the impact of ARIADNE’s e-infrastructure withthose of other Integrating Activities might be conducted if they develop the same type of datainfrastructure and services, those which integrate and provide access to domain-based dataarchives/repositories or databases. A comparison with other e-infrastructures would beinappropriate, e.g. between the ARIADNE data infrastructure and a Grid-based DistributedComputing Infrastructure. The same applies to comparisons between other types of e-infrastructures, for example, Research and Education Networks (providing connectivity and datatransferservices)andGrid-basedDCIsandHPCcentres(cf.Purcell2013).

Becauseof thedifferencesbetweenthee-infrastructures impactevaluationframeworksdevelopedbyprojects suchas E-nventoryand IMPACTare relevantmainly at theaggregate level. E-nventorydevelopedaplatformformonitoring investments,development,usageand impactsofnetworking,grid and high-performance computing e-infrastructures24. IMPACT aimed to provide the EuropeanCommissionwith a conceptual framework formonitoring the impacts of all types of (research) e-infrastructureprojectsfundedunderthee-Infrastructuresprogramme.Theproposedindicatorswereintended to evaluate at the aggregate level their contribution to EU policy goals (Digital Agenda,Innovation Union), the European Research Area (ERA) science and innovation system, and other

23GÉANT-Europeanresearchandeducationnetworkingcollaboration,http://www.geant.net24E·nventory-TheEuropeane-InfrastructuresObservatory,http://www.enventory.eu


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impacts(FraunhoferISI&ZEW2012;theIMPACTindicatorsareaddressedingreaterdetailinAnnexB,Section7.3).

3.4 Impactevaluationtask,focusandhorizon

This section describes the impact evaluation task as defined in the Description of Work (GrantAgreement),itsoverallfocusoninnovationsachievedorenabledbyprojectoutcomesinthefieldofarchaeological research (inprimis theARIADNEe-infrastructure,butalsootheroutcomes),andtheimpactphase/horizoncovered,whichistheimplementationratherthantheoperationalphaseofthedatainfrastructureandservices.

Impactevaluationtask

FortheARIADNEimpactevaluationinthefirstplacetheimpactsdefinedintheDescriptionofWork(Grant Agreement) are relevant. According to the project’s Description of Work (DoW), Task 2.5ImpactEvaluation“analysestheimpactofARIADNEintermsofoverallinnovation;buildingtheusercommunity;liaisonswithstakeholdersandwithrelatedinitiatives;integratingdatasets;enablingnewandimprovedservices;andproductiveinnovativetools,servicesandmethodologies”(ARIADNEDoW,PartA:9).

FurthermoreitisstatedthattheFinalReportonProjectImpact(D2.5)“evaluatestheprojectimpactaccording to the indicators and methods described in section 3. In particular it will assess theinnovationdimensionof theproject basedon theachievedmobilizationandusageof the researchinfrastructure data and services, effects on the ERA archaeological community and researchpractices”(ARIADNEDoW,PartA:11).

FortheevaluationoftheimpactsofARIADNEasetofindicatorsofsuccesshasbeendefinedforthedifferentprojectactivitiesandincludedintheDescriptionofWork(PartB,section3,pp.55-56);thisset has been employed for the impact evaluation. Furthermore the evaluation takes account of anumberofexpectedbroaderimpactsofIntegratingActivitiesasstatedintheWorkProgramme2012for Research Infrastructures. The two sets of impact indicators are included in Annex A andsummarisedbelow.

Impactevaluationfocus

Thedescriptionoftheimpactevaluationtaskmakesclearthattheoverallfocusisontheinnovationsachieved or enabled by project outcomes, e.g. “the innovation dimension of the project” or “theimpact of ARIADNE in terms of overall innovation”. Therefore the ARIADNE evaluation centres oninnovation in the domain of archaeological research, for example, the community building forsharing datasets through e-infrastructure, the data infrastructure and services developed by theproject,andothers.

Frameworks proposed for the evaluation of research infrastructures suggest various impactdimensions, including scientific, technological, economic, social and environmental impacts (i.e.ExpertGrouponResearch Infrastructures 2010: 43-48; ExpertGroupon ESFRI Indicators 2013a/b;RIFI25 FenRIAM guide 2011; Technopolis 2015). Some of these impact dimensions can hardly beappliedtoe-infrastructures,inparticulareconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpacts.Theyconcerncontributionstoeconomicprosperityandgrowth,jobgeneration,qualityoflife,socialcohesionandenvironmental sustainability. These dimensions relate to potential regional impacts which mainly

25RIFI-ResearchInfrastructures:ForesightandImpact(EU,FP7,3/2009-5/2011)-FenRIAM–Foresight

EnrichedResearchInfrastructureAssessmentMethodology,http://www.fenriam.eu


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concernthebuildingandoperationofmajorsingle-sitedresearch infrastructures(e.g. largenaturalorlifesciencesfacilities).

Concerning the potential of e-infrastructures for the mentioned economic impacts and jobgenerationthe IMPACTstudynotes,“Indicators for the impactofe-Infrastructuresoneconomyaredifficult to assess as there is no direct reporting of realised competitive advantages or economicgrowthduetoinfrastructureaccess.Also,evenife-Infrastructureprojectsgeneratenewjobsintheiraffiliated institutions suchnumbersareof negligible size. If thereare impacts theywill only evolveandemergeinthelongrun”(FraunhoferISI&ZEW2012:70).ConsequentlytheIMPACTprojectdidnot include economic, social and environmental impacts in their set of indicators for an e-infra-structuresimpactmonitoringsystem(cf.ibid.147-152and161-163).

Scientific and technological impact criteria can be applied to e-infrastructures, including datainfrastructuresandservices.Thecriteriaconcernimpactsinternalaswellasexternaltotheresearchsystembecauseimprovedaccesstonetworking,dataandcomputingresourcescanbenefitscientific/academic institutions and researchers, users from the industrial and public sectors as well as thepublicingeneral.Howeverwithregardtotheimpactstheessentialdifferencesbetweenthetypesofexistinge-infrastructuresmustbeconsidered;forexample,ifthefocusisonprovidingaccesstodataof a researchdomain (likeARIADNE for archaeology)oronproviding computing resources for anytypeofresearch,e.g.High-performanceor/andGrid-baseddistributedcomputing(seeSection3.3).

Impactphasesandtimehorizons

TheevaluationofresearchinfrastructuresmustconsiderthedifferentphasesoftheRIdevelopmentand timeframes in which impacts can be realistically expected. In general, the RI developmentcomprises of the design and implementation phase, and the operational phase in which the RIservicesareprovided,maintainedandimproved.

Care should be taken not to overlook essential results during the RI implementation phase (i.e.stakeholder mobilization and participation) or expect in this phase impacts which can only beachievedduring theoperationalphaseofaRI.The latter isoften thecasebecause fundersexpectprojectsachievingimpactsinanunrealisticshorttimeframe.However,asthedirectoroftheERINA+projectputit,“wehavetoconsiderthefactthatmuchoftheimpactwhichprojectsseektoachievecanneverbeachievedwithintheshorttimeframeofaproject.Impactmayhappentwo,orthree,ormoreyearsaftertheendofaproject”(A.Manieri,quotedinPurcell2013)26.WhenaRIhasstartedregularserviceprovision,stillmonitoringofrelevantindicatorsoveralongertimeframeisrequiredinordertoallowasolidassessmentofimpactsgenerated.

ARIADNE has completed successfully the implementation of an e-infrastructure and services forarchaeologicaldata,whiletheregularserviceprovisionisbeyondthefundedprojectlifecycle(i.e.notpart of the current grant agreement). Therefore impact indicators for the operational phase of e-infrastructurescannotbeapplied.However,availableresultssuchasusagefiguresof theARIADNEportal,publiclylaunchedendofMarch2016,areofcoursereported.

26ERINA+,Socio-EconomicImpactAssessmentfore-InfrastructuresResearchProjects(EU,FP7,CSA,7/2010-

12/2012),http://www.erinaplus.eu;cf.Manieri2012and2013.


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3.5 Impactindicators

FortheevaluationoftheimpactsofARIADNEasetofindicatorsofsuccesshasbeendefinedforthedifferentprojectactivitiesaccordingto the I3modelof IntegratingActivities.Theset is included intheDescriptionofWorkoftheproject(PartB,section3,pp.55-56).Thissetofindicatorswecallthe“ARIADNE impact indicators”27. Furthermore the impact evaluation takes account of a number ofexpected broader impacts of Integrating Activities as stated in the Work Programme 2012 forResearchInfrastructures28;theseexpectationswecallthe“Programmeimpactindicators”.

TheARIADNEandtheProgrammeimpactindicatorsareofaverydifferentcharacter.TheindicatorsdefinedintheDescriptionofWorkarespecifictotheprojectactivitieswhichcoverNetworkingandcommunity building, Trans-national access to RIs and service activities, and Joint research &developmentactivities(I3modelofthreegroupsofprojectactivities).MostoftheseactivitiesrelatedirectlyorindirectlytothedatainfrastructureandservicesARIADNEhasimplemented.

Thebroader impacts expectedby theWorkProgramme from IntegratingActivities are formulatedgenerically, i.e. do not consider essential differences between research infrastructures (e.g. large-scalesingle-sitedRIsversuse-infrastructures).Furthermoretheyrelatetobroaderschemes(e.g.theEuropeanResearchArea)andcontainassumptionswhichmayormaynotholdforacertaintypeofresearchinfrastructure(i.e.thattheRIcanenableindustrialinnovation).

Thisdoesnotmeanthatthetwodifferentsetsof indicatorscannotbecombinedandappliedforasystematic account of ARIADNE’s impacts. Indeedmost of the ARIADNE impact indicators can bemappedontothebroaderimpactsexpectedbytheRIprogramme.Thesectionsthatfollowdescribethetwosetsofindicatorsandshowhowtheyarerelated.

27ThesetofindicatorsisincludedinAnnexA.28FP7WorkProgramme2012:Capacities:Part1:ResearchInfrastructures.EuropeanCommissionC(2011)5023,

19July2011,p.9,https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/pdf/wp2012_research_infrastructures.pdf


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3.5.1 ARIADNEimpactindicators

ThetablebelowgivesanoverviewoftheARIADNEimpactareas,goalsandindicators.TheindicatorsandevaluationresultsaredescribedindetailinChapter4.

Impactareasandgoals Indicators

Communitybuildingforinnovation(Networking)

Overallgoal:Involvestakeholders(institutionsandend-users)andfosterco-operationbetweenresearchinfrastructures(e-infrastructure)andscientificcommunities

o InvolvementofarchaeologicalandculturalheritageinstitutionsfromEuropeandbeyond

o Participationofcommunitymembers(end-users)inprojectactivities

o Innovationagendaandactionplan,includingsustainabilityplan

Dissemination(Networking)

Overallgoal:PromoteawarenessofRIsandgoodpractices(e.g.datamanagementandsharing)

o Eventsondatasharing,e-RIsanddigitalarchives(e.g.conferencesessions,workshops,…)

o Disseminationofrelatedinformationandguidestogoodpractice

Trainingandusageofdataservices(Transnationalaccessandservices)

Overallgoal:Supportscientificcommunitiesintheiraccesstoresearchinfrastructureresourcesandservicessuchastrainingandonlineaccesstocontent/data

o StudyvisitstoRIsforproject-relatedskillsdevelopment(Trans-nationalaccess–TNA)

o Othertrainingprovided(tutorialsandshorttrainingcoursesatconferencesandotherevents)

o OnlineaccesstodigitalresourcesandservicesofindividualRIs

IntegratedaccesstoRIdataresources(Jointresearch&development)

Overallgoal:Bringtogetherandintegrate,onaEuropeanscale,digitalarchivesensuringthatresearchershaveawiderandmoreefficientaccesstodatatheyrequiretoconducttheirresearch

o Criticalmassofcontent/data:Increaseinvolumeandrichnessofaccessibledata(e.g.reports,images,3Detc.)

o Overcomefragmentation:Percentageofdatasetsintegratedwithappropriatetechnologies(e.g.geo-spatial,linkeddataandothermethods)

o Unifiedaccess:Percentageofdatasetsaccessiblethroughacommoninterfaceandinnovativeservices(accordingtodatasettypes)

o Datamaintenanceandcuration:Long-termaccesstodatarecords

Innovationindigitalarchaeologicalpractices(Jointresearch&development)

Overallgoal:Enableadvancedornewdigitalmethodsanddemonstratetheinnovativecapabilities

o Progressindatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation(e.g.extendedCRM/ontology,linkeddata,datamining/NLP)

o Demonstratedcapabilitytosupportadvancedornewdigitalmethods(pilots/demonstrators)


55

3.5.2 Programmeimpactindicators

The impacts expected by the FP7 Work Programme for Research Infrastructures (2012) fromIntegrating Activities are formulated generically for all types of research infrastructures. Theexpectations are not elaborated in a systematic set of impact dimensions and indicators butformulatedinatextoftheWorkProgramme(thetextisreproducedinAnnexA).Inordertoaddresstheexpectationsthestatedimpactshadtobeextracted,organised,andelaboratedfurtherforusingthem in the ARIADNE impact evaluation. Below we present the elaborated “Programme impactindicators”; background for each indicator and the results of the impact evaluation are given inChapter5.

Impactareasandgoals Indicators

StructuringimpactontheEuropeanResearchArea

Overallgoal:Promotecooperationandconnectresearchcommunitiesandresources(data,ICTservices)attheEuropeanlevel

o European-levele-infrastructureforthefieldofarchaeology,enablingcross-countrydatasharing,integrationandaccess

o Involvementofalargecommunityofstakeholdersinthee-infrastructureandotherprojectactivities

o High-levelrecognitionandsupportoftheinitiative

CoordinatedevolutionofResearchInfrastructures,incl.e-infrastructures

Overallgoal:Contributetothecoordinateddevelopment/evolution,synergiesandintegrationofe-infrastructuresinthetargetarea

o Knowledgeexchangeandcoordinationwithothere-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldofhumanitiesandheritagesciences

o Collaborationwithotherinitiativestoenabledataintegrationande-infrastructurebasedresearchinthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeology

Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs

Overallgoal:Supportoptimaldevelopment,operationanduseofintegrateddataarchives,ensuringthatresearchersandotherusershavereliableandefficientaccesstodatatheyrequireforresearchandotherpurposes

o IntegratedaccesstoarchaeologicaldataarchivesenablinguseofdatafromdifferentEuropeancountries

o Identificationoftherequirementsforandsharingofbestpracticesinthesustainableoperationofdataarchives

o Promotionofnewdatacentresandknowledgetransferfromestablishedcentres

Cross-disciplinaryfertilisation

Overallgoal:Enablefertilisationbetweendifferentfieldsofresearch,e.g.sharingofdata,conceptualunderstandingandintegration,collaborationonnewtools/services

o Dataservicesrelevanttoalldomainsofthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeologicalresearch

o Fosteringcross-disciplinaryfertilisationamongresearchersofdifferentdomains(e.g.datasharingandintegration,collaborationofscholarsandtechnologistsfornewtools/services)

Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologiesandpotentialindustrialinnovation

Overallgoal:Sharenewknowledgeandtechnicalsolutions(tools/services)acrossfieldsofresearch,withrelatedpublicsectorbodiesandbusinesses,andenableinnovationbeyondtheresearchsector

o Sharingofnewknowledge(models,methods)andadvancedornewtoolsandservicesacrossfieldsofresearch

o Projectoutcomesalsoavailableforpublicsectororganisationsandbusinesses

o Potentialforinnovationofbusinessesactiveinarchaeologyandculturalheritage


56

3.5.3 Mappedimpactindicators/results

ThistableshowsthemappingoftheARIADNEandProgrammeimpactindicators/targetsandhowboththeproject-specificandbroaderprogrammetargets

havebeenachieved.

ARIADNEimpactindicators

ResultsmappedtotheProgrammeimpactindicators

Programmeimpactindicators

Communitybuildingforinnovation

o Involvementofarchaeologicalandcultural

heritageinstitutionsfromEuropeandbeyond

o Participationofcommunitymembers(end-

users)inprojectactivities

o Innovationagenda&actionplan,and

Sustainabilityplan

Disseminationofprojectinformationandgoodpractice

o Eventorganisationandparticipation:(co-)

organisedeventsondatamanagement&

sharing,digitalarchivesande-infrastructures

o Promotingawarenessthroughproject

website,socialmedia,informationmaterial

o Disseminationofguidestogoodpractice,

researchpapersandotherprojectproducts

o Institutionsreachedandinvolved:65Europeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageinstitutionsof24EUmemberstatesandtwo

othercountries(Iceland,Norway);19non-Europeaninstitutions

andinternationalinitiatives

o End-usersreachedandinvolved:10,500researchersandpractitioners(conservativeestimate)involvedinprojectactivities

(userneedssurveys,TNAstudyvisitsandothertraining,over200

(co-)organisedeventsandpresentationsatothers;30timeslarger

participationthanthemembershipofthecorearchaeologicalICT

organisationCAA(350),5timeslargerthanthemembershipof

theEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists(2000+),andabout

32%ofthenumberofarchaeologistsworkinginEurope(33,000)

o High-levelrecognitionofARIADNE:EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil(stronglyencouragesdatasharingthroughARIADNE)and

EuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures

(acknowledgesARIADNEasthecoreintegratorofarchaeological

researchresources);positiveeffectsofARIADNEalsorecognised

bynationalinstitutionsaswellasindividualresearchers


o Involvementofalargecommunityof

stakeholdersinthee-infrastructureandother

projectactivities

o High-levelrecognitionandsupportofthe

initiative

IntegratedaccesstoRIdataresources,e-infrastructureandservices

o Allowingintegrateddatasearchandaccess:

interoperabledatarecordsofdifferent

Europeanproviders

o Overcomingdatafragmentation:datarecords

searchablebasedonsubjects,location/map-

basedandculturalchronology(dateranges)

o Offeringunifiedsearch&access:dataportal

o European-leveldatainfrastructureandservices:providingdirectionforandpreventingfragmentationofeffortsfordata

mobilisation,sharingandintegration

o Dataportalservices/usage:integrateandallowcross-archivediscoveryofandaccesstovariousarchaeologicaldataresources;

10,800visitors,15,400sessions,69,000pageviewsinthefirst

yearofoperation


o European-levele-infrastructureforthefieldof

archaeology,enablingcross-countrydata

sharing,integrationandaccess


57

Communitybuildingforinnovation–continued:e-infrastructures

o Dedicatedeventsfore-infrastructureknowledgeexchangeandcoordination:16conferences,workshopsandmeetinginvolving

DARIAH,CENDARI,CLARIN,E-RIHS,EuropeanOpenScienceCloud,

Europeana,IPERION-CH,JPIonCulturalHeritageandGlobal

Change,PARTHENOS,TGIRHuma-Num(France)andothers;

participationof800people(conservativeestimate)

o Cooperationwithotherinitiatives:10Europeanarchaeologyandculturalheritageprojects,includingRIs/e-infrastructuressuchas

CENDARI,DARIAH,E-RIHS,Europeana,PARTHENOS,anddomain

institutions/projectsinprehistory,ancienthistory,environmental

archaeology,chronologies(dendrochronology,culturalperiods)

andothers

o Developmentofcommondataregistrationandaccessservices,i.e.harmonizationofdatacataloguesfollowingandextendingthe

modeldevelopedbyARIADNE

CoordinatedevolutionofResearchInfrastructures–e-infrastructures

o Knowledgeexchangeandcoordinationwith

othere-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldof

humanitiesandheritagesciences

o Collaborationwithotherinitiativestoenable

dataintegrationande-infrastructurebased

researchinthemulti-disciplinaryfieldof

archaeology

Communitybuildingforinnovation–continued:digitalarchives

o Implementedcross-archivedatadiscoveryandaccess(seeabove)

o Sharingofknowledgeinsustainabledigitalarchiving:13dedicatedevents,11organisedbyARIADNE,involvedtheleading

organisationinthefieldandputthesharingofdatathrough

digitalarchivesontheagendaoftheresearchcommunity;over

500participants(conservativeestimate)

o Promotionofnewarchaeologicaldataarchives:i.e.inAustria,Hungary,IrelandandSlovenia;knowledgetransferforstate-of-

the-artarchivesbetweenestablishedandnewinitiatives

Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs–digitalarchives

o Integratedaccesstoarchaeologicaldata

archivesenablinguseofdatafromdifferent

Europeancountries

o Identificationoftherequirementsforand

sharingofbestpracticesinthesustainable

operationofdataarchives

o Promotionofnewdatacentresandknowledge

transferfromestablishedcentres

Trainingandusageofdataservices

o Onlineaccesstodigitalresourcesandservices

ofRIs–e-infrastructureservicesanddigital

archives

o StudyvisitstoRIsforproject-relatedskills

development(Trans-nationalaccess–TNA)

o Othertrainingprovided(tutorialsandshort

coursesatconferencesandotherevents)

o Dataportalservices/usage:seeabove

o Useofotheradvancedservices:ARIADNEVisualMedia&

LandscapeServicesinusebymanyresearchanddissemination

projects

o TNAstudyvisitsandothertraining:focusedonskillsandtoolsfordatasetcreation&management,useofCIDOC-CRMandother

vocabularies,2D/3Ddocumentation;over500participants

o Cross-domainfertilisation:basedonimproveddatasharing,

conceptualunderstandingofdifferentfieldsofresearch(i.e.use


o Dataservicesrelevanttoalldomainsofthe

multi-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeological

research

o Fosteringcross-disciplinaryfertilisationamong

researchersofdifferentdomains(e.g.data

sharingandintegration,collaborationof

scholarsandtechnologistsfornew

tools/services)


58

ofextendedCIDOC-CRMandothervocabularies),collaborationof

scholarsandtechnologistsonnewtools/services

Innovationindigitalarchaeologicalpractices

o Progressindatadocumentation,linking,

processingandvisualisation(e.g.extended

CRM/ontology,linkeddata,datamining/NLP)

o Demonstratedcapabilitytosupportadvanced

ornewdigitalmethods(pilots/demonstrators)

o Substantialprogressachievedwithregardtodatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation:i.e.extendedCIDOC-CRM(i.e.CRMarcheo,CRMba,CRMsciandother

extensions);applicationoflinkeddatamethods(i.e.vocabulary

mapping),NLPofarchaeologicalreports(metadatageneration),

ARIADNEvisualmediaandlandscapeservices

o Demonstratedcapabilitytosupportadvancedornewdigitalmethods:severaldemonstratorsimplementedrangingfrom

experimentaltoproductivesolutions

o Projectresultscommunicated(sectorevents,trainings,publications)andpubliclyavailable:advancedmodels,methods,

tools/servicesavailableforresearchinstitutions/projects,public

sectororganisationsandprivatebusinesses

o Potentialinnovationinarchaeologyandculturalheritagebusinesses/industry:throughenhancedaccesstosharedknowledge(i.e.fieldworkreportsofcontractarchaeologistsand

academicresearch),andinformationaboutarchaeologicalsites

andmonuments,i.e.forheritage-ledregionaldevelopmentand

culturalheritagecommunication

o PotentialinnovationbyICTbusinesses:lowpotentialforICTbusinessestoprovidee-infrastructureandservices(e.g.data

archives/services)forarchaeologicalresearch


o Sharingofnewknowledge(models,methods)

andadvancedornewtoolsandservicesacross

fieldsofresearch

o Projectoutcomesalsoavailableforpublic

sectororganisationsandbusinesses

o Potentialforinnovationofbusinessesactivein

archaeologyandculturalheritage


59

4 ARIADNEimpactindicatorsandresults

ARIADNE isan IntegratingActivity setupaccording to the Integrated Infrastructures Initiatives - I3

model, which means that the project combines Networking, Trans-national access and/or service

provision, and Joint research activities. A set of indicators of success has been defined for the

differentI3activitiesandincludedintheproject’sDescriptionofWork(PartB,section3,pp.55-56)29.

This chapter presents the results of the impact evaluation for these “ARIADNE impact indicators”,

whileChapter5addressestheexpectedbroaderimpactsofIntegratingActivityprojectsasstatedin

theWorkProgramme2012forResearchInfrastructures.

SomeoftheindicatorsintheDescriptionofWork(ARIADNEimpactindicators)havenotbeenspecific

enough to allow formeasuring the achieved results. In such casesmore specific and/oradditional

targetshavebeendefined.Thetargetforeachindicatorisgiveninthesectionsbelowwhichprovide

adetailedrecordoftheresultsachieved.

4.1 Communitybuildingforinnovation

4.1.1 Briefdescription

Communitybuildingforinnovationindata-relatedarchaeologicalpracticesinEuropeandbeyondhas

beenoneofthecoregoalsoftheproject.Institutionsandindividualshavebeeninvolvedinvarious

projectactivities,forexample,identificationofneedsandrequirementsine-infrastructureanddata

services, fostering co-operation between European and international initiatives, sharing of digital

archaeologicaldata,amongothers.

Intheproject’sDescriptionofWorkthefollowingimpactindicatorshavebeendefinedwithregardto

thecommunitybuildingactivities:

o Involvement and active participation by the major institutional stakeholders from all EU

Members States, comprising the leading: Antiquity authorities and other public authorities,

Archaeologicalresearchcentres,andResearchandprofessionalassociations.

o LiaisonswithrelevantresearchinstitutionsandinitiativesoutsideEurope.

o At least 400 end-users from the above and other institutions participating in project activities

(e.g.specialinterestgroups,conferencesessions,etc.).

o InnovationAgendaandActionPlanendorsed,publishedandputintopracticebythemembersof

theconsortiumandaffiliatedinstitutions.

o BusinessModelevaluatedbyexternalexpertsandsupportedbythemembersoftheconsortium

andaffiliatedinstitutions.

Thesectionsbelowprovideadetailedrecordoftheachievements.

29ThetabularoverviewofthissetofindicatorsisincludedinAnnexA.


60

4.1.2 InvolvementofinstitutionsandprojectsinEurope

ImpactindicatordefinedintheDoW:Involvementandactiveparticipationbythemajorinstitutional

stakeholders from all EUMembers States, comprising the leading: Antiquity authorities and other

publicauthorities,Archaeologicalresearchcentres,andResearchandprofessionalassociations.

Morespecificand/oradditionalindicators: Results

o ARIADNEpartners,cooperationagreementsandother

liaisonswithEuropeaninstitutionsactiveinthefieldof

archaeology/heritageinEurope(e.g.collaborationon

sharingdatasets,thesauri,methods/tools,etc.)

65Europeaninstitutionsfrom24EU

MemberStatesand2fromother

Europeancountries,15formal

cooperationagreements

o CooperationwithEuropeanprojectsonaninformalor

formalbasis(e.g.MemorandumofUnderstanding)

10Europeanprojects,withafocus

one-infrastructure,digitalresearch

tools/services,specificdatasetsand

standards

Involvementofarchaeological/heritageinstitutionsinEurope

ThefollowingtablegivesanoverviewoftheEuropeanantiquity/heritageauthoritiesandotherpublic

authorities, archaeological and other heritage research centres, and research and professional

associations that have been involved in the ARIADNE initiative. Technological research &

developmentorganisationsarenotincluded.

ThetablelistsformalARIADNEpartners,institutionsinvolvedbasedonacooperationagreementor

informal cooperation, institutions that sent researchers to participate in ARIADNE Transnational

Access (TNA) trainings for institutionalprojects (i.e. in viewalso toprovidedata toARIADNE), and

institutions with which opportunities to collaborate have been discussed one or more times.

Includedarealso institutions thatparticipate in theNAHAN initiative (see informationbelow).The

involvementmostly concerns the building and sharing of databases, use of common vocabularies

(e.g.thesauri),andexpertiseinspecialsubjectmatters, i.e.conservationofarchaeologicalheritage,

digitalarchiving,documentationofscientificdatasets,applicationoftheCIDOC-CRMontology.

Present are 65 institutions, including 17 ARIADNE partners in the relevant categories. Formal

cooperation agreements have been signed with 15 other institutions. At least one, often more

institutions are present of 24 of the 28 EU Member States and two other European countries

(Iceland, Norway). Yet to be involved in the ARIADNE initiative are archaeological institutions in

Croatia,Latvia,LuxembourgandSlovakia.

Country Institution Typeofcoop.

Austria AustrianAcademyofSciences(ÖAW),InstituteforOriental

andEuropeanArchaeology(OREA)

ARIADNEpartner

AustrianArchaeologicalInstitute,since1.1.2016belongsto

theÖAW

PartofÖAW

Belgium Wallonie,DépartementduPatrimoine-Directionde

l’Archéologie

Cooperation

agreementin

preparation

VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,dept.ArtandArchaeology:online

databasefortherecordingofmetal-detectorfindsin

Flanders(MEDEAproject,2014-2017);theprojectdirector

participatedinTNA(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Intendsregisteringthe

MEDEAfindsdatain

ARIADNE


61

PACKED-CentreofExpertiseinDigitalHeritage,Brussels:

SupportsdigitalheritageprojectsinBelgium;onedigital

archivistparticipatedinTNA(seeabove)

MEDEAproject

Bulgaria NationalInstituteofArchaeologywithMuseum-Bulgarian

AcademyofSciences(NIAM-BAS)

ARIADNEpartner

Cyprus TheCyprusInstitute-ScienceandTechnologyin

ArchaeologyResearchCenter

ARIADNEpartner

Czech

Republic

ArcheologickyustavAVCR/InstituteofArchaeologyofthe

AcademyofScience(ARUP-CAS)

ARIADNEpartner

Denmark AarhusUniversity,SchoolofCultureandSociety:Danske

Detektorfund(DIME)projectforanationaldatabaseof

metal-detectorfinds;twoarchaeologistswithIT

experienceparticipatedinTNA(potentialARIADNEdata

provider)

Cooperation

agreement

MoesgaardMuseum,Aarhus:Museumdedicatedto

archaeologyandethnography;participatesintheDIME

project;onearchaeologistparticipatedinTNA(seeabove)

DanskeDetektorfund

(DIME)project

Estonia ConservationandDigitizationCentreKanut,Tallinn:Since

2006theconservationcentrehasdigitisedtensof

thousandslegacyphotographs,negatives,documents,

prints,etc.Thedocumentationanddigitisationdepartment

managerparticipatedinTNA(potentialARIADNEdata

provider)

Documentationof

heritageconservation

measures

Finland UniversityofHelsinki,dept.Philosophy,History,Culture

andArtStudies;contact:principalinvestigatorSuzie

Thomas,liaisonADS/J.Richards(potentialARIADNEdata

provider)

Planneddatabaseof

metal-detectorfinds

UniversityofOulu,MemornetDoctoralProgramme–

Archaeology,Prof.JariOkkonon(Anthropology

Department),TeijaOikarinen(doctoralstudent),liaison:

ADS,H.Wright

Contributedtoan

excavationdata

managementsurvey

(ARIADNE2015e)

France InstitutNationaldesRecherchesArchéologiques

Préventives(INRAP)

ARIADNEpartner

Fédérationetressourcessurl’Antiquité(FRANTIQ),Centre

NationaldelaRechercheScientifique(PACTOLSmulti-

lingualthesaurusforantiquityandarchaeologyfrom

prehistorytotheindustrialage)

Cooperation

agreement

ArchéologiedelaFranceInformations:AdlFIpublishes

informationaboutarchaeologicalresearchworkconducted

inFrance;contact:CécileTuarze,ÉquipeOpenEdition.org,

liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Workondirectly

linkinginformation

withFastiOnlineand

ARIADNE

Maisondel’OrientetdelaMéditerranée–MOM

(UniversitéLyon2,CNRS):Artefacts-OnlineEncyclopedia

ofArchaeologicalSmallFinds,directorMichelFeugère,

liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress;oneMOMresearcherparticipated

inTNA(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Worktowards

incorporatingthe

Artefactsdatabasein

ARIADNE


62

UniversitédeCergy-Pontaise,LaboratoireETIS:PARCOURS

projectondocumentationofheritageconservation;two

researchersparticipatedinTNA(potentialARIADNEdata

provider)

Heritage

documentation

UniversitédeTours,LaboratoireArchéologieetTerritoires,

CNRS:ArchivesduSol(SoilArchives)Database;one

archaeologicalITexpertparticipatedinTNA(potential

ARIADNEdataprovider)

SoilDatabase(based

onCIDOC-CRM)

ArkéoTopia:supportsarchaeologicalresearchersand

studentsinmakingtheirworkaccessibleandrelevantto

thewiderpublic,i.e.opendata;directorJean-Olivier

Gransard-Desmond,liaisonSRFG,G.Geser

Exchangeofexpertise

inopendatasharing

Archivesnationalesd’outre-merattheCentreCamille

JullianoftheUniversitéd’Aix-MarseilleandCNRS,focuses

onMediterraneanandAfricanArchaeology;contact:prof.

Marie-BrigitteCarre,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Reportsofarchaeo-

logicalinvestigations

inNorthAfrica

(NAHANproject)

FrenchschoolinMadrid/CasadiVelasquez:section

ancientandmediaevalstudies;directorLaurentCallegarin,


Reportsofarchaeol.

investigationsinNorth

Africa(NAHAN)

ÉcolefrançaisedeRome:sectionarchaeologywithafocus

onAlgeria,MaroccoandTunisia(endofthe19thcenturyto

theWorldWarII),andofcourseItaly;directorCatherine

Virlouvet,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Reportsofarchaeol.


Africa(NAHAN)

Germany DeutschesArchäologischesInstitut(DAI) ARIADNEpartner

IANUS-ResearchDataCentreforArchaeologyand

ClassicalStudiesinGermany

Exchangeofexpertise

indataarchivingand

access

Greece TheBritishSchoolatAthens:AGOnline-Archaeologyin

GreeceOnlinedatabaseofexcavationprojects;director

JohnBennet,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Intendstocontribute

AGOnlinethrough

integrationwithFasti

Online

Hungary HungarianNationalMuseum,NationalHeritageProtection

Centre(MNM-NOK)

ARIADNEpartner

Iceland FornleifastofnunÍslands/TheInstituteofArchaeology,

Reykjavík,Iceland:IcelandicArchaeo-HistoricalDatabase;

onearchaeologistwithexperienceinITparticipatedinTNA

(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Cooperation

agreement

Ireland TheDiscoveryProgrammeLBG ARIADNEpartner

HeritageCouncil:coordinationofnationalinitiativesfor

digitalheritageinIreland,liaisonDiscoveryProgramme,A.

Corns

Initiativeforadigital

archiveofheritage

andarchaeology

TransportInfrastructureIreland(TII):Oneprojectmanager

participatedinTNAinviewofprovidingarchaeological

surveydatatoARIADNE(viaDiscoveryProgramme)

Provisionofarchaeo-

logicalsurveydata

Italy ItalianMinistryofCulturalAssetsandActivities-Central ARIADNEpartner


63

InstitutefortheUnionCatalogue(ICCU)andCentral

InstituteforCataloguingandDocumentation(ICCD)

AssociazioneInternazionalediArcheologiaClassica(AIAC) ARIADNEpartner

SoprintendenzaSpecialeperilColosseo(SSCol),IlMuseo

NazionaleRomanoel’AreaArcheologicadiRoma,Italy

Cooperation

agreement

InstituteofCulturalHeritage,RegioneEmiliaRomagna,

Italy

Cooperation

agreement

UniversityofVerona,SITAVR-Sistemainformativo

territorialearcheologicodiVerona(providedby

DipartimentoTeSISediInformaticadiVerona),Italy

Cooperation

agreement

ArchiviodelloStatoItaliano,directorEugenioloSardo,

liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Reportsofarchaeol.


Africa(NAHAN)

MAPPA:opendatarepositoryattheUniversityofPisa,

repositorydirectorGabrieleGattiglia,liaison:ADS,J.

Richards

Exchangeofexpertise

indataarchivingand

access

UniversitàdiSiena,DipartimentodiArcheologiaeStoria

delleArti,prof.EmanuelePapi,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Reportsofarchaeol.


Africa(NAHAN)

Lithuania UniversityofVilnius,FacultiesofCommunicationand

History(incl.theDepartmentofArchaeology);two

researchersparticipatedinTNA(potentialARIADNEdata

provider)

Cooperation

agreement

Malta HeritageMalta,thenationalagencyformuseums,

conservationpracticeandculturalheritage;deputy

superintendentNathanielCutajar,liaison:AIAC,L.

Fentress)

Datamanagement,

datasharing

mechanisms

UniversityofMalta,DepartmentofArchaeology:Legacy

databaseofexcavationsgoingbackahundredyears;prof.

AnthonyBonanno,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Dataenhancement,

(legacydatabases)

Netherlands KNAW-DANS-DataArchivingandNetworkedServices ARIADNEpartner

LeidenUniversity,FacultyofArchaeology ARIADNEpartner

VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,CentreforResearchand

EducationinGeo-InformationScience,SpatialInformation

Laboratory(SPINlab):ViaAppiaproject;twoVU

Amsterdamresearchers(archaeologist,ITexpert)


Cooperation

agreement

Norway UniversityofOslo,MuseumofCulturalHistory:DigitalField

MuseumandMUSIT;onemuseumITexpertparticipatedin

TNA(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Cooperation

agreement

Poland NationalHeritageBoardofPoland,Departmentfor

Documentation&MonumentsDatabases,headofdept.

ArkadiuszKołodziej;DepartmentofArchaeology,

AgnieszkaOniszczuk,seniorspecialistinarchaeology;

liaisonADS,H.Wright

Interestindomain

archivesolution,

contributedreportto

anarchivingsurvey

(ARIADNE2016h)


64

Portugal Directorate-GeneralforCulturalHeritage,Lisbon,Portugal Cooperation

agreement

UniversityofMinho,ArchaeologyUnit,Braga,Portugal:

BracaraAugusta–DomusofCarvalheirasproject;one

archaeologicalITexpertparticipatedinTNA(potential


Cooperation

agreement

Romania ArheovestTimisoaraAssociation ARIADNEpartner

Slovenia InstituteofArchaeologyoftheScientificResearchCentre

oftheSlovenianAcademyofSciencesandArts(ZRC-SAZU)

ARIADNEpartner

Spain SpanishNationalResearchCouncil,InstituteofHeritage

Sciences(CSIC-Incipit)

ARIADNEpartner

AndalusianInstituteofHistoricalHeritage(IAPH),Sevilla,

Spain;twoIAPHstaff(archaeologist,archivist)participated

inTNAtoenhancetheAndalusianInformationSystemof

CulturalHeritage(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Cooperation

agreement

NationalResearchCentreonHumanEvolution(CENIEH),

Burgos,Spain;twoCENIEHstaff(projectdirector,ITexpert)


Cooperation

agreement

UniversityResearchInstituteforIberianArchaeology,

UniversityofJaén,Spain;onearchaeologistparticipatedin

TNA(potentialARIADNEdataprovider)

Cooperation

agreement

UniversityofSalamanca,DepartmentofPrehistory,

AncientHistoryandArchaeology:FastiOnlineSpain

project,openaccessZephyrus-Revistadeprehistoriay

arqueología,prof.MaríadelasCrucesBlázquez,liaison:

AIAC,L.Fentress)

Increasecoverageof

excavationprojectsin

FastiandARIADNE

Sweden SwedishNationalDataService-UniversityofGothenburg ARIADNEpartner

UniversityofUmea,SEAD-TheStrategicEnvironmental

ArchaeologyDatabase,Sweden;cooperationagreement

onsharingexpertiseintheintegrationofenvironmental

data

Cooperation

agreement

UppsalaUniversity,DepartmentofArchaeologyand

AncientHistory:GISdatafromexcavationsinseveral

counties;tworesearchers(archaeologist,PhDstudent)


GISdatasets

United

Kingdom

ArchaeologyDataService,UniversityofYork ARIADNEpartner

HistoricEnvironmentScotland:NationalRecordofthe

HistoricEnvironment;onespatialinformationmanager


Geo-spatialdatasets

UniversityofOxford,ResearchLaboratoryforArchaeology

andtheHistoryofArt(RLAHA):FLAME-FlowofAncient

MetalAcrossEurasia,ERC-fundedproject,fourresearchers

(archaeologists,ITexpert)participatedinTNA(potential


FLAME:Definitionofa

CRMbasedmodelfor

scientificstudies

(ancientmetallurgy)


65

UniversityofOxford,BeazleyArchive:thearchiveleadsthe

CLAROSproject,anonlinecollaborationofancientand

classicalartscollectionsandresearchcentresintheUK,

GermanyandGreece;opportunitiesforcollaborationhave

beendiscussedwiththeCLAROSprojectdirector

CLAROS:Ancientand

classicalarts

collections

UniversityofSouthampton,DepartmentofArchaeology:

hasdatasetsfromarangeofprojects(i.e.PortusProject,

RomanPortNetworksandothers);prof.SimonKeay(also

directorofarchaeologyattheBritishSchoolatRome),


Integrationofdatasets

forresearch(i.e.trade

networks)

SEAHA-CentreforDoctoralTraininginScienceand

EngineeringinArtsHeritageandArchaeology,provisionof

trainingcoursebyCNR-ISTI

TrainingofPhD

studentsintheuseof

noveldigitaltools

SocietyforLibyanStudies,London,isaBritishacademic

bodyandcharitableorganisation;currentlydigitises3000

archivalitems;onlinephotographicreferencecollectionof

theLibyanAntiquitiesatRisk(LAaR)project;prof.

CorisandeFenwick,liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Reportsofarchaeo-

logical.investigations

inNorthAfrica

(NAHANproject)

TheoverviewofliaisonsandcooperativeactivitieswithEuropeaninstitutionsincludestwoexamples

thatcanillustratetherangeofinitiativesARIADNEsupportsformakingdataaccessiblethroughthe

ARIADNEportal.TheexamplesareEuropeandatabasesofmetal-detectorfindsandtheNorthAfrican

HeritageArchiveNetwork(NAHAN)initiative.Theserepresentverydifferentactors,dataresources,

andtime-horizons.

Europeandatabasesofmetal-detectorfinds

AnumberofEuropeaninstitutionshadtheideaofestablishingaEuropeanportaltojoinupexisting

andplanneddatabasesofmetal-detectorfinds,whichareimportantresearchresourcesforarchaeo-

logists. Inameetingofrepresentativesof thedatabaseprojects inAarhus,Denmarkonthe23rdof

June2016JulianRichards(ADS)presentedtheARIADNEportal.Thegroupthendecidedtoworkwith

ARIADNEwiththeaimtoemploytheARIADNEdatacatalogue/portal for integratedaccess totheir

data.Theinstitutionsandprojectsare

o BritishMuseum, Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) database (UK)30: the established and very

successfulPASprovidestherolemodelforotherinitiativesinthisfield;PAScollectsfindsdatain

EnglandandWales,whiledataoffindsinScotlandarecollectedviaOASIS31anduploadedtoADS

andHistoricEnvironmentScotland’sCanmoredatabase32;

o UniversityAarhus,SchoolofCultureandSociety(Denmark):theprojectDigitaleMetaldetektor-

fund–DIMEworksonsettingupanationaldatabase(Dobat2016;Vasgerau2016);ARIADNEhas

acooperationagreementwiththeSchoolofCultureandSociety;

o VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam, Faculty forHumanities (Netherlands): leads the project Portable

Antiquities of the Netherlands (PAN)33 for a metal-detector finds database; the project plans

archivingdatawithDANSandtocontributetoARIADNEviathatroute;

30PortableAntiquitiesScheme(BritishMuseum),https://finds.org.uk

31OASIS-OnlineAccesstotheIndexofArchaeologicalInvestigations,http://oasis.ac.uk

32HistoricEnvironmentScotland:Canmoredatabase,https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-

research/archives-and-collections/canmore-database/33PortableAntiquitiesoftheNetherlands(PAN),https://www.facebook.com/PortableAntiquitiesNetherlands/


66

o VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,dept.ArtandArchaeology(Belgium):theMEDEAprojectdevelopsan

online platform for the voluntary recording ofmetal-detector finds in Flanders (Deckers et al.2016);theMEDEAplatform

34hasbeenlaunchedonthe11

thofFebruary2017;

o University of Helsinki, dept. Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies (Finland): intends

developing a database of metal-detector finds in Finland (currently applying for funding;

backgroundinWessmanetal.2016).

The initiativeconcernsarchaeological/historical findsbyhobbymetal-detectoristswhohaveshown

greatwillingnesstoproviderecordsandimagesofthefindsinthePortableAntiquitiesScheme(UK).

Thenewdatabasesandcontributionschemesarebeingpreparedbyuniversityinstitutes.Thesedata

resourcesareinARIADNE’sshort-termhorizonofadditionaldataacquisition.

RegistrationofthedatabaseswouldusethefindsdatabaseresourcetypeoftheARIADNEACDMand

records would be integrated at item level, which means each data record (description, images)

individually.FurthermoreCIDOC-CRMandrelevantextensionswouldbeemployedtoallowadvanced

search across these and other data on the ARIADNE portal. Researchers and archivists with IT

experience of the new finds databases participated in ARIADNE TNA trainings on the ARIADNE

standardsandfacilitiesinviewoffutureprovisionofdata.

NorthAfricanHeritageArchiveNetwork(NAHAN)

TheNAHAN initiativehasbeenpromotedbyARIADNEpartnersand involvesseveralarchaeological

archivesinEurope,NorthAfricancountries(Algeria,Libya,Morocco,Tunisia)35,andprojectarchives

of archaeologists of other countries (e.g. Canada and USA). Under the aegis of the International

CenterfortheStudyofthePreservationandRestorationofCulturalProperty-ICCROM(Rome),the

projectgoalistoassembleononeplatformthearchaeologicalcataloguesofthesearchives.Thefirst

NAHANmeetingwasheldonthe22ndofFebruary2016attheÉcolefrançaisedeRome.

The NAHAN Memorandum of Understanding covers the development of the joint open access

catalogue, digitisation of collections, intellectual copyrights, training for digital content curators

(where this is needed), outreach and dissemination. The NAHAN cataloguing platform has been

presented by the German Archaeological Institute at the latest network meeting on the 16th of

January2017attheÉcolefrançaisedeRome.It isbasedonthemetadataschemaofDAI’sArachne

databasewhichhasbeenmappedtotheARIADNEdatasetcataloguemodel.Basedonthisapproach

theNAHANrecordscanbeeasilyincludedintheARIADNEregistryandportal.

Thisisaninitiativeofarchivesandtherecordsconcerncontentofarchaeologicaldocumentation(i.e.

reports, site maps, photographs, drawings, etc.) of surveys and excavations conducted in North

African countries for decades. The intention is to inspire and support new research based on the

aggregated recordsanddirect researchers to thecontentofoftenunpublishedpastarchaeological

work. These data resources are in ARIADNE’s medium to long-term horizon of additional data

acquisition.Concerningthearchives inEuropeaswellas inCanadaandtheUnitedStatesweseea

medium-termhorizon,while thearchives intheNorthAfricancountriesmayneedseveralyears to

prepareandmakeavailablealargenumberofrecords.


DuringtheprojectperiodARIADNEcollaboratedwith10Europeanprojectsonawiderangeoftopics.

These include common policies and interoperability of e-infrastructures, heritage sciences (with

focusontangibleheritage),specificdatasets/contentarchivesandstandards,tools/servicesneeded

34MEDEAplatform,https://www.vondsten.be

35TheorganisationsintheNorthAfricancountriesthatparticipateinNAHANareincludedintheoverviewin

thesection“InvolvementofinstitutionsoutsideEurope”below.


67

by researchers in the digital humanities, skills development in remote surveying techniques and

data,andpublicarchaeology.

Project Briefdescription Typeofcoop.

ArcLand ArchaeoLandscapesEurope(CultureProgramme,9/2010-

8/2015,68organisationsincludingfromAustraliaandthe

UnitedStates);ArcLandfocusedonremovingimbalancesin

skills/useofsurveyingtechniquessuchasaerial

photography,satelliteimagery,LiDARandothers

Skillsdevelopmentin

anareanotcovered

bytheARIADNE

trainingprogramme;

MoU

CENDARI CENDARI-CollaborativeEuropeanDigitalArchiveInfra-

structure(FP7,2/2012-1/2016,14partners):CENDARI

mobilisedandintegrateddigitalarchivesforthemedieval

andWorldWarIeras

Medievalcontent

archives

DARIAH DARIAH-DigitalResearchInfrastructurefortheArtsand

Humanities(legalentity:ERIC),17EUMemberStates

participateinDARIAH(togetherabout120institutions)

E-infrastructure,

networkofVCCs;MoU

DCH-RP DigitalCulturalHeritageRoadmapforPreservation-Open

ScienceInfrastructureforDigitalCulturalHeritagein2020

(FP7,10/2012-9/2014);DCH-RPmobilisedstakeholdersto

establishacommonroadmapforthepreservationof

digitalheritage

Scientificcollaboration

anddisseminationof

knowledgeindigital

archaeology;MoU

EAGLE EuropeanaNetworkofAncientGreekandLatinEpigraphy

(ICT-PSP,4/2013-3/2016,19partners);EAGLEdeveloped

epigraphicvocabulariesandassembledcollectionsintoa

searchabledatabase

Epigraphicstandards

anddatasets;MoU

eCloud EuropeanaCloud(ICT-PSP,2/2013-1/2016,34partners);

eCloudexploredrequirementsofresearchersforusing

Europeanaanddevelopedrelevanttoolsandservices

Contentandtools/

servicesrequiredby

digitalhumanities

researchers;MoU

E-RIHS EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience

(ESFRIRoadmapproject:preparationphase,2017-2020);

alreadyactivenationalnodesincludeE-RIHS.it,

coordinatedbyCNR,andE-RIHS.gr,coordinatedbyFORTH

HeritageScienceswith

focusontangible

heritage

Europeana Europeana:TheEuropeangatewaytodigitisedcultural

heritage.Regularknowledgeexchangeatcoordination

meetingsofhumanitiese-infrastructures;ARIADNE

partnerssupporttheEuropeanaResearchinitiative;but

thecollaborationmayalsofosterinterestofteachers,

studentsandthewiderpublicinarchaeology,classical

studiesandrelateddisciplines

SupportofEuropeana

Researchwithregard

toresearchtools;in

previousprojects

ARIADNEpartners

providedcontentto

Europeana

NEARCH NewwaysofEngagingaudiences,Activatingsocietal

relationsandRenewingpracticesinCulturalHeritage

(CultureProgramme,2013-2018,16partners);NEARCH

exploresnovelapproachesofpublicparticipationin

archaeology

Publicarchaeology


68

PARTHENOS PoolingActivities,ResourcesandToolsforHeritageE-

researchNetworking,OptimizationandSynergies(H2020,

5/2015-4/2019):strongcollaborationwithARIADNEas

partnersareinvolvedinbothprojects(coordinatorofboth

isPINVast-Lab,prof.F.Niccolucci)

Commonpoliciesand

interoperabilityofe-

infrastructuresforthe

humanitiesand

heritagesciences

4.1.3 InvolvementofinstitutionsoutsideEuropeandinternationalinitiatives

Impact indicator defined in the DoW: Liaisons with relevant research institutions and initiatives

outsideEurope.

More specific and/or additional indicators: In addition, liaisons with research data repositories

outsideEuropeand international initiativeswithparticipationofEuropean institutionsandprojects

areincluded.

Thetablebelowgivesanoverviewofthe19liaisonsandactivitieswithinstitutionsoutsideofEurope

and international projects (formal cooperation agreements have been signed with 6 institutions/

projects). The spectrum of institutions and projects ranges from national and international

authorities(i.e.IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority,ICCROM)tospecialinterestgroups(i.e.CAALinkedData

SIG)andspecificdataandvocabularyresources(i.e.PeriodO).Mostliaisonsconcernedcollaboration

on shared content/data resources and use of common vocabulary. More specifically, the topics

includedsharingofreportsanddatasetsfromarchaeologicalsurveys,excavationsandconservation

projects,exchangeofexpertiseindataarchivingandaccess,useofcommonvocabularies,fostering

ofdatalinkingbasedonW3CrecommendedLinkedDatastandards.

Country Institution/internationalinitiative Typeofcoop.

International ICCROM-InternationalCenterfortheStudyofthe

PreservationandRestorationofCulturalProperty,Rome;

cooperationwithARIADNEpartnerFastiOnlineto

documentconservationworkonmonumentsandobjects

acrossEuropein“FastiConservation”36;over50

professionalsinarchaeologicalconservationhavebeen

introducedtotheinitiative,mosthavejoinedtheadvisory

boardoftheproject;directorStefanoDeCaro,liaison

AIAC,L.Fentress

Documentationof

majorarchaeological

conservationwork,

alsoformalhostfor

theNAHANproject

International CAALinkedDataSIG,specialinterestgrouprelatedtothe

ComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsin

Archaeology(CAA)organisation;SIGcoordinatorLeif

Isaksen(UniversityofLancaster,UK),liaisonUSW,D.

Tudhope

Promotionofprojects

onarchaeological

LinkedData

International CorpusSignorumImperiiRomani,hostedbyOxford

University’sClassicalArtResearchCentre;CSIRisan

internationalprojectcoord.byARIADNEpartnerAIAC;CSIR

vice-presidentPeterStewart,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Publicationson

corporaofRoman

sculpture

36ARIADNE(2015-09-08):FastiOnlinelaunchesArchaeologicalConservationdatabase,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/News/New-Archaeological-Conservation-database


69

International Pelagios:acollectiveofover40institutionsandprojectsin

EuropeandtheUnitedStatesthatlinkscontent(texts,

maps,archaeologicalrecords)whichrelatestoancient

places;thelinkingisbasedonuniqueURI’sforplacenames

providedbythePleiadesgazetteer;Pelagiosproject

directorLeifIsaksen(UniversityofLancaster,UK),liaison

USW,D.Tudhope

Exchangeofexpertise

indatalinking37,Fasti

Online(AIAC)and

Arachne(DAI)supply

datatoPelagios

International Nomisma:integratesnumismaticdatasetsoftheAmerican

NumismaticSociety(ANS)andinstitutionsinEuropebased

onLinkedDatamethodsusingcontrolledvocabularyfor

describingcoins;ANScommitteememberSebastianHeath,

liaisonUSW,D.Tudhope

UseoftheNomisma

vocabularyand

datasetsinARIADNE

Australia FAIMS-FederatedArchaeologicalInformation

ManagementSystemsProject,ledbyMacquarieUniversity

incollaborationwithtenAustralianandoverseasuniversity

partners;prof.ShawnRoss(MacquarieUniversity,

DepartmentofAncientHistory),liaisonADS,J.Richards(is

amemberoftheFAIMSBoard)

Cooperationagreement

Offersasuiteofweb

andmobile

documentationtools

Israel

IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority,Jerusalem;intendstoshare

relevantdatasetsandvocabulary;liaisonPIN,F.Niccolucci


Sharingofdatasets

Mexico NationalInstituteofAnthropologyandHistory(INAH):The

ARIADNEcoordinatormetwithINAHtodiscuss

cooperationtopics(MexicoCity,5.12.2014)38

Scientificcooperation

USA

MAGIS-MediterraneanArchaeologyGIS:databaseofover

380surveysintheMediterraneansince1980,projectlead

DePauwUniversity,PedarW.Foss,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress;

cooperationtolinktheMAGISdatabasetoFastiOnlineand

ARIADNE


SharingoftheMAGIS

databaseofsurvey

projects

USA OpenContext:archaeologicaldatapublicationplatform

offeredbytheAlexandriaArchiveInstitute;dataofprojects

inCyprus,England,Germany,Italy,Turkey,Syria,Jordan,

Israel,Palestine,Iran,Iraq,Australia,China,India,andthe

UnitedStates(73projects);publisheddataaredeposited

withtheCaliforniaDigitalLibrary;programdirectorEric

Kansa,liaisonDAI,R.Förtsch


Alsohostinganduse

oftheplatformby

DAI,contributionsto

itsfurther

development

USA tDAR-TheDigitalArchaeologicalRecord,dataarchiveand

accessserviceoftheDigitalAntiquityconsortium,hosted

atArizonaStateUniversity;executivedirector:Francis

McManamon,liaison:ADS,J.Richards(isamemberofthe

boardofdirectorsofDigitalAntiquity)


Exchangeofexpertise

indataarchivingand

access

USA PeriodO:providesasystemforpublishingculturalperiods Cooperation

37ARIADNE(2015-08-07):ARIADNEatLinkedPasts,http://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/ARIADNE-at-Linked-

Pasts38ARIADNE(2014-12-08):CollaborationinMexico,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/ARIADNE-

Collaboration-in-Mexico


70

tolinkdatasetsbasedonuniqueidentifiers;ARIADNE

provideddatesforperiodsfromthePaleolithictoModern

timesfor24EuropeancountriestoPeriodO;projectlead:

AdamRabinowitz(InstituteofClassicalArchaeology,UT

Austin),liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress)

agreement

Publicationofcultural

perioddatesfor

Europeancountries/

periods

USA CorinthianMatters:Aresourceforthestudyofthe

Corinthia,Greece,managedbytheMessiahCollege,

Pennsylvania,butmulti-authored;projectcoordinator:

prof.DavidPettegrew,liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Potentialintegration

ofdatainARIADNE

USA DARMC-DigitalAtlasofRomanandMedievalCivilizations,

HarvardUniversity;projectdirector:prof.Michael

McCormack,liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Potentialintegration

ofdatainARIADNE

USA/Greece AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens;hasdigital

collectionsofphotographsandothermaterial,e.g.

excavationsatCorinthandAthens;technicaldirector,

BruceHartzler,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Documentationof

majorexcavations

Algeria CentreNationaldeRechercheenArchéologie(CNRA):

scientificresearchfocusedonAlgeria,theGreater

MaghrebandNorthAfrica;researchdirector:FaridIghiliriz,


Reports/datafrom

excavations(NAHAN

project)

Libya DepartmentofAntiquities,Cyrene:Mainfocuscurrentlyis

protectionofheritagesites/objects;holdslargearchives

fortheCyreneexcavations;director/Cyrene:dr.Ahmed

Hussein,liaisonAIAC,L.Fentress

Reports/datafrom

excavations(NAHAN

project)

Morocco InstitutNationaldesSciencedel’Archeologieetdu

Patrimoine(INSAP),undertheMinistryofCulture;INSAP

director:prof.AomarAkerraz,liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Reports/datafrom

excavations(NAHAN

project)

Tunisia InstitutNationalduPatrimoine;director:prof.Nabil

Kallala,liaison:AIAC,L.Fentress

Reports/datafrom

excavations(NAHAN)

4.1.4 Participationofend-usersinprojectactivities

Impact indicator defined in theDoW: At least 400 end-users from the above [institutional stake-holders from all EUMembers States and liaisons with research institutions and initiatives outsideEurope]andotherinstitutionsparticipatinginprojectactivities.

Morespecificand/oradditional indicator:The indicatorconcernstheparticipationofend-usersof

ARIADNE in various project activities. The category of end-users includes archaeological andother

culturalheritageresearchers,practitioners/professionals,datamanagers(projects,repositories),and

others. End-users from the institutions mentioned in the sections above as well as other

organisationsandinitiativesareconsidered.

Projectactivity Activity&end-users Numberofparticipants

Userneedsandrequirements

survey-1

Internationalonlinesurveyofresearchersand

directorsofresearchinstitutions(totalsample:

640


71

790;640withsubstantialinput).Thesurvey

resultsarepresentedintheFirstReporton

Users’Needs(ARIADNE2014a).

Userneedsandrequirements

survey–2

Internationalonlinesurveyofdatarepository

managers(totalsample:91;52withsubstantial

input).Thesurveyresultsarepresentedinthe

FirstReportonUsers’Needs(ARIADNE2014a).

52

Conferencesessionsand

workshops(co-)organisedby

ARIADNEpartners

67events(co-)organisedbyARIADNEpartners

andmeetingswithrepresentativesof

institutionsandprojectstoliaiseandestablish

oradvancecooperation;events/meetingswith

atleast1presentationbyapartner,inmost

casesmore(seeSection4.2.2).

3180

Otherconferencesessions

andworkshops

151othereventsattendedbyARIADNE

partners,withatleast1presentationbya

partner(seeSection4.2.2).

9621

Transnationalaccess(TNA)

studyvisitsandtraining

Studyvisitsandtrainingofmostlyyoung

researchers,dataset/databasecreatorsand

managersatARIADNEcompetencecentres;

attendeesof10summer/winterschoolsand

individualvisitsofoneweek(seeSection4.3.2).

97

Othertrainingprovided(e.g.

tutorialsandshorttraining

coursesatevents)

Inadditiontotrans-nationalaccess(TNA)study

visitsARIADNEpartnersprovided18other

trainingopportunities.Notincludedislocal

trainingbypartnersexceptitinvolved

participantsfromothercountriesand/or

trainersofotherpartners(seeSection4.3.3).

424

Total 14,014

Thefigureof14,014isthesumofallproject-externalparticipantsofARIADNEneeds&requirements

surveys,transnationalaccess(TNA)andothertrainings,andsessionsandindividualpresentationsat

sector conferences, workshops, etc. Care has been taken not to include participants of project

partners.AnnexC documents all reportedactivities andparticipants.Not includedareactivitiesof

theARIADNESpecialInterestGroups39.TheseinvolvedmainlymembersofARIADNEpartners,except

contributors to the surveys of the Excavation & Monument Data SIG on excavation data

management (ARIADNE2015e) anddataarchiving (ARIADNE2016h), and someparticipantsof the

expert forums on the future of digital archaeology of the Archaeological Research Practices &

MethodsSIG(ARIADNE2015fand2016g).

Weassumethatthetotalnumberof14,014includes25%participationofpeopleinmorethanone

activity.ARIADNE thus reachedand involvedabout10,500 researchers,practitioners, studentsand

otherpeopleactiveorinterestedinarchaeologicalandculturalheritageresearchanddissemination,

particularlywith digital content/data, tools and services (the targetwas “at least 400 end-users”).

Exceptoftheonlineneeds&requirementssurveysallotheractivitieswherefacetofaceevents.But

39ARIADNESpecialInterestGroups,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Community/Special-Interest-Groups


72

the surveys represent a strong participation as the respondents took the time filling an extensive

questionnaireontheirdata-relatedpracticesandrequirements.

Thenumberof10,500participants inARIADNEactivities is30timeslargerthanthemembershipof

theComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)organisation/conference

(350), 5 times larger than themembershipof theEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists (2000+),

and about 32% of the number of archaeologists working in Europe (33,000), estimated by the

DiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject(DISCO2014:6).

4.1.5 Innovationagenda&actionplanandsustainabilityplan

ImpactindicatorsdefinedintheDoW:

o Innovation Agenda and Action Plan endorsed, published and put into practice by the

membersoftheconsortiumandaffiliatedinstitutions.

o Business Model evaluated by external experts and supported by the members of the

consortiumandaffiliatedinstitutions.

TheARIADNE InnovationAgendaandActionPlanprovidesacomprehensivesetof focusareasand

suggestedactivitiesonhowtoadvanceopenaccessdigitalarchaeologyinEuropeoverthenext5-10

years (ARIADNE 2015b and 2016a). Given the broad range of the agenda the members of the

ARIADNEconsortiumandaffiliated institutionshavenotbeenaskedtoendorse it.Thiswouldhave

beeninappropriateastheinstitutionshavedifferentmissionsandactivities.Insteadmembersofthe

institutions are invited to join the not-for-profit ARIADNE Association that has been formally

established in November 2016. The membership is on an individual and not institutional basis,

because it is often difficult for institutions, especially large public ones, to participate in such an

organisation. The ARIADNE Association focuses on continuing the activities of the EU-funded

ARIADNEprojectbasedontheSustainability/BusinessPlan(ARIADNE2016a:section4.7).Theplan

includes further community networking, continuation of TNA training as well as research liaisons

established during ARIADNE. Furthermore, the Association will seek opportunities to extend the

ARIADNEfacilities(Registry/Portal)withnewdatasetsandfunctionality.Thefacilitiesaremaintained

“in-kind”bythelargestARIADNEpartner.

4.1.6 Summaryofresults

ARIADNEhasachievedastrongcommunitybuildingforinnovationindata-relatedpracticesthroughcooperation agreements, liaisons and informal cooperationwith archaeological and other cultural

heritage institutions in Europe and beyond. Building on the extensive partnership of the project

many institutions, projects and individuals have been mobilised and involved in various project

activities, for example, the identification of needs and requirements in e-infrastructure and data

services, conference sessions and workshops on ARIADNE topics, training courses, among others.

Awarenessoftheimportanceofsharingdatathroughresearchinfrastructureshasbeenraisedanda

community of organisations that engage in data sharing has emerged. Also initiatives for new

infrastructures suchasnationaldigitalarchives forarchaeologicaldatahavebeenencouraged (see

Section5.2.2).JointownershipoftheARIADNEe-infrastructureandserviceshasbeenfostered.

InvolvementofarchaeologicalandculturalheritageinstitutionsinEurope

ARIADNEsetouttoinvolveinstitutionalstakeholdersofallEUMemberStates,particularlyEuropean

antiquity/heritage authorities, archaeological and other heritage research centres, university

departments/institutes, and research and professional associations; the category does not include

technologicalresearch&developmentorganisations.


73

The project involved 65 European institutions of which at least one, often more institutions are

presentof24ofthe28EUMemberStatesandtwootherEuropeancountries(Iceland,Norway);the

figureincludes17ARIADNEpartnersintherelevantcategories.

Yet to be involved in the ARIADNE initiative are archaeological institutions in Croatia, Latvia,

LuxembourgandSlovakia.Thesecountrieshaverelativelysmallnumbersofarchaeologists,i.e.60in

Latvia or over 200 in Slovakia, compared to over 800 in Portugal or Romania, or over 4000 in

GermanyorItaly(cf.DISCO2014:18).

Theinstitutionalstakeholdershavebeeninvolvedbasedonformalcooperationagreements(15)and

through liaison and cooperation on an informal basis. These mostly concerned the building and

sharing of databases, use of common vocabularies (e.g. thesauri), and expertise in special subject

matters(i.e.digitalarchiving,scientificdatasets,applicationoftheCIDOC-CRMontology).Institutions

alsosentresearcherstoparticipateinARIADNETransnationalAccess(TNA)trainingsforinstitutional

projects(i.e.inviewtoprovidedatatoARIADNE).


DuringtheprojectperiodARIADNEcooperatedwith10Europeanprojectsonaninformalorformal

basis (e.g. Memorandum of Understanding). Among these EU funded projects for example are

ArchaeoLandscapes, CENDARI (e-infrastructure for European history archives), DARIAH (digital

humanities), EUROPEANA (Europeana Research), NEARCH (public archaeology), PARTHENOS

(humanitiese-infrastructurescluster),andthenewESFRIinitiativeE-RIHS(heritagesciences).

The cooperation topics include common policies and interoperability of e-infrastructures, heritage

sciences (with focus on tangible heritage), specific datasets/content archives and standards, and

tools/services needed by researchers in the digital humanities, including e-archaeology. Further-

more, public archaeology (NEARCH project) and skills development in an area not covered by

ARIADNEtrainings:remotesurveyingtechniquesanddata(ArchaeoLandscapesproject).

Particularlynoteworthywith regard to theco-ordinatedevolutionof researche-infrastructuresare

foreseen joint dataset registration and access services for humanities, archaeology and heritage

sciencesdata,i.e.harmonizationofdatacataloguesfollowingandextendingthemodeldevelopedby

ARIADNE.

InvolvementofinstitutionsoutsideEuropeandinternationalinitiatives

ARIADNEestablished liaisonsandcollaborativeactivitieswith19 institutionsoutsideofEuropeand

international projects; formal cooperation agreements have been signed with 6 institutions/

projects.Thespectrumofinstitutionsandprojectsrangesfromnationalandinternationalauthorities

(i.e. IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority, ICCROM) to special interest groups (i.e.CAA LinkedData SIG) and

specificdataandvocabularyresources(i.e.PeriodO).

Most liaisons focusedon sharing of reports anddatasets fromarchaeological surveys, excavations

and conservation projects (i.e. American School of Classical Studies in Athens, ICCROM, MAGIS -

Mediterranean Archaeology GIS); exchange of expertise in data archiving and access (i.e. Open

ContextandtDARintheUnitedStates),anduseofcommonvocabulariesanddatalinkingbasedon

W3CrecommendedLinkedDatastandards(i.e.Nomisma,Pelagios,PeriodO).

Collaborativeactivitieshaveachievedimportantresultsforadvancingdatasharingandintegrationin

Europe and beyond. For example, the circulation of archiving expertise has been increased in

dedicatedevents involvingOpenContext, tDARandEuropeandigitalarchiveproviders (seeSection5.2.2).WithregardtodatalinkingthecollaborationwithPeriodOmeritstobehighlighted.Through

thePeriodOsystemARIADNEmadeavailableasetofculturalperiodsforover20Europeancountries


74

with unique identifiers (URIs). These allow stable linking and integration of data and are now

availablealsoforotherprojectsinEuropeandbeyond.

Participationofend-usersinprojectactivities

Manymorepotentialend-usersofARIADNEresultsthanexpectedparticipated inprojectactivities.

Instead of a few hundred end-users 10,500 participated in project activities. This figure does not

includepeoplereachedthroughonlinedisseminationofprojectresults.

A large number of end-users (692) participated in the user needs & requirements surveys. The

surveys allowed the project gain a good understanding of user needs and expectations from the

ARIADNEe-infrastructureandservices,whichhavebeendevelopedaccordingly.521researchersand

practitionersbenefitedfromtransnationalaccess(TNA)studyvisitsatARIADNEcompetencecentres

(summerschoolsandindividualvisits)andtutorialsandshorttrainingcoursesatvariousevents.In67

conference sessions and workshops (co-)organised by ARIADNE partners presented and discussed

with participants on-going work and results of the project, with a total of 3180 project external

participantsreportedbypartners.OtherslearnedaboutARIADNE’sworkandachievementsthrough

individualpresentationsofpartnersat 151other international andnationalevents,witha totalof

9621participantsreported.

Thesefiguresamountto14,014peoplereachedandinvolvedbyARIADNEinsurveys,TNAstudyvisits

andothertrainings,andpresentationsanddiscussionofprojectresultsatvariousevents.However,

we assume that this number includes 25% participation of people in more than one activity.

ThereforeweestimatethatARIADNEreachedandinvolvedabout10,500researchers,practitioners,

students,andothers.Accordingto thetypesofactivities thesewerepeopleactiveor interested in

archaeological and cultural heritage research and dissemination, particularly with digital

content/data,toolsandservices.

InnovationAgenda&ActionPlanandSustainabilityPlan

TheARIADNE InnovationAgendaandActionPlanprovidesacomprehensivesetof focusareasand

suggestedactivitiesonhowtoadvanceopenaccessdigitalarchaeologyinEuropeoverthenext5-10

years (ARIADNE 2015b and 2016a). In the 5-year horizon it covers Research e-infrastructures

services,toolsandotherresources,Dataarchivingandcuration,Opendatasharingandre-use,and

Capacity building for open access digital archaeology. Furthermore, in the 10-year innovation

horizon,severalotherpotentialadvancestowardsinnovativedigitalarchaeologyaresuggested.

Given thebroad rangeof the InnovationAgendaandActionPlan the institutionalmembersof the

ARIADNEconsortiumandaffiliated institutionshavenotbeenaskedtoendorse it.Thiswouldhave

been inappropriate as the institutions have different missions and activities (e.g. research &

development, data archiving and sharing, education and training). Instead members of the

institutions are invited to join the not-for-profit ARIADNE Association that has been formally

established in November 2016. The membership is on an individual and not institutional basis,

because it is often difficult for institutions, especially large public ones, to participate in such an

organisation.

The ARIADNE Association focuses on continuing the activities of the EU-funded ARIADNE project

basedontheSustainabilityPlan(ARIADNE2016a,section4.7).Theplannedactivitiesincludefurther

community networking (i.e. meetings at international conferences), continuation of TNA training

(provided “in-kind” by ARIADNE competence centres) and research liaisons established during

ARIADNE.Furthermore,theAssociationwillseekopportunitiestoextendtheARIADNERegistryand

Portal with new datasets and additional services. The basic operation of the facilities will be

maintained by the ARIADNE partner CNR, the largest Italian research institution and one of the


75

largestinEurope,“in-kind”(atleastfor5years).TheARIADNERegistryandPortalwillbeextended

withadditionaldatasetsandfunctionalityifnewfundscanbeacquired.

4.2 Disseminationofinformationandguidestogoodpractice


The indicators for the dissemination activities concern the reachof theprojectwebsite and social

media, the dissemination of information material, and access to guides to good practice which

supportskillsdevelopment.These indicatorsmainlyrelatetoworkpackage4,“Goodpracticesand

dissemination”, which also supported other work packages in engaging the target communities,

promotingawarenessofprojectactivitiesanduptakeofresults.

Intheproject’sDescriptionofWorkthefollowingimpactindicatorshavebeendefinedwithregardto

disseminationactivities:

o Projectwebsiteconsultedbyatleast12,000visitors

o Audienceof3000reachedwithinformationmaterial(folders,projectannouncements,etc.).

o 1500copiesofGoodPracticeguidesdistributedordownloadedfromtheprojectwebsite

A target for events such as conference sessions andworkshopswas not defined in the DoW. But

figuresforthisessentialactivityarealsoreportedinthedetailedrecordofachievementsbelow.

4.2.2 Eventorganisationandparticipation

ImpactindicatordefinedintheDoW:IntheDoWnoindicatorforeventshasbeenincludedalthough

ataskinWPDissemination(Task4.3)concernedthecentralorganisationofthepresenceofARIADNE

atinternationalevents(e.g.dedicatedconferencesessions),andsupportofpartnersforothers(e.g.

nationaleventsorspecialworkshops)andevensinglepresentations,ifnecessary.

The table below gives an overview of the conference sessions and workshops (co-)organised by

ARIADNE partners, including meetings dedicated to establish or advance cooperation with

institutions and projects. Furthermore not (co-)organised conference sessions, workshops etc. are

includedwhichpartnersattendedandwheretheygaveat leastonepresentation.Not includedare

the Transnational Access (TNA) study visits at ARIADNE competence centres and short training

coursesandtutorials,whicharereportedinSection4.3.

Detailedand/oradditionalindicators Amount Participants

o Events(co-)organisedbyARIADNEpartners(conferencesessions,

workshops,roundtables)andmeetingswithrepresentativesof

institutionsandprojectstoliaiseandestablishoradvance

cooperation;events/meetingswithatleastonepresentationbya

partner(inmostcasesmore).

67 3180

o Otherconferences,workshops,etc.attended,withatleastone

presentationbyapartner

151 9621

Total 218 12,801

The number of 12,801 is the total of project-external participants of (co-)organised conference

sessions,workshops,meetingsand individualpresentationsateventsreportedbyprojectpartners.


76

However,we assume that the total includes 25%participation of people inmore thanone event,

hencegiveamoreconservativeestimateof9600.

The events mainly concerned (1) Archaeology and cultural heritage (non-digital focus), (2) Digital

archaeology, heritage and humanities events, and (3) E-Infrastructures (archaeology, heritage

sciences,humanities).Furthermoretherewereanumberofeventsrangingfrommeetingswithhigh-

level officials to events involving schools in archaeological activities. Below we list a selection of

events in the categories one to three. The focus is on exemplary events at the international and

national/regionallevels(thelistofalleventsisincludedinAnnexC).

(1)Archaeologyandculturalheritageevents(non-digitalfocus)

Characteristics: These events were for researchers and practitioners in archaeology and culturalheritage, including the large international and national events as well as smaller regional and

specialisedworkshopsandmeetings. Participantsweregenerally interested indigital technologies,

but they do not develop digital tools and services, and typically are not “lead-users” (users who

adopt,trialandpromotenewsolutionsfirst).Atthelargeeventssuchastheannualmeetingsofthe

EuropeanAssociationofArchaeologistonlyfewsessionswereaboutdigitaltechnologiesspecifically.

ARIADNE objective: At such events ARIADNE partners presented the goals, work and results ofARIADNE, informed participants about opportunities offered by the project, and promoted data

sharingandaccessthroughdigitalarchivesandintegratinge-infrastructureandservicesingeneral.

Events(selection):EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil(EAC)-AnnualMeeting&HeritageManagement

Symposium (2014-2016), European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) - Annual Meeting (2013-

2016), Society for American Archaeology (SAA) - Annual Meeting (2014-2016), Archaeological

InstituteofAmerica-AnnualMeeting(2014,2016),InternationalCongressontheArchaeologyofthe

Ancient Near East (Vienna 2016), Roman Archaeology Conference (Rome 2016), Mediterranean

Exchange of Archaeological Tourism (Paestum/Italy 2014), International Congress of Classical

Archaeology (Merida/Spain 2013), International ConferenceonArchaeological Prospection (Vienna

2013); various national conferences, for example, Deutscher Archäologiekongress (Berlin 2014),

Institute forArchaeologists -AnnualConference (Glasgow/UK2014),NetherlandsCulturalHeritage

Agency Symposium (Amersfoort/NL2014),NationalArchaeological Conference (Sandanski/Bulgaria

2014),Arheologijavletu2013(Ljubljana/Slovenia2013).

(2)Digitalarchaeology,heritageandhumanitiesevents

Characteristics:Theseeventswereforresearchersandpractitioners in ICTforarchaeology,culturalheritageandotherhumanities,againeventsofdifferent sizes,but the largeonesareconsiderable

smallerthansucheventsofcategory(1),exceptthecoreDigitalHumanities-DHconferenceofthe

digitalhumanitiescommunity.Participantsdeveloporare“lead-users”(def.seeabove)ofadvanced

ornewdigitaltoolsandservices.

ARIADNE objective: At such events ARIADNE partners presented the goals, work and results ofARIADNE, networked with other projects and established or enhanced collaborations. Common

topics included metadata and vocabularies, data repositories, tools/services for data linking,

processingandvisualization.Amajorobjectivealsowasstrengtheningthetopicofe-infrastructurein

thecommunity.

Events (selection): Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA)

conference(2013-2016),alsoannualmeetingsofCAAnationalchapters(e.g.Germany2014,Sweden

2013), CIDOC-CRM Special Interest Group meetings (2013-2016), International Conference on

Cultural Heritage and New Technologies - CHNT (Vienna 2013, 2016), Colloque MASA 2016 -

Mémoires des Archéologues et des Sites Archéologiques (Nanterre, 2016), Digital Heritage


77

International Congress (Marseille 2013, Granada 2015), Digital Archaeology National Conference

(Amersfoort/NL2015),FirstCulturalHeritageandNewTechnologiesInternationalCongress(Mexico

City 2014, delegates from different South American countries), Digital Heritage, Denmark (Aarhus

2015),DigitalHeritage,UK(York2013),OpeningthePast-MAPPAConference(Pisa2013),Cultural

Heritage Creative Tools and Archives – CHCTA (Copenhagen 2013), Congreso Internacional de la

Sociedad de Humanidades Digitales Hispánicas - HDH (Madrid 2015), Digital Humanities - DH

(Lausanne 2014); digital libraries, metadata and preservation of digital objects (JCDL 2013, TPDL

2013, 2015, MTSR 2013, iPRES 2013); cultural heritage linked open data: Linked Pasts – Pelagios

Colloquium (King’s College London 2015), Accesso aperto al patrimonio culturale digitale e linked

open data: strategie, progetti e nuove opportunità (Rome 2015); conferences and workshops of

various projects, for example, Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy - EAGLE

(Nicosia 2015), Digital Cultural Heritage Roadmap for Preservation - DCH-RP (Rome 2014),

ArchaeoLandscapesEurope-ArcLand(Amersfoort/NL2013).

(3)E-infrastructureevents(archaeology,heritagesciences,humanities)

Characteristics:Theseweremainly internationalandnational leveleventsfordevelopers,providers

and institutional users of research e-infrastructure and services and research policy and funding

bodies.

ARIADNE objective: At such events project partners presented the progress of the ARIADNE e-infrastructure,networkedwithotherinitiatives,andcontributedtothecoordinateddevelopmentof

established and new e-infrastructures projects for the heritage sciences and humanities (e.g.

commonpoliciesandstandards).

Events(selection):Italian-GermanWorkshoponTechnologyandInfrastructuresforCulturalHeritage

(Berlin2016),TecnologíaseinfraestructurasparalainvestigaciónenCienciadelPatrimonio(Mexico

City2016),LesrencontresdelaTGIRHuma-Num(Lyon,2016),EuropeanResearchInfrastructuresfor

HeritageScience-E-RIHS(Florence2015),ResearchInfrastructuresande-InfrastructuresforCultural

Heritage (Rome, 2014), International ConferenceonResearch Infrastructures - ICRI (Athens 2014),

DanishHumanitiesResearch InfrastructuresMeeting (Aarhus2014),DataService Infrastructure for

the Social Sciences and Humanities (Gothenburg 2013), European Research Infrastructure for the

Humanities and Social Sciences (Berlin 2013), Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and

Humanities -DARIAHworkshops indifferentcountries (Denmark2013,Austria2013,Greece2014,

Ireland2015).

Details on events specifically aimedat knowledgeexchange, coordination and collaboration in the

areasofe-infrastructuresanddatarepositoriesaregiveninSection5.1andSection5.2,respectively.


78

4.2.3 Projectwebsiteandsocialmedia

ImpactindicatordefinedintheDoW:Projectwebsiteconsultedbyatleast12,000visitors.

The project website reached a much higher number of visitors from a wide European and inter-

national audience. Socialmedia havenot been considered in the impact indicators, although such

media play an ever greater role in the dissemination of project information. Indeed, ARIADNE

achievedalargedistributionofprojectinformationandrecognitionthroughsocialnetworks.

Website

Detailedand/oradditionalindicators Results

o Websitevisitors(2/2013-12/2016) 36,611

o Sessions(2/2013-12/2016) 53,849

o Pageviews(2/2013-12/2016) 184,074

Atleast12,000websitevisitorshavebeenexpected,butover36,000consultedtheprojectwebsite;

alsothenumbersofsessionsandpageviewsarequitehigh.Thewebsiteaccessisdescribedingreat

detailinaprojectreport(ARIADNE2017a),herewegiveabriefsummaryofthevisitortraffic.

Analysis of the visitor traffic across the four years of the project shows a steady increase in the

numbersofvisitors,sessionsandpageviewsineachofthefirstthreeyears.Afterthelaunchofthe

ARIADNEdataportal, formallyon the30thofMarch2016, therewasa slightdecline in traffic.The

web statistics show that theARIADNEwebsite has a European and international user base. About

75%of thevisitorswere located inEurope.Lookingat thepercentageofvisitsbycountry, the top

European countries are: Italy (16.72%), UK (13.17%), Germany (6.76%), Greece (6.74%), France

(5.52%),Austria (3.82%),Netherlands (3.63%),Spain (2.96%)and Ireland (2.21%).Visits fromother

countries such as Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Hungary, Slovenia and Sweden are alsowell over 1%

percent.About1%wasvisitsfromRussia.Withregardtootherworldregions,ofthetotalnumberof

visitstherewere6%fromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,2%fromBrazil,2%fromSouthKoreaand1%

fromIndia

Socialmedia

Socialmediahavenotbeenconsideredintheimpactindicators.However,ARIADNEachievedalarge

distributionofprojectinformationandrecognitionthroughsocialnetworks:

SocialMedia–Detailedand/oradditionalindicators Results

o SlideShareaccount,setupinJuly2014

- ARIADNEproductsuploadedbyJanuary2017 91presentationsand26documents(e.g.

booklets,deliverables,reports)

- TotalviewsofARIADNEproducts 69,270views,36,165overthelasttwelve

months

o Twitter:@Ariadne_Network,setupinApril2013

- Followers(31/12/2016) 754

- Following(31/12/2016) 361

- TweetssinceApril2013 1882(772during2016)

- Re-tweetedARIADNEtweets 443retweeted(23.5%)intotal1140times


79

- MentionsofARIADNEbyusersthroughoutthe

project

787timesby170users;onaverage0.7

timesperday

o ARIADNELinkedIngroup 39members,29discussions

o ARIADNEFacebookgroup(mainlyusedtopost

newsandphotographsfromARIADNEevents)

21members

o TotalreachofARIADNE’ssocialnetworks Intotalabout11,500memberswitha

reachofaround160,000followers

(conservativeestimate).

ARIADNEdidnotcreateaprojectaccountonYouTubebutanumberofARIADNErelatedvideoshave

beenuploadedbypartners.AlargernumberofvideorecordingsofpresentationsgivenbyARIADNE

partnersatCAAandEAAconferenceshavebeenproducedbyRecordingArchaeology(DougRocks-

Macqueen)whopublishedthemonYouTubeandhavebeenaccessedbyawideraudience.Further

details on ARIADNE social media based dissemination are given in the final report on project

dissemination(ARIADNE2017a).

4.2.4 Informationmaterial

ImpactindicatordefinedintheDoW:Audienceof3000reachedwithinformationmaterial(folders,

projectannouncements,etc.).

The project has disseminated a set of information material which includes project booklets,

newsletters,posters,leafletsandflyers.Allmaterialexceptthenewsletterhasbeendisseminatedin

physical and digital form. The newsletter has been posted on the project website and mailed to

subscribers.

Thedisseminationinprintanddigitalformcertainlyreachedanaudienceofover3000.Forexample,

the first project booklet ARIADNE - The Way Forward to Digital Archaeology in Europe sinceDecember 2014 received over 6500 views on the ARIADNE SlideShare account. The ARIADNEIntroductionpresentationreceivedover3500views.Figuresonanumberofotherpresentations(not

basicprojectinformation)aregiveninSection4.2.6.

The set of project dissemination materials has been maintained and some products have been

updated:

o Projectbooklet:ARIADNE -TheWayForward toDigitalArchaeology inEurope (97pages), firstdistributed as print copies at the Research Infrastructures and e-Infrastructures for Digital

CulturalHeritageConference,Rome,13-14November2014 (about200participants); themost

popularproductonARIADNESlideShare(over6500viewssince12/2014);

o Projectbooklet:ARIADNE–BuildingaResearchInfrastructureforDigitalArchaeologyinEurope(63pages)firstdistributedasprintcopiesatthefinalprojecteventinFlorenceinDecember2016

(about120participants);

o Projectleafletintwoeditions(2013,2016),distributedbypartnersatinternationalandnational

events(i.e.CAA,EAA,CHNT)andonline;

o Flyerstoadvertisetrainingsandproducts:i.e.callsforTNAstudyvisits,presentationofavailable

toolsandservices,distributedbypartnersateventsandonline;

o Over150projectnewsandannouncementsdisseminatedviatheprojectwebsite;

o Periodicprojectnewsletters(9issues),publishedonlineanddisseminatedto410subscribers.


80

Weassumethattheonlinedisseminationreachedawideraudiencethantheprintedproducts.But

the edited products have been appreciated, especially the booklets which give an overview of

ARIADNE’sgoals,activitiesandresults.

4.2.5 Guidestogoodpractice

Impact indicator defined in the DoW: 1500 copies of Good Practice guides distributed or

downloadedfromtheprojectwebsite.

More specific and/or additional indicator: The indicator concerns Guides to Good Practice in the

creationanddisseminationofarchaeologicaldata.Theguidesareaccessibleonthewebsiteof the

Archaeology Data Service (ADS)40 and promoted by ARIADNE. The project has also initiated and

supported the development of new and extension/updates of existing guides as well as thematic

casestudies.


o NewguidesandcasestudiesproducedwithARIADNEsupport 3newguides

3newcasestudies

o Extension/updatesofguideswithARIADNEsupport 1guide(formerVirtual

Realityguide)extended

withcontenttoformthe

new3DGuide

o ARIADNEsponsoredguidesandcasestudiesviewedonthewebsite

oftheArchaeologyDataService

Intotalabout2000

uniquepageviews

GuidesandcasestudiesproducedwithARIADNEsupport:

o SelectionandRetentionofFilesinBigDataCollections:TheExampleofthePergamonExcavationoftheDAI Istanbul (casestudypublishedinAugust2013)41:Thecasestudylooksinto“bigdatacollections” created through long,multi-phasedandmulti-disciplinaryprocessesof generating,

transformingandfinalizingdata;thestudyaddressestwobasicquestions:theselectionofdata

from large datasets, and the best way to document such datasets so that the processes,

relationships,anddependenciescanbeeasilyunderstood;thecasestudyhasbeencontributed

primarilybyDAIandauthoredbyFelixSchäfer(DAI).

o DendrochronologicalDatainArchaeology(guidepublishedinJune2015)42:Theguideaddressesthe need to provide guidance for the production, documentation, and storage of dendro-

chronologicaldatasetsandincorporatesexistinggoodpracticedevelopedbyorganisationsinthe

NetherlandsandtheUnitedStates,specificallytheTreeRingDataStandard(TRiDaS).Theguide

has been contributed by DANS and authored by Esther Jansma (Cultural Heritage Agency and

Utrecht University, The Netherlands) and Peter Brewer (Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research,

UniversityofArizona).

40ArchaeologyDataService(ADS)&DigitalAntiquity:GuidestoGoodPractice,

http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk41Schäfer,Felix:SelectionandRetentionofFilesinBigDataCollections:TheExampleofthePergamon

ExcavationoftheDAIIstanbul.ArchaeologyDataService/DigitalAntiquity:GuidestoGoodPractice

(August2013),http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/CS_ARIADNE-DAI-Schafer42BrewerP.&JansmaE.:DendrochronologicalDatainArchaeology:AGuidetoGoodPractice(June2015),

http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/Dendro_Toc


81

o The Dendrochronology of the Early-medieval Emporium Dorestad, Netherlands (case studypublished in June 2016)

43; the case study provides a worked example of the reanalysis of

dendrochronologicaldatausingtheTreeRingDataStandard(TRiDaS)andassociatedtools; the

case study has been contributed by DANS and authored by Esther Jansma (Cultural Heritage

AgencyandUtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlands).

o 3DDatasetsinArchaeology(guidepublishedinAugust2016)44:Theguideaddressestheneedtoprovideguidancefortheproduction,documentation,andstorageof3Ddatasets,specifically3D

models,andisdesignedtocomplementandalignwithexistingGuidesfocusedondatacreation

anddigitisation,specificallythoseonLaserScanning,Photogrammetry,CAD,andStructuredLight

Scanning.Additionally, the3Dguide incorporatesandalignswithexistinggoodpracticeguides

developedbythe3D-ICONSprojectandreferstothisproject’sworkondatacreationpipelines.

The guide has been contributed primarily by DAI in collaboration with ADS and DANS and

authoredbyMartinaTrognitz(IANUS,DAI),KieronNiven(ADS),andValentijnGilissen(DANS).

o Thermoluminescence Dating (guide published in January 2017)45: The guide addresses keyelementsofthermoluminescencemeasurementsanddeterminationoftheageofarchaeological

materialswhichshouldbedocumentedanddescribedwithappropriatemetadata.Theguidehas

been contributed by ATHENA-CETI (Xanthi, Greece) and authored by Nikolaos A. Kazakis and

NestorC.Tsirliganis.

o 3DDatasetsinArchaeology:StructurefromMotion(casestudyinpreparationbyDAIresearchersforpublicationduring2017):Thecasestudycomplementstheexisting3Dguidelinesthroughthe

illustrationofdatacreationanddocumentation,includingmetadata,usinganexemplarydataset.

o Reflectance Transformation Images (RTI) Datasets (guide in preparation by ADS and DAI forpublication during 2017): The guide focuses on the documentation and preservation of RTI

datasets; it incorporates current guidelines for data acquisition and processing produced by

CulturalHeritageImaging(CHI)andHistoricEngland,andextendsthistoincludedataselection,

preservationanddocumentationconsiderations.

Inadditiontotheguidesandcasestudiesaddressedabove,ADShoststhewiki-basedguidetogood

practiceinarchivingarchaeologicalprojectscreatedbytheARCHESproject46.Theguidecoversboth

thematerial (finds) archive and the documentary archive, which includes born-digital or digitised

recordssuchasdocuments,drawings,photographs,etc.Thewiki-basedguideisavailableinEnglish;

downloadableversionsoftheguideareavailableinCzech,Dutch,English,French,German,Icelandic

andSwedish.

4.2.6 Researchpapersandotherprojectproducts

Impact indicatordefined in theDoW: In theDoWno indicator forpublicationshasbeen included

although bibliometricswasmentioned in the description of Task 2.5 Impact Evaluation. Belowwe

givethenumberofpapersandviewsofsomeotherproducts(i.e.conferencepresentations)made

availableonSlideShare.

43BrewerP.&JansmaE.:TheDendrochronologyoftheEarly-medievalEmporiumDorestad,Netherlands(July

2016),http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/Dendro_CS44TrognitzM.,NivenK.,GilissenV.etal.:3DModelsinArchaeology:AGuidetoGoodPractice(November

2016),http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/3d_Toc45KazakisN.A.&TsirliganisN.C.:ThermoluminescenceDating:AGuidetoGoodPractice(January2017),

http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/TL_Toc46ARCHES-ArchaeologicalResourcesinCulturalHeritage:aEuropeanStandard(EUCultureProgramme,

6/2012-5/2014),http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/arches/


82


o Paperspublishedinjournals,conferenceproceedings,

booksandotherpublications

86

o TotalviewsofARIADNEproductsonSlideShare:91

presentationsand26documentsbyJanuary2017

69,270views,36,165overthelast

twelvemonths

o ViewsofselectedproductsonSlideShare

- ARIADNE-TheWayForwardtoDigitalArchaeologyin

Europe(bookletof97pages)

6505viewssince16/12/2014

- ARIADNE:FirstReportonUsers’Needs(deliverable) 2089viewssince11/08/2014

- OpenDatainArchaeology(presentation) 1586viewssince20/08/2014

- AustrianArchaeologicalDataandArchivingOptions 1446viewssince21/01/2015

- OpenAccessinItaly(presentation) 1211viewssince26/09/2014

- OpenAccessofResearchData:thepresentandfuture

situationinGermany(presentation)

1173viewssince26/09/2014

ARIADNE researchers reported in total 86 project-related publications published in journals,

conference proceedings, books and other publications; the list of articles is included in the final

reportonprojectdissemination(ARIADNE2017a).Thepublicationsincludespecialjournalissuesand

proceedingsonARIADNE topics suchasOpenAccess&OpenData (Archäologische Informationen,

Vol.38/2015, in English), CIDOC-CRM extension and application (EMF-CRMWorkshop 2015, CEUR-

WS/Vol.1656), and Research E-Infrastructures. Among the latest publications is a multi-authored

paperon theARIADNEe-infrastructure inaspecial issueof the JournalonComputingandCultural

Heritage, edited by leading researchers of the project. Also particularly noteworthy is the paper

EnablingEuropeanArchaeologicalResearch:TheARIADNEE-InfrastructureintheproceedingsoftheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil-Symposium2016publishedinthee-journalInternetArchaeology.


Eventsorganisationandparticipation

ARIADNEpartnerspresented theprojectwork and results andnetworkedwithparticipants at 218

events, with a total of 12,801 participants. The events were conferences andworkshops in three

categories: events for researchers, practitioners, students in the field of archaeology and cultural

heritage (non-digital focus); for researchers,developersandadvancedusers indigital archaeology,

heritage and humanities; and for developers/providers and institutional users of research e-

infrastructureaswell as researchpolicyand fundingbodies. Furthermore therewereanumberof

events ranging frommeetingswithhigh-levelofficials toevents involving schools inarchaeological

activities.

67 of the events were (co-)organised sessions or workshops at conferences and special meetings

withrepresentativesofinstitutionsandprojectstoliaiseandestablishoradvancecooperation(3180

participants).FurthermorepartnerspresentedARIADNEandtheirprojectcontributionsat151other

events(9621participants).Notincludedinthesefiguresaretransnationalsummerschoolsandshort

trainingcoursesandtutorials.

The number of 12,801 is the total of project external participants of (co-)organised conference

sessions, workshops, meetings and individual presentations at other events reported by project


83

partners.We assume that the total includes 25%participation of people inmore than one event.

Thustheestimatedtotalparticipationis9600.

Projectwebsiteandsocialmedia

Projectwebsite:Atleast12,000websitevisitorshavebeenexpected(indicatorofsuccess),butover36,000consultedtheprojectwebsite;alsothenumbersofsessions (about54,000)andpageviews

(184,000) are quite high. The web statistics show that the ARIADNEwebsite has a European and

internationaluserbase;about75%ofthevisitorswerelocatedinEurope.

Socialmedia:Suchmediahavenotbeenconsideredintheimpactindicators,althoughtheyplayan

ever greater role in the dissemination of project information. Indeed, ARIADNE achieved a large

distribution of project information and recognition through social media platforms (SlideShare,

Twitter). ARIADNE has a Twitter account since April 2013 and at present 754 followers. Of 1882

ARIADNE tweets 443 (23.5%) have been re-tweeted in total 1140 times. There have been 787

mentionsofARIADNEby170Twitterusers.ARIADNE’ssocialnetworkshaveabout11,500members

withatotalreachof160,000followers(conservativeestimate).SlideShareresultsaregivenbelow.

Disseminationofinformationmaterial

The project has disseminated a set of information material which includes project booklets,

newsletters,posters,leafletsandflyers.Allmaterialexceptthenewslettershasbeendisseminatedin

physicalanddigital form.Anaudienceof3000wasexpected(indicatorofsuccess),whichcertainly

hasbeen surpassed. For example, the first project bookletARIADNE - TheWay Forward toDigitalArchaeology inEurope sinceDecember2014 receivedover6500viewson theARIADNESlideShare

account,theARIADNEIntroductionpresentationover3500views.

Over 150 project news and announcements have been disseminated online. These include the

periodicprojectnewsletters (9 issues),publishedonlineanddisseminated to410 subscribers. Two

projectbookletshavebeenproducedanddisseminatedat conferencesandonline:ARIADNE - TheWay Forward to Digital Archaeology in Europe (97 pages) and ARIADNE – Building a ResearchInfrastructure forDigitalArchaeology inEurope (63pages).Othereditedprintandonlineproductsincluded:aprojectleafletintwoeditions(2013,2016),andflyerstoadvertisetrainingsandproducts:

i.e. calls for TNA study visits, presentation of available tools and services. These have been

disseminatedatinternationalandnationalevents(i.e.CAA,EAA,CHNT)aswellasonline.

Guidestogoodpractice

ARIADNE has promoted good practices in the creation, documentation and archiving of

archaeologicaldatasets.Theprojecthas initiatedandsupportedthedevelopmentoffourguidesto

good practice and three case studies. These already are orwill shortly be accessible in the online

Guides to Good Practice of Archaeology Data Service & Digital Antiquity. The guides concern 3DDatasets, Reflectance Transformation Images (RTI) Datasets, Dendrochronological Data, and

ThermoluminescenceDating;onecasestudyaddressestheselectionanddocumentationofdatasets

of“bigdatacollections”andtwootherscomplementthe3DandDendrochronologyguideswithreal-

worldworkedexamples.BetweenAugust2013andJanuary2017thealreadypublishedguidesand

case studies received about 2000 unique page views. So far the most accessed is the Dendro-

chronology Data guide (published in June 2015) with 1275 unique page views; however the 3D

Datasetsguide,publishedinDecember2016,alreadyhashadover400uniquepageviews.

Researchpublicationsandotherproducts

ARIADNE researchers reported in total86project-relatedarticlespublished in journals, conference

proceedings,booksandotherpublications;thelistofarticlesisincludedinthefinalreportonproject


84

dissemination(ARIADNE2017a).Thepublications includespecial journal issuesandproceedingson

ARIADNE topics suchasOpenAccess&OpenData (Archäologische Informationen,Vol.38/2015, in

English),CIDOC-CRMextensionandapplication(EMF-CRMWorkshop2015,CEUR-WS/Vol.1656),and

ResearchE-Infrastructures.

Amongthelatestpublicationsisamulti-authoredpaperontheARIADNEe-infrastructure(Meghinietal. 2017) in a special issue of the Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, edited by leading

researchers of the project. Also particularly noteworthy is the paper Enabling EuropeanArchaeological Research: The ARIADNE E-Infrastructure in the proceedings of the EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil - Symposium2016published in thee-journal InternetArchaeology (Aloiaetal.2017).

Other ARIADNE products have been made available on SlideShare, which proved to be a very

effectivedisseminationmethod.By January2017 in total 91presentations and26documents (i.e.

deliverables) have been uploaded on SlideShare. These products received in total 69,270 views;

36,165overthelasttwelvemonths.

4.3 Transnationalstudyvisitsandtraining

Theimpactsoftransnationalaccess(TNA)activitiesconcernstudyvisitsandtrainingofmostlyyoung

researchers at ARIADNE competence centres, and online access to services provided by research

infrastructures(e.g.digitalarchives).ThissectioncentresonthestudyvisitsandtrainingatARIADNE

centresandothertrainingprovidedsuchastutorialsatconferences.


Researchershavebeenofferedtheopportunitytovisitcompetencecentresofprojectpartnerstobe

trainedandguided in theuseofnovelmethodsandtools for their specific researchquestionsand

data.Thissupportfocusedonthedesignandcreationofdatasets(includingworkonlegacydata)47,

applicationoftheCIDOCConceptualReferenceModel(CIDOC-CRM)48,and2D/3Ddocumentationof

archaeologicalsitesandobjects49.Furthermoretraininghasbeenofferedintheformoftutorialsat

eventsandshortcoursesatpartnersites,forexample,trainingtousetoolsandservicesdeveloped

byprojectpartners.

4.3.2 TNAstudyvisits


o 300researchersrequestedtransnationalaccesstoRIs[researchinfrastructures],themajorityof

which young researchers [defined as graduate students, PhD candidates, or Post-Doc level

researchers].

o HighbenefitoftheRIaccessfortheirprojectsconfirmedbythevisitingresearchers.

47Example:DesignofArchaeologicalDatasetsPisa2016,ISTI-CNR,Pisa,Italy,4-8July2016,

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/index.php/Services/Transnational-Access/2016-TNA-Call/TNA-

school-Datasets-Pisa48Example:SummerSchoolonMappingexistingdatasetstoCIDOCCRM,PIN,Prato,26-30May2014,

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/CIDOC-CRM-summer-school49Example:2D/3DDocumentationforArchaeologySummerSchool,ISTI-CNR,Pisa,23-27June2014,

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/2D-3D-Documentation-for-Archaeology-Summer-School


85

In theTNAprogrammethreeARIADNEcompetencecentres (AthenaRC,CNR-ISTIandPIN)offered

transnational access for group visits (summer school format) and individual access visits. The final

report on ARIADNE Transnational Access gives a detailed account of the programme (ARIADNE

2017b).Calls forapplications for studyvisitswereadvertised in2014,2015and2016.Researchers

wereaskedtobringprojectsorcasestudieswith focusedgoals thatare technically feasiblewithin

theframeworkoftheTNAandthehostfacility.

A selectioncommitteecomprisingofexperts frombothoutside to theproject consortiumand the

TNA providers assessed the applications. The main selection criteria were the quality of the

applicant, the scientific merit of the case study or individual research project proposed, and the

potential of the applicant to benefit from the training on offer, for example by improving their

researchoutputordevelopinglocalexpertiseand/orfacilities.

Between2014and2016ARIADNEreceived136applicationsforTNAvisitsand,followingreviewby

the selection committee, 97 travel bursaries were awarded. A small number of researchers also

participatedintheTNAtrainingswithoutreceivingabursary;theseresearchersvisitedanARIADNE

competencecentreintheirowncountry,whichwasnoteligibleforfunding.

ThemajorityofTNAparticipantswithbursarieswerepostgraduatestudents(52%)andpostdoctoral

researchers(20%);15%wereexpertresearchers(professorsandotherseniorresearchers),12%were

technicians (ICT) and 2%were undergraduate students. 50% of the participantswere female. The

participantscamefrominstitutionsin23countries,21EUmemberstatesplusSerbiaandArgentina;

thirtydifferentnationalitieswererepresented,20EUmemberstatesplusArgentina,Australia,Brazil,

Canada,China,Iceland,Norway,Serbia,TurkeyandUSA.

CharacteroftheTNA“training”

Thekindof TNAprovidedwithinARIADNE is a combinationof researchactivities and training in a

collaborativeapproachthathasemergedasthemosteffectiveforparticipants.Onlyasmallpartof

theTNAconcernspuretrainingwhereknowledgetransfergoesinonedirection,fromthetrainerto

the trainee. The larger part is either shared advancement or goes the other way round, into an

improvement of the ‘trainer’ skills deriving from being exposed to new research questions and

lookingfortheirsolution.TheTNA indeedoftentriggerednewresearch ideasand improvementof

archaeological documentation, especially documentation based on new extensions of the CIDOC-

CRM.

TheprojectFlowofAncientMetalAcrossEurasia (FLAME),carriedoutby theResearchLaboratory

for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA) at the University of Oxford and funded by the

EuropeanResearchCouncil,canserveasanexample.TheFLAMEprojectinvestigatesthemovement,

exchange, and transformationofmetal inEurasian societiesduring theBronzeandEarly IronAge.

Researchersof the laboratoryparticipated in theTNAwith thegoal todefineaCIDOC-CRMbased

semantic system for integrating the scientific databases of the project (i.e. chemical and isotope

analysesofcopperalloyandof radiocarbon-datedarchaeological contexts).The joint researchand

development activities in the TNA focused on the definition of a model which represents the

analytical process at the intersection of archaeological and scientific studies. The result was an

improved interconnection between the CIDOC-CRM extensions for archaeological excavations

(CRMarchaeo)andscientificobservations(CRMsci).Similarly,joinedworkonaTNAprojectaimedto

create a digital edition of the Louvre collection of Greek Epigraphic Inscriptions inspired the

definitionofanewsetofCRMclassesspecificallytailoredforepigraphy,andtolaythebasisforthe

developmentaCRMepigraphicextension.


86

FeedbackonbenefitsofTNAparticipants

Participants had to fill the “Research Infrastructures: User group questionnaire” provided by the

Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS)50, and an additional

questionnaireproducedbytheARIADNETNAmanagement.TheARIADNEquestionnaireaskedTNA

participants about achievements experienced during the study visit or summer school and

suggestionsforimprovementsofthetraining.Copiesofbothquestionnairesfilledbyparticipantsare

archivedintheinternaldocumentationoftheproject.

The feedback from the participants was very positive. Everyone felt that they had learned a lot

duringtheirweekandthatinmanycasesthenewknowledgewillhelpwiththedevelopmentoftheir

personalresearchprojects.Thehands-onexperience(workingwithtoolsandwithdata)andpractical

helpandadviceon their researchprojectswereparticularlyvalued.Also theorganisation, logistics

and trainers of the TNA offer were appreciated very much. The main potential improvement

mentionedbyseveralparticipantswasthewishforlongertrainingcourses(morethanoneweek).

Belowwegivesomeexamplesoffeedbackfromparticipants51:

“Thecoursegavemeaverygoodoverviewonhowmetadatacanbeorganized,andsuggestedsomegoodtoolsthatcanhelpmeincarryoutmyproject.Ialsogotincontactwithotherpeopleinthefieldthat sharemyproblemswithmetadatamanagement,andwewillhave thepossibility to shareourfutureexperienceandsolutions”–CarlottaCapurro(Belgium).

“The main achievements experienced during the summer school are related to the possibility tomanageandhandle3Dmodelsfrompictures:thismeansthatinaveryshorttimeitwouldbepossibletodocumentarchaeologicalfeatures,andsharethemveryeasily”-PaolaDerudas(Italy).

“I studied different approaches and during the summer school I carried out several practical testsusing thesemethods and techniques to implement these into the 3D/2Ddocumentationwork-flowandtoachievebetterresults”–AndresUueni(Estonia).

“Mymainachievementexperiencedat thesummerschoolwas that Ibegan tounderstandnot justhowtousetheequipmentandsoftware,butalsohowtheyworkedandthebenefitsofdifferenttypesof technology.Thiswasveryuseful forme,as Ihaveoftenworkedalongsidepeopleusingdifferentmethodsof3Drecording,butneveractuallycompleteditmyself;InowfeelthatIhavetheknowledgeandunderstandingtoundertakethistypeofworkmyself”–MichaelA.Bevivino(Ireland).

“Understandingfundamentalsofontology,CIDOC-CRMontologystandardsbygiventheoreticalandpractical examples.Mapping existing datamodel of ArAr laboratorywith usingMappingMemoryManageropensourceschemamappingtool.Learningadvantageofdataintegration,semanticweb,andgraphdatabases”–AybukeOzturk(France).

“An overview about the possibilities and advantages of ontologies for archaeological datasets,especiallyCIDOCCRM.Anunderstandingabout thetechnicalaspectsofmark-up languages.AdviceontheparticularproblemsIencounteredinourproject”–SetaStuhec(Austria).

“Igotacompleteoverviewofthesemanticwebanditsdifferent‘components’.Thepresentationofthe CIDOC-CRM and the related case studies clearly stated the problems when looking intoarchaeologicaldatadesign.Asfarasmypersonalprojectisconcerned,theacquiredinformationisfor

50CORDIS:ResearchInfrastructures:Usergroupquestionnaire

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/capacities/questionnaire_en.html51Seealso:ARIADNE:TNA1stYearFeedback,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Services/Transnational-

Access/TNA-1st-Year-Feedback;ARIADNE(2015-10-30):InterviewwithRobertaZenionMappingEpiDocto

CIDOC-CRM,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/Interview-with-Roberta-Zeni-on-Mapping-

EpiDoc-to-CIDOC-CRM


87

meaperfectopportunityto look inadifferentwayatmydataandthestrivendatastructure,withparticularreferencetotheweb-basedGIScomponentofmyproject”–MichellePfeiffer(Germany).

“Fromthecourseofthissummerschool…NowIamabletodeveloptherightprojectworkplanandbudgetsfortheproject”–YuanYuan(Germany).

“The overall organisation was excellent - logistics were clear and easy to follow and the courseinstructorswereknowledgeableandengaging”–MartinDuffy(Ireland).

“ThiswasoneofthebestorganisationsIhaveexperiencedandwhenIlefthome,Ihadalreadyallthedataabout howandwhere to reach to CNR. Thepresentationswere very good; the quality of thelectures was top level. Another useful thing is that the presentations are on internet so it can bedownloaded.Frommypointofviewtheorganisationwasexcellent”–AdelaKovaks(Romania).

“Similareventsinthefutureshouldlastmorethanoneweek,ifpossible.Thisapproachcouldprovideeven stronger knowledgeexchangeand teamco-operation,which canbe thebaseof new synergyandscientificresearch”–AndresUueni(Estonia).

Insummary, theTNAparticipantsacquirednewknowledgeandskillswhichtheyperceivedasvery

usefulfortheirresearchprojects.AlsotheorganisationoftheTNAandtheopportunitytonetwork

andcollaboratewithotherresearcherswerehighlyappreciated.

DiscussionofTNAinthecontextofe-infrastructures

TheTransnationalAccess(TNA)studyvisits/trainingprovidedbyARIADNEexpertisecentresallowed

about100mostlyyoung researchers toacquireknowledgeandskills for theirownprojectsand/or

initiativesof their institutions. The feedbackon this trainingofferhasbeenverypositive. TNA is a

mandatorypartof IntegratingActivities fundedundertheEUResearch InfrastructuresProgramme.

Therefore ARIADNE developed a TNA programme that best fits with the focus of the project and

centredonskillsdevelopmentforresearchers.

ThefocusofARIADNEhasbeentheimplementationofe-infrastructureforarchaeologicaldata.One

questionhereishowtooptimiseandscaleTNAtraininginthecontextofe-infrastructures.TheTNA

schemeoftheEUResearchInfrastructuresProgrammehasbeencreatedinthefirstplaceforphysical

access to research facilities such as molecular biology laboratories, synchrotrons, research

telescopes, etc. The scheme can be adapted for physical access to expertise centres of e-infra-

structures,whichincludee-infrastructureproviders,digitalrepositoriesanddatabases,andresearch

centreswithexpertiseintechnologies,datasetsandvocabulariesthatarebeingusedinthedomain.

Concerning the target groups of TNA of a core domain e-infrastructure the sizes are: few e-infra-

structuremanagers,manymanagersofdigitalrepositories/databases,andalargenumberofdomain

researchers.

Research Infrastructures: There have been projects for training of staff of large, single-site anddistributed physical Research Infrastructures, in particular RAMIRI (2008-2012)

52 and the current

RItrain -Research InfrastructuresTrainingProgrammeproject (2015-2019)53. Theremaybeaneed

forsimilarprogrammesformanagersofresearche-infrastructures.

Digitalrepositories:Therearemanyofthesebutnotforarchaeologicaldata.TheDirectoryofOpen

AccessRepositories(OpenDOAR)per1/2/2017documents1489repositoriesinEuropeofwhich126

have a focus on history and archaeology content. These repositoriesmainly hold documents and

visualmaterial,more for historical studies than archaeological research. At present there are not

52 RAMIRI - Realising andManaging International Research Infrastructures 1+2 projects (11/2008-10/2012),

http://www.ramiri.eu;mainproduct:RAMIRIHandbookforRImanagers,http://www.ramiri-blog.eu53RItrain-ResearchInfrastructuresTrainingProgramme(EU,H2020,9/2015-8/2019),http://ritrain.eu


88

many archaeological data archives, including ADS, DANS (E-Depot), IANUS and some existing or

planned others, together maybe ten. In addition, and growing in number, there are projects of

archaeological research institutes to improve legacy databases and build newones. These include

databases for specificownprojectsaswellas tocollectdata frommanycontributors.Examplesof

these are the FLAME database (see Section 4.3.2), the DIME and MEDEA metal-detector finds

databases (seeSection4.1.2), ZRC-SAZU’s ZBIVAdatabaseand theMNMArchaeologyArchive (see

Section4.4.3).

HereweseeaclearneedofknowledgeexchangebetweenprojectsandofferingTNAvisits.Building

ontheexperiencesofdatamanagementtrainingforpartners,theARIADNEdataarchivesandother

institutions have submitted an EU COST Action proposal “Saving European Archaeology from the

DigitalDarkAge-SEADDA”(1/12/2016).Theinitiativeaimstocollect,consolidateandtransferbest

practices in archiving, dissemination and re-use of archaeological data. If this proposed action is

selected for funding a substantial increaseof knowledge sharing and capacitydevelopment across

Europewillbepossible.ConcerningTNA, i.e.visitsofmanagersofnewdatarepositoriesto leading

data archives/centres, the knowledge transfer and skills development of a few managers clearly

benefitsalargenumberofrepositoryusers.

Individual research projects: The ARIADNE TNA programme offered knowledge and skills

developmentmainly for projects of individual researchers, but also for researchers and IT staff of

institutionsthataimtoenhanceorbuildnewdatabases.Thetrainingfortheindividualresearchers

focusedontheuseof3Dandothervisualmediatools,buildingstate-of-the-artdatasets, including

useofCIDOC-CRMandotherdomainvocabularies.Trainingforinstitutionalprojectsfocusedmainly

onthelatter.

TNAvisitsofresearchersforownprojectscanbenefitonlyasmallnumberofindividuals,itdoesnot

scale,andthebenefitforthearchaeologicalresearchcommunityoverall is limited.Amoreflexible,

scalable schemewouldbepreferable.We suggest ahybridmodel: Provideonline TNA courses formanyonselectedknowledge that isnoteasilyavailable (e.g.knowledge inCIDOC-CRMandrecent

extensions). Such courses could be provided as webinars involving acknowledged experts and

practitioners. Physical TNA thenprovide in identified clear cases of benefit for thewider research

community.Thelatterwouldbehighpotentialprojectsofindividualresearchersanddatamanagers

asmentionedabove.Arguablythisisthemostflexibleandscalableapproach,includingselectionof

highpotentialcandidatesforTNAstudyvisits.

Relatedtotheabovewenotecurrenttrendsintrainingprovisionforresearchdatamanagementand

data science. General data management training for researchers has been provided by national

initiativesaswellasalargeEuropeanproject,FOSTER54.Thesearemeanttopromoteawarenessand

capacity development at universities because only these can train individual “next generation”

researchers in data management at large scale. The same concerns “data science” training as

currentlyprovidedbytheEuropeanprojectEDISON55.Suchtrainingarguablywillnotbeprovidedby

universitiesbutdedicateddatascienceore-sciencecentres(e.g.NetherlandseScienceCenter).

Insummaryweconcludeandsuggest:

TheARIADNEtrans-nationalaccessandtrainingoffercentredmainlyonresearchers’skillsrelatedto

own data, e.g. dataset development, data mapping, special data formats like 3D, etc. Thereby

researchersacquiredskillsinresearchdatacreationandmanagementasrelevantforarchaeological

54FOSTER-FacilitateOpenScienceTrainingforEuropeanResearch(EU,FP7,CSA,2/2014-1/2016),

http://www.fosteropenscience.eu55EDISON-EducationforDataIntensiveSciencetoOpenNewScienceFrontiers(EU,H2020,CSA,8/2015-

7/2017),http://www.edison-project.eu


89

projects.Wesuggestfocusingmoreonprovidingtrainingforpotentialprovidersofnewdatasets(i.e.

curatorsof institutional legacydatabasesandmajornewprojects). Inanycase toavoida focuson

generaldatamanagementplanning;thisshouldbeprovidedbyuniversities.

Training for datamanagers of digital archives/repositories is a concern. In the archaeology sector,

such professionalsmay not be readily available, but require capacity building, training and career

opportunities. InthisregardtheARIADNEtrainingcouldalignwiththeknowledgetransfer fornew

archaeologicaldataarchives(i.e.theSEADDAinitiative).

4.3.3 Othertrainingprovided

In addition to trans-national access (TNA) study visits the ARIADNE training programme included

tutorials, hands-on workshops and short courses at events and partner sites. This training offer

covered topics similar to the study visits, introducedparticipants to theTNAprogram,onlinedata

resourcesandnewtoolsandservicesofARIADNEpartners.

Impact indicator defined in the DoW: 250 users trained in tutorials at events or short training

courses on effective RI [research infrastructure] use, the majority young researchers [defined as

graduatestudents,PhDcandidates,orPost-Doclevelresearchers].

Shorttrainingcoursesandtutorial Participants

Delavnicaarhiviranjadigitalnihpodatkov,Ljubljana,Slovenia,21January2016:Data

managementworkshopforarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals,heldatZRC-

SAZUwithtrainersfromADSandPIN

38

DatenmanagementinderArchäologie,Vienna,Austria,19January2016:Data

managementworkshopforarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals,heldatÖAW-

OREAwithtrainersfromADSandPIN

42

CIDOC-CRMMappingWorkshopforHumanitiesScholarsandCulturalHeritage

Professionals,Oxforde-ResearchCentre,UK,9-10Nov.2015:FORTH-ICS(M.

Theodoridou)incooperationwithBritishMuseum(D.Oldman,ResearchSpace)

25

DigitalHeritage2015conference,Granada,Spain,28September2015:Tutorial

“3DHOP-PresentingOnlineHigh-res3DModels:aCrashCourse”,CNR-ISTI

25

ReconstructionoftheArchaeologicalLandscapethroughVirtualReality,Rome,Italy,

trainingschool,8-11September2015:Includedtrainingontwodaysonhowtouse

theARIADNELandscapeServices,CNR-ITABC56

21

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Tutorial“3DHOP-PresentingOnlineHigh-res

3DModels:aCrashCourse”,CNR-ISTI

65

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Workshop“ReconstructingAncient

LandscapeintheCloud”,CNR-ITABC

45

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeological

ConceptualModelling2”,CSIC-Incipit

20

SEAHAtrainingcourse,Pisa,Italy,22-23January2015:PhDstudentsfromthe

UniversityofBrightonvisitedCNR-ISTIforatrainingcourseonvisualtechnologies;

3

56ARIADNE(2015-11-24):ReconstructionoftheArchaeologicalLandscapethroughVirtualReality,

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/Landscape-Reconstruction


90

theyoungresearchersparticipateinaprogrammeofSEAHA-CentreforDoctoral

TraininginScienceandEngineeringinArtsHeritageandArchaeology(UK)57

MediterraneanExchangeofArchaeologicalTourism,Paestum,Italy,30October

2014:“OpportunitieswithintheARIADNEnetwork”,introducedparticipantstothe

TNAtrainingofferandonlineservices,Athena-CETI,CNR-ISTI,PIN,

6

EAA2014,Istanbul,Turkey:ARIADNEworkshop,11September2014:

“OpportunitieswithintheARIADNEnetwork”,introducedparticipantstotheTNA

trainingofferandonlineservices,Athena-CETI,CNR-ISTI,PIN

9

CIDOCAnnualConference2014:AccessandUnderstanding-Networkinginthe

DigitalEra,Dresden,Germany,7September2014:TutorialonCRMarchaeoand

CRMsci,FORTH-ICS

10

EVA2014,London,UK:ARIADNEworkshop,10July2014:“LearningOpportunities

forSharingDataintheARIADNEProject”,introducedparticipantstotheTNA

trainingofferandonlineservices,PIN

5

CAA2014,Paris,France,22April2014:ARIADNEworkshop“Onlineresourcesfor

archaeologicalresearch”,introducedarchaeologicalresearcherstoARIADNEonline

dataresources;ADS,Arachne(DAI)andFastiOnline(AIAC);alsothedirectorof

tDAR-TheDigitalArchaeologicalRecord(USA)gaveapresentation

20

CAA2014,Paris,France,22April2014:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeological

ConceptualModelling2”,CSIC-Incipit

20

InternationalSummerSchool“UAVsappliedtoCulturalHeritageandArchaeology”,

Certosa,Pontignano,Italy,20-26September2013:PresentationsbyCNR-ITABC

30

EAA2013:Pilsen,CzechRepublic,4September2013:ARIADNEworkshop“Data

ManagementPlanningandOnlineResourcesforArchaeology”58;centredon

strategiesforeffectivedatamanagementandplanning(ADS,SRFG)andonlinedata

resourcesavailabletoresearchersthroughARIADNE(ADS,DAI[Arachne],AIAC

[FastiOnline],KNAW-DANS[E-Depot]andSND[digitalarchive])

25

CAA2013,Perth,Australia,25March2013:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeological

ConceptualModelling(HACMod)”,C.Gonzalez-PerezofARIADNEpartnerCSIC-

Incipit(Spain)andCharlotteHugofUniversitédeParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne

15

Total 424

Thenumberofparticipants(424)thuswellsurpassedthetargetof250andweassumethatover250

have been young researchers. The overview above does not include local training organised by

project partners at their own institutions, except they involved participants from other countries

and/ortrainersofotherpartners.Examplesofjointtrainingarethedatamanagementworkshopsat

ÖAW-OREA and ZRC-SAZU in January 2016. Examples of local training are data preparation and

deposit training offered regularly by the ADS andDANS digital archives. As a special case of local

trainingwehighlighttheArchaeological InformationModellingcoursedevelopedbyCSIC-Incipit. In

theARIADNE impactevaluationwedonot includecoursesand lecturingofpartnersatuniversities

57ARIADNE(2015-01-23):SEAHAresearchcollaborationwithCNR-ISTI,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/News/SEAHA-collaboration;CentreforDoctoralTraininginScienceandEngineeringin

ArtsHeritageandArchaeology,http://www.seaha-cdt.ac.uk58ARIADNE(2013-09-10):Ariadne'sfirsttrainingworkshop,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/News/Ariadne-s-first-training-workshopandhttp://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/Events/ARIADNE-Workshop-EAA-2013


91

(whicharenotpartofthefundedprojectwork).TheSantiagocourseishighlightedbelowasitcould

serveasablueprintfornourishingconceptualmodellingskillsinarchaeologycurriculaalsoatother

universitiesinEurope.

CSIC-IncipitArchaeologicalInformationModellingcourse

Researchers of CSIC-Incipit, CésarGonzalez-Perez andPatriciaMartín-Rodilla, in collaborationwith

CharlotteHugofUniversitéParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne,since2011haveheldapost-graduatecourse

on ConceptualModelling for Cultural Heritage at theUniversity of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

(andotheruniversities). In2013theyadapted it foraspecialcourseonArchaeological Information

Modelling in the Master’s Degree programme Archaeology and Sciences of Antiquity at the

university59,heldannuallysincethen.

Thecourseforarchaeologistsisparticularlyinnovativeinthatitaddressesstudentsearlyonintheir

academic career (master’s level) andoffers hands-ondevelopmentof skills that areuncommon in

other archaeology curricula. The result is that archaeologistsoften lackmodelling skillswhen they

completetheirstudies.Instead,conceptualmodellinghasbeenappropriatedbysoftwareengineers

who often lack domain knowledge in the humanities. The Santiago course on Archaeological

Information Modelling could serve as a blueprint for nourishing conceptual modelling skills in

archaeologycurriculaalsoatotheruniversitiesinEuropeandbeyond(e.g.SouthAmerica).

The course aims to enable students without background in information technology and software

developmentacquiringoperationalskillsinconceptualmodellinginjust5days,30hoursofteaching

andamini-projectdevelopedbythestudentsduringthecourse.Typically10studentsparticipatein

thecourse.AsconceptualmodellinglanguageConML60isbeingused,whichhasbeendesignedwith

non-expertsininformationtechnologiesinmind.ConMLisorientedtowardsthecreationofpeople-

orientedratherthancomputer-orientedimplementationmodels(inoppositiontoUML,forinstance),

and specifically addresses modelling needs that are rarely considered in natural sciences, e.g.

subjectivity,temporalityorvagueness.Thecoursestartsfromessentialssuchasconceptsofobject,

classes,attributes,associations,modellingpatterns,modularityandothers.

Developmentofnewtrainingprogrammes

ARIADNE TNA andother training offers have inspired related initiatives to plan or rework training

efforts.ForexampletheCIDOC-CRMcommunityisplanninganewframeworkoftrainingforCIDOC-

CRMapplicationtoculturalheritagedata.ThisinitiativeistakinginspirationfromtheARIADNETNA

programandtheexperiencefromtheontologymappingtrainingatPINVAST-Lab(aspartoftheTNA

programme)andtrainingprovidedbyFORTH-ICS61.

Current re-organisation of training offers is alsomotivated by available new tools. In the case of

CIDOC-CRM training the Mapping Memory Manager - 3M developed by FORTH-ICS (see Section4.6.2).Moregeneraltrainingcoursesininformationmanagementforculturalresourceswillbenefit

from the interactive Vocabulary Mapping Tool for thesauri, taxonomies and other knowledge

organisation systems offered by USW (see Section 4.6.4). Concerning tools and services for thegenerationanduseofadvanced2D/3Dcontenttheeisahighdemandfortrainingofpost-graduates

59Master’sdegreeArchaeologyandSciencesofAntiquity,http://www.usc.es/masteres/en/masters/arts-

humanities/archaeology-sciences-antiquity;evaluationofthecoursesisreportedinGonzalez-Perez&

Martín-Rodilla(2015).60ConML,http://www.conml.org;ConMLhasalsobeenusedtodesigntheCHARM-CulturalHeritageAbstract

ReferenceModel(http://www.charminfo.org)thatisdescribedinSection4.6.3.61Forexample,theCIDOC-CRMMappingWorkshopforHumanitiesScholarsandCulturalHeritage

ProfessionalsatOxforde-ResearchCentre,UK,9-10Nov.2015.


92

in archaeology and cultural heritage in general (e.g. representation/reconstruction of 3D objects,

buildingsandlandscapes).TheinterestforTNAandothertrainingatconferencesandworkshopshas

beenthehighestinthisareasandtheweb-basedservicesforadvanced2D/3Dcontentprovidedby

CNRinstitutes(CNR-ISTI,CNR-ITABC)arebeingusedbyagrowingnumberofresearchers(seeSection4.6.7).


IntheTrans-nationalAccess(TNA)programmethreeARIADNEcompetencecentres(AthenaRC,CNR-

ISTIandPIN)offeredaccessforgroupvisits(summerschoolformat)andindividualvisitsofoneweek.

Thestudyvisitswereofferedintheyears2014,2015and2016,withaTNAtravelbursaryforeligible

participants. The TNA programme centred on data-related skills as required for archaeological

projects, e.g. data management planning, dataset development, 2D/3D documentation, data

mappingandontologies.

The total numberof applications (136)over the four yearswasbelow theenvisaged300, a target

whichonhindsightappearsasunrealistictoachieveintheprojecttimeframe.However,thetrendin

applications is increasing intime,astheprojectbecomesbetterknown intheresearchcommunity

and TNA shows its usefulness. Demand is actually continuing beyond the project end, andwill be

satisfiedbyvoluntaryTNAofferbysomeofthepartners.

Over 100 researchers from European and other countries participated in the TNA programme, 97

withaTNAtravelbursary.OftheresearcherswithTNAfunding(97bursaries)over70%wereyoung

researchers (i.e. postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers); 50% were female. The

participantscamefrominstitutionsin23countries(21EUmemberstatesplusSerbiaandArgentina);

thirtydifferentnationalitieswererepresented,20EUmemberstatesplusArgentina,Australia,Brazil,

Canada,China,Iceland,Norway,Serbia,TurkeyandUSA.

The feedback of the researchers on their achievements during the TNA summer schools and

individualstudyvisitsfortheirprojectswasverypositive.Alsotheorganisation,logisticsandtrainers

of the TNA offer were appreciated very much. The main potential improvement mentioned by

severalparticipantswasthewishforlongertrainingcourses(morethanoneweek).

In addition to the TNAprogramme, 424 researchers andpractitioners benefited for their research

andother tasks (e.g. datamanagement) from18 tutorials,workshopsand short courses at events

and partner sites. The number of participantswell surpassed the target of 250. The training offer

coveredtopicssimilartotheTNAandalsohadastrongfocusonnovelmodels,methodsandtools

offered by project partners. Some workshops also introduced participants to the TNA and data

resourcesaccessibleonlineatARIADNEpartners.

ARIADNE TNA andother training offers have inspired related initiatives to plan or rework training

efforts.Forexample, theCIDOC-CRMcommunity isplanninganewframeworkof training forCRM

applicationtoculturalheritagedata.Thecurrentre-organisationoftrainingoffersisalsomotivated

by available new tools and services developed by ARIADNE partners. Examples are the tools for

knowledgeorganisationsystems (MappingMemoryManager forCIDOC-CRM/ontology;Vocabulary

MappingTool for thesauri, taxonomiesandothervocabularies)andadvanced2D/3Dcontent tools

andweb-basedservicesofferedbyCNRinstitutes(VisualMediaandLandscapeServices).


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4.4 Onlinetransnationalaccessservices


The Integrated Infrastructures Initiatives (I3) model for Integrating Activities requires that such

projectsofferresearchersaccesstophysicalresearchinfrastructures(facilities/centres)and/oronline

servicessuchasaccesstodataorinstruments.ThereforeARIADNE’stransnationalaccess(TNA)offer

includedonlineaccesstodataresourcesandservicesavailablefrom(initially)threeprojectpartners.

Theofferhasbeenexpandedinthe laterphaseoftheprojectbysearchingacrossresourcesofthe

initialthreeandotherpartnersthroughtheARIADNEdataportal.


o 800differentanonymoususersavailingofon-lineinfrastructureservicesduringlastyear.

o 300registeredusersoftheon-lineinfrastructureservices,themajorityyoungresearchers.

More specific and/or additional indicators: The indicators above have been defined before the

projectworkwhenthesetupofthee-infrastructureserviceswasnotfullyclear.Duringtheprojectit

wasdecided thatuserswill nothave to register inorder touse theARIADNEdataportal services.

Thereforethesecondindicatorisnotrelevantfortheimpactevaluation.Figuresforthefirstindicator

will of course be provided (and are massively above 800). The sections that follow describe the

accesstothe initialthreeonlineservices,theexpansionoftheofferwithadditionresources(some

newlydevelopedintheproject),andfiguresofaccesstotheservicesoftheARIADNEdataportal.

4.4.2 TNAonlineservices

The initial set of ARIADNE online services, offered in the framework of the transnational online

access(TNA)programme,comprisedofservicesindividuallyprovidedbythreepartners:Archaeology

Data Service (ADS), ARACHNE iDAI.objects (DAI) and Fasti Online (AIAC). Below we give brief

informationabouttheseservicesandeffectsofARIADNEontheiruse.

ArchaeologyDataService(ADS)

TheArchaeologyDataService(ADS,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk)allowssearchinganonline

catalogue indexing over 1.5 million metadata records, including ADS collections and metadata

harvested from UK historic environment inventories (Archsearch service). ADS holds over 40,000

unpublished fieldwork reports and over 1000 project archives, consisting of reports, images, data

sheetsandavarietyofotherprimaryresources.TheADSmakesallofitsholdingsfreelyavailablefor

downloadoronlineresearch.

ARACHNE/iDAI.objects(DAI)

ARACHNE (http://arachne.dainst.org) is the central object database of the German Archaeological

Institute (DAI)andtheArchaeological Instituteof theUniversityofCologne.Thedatabasecontains

over 1.8 million images of individual objects, buildings, monuments, topographies, scenes,

inscriptions,reproductions;furthermoreabout960,000scannedpagesof4765booksareincluded.

FastiOnline(AIAC)

The Fasti Online service (http://www.fastionline.org) of the International Association of Classical

Archaeology (AIAC) provides access to about 12,000 site summaries and reports of excavations

across theMediterranean and other countries since 2000; the database holds information about

3300sitesin14countries.


94

ARIADNEeffectsonindividualservices

FromprojectstarttoMarch2016,beforetheofficiallaunchoftheARIADNEportal,ARIADNEeffects

onthenumberofvisitorsorpageviewsofthethreeservicesweremainlyperceivedaroundmajor

conferences.While the service usage increased during the period, effects of ARIADNEweremore

evidentwhentheprojectwaspresentwithsessions,workshopsandotheractivitiesatmajordomain

events (i.e.EAA,CAA,CHNTandothers).Thereafteraccess todata recordsvia thedataportalhas

beennotedbythethreeinitialandotherdataproviders.

4.4.3 ARIADNEportal

ARIADNEdevelopedadataregistryandportalwhichallowregisteringandmakingcross-searchable

records of the three resources described above and several resources of otherARIADNEpartners.

The ARIADNE data portal62 has been publicly launched on the 30

th of March 2016 at the CAA

conferenceinOslo.Theportaloffersvariousservicesforcross-searchingdatarecords,i.e.basedon

subjects,period(daterange)andlocation(map-based).

Thissectiondescribesthedataresourcesthatarecurrentlycross-searchableintheARIADNEportal,

highlightssomeexamplesofsignificantadvancesofprojectpartnersinmakingdataaccessible,and

givesanoutlookondataresourcesthatmayflowintotheregistry/portalinthefuture.Portalaccess

figuresarepresentedinthenextsection.

ResourcesintheARIADNEportal

The following table gives brief information about the data resources that are currently cross-

searchableintheARIADNEportal.Itincludesinformationaboutthekind,volumeandotherdetailsof

eachresource.

Partner BriefdescriptionoftheresourcesintheARIADNEportal

ADS ArchaeologyDataService(seedescriptioninthesectionabove):Over1.5million

recordsofsites&monumentsdatabases,663fieldworkarchives,13artefact

databases,andsmallnumberofotherdatasetsareincorporatedintheARIADNE

portal.

AIAC FastiOnline(seedescriptioninthesectionabove):6310recordsofexcavationprojectsinseveralMediterraneanandothercountriesareincludedinARIADNE.

ArheoVest Databaseoffieldsurveys:Documentationofarchaeologicalsurveyscarriedoutin

theTimișCountysince2006;800records,includingover500newlydiscovered

pointsofarchaeologicalinterest);currently104recordsinARIADNE.

ARUP-CAS DigitalArchiveofAerialPhotographs:Databaseofaerialimagesofsitesand

monumentscollectedsince2000(about10,000items);isnowpartofthe

informationsystemofArchaeologicalMapoftheCzechRepublicsystem(Kunaetal.2015);1207recordsinARIADNE.

CSIC-Incipit SitesofNorth-WestSpain:ArchaeologicalsitesdocumentedbyCSIC-Incipitduring

fieldworkinthe1990sand2000s;1recordofasubsetoftheSistemade

InformaciónArqueológica-SIA+(whichdocuments5248sitesinGalicia,neigh-

bouringandotherareas).

CyI-STARC STARCrepository:Recordsof17collectionsofSTARCprojectsonartefacts,

62ARIADNEdataportal,http://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu


95

monumentsandsitesofCyprus,mostlyundertheDepartmentofAntiquitiesof

Cyprus(somecontentalsooffieldworkinIsraelandItaly)63.Thecollectionscontain

images(>2000),3Dobjects(>3003D-PDFs)andotherdocumentation,including

scansofhistoricalliterature(Vassalloetal.2013;Vassallo&Hermon2015).

DAI ARACHNE/iDAI.objects(seedescriptioninprevioussection),25,514recordsincludedinARIADNE,archaeologicalsitesandmonuments(24,195)andartefacts

(1319),i.e.fortifications,residentialbuildings,temples,sarcophagi,gravegoods,etc.

DANS E-depotforDutcharchaeology(EDNA):EDNA64containsover21,000archaeological

reportsandabout5800fieldworkarchives(includingGISdata,datatables,

photographs,drawings,intotalover1.5millionfiles).About80%ofthe

archaeologicaldataarepubliclyaccessible.25,649EDNArecordsareincludedin

ARIADNE,19,868recordsofreportsandof5782fieldworkarchives.

DANS-

DCCD

DigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology:TheDCCD65hasbeen

developedbyKNAW-DANSandnationalpartnerssince2006,2010-2013withother

Europeanpartners,andsince2013furtherworkhasbeenconductedwithin

ARIADNE(Jansma2013).TheDCCDcontainsmeasurementseriesof5200objects

datingbetween6000BCandpresent;ca.50%ofthecollectionisderivedfrom

archaeologicalsitesandstructures,includingmaritimearchaeologicalsites.Data

setsaredescribedaccordingtotheinternationalTRiDaSstandard.4635DCCD

recordsareincludedinARIADNE.

Discovery ArchaeologicalSurveyofIreland:140,859recordsoftheNationalMonuments

Service66(undertheDepartmentofArts,HeritageandtheGaeltacht,Ireland)

includedinARIADNE;therecordscontainthelocationsofsurveyedsitesand

monuments.

3D-ICONSIreland:Recordofthecollectionof3Dandotherdocumentationofover

130monuments,buildingsandartefactsfromIreland,252are3Drepresentations,

createdbyDiscoveryintheEUproject3D-ICONS(2012-2015)67.

DiscoveryProgrammeimagecollection:Recordofthecollectionofover1500images

fromprojectssuchastheWesternStoneFortProject,TheMedievalRural

SettlementProject,TheLakeSettlementProjectandothers68.

LeoSwanAerialPhotography:Recordofthecollectionofover6000photographsofarchaeologicalsitestakenbetweenthe1970sandthe1990s

69.

Hanson/OlteanArchaeologicalAerialArchiveofRomania:Recordofthecollectionof160imagesofarchaeologicalaerialreconnaissanceofthedevelopmentofthe

landscapeofWesternTransylvania70.

INRAP DOLIA-DocumentationdeL’Inrap:DOLIAsince2009isthecatalogueofthe

63STARCRepository,http://public.cyi.ac.cy/starcRepo/

64E-depotforDutcharchaeology(partoftheDANS’EASYsystem),http://www.edna.nl

65DigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology-DCCD(DANS),http://dendro.dans.knaw.nl;project

website:http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/dendrochronology/Pages66ArchaeologicalSurveyofIreland(NationalMonumentsService),http://www.archaeology.ie

673D-ICONS(Discovery),http://www.3dicons.ie

68DiscoveryProgrammeimagecollection,https://discoveryprogrammeimages.locloudhosting.net

69LeoSwanAerialPhotography(Discovery),https://lswanaerial.locloudhosting.net

70Hanson/OlteanArchaeologicalAerialArchiveofRomania(Discovery)

https://hansonaerialphotography.locloud.pl


96

scientificdocumentationcreatedbyInrapunits(basedontheUNIMARCstandard)71.

Therecordsprovideasummaryofthearchaeologicalinvestigationandchrono-

logical,geographicalandsubjectinformation.Thelargestpartofthecurrentlyabout

32,000recordsconcernarchaeologicalreports(ca.27,000;eachyearInrapproduces

about2000evaluationandexcavationreports);otherdocumentationsuchasplans,

imagesandarticlesisbeingprogressivelyadded.28,332recordsincludedin

ARIADNE.

MiBAC-

ICCU

CulturaItalia-Archaeologicalobjects72:ICCUservesasnationalaggregatorofculturalinformationfromtheItalianRegionsandotherentities(intotal2.7million

records,includingarchaeologicalobjects(>52,000records).38,524CulturaItaliarecordsincludedinARIADNE(i.e.1568oftheSoprintendenzaSpecialeperil

Colosseoel’archeologiadiRoma).

MNM HungarianNationalMuseum-ArchaeologyDatabase73:Recordsofarchaeologicalinterventions(58,106),fieldworkarchives(11),sitesandmonuments(1043),burial

databases(342),artefacts(200)andscientificdatasets(169);metadatainHungarian

andEnglish.ThearchivehasbeendevelopedinARIADNE.Initiallyintendedfor

severalhundredrecords,strongpromotionbythemuseumallowedacquisitionof

nearly60,000contributedbyarchaeologistsacrossHungary;59,871records

includedinARIADNE.

NIAM-BAS ArchaeologicalMapofBulgaria:Databaseofseveralthousandsitesandmonuments

(AIS-AKB)developedbyNIAM-BAS,butaccessibleonlyforauthorisedusers74.

Currentlyasubsetof468recordsisincludedinARIADNE.

ÖAW-OREA UKMaterialPool:DatabaseofUrnfieldCulture(LateBronzeAge,13th-8thc.BC)sitesinAustria

75,569siterecordsincludedinARIADNE.

FranzhausenKokoron:RecordoftheburialdatabaseofthelateBronzeAgecemeterylocatedinFranzhausen-Kokoron(Austria)

76.Thedatabasecontains

informationaboutthecremationgraves,features(e.g.gravepits,positionofurns)

andfinds(e.g.pottery,bronzeobjects)aswellasresultsfromanalysesofhuman

andanimalremains;the3827datasetsconsistoftext(inGerman)andimages

(Lochner&Hellerschmid2010).

UKThunau:Recordofthecollectionofscannedfinddrawings,photographsandotherinformationfromexcavationsoftheLateBronzeAgeandMedievalsettlement

inThunauamKamp,LowerAustria.

dFMRÖ-DigitaleFundmünzenderRömischenZeitinÖsterreich:RecordofthedatabaseofCeltic,Romanandpost-RomanperiodcoinfindsinAustria(including

someinRomania).DatabaseoftheÖAWNumismaticResearchGroup(75,565

accessibleentries)77,connectedtoFMRÖseriesofpublicationssince1971.

71DOLIA-DocumentationdeL’Inrap(Inrap),http://multimedia.inrap.fr/Dolia/p-17038-Accueil.htm

72CulturaItalia(MiBAC-ICCU),http://www.culturaitalia.it

73HungarianNationalMuseum-ArchaeologyDatabase,http://archeodatabase.hnm.hu/en

74NIAM-BAS:AutomatedInformationSystem“ArchaeologicalMapofBulgaria”(AISAKB),http://www.naim-

bas.com/akb/75UK_Material-POOL(ÖAW-OREA),http://www.oeaw.ac.at/praehist/projekte/bronzezeit/ukpool/index.html

76FranzhausenKokorondatabase(ÖAW-OREA),http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/franzhausen-kokoron2/

77dFMRÖ-DigitaleFundmünzenderRömischenZeitinÖsterreich(ÖAWNumismaticResearchGroup),

http://www.oeaw.ac.at/antike/index.php?id=358


97

SND SwedishNationalDataService(SND)-Archaeologicaldata:SNDarchivesarchaeologicaldatasince2011,sofarmainlyGISdatasetsfromfieldwork,incl.

reports,shapefiles,andaccessdatabases78.FurthermoreSNDhoststheSwedish

RockArtResearchArchiveandsomethematicdatabases(e.g.medievalchurchesin

Scania).463fieldworkarchiveswithafocusonGISdataincludedinARIADNE

ZRC-SAZU ARKAS-ArchaeologicalSitesandMonumentsRecordsofSlovenia:ARKAS79providesinformationaboutsite/monumentslocations,informationsources,levelofresearch

workandprotection,andselecteddocumentationoftheInstituteofArchaeology;

7634recordsinARIADNE.

ZBIVA-ArchaeologicalDatabaseofEarlyMedievalsitesintheSouth-EasternAlps:TheZBIVAdatabase

80providesinformationaboutsites,gravesandobjectsfoundin

theregion,includinglinkstoliteratureandimagesconcerningeachsite;3002

recordsinARIADNE.

Summaryandoutlook

In total 1,905,922 records from data resources of different types and sizes are integrated in the

ARIADNE registry and portal. Currently the publishers of all resources are ARIADNE partners,with

contributions by other institutions (e.g. the Archaeological Survey of Ireland of the National

MonumentsService).Someadditional resourcesofpartners,affiliated institutionsandprojectsare

beingconsideredforincorporationinthefuture.

At present the largest share of almost 1.7 million records come from sites and monuments

inventories/databases, with the largest contribution so far from the UK via ADS. In the other

categories of archaeological interventions (142,743 records), fieldwork archives (6924 records),

burial databases (343 records), artefact databases and image collections (52,732 records) and

scientificdatasets(4835records)otherpartnersindividuallyortogetherhavelargersharesthanADS.

The largestpartof recordsof scientificdatasetscurrentlycomes fromtheDigitalCollaboratory for

CulturalDendrochronology(4635records).

VeryimportanttonoteisthattheARIADNEregistryandportalcontainssocalledcollection-leveland

item-level records. A collection-level record describes and links to an accessible collection or

database (whichmaycontain thousandsof researchobjects)whilean item-level recorda singleor

groupofitems.Item-levelrecordsforexamplearerecordsofsites&monumentsdatabases(which

each typically provides information about 1 site or monument), records of single archaeological

reportsor fieldworkarchives,whichmaycontain froma fewto thousandsof researchobjects (i.e.

texts, images,data sheets,maps,GIS files,andothers).Therefore thenumberof recordsdoesnot

giveanadequateaccountoftheavailableresearchcontent,afactthatisaddressedingreaterdetail

inSection4.5.2.

Examplesofsignificantadvances

Thereareexampleswhichrepresentsignificantadvancesofpartnerswithregardtotheaccessibility

ofarchaeologicaldataenabledbyARIADNE.Someresourceshavenotbeenaccessiblebeforeoronly

forafewauthorisedusers,forexamplerecordsofArheoVestfieldsurveys intheRomanianpartof

the Banat region or sites & monuments of NIAM-BAS’ Archaeological Map of Bulgaria (AIS-AKB)

78ArchaeologicalGISmaterial(SND),http://snd.gu.se/en/search-and-order-data/gis-data

79ARKAS–ArheološkikatasterSlovenije(ZRC-SAZU),http://arkas.zrc-sazu.si

80ZBIVAArchaeologicaldatabaseofEarlyMedievalsitesintheSouth-EasternAlps(ZRC-SAZU),http://zbiva.zrc-

sazu.si


98

system.Thecurrently fewrecordsrepresenta firststeptowardsprovidingmanymore,particularly

fromtheAIS-AKB.

Other partners could considerably improve or implement new systems. The ZRC-SAZU Institute of

Archaeology transferred the content of the ZBIVA database of Early Medieval sites in the South-

Eastern Alps to the ARCHES platform (Getty Conservation Institute &WorldMonuments Fund)81.

Therebyalegacydatabase(onlinesince2000),whichcouldprovideeffectiveaccesstoonlypartsof

the content (sites and bibliography) became a full-blown GIS based web service, including all

available content. The database information is available in Slovenian, English andGerman (except

free text descriptions not in German), under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license. The about

3000recordsareincludedintheARIADNEregistry/portal.

The Hungarian National Museum implemented the Archaeology Database, a whole new system

initiallyintendedforseveralhundredownrecords.StrongpromotionbyMNMallowedacquisitionof

nearly 60,000 records contributed by archaeologists across Hungary. The records cover archaeo-

logical interventions (>58,000), sites and monuments (>1000), and other research content (burial

databases, scientific datasets, artefacts),withmetadata inHungarian and English. The records are

includedintheARIADNEregistry/portal.

Outlook

SomeARIADNEpartnersandassociatesconsiderprovidingfurtherdata.Forexample,INRAPseesas

a possible next step to add over 4000 images from archaeological research of their Images

d’archéologie/Iconothèque database82 (Salas Rossenbach 2016). Additional future resourceswould

also be much advanced data based on mappings of databases to CIDOC-CRM and recent special

extensions of this ontology (see Section 4.6.2). For example the associated ARIADNE partner

SoprintendenzaSpecialeperilColosseo,IlMuseoNazionaleRomanoel’AreaArcheologicadiRoma

together with other subjects and technical experts (MiBAC-ICCU; University of Verona, Dept.

Computer Science) has mapped the database of SITAR, the Archaeological Territorial Informative

SystemofRome83toCIDOC-CRM,includingtheCRMarchaeoextension.Severalassociatedpartners

(cooperationagreements)andongoingprojectsaspiretopossiblyprovidedataatthisadvancedlevel

oratleastrecordsofvariousdatasets.

Some examples can illustrate the range of records that may flow into the ARIADNE registry and

portal:NationalResearchCentreonHumanEvolution(CENIEH,Spain)–reportsofexcavationsand

scientificanalysesofprehistoricfinds;UniversityofOxford,ResearchLaboratoryforArchaeologyand

theHistoryofArt(RLAHA)–metallurgicaldataoftheFlowofAncientMetalAcrossEurasia(FLAME)

database;Université de Tours, LaboratoireArchéologie et Territoires, CNRS–Archives du Sol (Soil

Archives) Database; Andalusian Institute of Historical Heritage – archaeological datasets from the

regional cultural heritage information system; Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society –

database of metal-detector finds (DIME project), also Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Art and

Archaeology – database of metal-detector finds (MEDEA project). Each of these institutions and

projects(andothers)hassentresearcherstoparticipateinARIADNETNAtrainings,seeSection4.1.2.That section also includes information on the initiative of several institutions to develop national

metal-detector finds databases and to use the ARIADNE platform (registry/portal) for data

dissemination and visualisation. Furthermore addressed is the North African Heritage Archive

Network (NAHAN) initiative which may need some years to prepare and make available a larger

numberofrecords.

81ARCHES,http://archesproject.org

82INRAP:Imagesd’archéologie/Iconothèque,http://www.images-archeologie.fr

83SITAR-SistemaInformativoTerritorialeArcheologicodiRoma,http://www.archeositarproject.it


99

4.4.4 Portalaccessfigures

The impact indicators/targets for the ARIADNE portal (“on-line infrastructure services”) defined in

theproject’sDescriptionofWorkare:300registeredusers,themajorityyoungresearchers,and800

different anonymous users during the last project year. The indicators/targets have been defined

before theprojectworkwhenthesetupof thee-infrastructureserviceswasnot fullyclear.During

theprojectitwasdecidedthatuserswillnothavetoregisterinordertousetheARIADNEdataportal

services(thereforethefirstindicatorisnotrelevantfortheimpactevaluation).

Thesecondtargetisrelevantandhasbeenmassivelysurpassedbythenumberofportalvisitors.The

availablefiguresfortheperiodJanuary2016tobeginofJanuary2017areasfollows:




InadditionwenotethattherehasbeenasignificantincreaseinuseractivityontheARIADNEportal

fromJuly2016onwards.Thesitedemographicssuggestthatthere isaworldwideaudienceforthe

ARIADNEportal.Duringtheperiod,theUKhasprovidedthemainsourceofvisitors(50%),followed

byFrance(7.3%),Italy(5.86%),theUnitedStates(4.13%),Greece(4.08%),Ireland(3.34%),Germany

(3.1%),theNetherlands(2.5%),Russia(2.49%)andSweden(1.82%).Furtherstatisticsanddetailsare

giveninARIADNE(2017a/D4.7).

4.4.5 Additionalweb-basedservices

TheARIADNEportalservicesallowcross-searchingdatarecords(i.e.basedonsubjects,period/date

rangeand location/map-based)andaccessingdiscovereddata in the repositories/databasesof the

providers.Inaddition,theportalincludesasectionthatdocumentsandlinkstodifferentservicesand

tools providedby project partners84. This section briefly describes theweb-based services but not

available software tools interested users must download and install; examples are the data

conversiontoolSTELETO(USW)fortabulardataandthesoftwareoftheDCCDdendrochronological

datarepository(DANS).

In the ARIADNE impact evaluation mainly the web-based services for digital visual media and

landscapes (terrains) are considered,whichareprovidedbyCNR laboratories. These serviceshave

beenadaptedandfurtherdevelopedforARIADNE,respondingtoastrongdemandforsuchservices

expressedbyarchaeologicalresearchersinuserneedsworkshopsandtrainings(ARIADNE2017d).

Evaluation of their impact was not mandatory as no indicators/targets for such services were

includedintheARIADNE’sDescriptionofWorkdefinedin2012.Theotherweb-basedserviceshave

not beendeveloped inARIADNE.However theVocabularyMatching Tool, developedbyUSW in a

project running in parallel to ARIADNE, greatly helped to accomplish the goal of using semantic

annotationfordatainteroperability.

ARIADNEVisualMediaService

The ARIADNE Visual Media Service85 (provided by CNR-ISTI) enables easy publication and

presentation on the Web of three types of visual media: high-resolution images, Reflection

TransformationImages(RTI,i.e.dynamicallyre-lightableimages),andhigh-resolution3Dmodels.Itis

anautomaticservicethatallowsuploadingmediafilesonadedicatedserverandtotransformthem

84ARIADNEPortal:Services,http://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/services

85http://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu


100

intoawebformatforeasyaccessandefficientremotevisualizationontheWeb.Theinitialideawas

toprovidesuchaserviceforARIADNEarchiveswhichcontainRTIor3Dmediaassets.Theservicehas

been used in ARIADNE training events and is already being used by many researchers of other

projects(seeSection4.6.7)

ARIADNELandscapeServices

The Landscape Services86 for ARIADNE (provided by CNR-ITABC) are a set of online services that

include large terrain dataset generation, 3D landscape composing and 3D model processing. The

servicesemploypowerfulopensource frameworksandtoolkits.Themaincomponentsareacloud

service, the terrain generation service, a terrain gallery, and the front-end web component for

interactive visualization. The services have been used in ARIADNE training events and are already

beingusedbyresearchersofotherprojects(seeSection4.6.7).

VocabularyMatchingTool

The Vocabulary Matching Tool87 (provided by USW) allows users to align Linked Data vocabulary

termswithGettyArt&ArchitectureThesaurus(AAT)concepts. It isaweb-browserbasedtoolthat

easesthemappingbetweendifferentvocabularies.ThetoolhasbeendevelopedbyUSWintheUK

AHRC funded SENESCHAL project (2013-2014) and utilized in ARIADNE for mappings between

vocabularies of partners and the AAT in order to enable cross-searching of records (see Section4.6.4).Otherdata interoperability initiativeswhereprovidersusedifferentvocabulariescanbenefitfromusingthisfreelyavailableservice.

Vocabularies

TheservicessectionoftheARIADNEportalincludesalsoonlinevocabularyservicesthatcanbeused

for terminology lookup. The vocabularies are in Linked Data format (SKOS) which means

concepts/terms can be re-used for aligning and linking vocabulary and data resources. The

vocabularyservicesare

o HeritageDatavocabularies:majorBritishheritagethesaurifromtheSENESCHALproject88,

o iDAI.gazetteer:thegazetteeroftheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute(DAI)89,

o iDAI.vocab:severalthesauriofarchaeologicalterminologyindifferentlanguages90,

o ThesaurusRA(RepertiArcheologici): thethesaurusof the ItalianCentral Institute forCatalogueand Documentation (ICCD) for objects coming from archaeological excavations, curated by

MiBAC-ICCUandPINVastLab91.

TheimportantroleofvocabulariesinARIADNEisaddressedinSection4.6.4.

86http://landscape.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

87http://heritagedata.org/vocabularyMatchingTool/

88http://www.heritagedata.org/blog/services

89http://gazetteer.dainst.org

90http://archwort.dainst.org/thesaurus/de/vocab

91http://vast-lab.org/thesaurus/ra/vocab


101


Onlinetransnationalaccessservices(ADS,Arachne,FastiOnline)

The initial setofARIADNEonline services,offered in the frameworkof theTNAprogramme,were

threedataservices individuallyprovidedbyArchaeologyDataService(ADS),ARACHNE/iDAI.objects

(DAI) and Fasti Online (AIAC). From project start toMarch 2016, before the official launch of the

ARIADNEportal,ARIADNEeffectsonthenumberofvisitorsorpageviewsofthethreeserviceswere

mainly perceived aroundmajor conferences.While the service usage increased during the period,

effectsofARIADNEweremoreevidentwhentheprojectwaspresentwithsessions,workshopsand

otheractivitiesatmajordomainevents(i.e.EAA,CAA,CHNTandothers).

ARIADNEdataportal–makingadifferencetosingledataservices

During the project resources of the three initial online TNA service providers and several other

partnershavebeenprepared for incorporation in theARIADNEdataset registryandcross-resource

search on the data portal. At present there are 16 data providers/publishers (ARIADNE partners)

fromwhichintotal1,905,922recordshavebeenintegratedintheARIADNEregistryandportal.

These are data resources of different types and sizes. At present the largest share of almost 1.7

millionrecordscomefromsitesandmonumentsinventories/databases,withthelargestcontribution

sofarfromtheUKviaADS.Intheothercategoriesofarchaeologicalinterventions(142,743records),

fieldwork archives (6924 records), burial databases (343 records), artefact databases and image

collections (52,732 records) and scientific datasets (4835 records) other partners individually or

together have larger shares than ADS. The largest part of records of scientific datasets currently

comesfromtheDigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology(4635records).

Through incorporation in the data portal the volume and coverage of some data categories

previously only accessible at individual websites have been increased greatly. In particular this

concernsrecordsofarchaeologicalinterventions(i.e.sitewatchingbriefsandexcavationreports).

Thereareexampleswhichrepresentsignificantadvancesofpartnerswithregardtotheaccessibility

of archaeologicaldataenabledbyARIADNE.Tomentionbutoneexample, theHungarianNational

MuseumimplementedtheArchaeologyDatabase,awholenewsysteminitiallyintendedforseveral

hundredownrecords.Strongpromotionbythemuseumallowedacquisitionofnearly60,000records

contributed by archaeologists across Hungary. The records are included in the ARIADNE registry/

portal.

Someadditional resourcesof partners, affiliated institutions andprojects arebeing considered for

incorporationinthefuture,i.e.resourcesproposedbyinstitutionsincooperationagreements.These

wouldalsoincluderesourcesnotyetpresentintheARIADNEregistry/portal,i.e.metal-detectorfinds

databases,soildatasetsorscientificdataofancientmetallurgy.

Anticipatedfutureresourceswouldalsobemuchadvanceddatabasedonmappingsofdatabasesto

CIDOC-CRM and recent special extensions such as CRMarchaeo. Several associated partners and

ongoingprojectsaspiretopossiblyprovidedataatthisadvancedleveloratleastitem-levelrecords

ofvariousdatasets.

Portalaccessfigures

The impact indicators/targets for the ARIADNE portal (“on-line infrastructure services”)were: 300

registeredusers,themajorityyoungresearchers,and800differentanonymoususersduringthelast

projectyear.Duringtheprojectitwasdecidedthatuserswillnothavetoregisterinordertousethe

dataportal.FortheuseofthedataportalinthelastprojectyearthefiguresfortheperiodJanuary

2016tobeginofJanuary2017areasfollows:


102




FromJuly2016onwardstherehasbeenasignificantincreaseinuseractivityontheportal.Theportal

websitedemographicssuggest that there isan internationalaudiencefor theportal.About90%of

thevisitorswerefromEurope,10%fromothercountries(i.e.UnitedStates4.13%,Russia2.49%).

Additionalweb-basedservices

A section of the portal presents and links to services and tools that are provided by ARIADNE

partners. The section includes web-based services as well as available software tools users can

downloadandinstall(i.e.thesoftwareoftheDCCDdendrochronologicaldatarepository).Theweb-

basedservicesaretheARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices(providedbyCNRlaboratories),

theVocabularyMatchingTool(USW),andfourvocabularyservicesthatcanbeusedforterminology

lookup and aligning and linking vocabulary and data resources (UK Heritage Data Vocabularies,

ThesaurusRA-RepertiArcheologici,iDAI.gazetteerandiDAI.vocab).

4.5 Datainteroperabilityandunifiedaccess


The archaeological research community has been an early adopter of various digitalmethods and

tools for data acquisition, organisation, analysis and presentation of research results of individual

projects. Lagging behind other research fields, e.g. the natural and life sciences, has been the

provision of e-infrastructure and services for data sharing, discovery, access and (re-)use. The

consequence isahigh fragmentationofarchaeologicaldataand limitedcapability forcollaborative

researchacrossinstitutionalandnationalaswellasdisciplinaryboundaries.

ThisunfavourablesituationhasbeenaddressedbyARIADNE.TheARIADNEe-infrastructureprovides

a common platformwhere dispersed and currently isolated archaeological data resources can be

uniformly described, aggregated, discovered, visualized and accessed. The core achievements of

ARIADNEarethedataregistryandportalthatallowproviderstodescribetheirresourcesbasedona

commonmodelanduserstocross-searchthedatarecordsandtoaccessrelevantdatafromthepool

of shared resources. A strong uptake of data sharing by archaeological institutions and projects

through digital archives incorporated in ARIADNE could allow discovery of available data from

surveysandexcavationsindifferentcountries,comparativestudiesofsitesandfinds,andsynthetic

researchthattranscendsthespatialandtemporalscalesofindividualprojects.

TheARIADNEe-infrastructureallowsarchaeologicalandotherheritageinstitutionstodescribetheir

digital resources (datasets, databases, etc.) and associated services in a central registry92. The

descriptionoftheresourcesandservicesfollowsacommonmodel,theARIADNECatalogDataModel

– ACDM93, which is based on the W3C recommendation for dataset catalogues, adapted for

archaeologicaldataresources.ACDMcompliantrecordsareingestedandintegratedinthemetadata

repository of the data registry94. In addition to the ACDM other controlled vocabularies such as

subject thesauri and timespans of cultural periods are being used for integrating information. The

92ARIADNERegistry,http://registry.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

93ARIADNEDatasetCatalogueModel(ACDM)supportwebsite,http://support.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

94TheMoRe(Metadata&ObjectRepository)aggregatorisemployedforthistask,http://more.dcu.gr;inthe

caseofasmallcollectionalsoprovisionofthemetadatainanExcelfileispossible.


103

ARIADNE data portal draws on this information to provide various services. The creation of the

ARIADNE e-infrastructure, data registry and portal is a great achievement for the archaeological

domain as it provides a common platform where dispersed data resources can be uniformly

described,discovered,visualizedandaccessed.

This section addresses different aspects of the ARIADNE e-infrastructure services which concern

indicators/targets for the volume, interoperability, andways user can cross-search the integrated

datarecordsfromproviders locatedindifferentcountries.Furthermorethelong-termpreservation

ofdatarecordsisaddressed.

4.5.2 Criticalmassofdata

TheARIADNEregistryandportalhavebeensetuptoallowaggregationandcross-searchingofdata

records from institutionsandprojects inEuropeandbeyond.Regarding thevolume, coverageand

typeofrecordsthefollowingindicators/targetshavebeendefined:

IndicatorsdefinedintheDoW Results

o Atleast5,000,000archaeologicalrecordsavailablefor

access,coveringatleast70%ofEuropeancountries

Numberofarchaeologicalrecords:atleast5,000,000 1,905,922recordsrepresentingabout

3.7millionarchaeologicaldatarecords

andresearchobjectsthatareavailable

foraccess(74%of5millionrecords)

CoverageofEuropeancountries:atleast70% 19countriescoveredverywell(8)orat

leastanumberofsites(11),together

70%ofthe28EUmemberstates.No

sitescoveredin9countrieswithoutan

ARIADNEdataprovider

o 100,000reportsavailableforsearchingandbrowsing Over138,000recordsofarchaeological

interventionreports,i.e.fullor

summaryexcavationreports

o Richinformationprovidedintermsofmetadataand

content,i.e.notonlytextrecordsbutendowedwith

images,3Detc.

Richinformationintermsofmetadata Themetadatarecordsareuniformly

describedbasedontheinformation-

richARIADNECatalogDataModel

(ACDM),includinguseofcommon

vocabulary

Richinformationintermsofcontent–non-textualdata

Severalresourcesprovideimages(i.e.

ArachneandprojectarchivesinADS

andDANS-EDNA),aerialphotography

(i.e.ARUP-CAS,DiscoveryLeoSwan

collection),and3Dmodels(i.e.3D-

ICONSIreland,STARCRepository)


104

Evaluationofresults

Thesecondtargetof100,000reportsandthetwoaspectsofthelasttarget(richmetadataandnon-

textual content) have been achieved very well. The two aspects of the first target require some

explanation.

Atleast5,000,000archaeologicalrecordsavailableforaccess:

TheARIADNEportalcurrentlycontains1,905,922recordsthatrepresentabout3.7millionarchaeo-

logicaldatarecordsandresearchobjectswhichprovidersmakeavailableforaccess.Thenumberof

recordsdoesnotgiveanadequateaccountoftheavailablecontent,becauseinmanycases1record

describesanddirectstheportalusertodatasetsofhundredsorthousandsofresearchobjectswhich

areaccessibleinacollectionordatabaseofthedataprovider.ThustheARIADNEportalcontainsso

called collection-level and item-level records. A collection-level record describes and links to an

accessible collection or database while an item-level record to a single content item (i.e. an

excavationreport)orasetofdata(i.e.afieldworkarchive).

The about 3.7 million (3,691,000) archaeological data records and research objects available for

accessare74%ofthetargetofatleast5millionrecords.Thedataresourcescompriseof1.7million

recordsofsites&monumentsdatabases/inventories(1recordprovidesinformationaboutonesite

or monument); about 1.53 million research objects accessible in over 6500 fieldwork archives;

138,000recordsofarchaeologicalinterventions(i.e.fullorsummaryexcavationreports);andabout

323,000 other research objects available for access in different databases and collections (i.e.

artefactdatabases,visualmediacollections,burialdatabases,scientificdatasets,andothers).

Someof thedata resources requireamoredetailedexplanation,especially fieldworkarchivesand

artefact databases. As mentioned the ARIADNE portal contains collection-level and item-level

records.Theportalprovidesover6500 item-level recordsof fieldworkarchivesheldbyADS,DANS

andotherpartners.Theserecordsdescribeanddirect theuser toprojectarchiveswhichcontaina

data set ranging from a few to thousands of research objects such as texts, images, data sheets,

maps,GISfiles,andothers.

The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) provides to the ARIADNE portal 663 item-level records of

fieldwork archives which according to ADS contain 331,500 files of various research objects, on

average500filesperarchive.DANS’E-DepotforDutchArchaeology(EDNA)provides5782item-level

recordsoffieldworkarchiveswhichrepresentabout1.2millionresearchobjectsavailableforaccess

(in totalover1.5millionofwhich80%areavailablewithout restrictions). Theaccessible fieldwork

archivescontainonaverage200objects,duetoadifferentdataorganisationlessbutasdatarichas

the archives held by ADS. Thus the fieldwork archives in ADS andDANS-EDNA together represent

about1.53millionaccessibleresearchobjects.

Asinthecaseoffieldworkarchives,thedifferencesbetweentherecordsintheARIADNEportaland

theaccessibleresearchobjectsattheprovidersitesarealsosignificantwithregardtoartefactdata-

bases, image collections, burial and other research databases. For example, ZRC-SAZU’s ZBIVA

databaseispresentontheARIADNEportalwith3000recordsoffindspotswhilethedatabasealso

providesaccesstoabout14,000descriptionsoffindsatthesespots,mostincludingimages;orDAI’s

Arachnedatabase is presentwith 24,000 records of archaeological siteswhich inArachneprovide

accesstoanestimatedvolumeof73,000researchobjects(i.e.publications,photographsordrawings

ofbuildings,sarcophagi,gravegoods,etc.).Inothercases1recordintheARIADNEportaldescribes

and linkstoadatabaseorcollectionofthousandsofresearchobjects, forexampletheÖAW-OREA

FranzhausenKokoronburialdatabase(adatasetof3800descriptionsandimagesoffeatures,finds

and results from analyses of human and animal remains), and the coins database of the ÖAW

NumismaticResearchGroup (75,565coins); theDiscoveryProgramme imagecollection (1500)and

Leo Swan Aerial Photography collection (6700). Among the many single records of ADS in the


105

ARIADNEportalareexamplessuchastheStarCarrDatabaseoffindsatanEarlyMesolithicsite,i.e.

flints,animalbonesandotherfindswhichareheldbyeightmuseums(over2300images);theRoman

AmphoraeDatabase(about3800images);andthedatabaseofRomanSilverCoins,Augustustothe

reformofTrajan,27BC-AD100(over2000images).

Briefsummary:

The ARIADNE portal provides 1,905,922 item-level and collection/database-level records that

represent about 3.7 million (3,691,000) archaeological data records and research objects which

providersmakeavailableforaccess.Therecordsalonegiveaninadequatepicture,becauseoften1

recordstandsforalotofcontentthatisavailableforaccessinadatabaseorcollectionofthedata

provider.Thisisthecasewithregardtofieldworkarchivesaswellascollectionsanddatabaseswhich

donotprovideitem-levelrecordsorwhererecordscoveronlyapartofadatabase(i.e.thesitesbut

notthedocumentationoffinds).

Theabout3.7millionarchaeologicaldata recordsandresearchobjectsare74%of the targetofat

least 5million records. It should be noted that the ARIADNE project consortium does not include

dataproviders fromall EUmember states, currently therearenoproviders from13EUcountries.

Thus reachingandsurpassing the targetof5million records (data recordsand researchobjects) is

possible by future incorporation of sites &monuments databases, fieldwork reports/archives and

artefact databases from providers of some of these countries and/ormore of such content from

somecurrentdataproviders.

Coveringatleast70%ofEuropeancountries:

With this target theproject set itselfanambitiousgoal,whichhardly canbeachievedby thedata

providersof the consortiumwith thedatasets they couldmakeavailable.Theconsortium includes

dataprovidersonlyof15ofthe28EUmemberstates.Fewhavedataforthewholecountryorcan

substantiallycovermorethanone(Arachne,FastiOnline).Asaresult,theincorporateddatarecords

coversomecountrieswell,otherswithregardtoanumberofsites,andsomecountriesnotatall95.

WellcoveredaretheCzechRepublic,France,Hungary, Ireland, Italy,Netherlands,Sloveniaandthe

UK.CountriesforwhichasmallnumberofsitesarecoveredareAustria,Bulgaria,Cyprus,Denmark,

Germany,Greece,Malta,Romania,Poland, SpainandSweden.These includecountrieswithoutan

ARIADNEdataprovider.InGreecesomesitesarecoveredbyDAIArachnerecords,inMaltabyFasti

Online,and inDenmarkandPolandbyDANS-DCCDdendrochronologydatasets.Notcoveredatall

aresitesinBelgium,Croatia,Estonia,Finland,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,PortugalandSlovakia.

Itshouldbenotedthatcoveringawholecountrywellrequiresacomprehensivesites&monuments

databaseandalargenumberoffieldworkreportsandarchives.Therefore,tocovercountrieswhich

are not yet present in ARIADNE or with low coverage it will be necessary to mobilise such data

resources.However,sites&monumentsdatabasesandfieldworkreportsareoftenunderthecontrol

ofnationalandregionalauthorities.Theseresourcescannotbemobilisedeasilybecauseofexisting

regulations, feartoexposearchaeologicalsite locations (i.e.potential looting),andneedtodigitise

olderreportswhichcontainvaluableinformation.Aparticularchallengehereposecountriessuchas

Germany with 16 federal states (Bundesländer) and Spain with 17 Autonomous Regions.

Furthermore, fieldworkarchivespresent ahigh challengebecausearchaeologists generallydeposit

wholeprojectarchivesinapubliclyaccessibledigitalarchiveonlyifthisismandatory.Currentlythis

isthecaseonlywithregardtoDANS-EDNAintheNetherlands(forallarchaeologists)andADSinthe

95ItshouldbenotedthatnotallrecordsintheARIADNEregistry/searchportalaregeo-referenced.Thereforea

numberorall recordsavailable foracountrydonotshowupwhenzooming into themap-basedviewof

records.TheevaluationofthecountrycoverageisbasedonthefiguresgiveninSection4.4.3.


106

UK, if projects have been funded by UK Research Councils or archaeologists follow the

recommendationofotherresearchfunderstodepositthedatawithADS.

Briefsummary:

ARIADNEcoverssitesofsomecountriesverywell(8)andinothersarelativelysmallnumberoronlya

few sites (11). Together these are 19 countries or 70% of the 28 EUmember states. No sites are

coveredin9EUmemberstates,allwithoutanARIADNEdataprovider.Toachieveagoodcoverageof

all countries itwill benecessary tomobilise sites&monuments databases and a largenumberof

fieldworkreportsandarchives.Thesehoweveraregenerallydifficulttomobilisebecauseofexisting

regulations(i.e.non-exposureofsitelocations)orlackthereof(i.e.opendataarchivingmandatesof

fundersforresearcharchives).

4.5.3 Overcomefragmentation

ARIADNEaddressedthe issuethatarchaeologicaldatasetsoftenremain isolated,not interoperable

and therefore not searchable in an integrated way. The ARIADNE Catalog Data Model (ACDM)96

allows dataset providers to describe datasets in a central data registry based on a common data

model. Datasets are often structured in a different way and circumscribed to different regions,

periodsor themes/subjects.Thereforeadditionalmethodssuchasgeo-referencingofdatasetsand

Linked Data methods (i.e. mapping of subject vocabularies) need to be applied to enable data

interoperabilityandintegratedserviceprovision.

IndicatorsdefinedintheDow Results

o 100%ofdatasetsintegratedviamappings&crosswalks,

orotherappropriateintegratingtechnologiessuchas

GIS,LinkedData,etc.,accordingtodatasettypology

100%ofthedatasetsareintegrated

basedontheACDMdatamodel

o 100%ofalldatasetswithaspatialcomponent

integratedinacommonGISplatform

Allgeo-referencedresourcesare

integrated,OpenStreetMapisbeing

usedmap-basedbrowsingof

information97

o 25%ofdatasetslinkedasLinkedOpenData(LOD) 100%oftheACDMbaseddataset

metadataistransformedtoand

availableasLOD(seebelow)

o 30%increaseinservicesprovided(comparedto

currentlyavailableones)

ARIADNEprovidesnewandadvanced

servicesnotprovidedbyothersinthe

sector(seebelow)

Evaluationofresults

30%increaseinservicesprovided(comparedtocurrentlyavailableones):ARIADNE provides new and highly advanced services not provided by others in the sector. The

ARIADNEregistryandportalareuniqueservicesnewlydevelopedandofferedbytheproject.These

services enable integrated, cross-archive search of data resources at the European level, services

whichwerenotavailablebefore.OtherservicesdevelopedorofferedbypartnersthroughARIADNE

arealsonotavailable fromothers, at leastnotwith thehighlyadvancedcapabilities theyprovide.

ExamplesaretheARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServicesandtheVocabularyMatchingTool.


97OpenStreetMap,https://www.openstreetmap.org


107

In summary, the availability of new and highly advanced services through ARIADNE has been

increased,butacomparisonandpercentageofincreasecannotbegiven.

25%ofdatasetslinkedasLinkedOpenData(LOD):Linked Open Data are openly accessible data resources that are based on W3C recommended

standards, i.e. the basic Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Simple Knowledge

OrganizationSystem(SKOS)forvocabularies.TheARIADNECatalogDataModel(ACDM)isbasedon

theW3CDataCatalogVocabulary (DCAT)98 standard,adapted for thedescriptionofarchaeological

dataresources. InadditiontodescribingtheirresourcesfollowingtheACDM,recordprovidersalso

hadtoprovideessentialinformationofthemetadatabasedoncommonstandards.Thisrequirement

particularlyconcerns locations (origin),culturalperiods (dateranges)andsubjectsof thedescribed

resources (see below). The target of 25% of datasets linked as LOD has been surpassed by

transforming all ACDM based dataset metadata to Linked Data that is stored in an appropriate

database (Virtuoso) and can be queried via a dedicated Linked Data server hosted by ARIADNE

partnerCNR-ISTI(ARIADNE2017f).

Enablingintegratedsearch

TheARIADNEdataportal allows integrated searchingacross thevariousdata resources. Toenable

such searching record providers had to provide essential information of the metadata based on

commonstandards.Thisconcernsthecoresearchoptions“what”(subjects),“where”(location)and

“when”(culturalchronology/dateranges).

“What”(subjects)

Partners mapped terms from their thesauri or term lists to concepts of the Art & Architecture

Thesaurus (AAT)99 that is available in the Linked Data format SKOS. In total about 6000 terms (in

differentlanguages)havebeenmappedtotheAAT.Themappingsrangedfrombelow100termsto

extensivemappings required to cover large resources. For example, Inrapusesmany termsof the

PACTOLSthesaurus100forthesubjectmetadataoftheircatalogueofarchaeologicalreports(DOLIA).

Intotal1634PACTOLStermshavebeenmappedtotheAAT.

“Where”(location)

Thedatasetmetadatashouldincludestandardlat./long.coordinatesforlocationstoallowformap-

basedsearchofrelevantresourcesonthedataportal.AsthecommonstandardARIADNEadopted

WGS84(WorldGeodeticSystem1984)101.MostprovidersalreadyhadWGS84basedcoordinatesor

couldprovidethem.ImportanttonotewithregardtoLinkedDataisthatthemainLinkedDatahub

for geographic information is the GeoNames gazetteer102, which also uses WGS84. The MoRe

(Metadata&ObjectRepository)serviceofARIADNEpartnerAthena-DCUcanattachGeoNamesURIs

togeo-referencedgeographicinformationinaggregatedrecords.

“When”(culturalchronology/dateranges)

Thedataprovidersincludedintheirmetadataculturalperiodterms(e.g.“IronAge”)anddateranges

(start/enddates)whichapplytoeachtermfortheircountry/region.Therebydataresourcescanbe

searchedbasedonperiodnamesordateranges.ARIADNEpartnersalsocollectedandprovidedthe

98W3C(WorldWideWebConsortium)Recommendation(16January2014):DCAT-DataCatalogVocabulary,

http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/99GettyVocabulariesasLinkedOpenData,http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/lod/index.html

100PACTOLSThesaurus(FRANTIQ,CNRS),http://pactols.frantiq.fr

101WorldGeodeticSystem1984(WGS84),http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/

102GeoNames,http://www.geonames.org


108

newculturalperiodssystemPeriodOwithasetof659periods(PaleolithictoModerntimes)for24

European countries103. More specifically, the set gives dates for archaeological periods for geo-

graphical areas that correspond tomodern statesor regions. This informationdefines the cultural

period for a given area and allows dates expressed only in years to be placed within a period.

PeriodOprovidesuniqueresourceidentifiers(URIs)forperiodswhichallowclearandstablelinkingof

dataresourceswhichconcernthesameperiod.Anewservicecomponenthasbeenincludedinthe

MoRe aggregator to attach PeriodOURIs to period information in records collected for ARIADNE.

ARIADNEpromotestheuseofPeriodOtoallowwider interlinkingofdatabasedonchronologies in

LinkedDatainitiatives.

4.5.4 Unifiedaccess

The indicators/targets forunifiedaccessconcern thewaysusersof theARIADNEportal cansearch

and access data from different sources. The portal provides the common interface while specific

interfacesallowfordifferentmodesofdatasearch,visualisationandaccessaccordingtothesearch

paradigmanddatasearched.

IndicatorsdefinedintheDoW:

o 100%ofdatasetsaccessiblethroughacommoninterface.

o 100% of datasets availing of innovative visualization and semantic annotation tools (where

applicableaccordingtodatasettype).

The first indicator is fulfilled by the ARIADNE portal which provides the common interface for all

servicesanddatasets.Theportalallowsdifferentwaystosearchdata,basedonsubjects, locations

(map-based),andculturalperiodterms(e.g.“BronzeAge”)anddateranges(start/enddates)which

apply to particular countries/regions. The table below gives an overview of the different search

optionsandbasicandmoreadvancedvisualisationoptions.

Thesemanticannotationtoolsmentioneddonotconcernannotationofthedataontheportal.The

portal does not offer tools for end-users to annotate datasets, which data providers perceive as

inappropriate or would require difficult to manage quality control. The tools concern semantic

annotationofdatasetsbytheproviders;theseareaddressedinSection4.6.4.


Search&browseandvisualisationinterfaces:

o Full-textsearchoverthedatarecords Available

o Tagcloudbasedsearch Available,entrylevel(inEnglish),

butwithmulti-lingualresults

o Keyword/subjects-basedsearch,includingtermsuggestion Available,multi-lingual

o Thematicallysimilarrecords Accessedrecordsincludealistof

thematicallysimilarrecords,if

available

o Map-basedsearch&browse Available(basedonOpenStreet-

Map);theserviceincludes

indicationofavailablerecords

whenzoomingintothemap

103ARIADNEsetofculturalperiodsinthePeriodOsystem,http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p0qhb66;


109

o Geographicallysimilarrecords Accessedrecordsincludealistof

geographicallysimilarrecords,if

available

o Timespan-basedsearch Inavisualinterfacethatallows

selectingtimespans

Advancedobjectvisualisationandmanipulation:IfcontentprovidersemploytheservicesprovidedbytheCNRlaboratories

o High-resolution2Dimages/ReflectanceTransformationImages(RTI):Manipulatione.g.zoomingin/outoverthe

high-resolutionimages,panning,real-timerelighting(for

RTIdata);supportedinstandardwebpagesandweb

browsers

ProvidedbyCNR-ISTI

o 3Dobjects:Manipulatione.g.rotateusingavirtual

trackball,zoomingin/out,pan;allactionsareperformed

overamulti-resolutionrepresentationthatenablesweb-

basedaccesstohigh-resolutionmodels;supportedin

standardwebpagesandwebbrowsers

ProvidedbyCNR-ISTI

o 3Dterrainandlandscapemodels:Cameraandfield-of-view

manipulation,e.g.rotate,panandzoomoverlargemulti-

resolutionterraindatasetsinreal-timeusingwebbrowsers,

includingfullsupportfordesktopandmobilemulti-touch

devices.Scene-graphsupportallowsbasictransformation

andmanipulationofitemsontopofvirtual3Ddataset.

Advancedlightingmodels(e.g.physically-basedrendering)

canbeemployedtosimulatereflectivesurfaces(rivers,

lakes,etc.)andotherenvironmenteffectsforpresentation

purposes

ProvidedbyCNR-ITABC

4.5.5 Long-termpreservationofrecords

IndicatordefinedintheDoW:Long-termpreservationprocessactivatedforalldatasets.

Morespecificand/oradditionalindicators:TheARIADNEe-infrastructuredoesnotprovideacentral

data storage and preservation centre. Primary data are deposited and curated at data archives/

repositoriesofpartnersorother institutions.The long-termpreservationservicesaddressed inthis

section concern the data records (metadata) which are ingested, enriched and included in the

ARIADNEdatacatalogue.

Long-term preservation and access for the dataset records (metadata) of the ARIADNE registry

catalogue is implemented. The records are being ingested, enriched and provided to the data

catalogue. Ingest and enrichment actions are automatically documented as PREMIS events104 and

stored with each data record. Multiple actions generate new PREMIS records that are stacked

togetherandpreserved,thusformacompletedatacurationlog.TheARIADNEdatasetcatalogueis

storedwithinthee-infrastructureforlong-termaccess.

The ARIADNE catalogue has been transformed into a Linked Data graph using the CIDOC-CRM

vocabularyandstoredinaRDFdatabase(triplestore).Thedatabaseprovidesaninterface(SPARQL

104PREMISDataDictionaryforPreservationMetadata,http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/


110

endpoint)sothattheLinkedDatacanbeutilizedbyservicesinternalandexternaltotheARIADNEe-

infrastructure. Currently it ismainly used for demonstratingCIDOC-CRMbaseddata integration at

thecollectionanditemlevel.

It isworth noting that the transformation and storage of the ARIADNE catalogue in RDF and RDF

Schema adds to the goal of long-term preservation and access; because the results are based on

standardmodelsandvocabularieswhicharemorelong-livedthanad-hocsolutions.Inparticular,the

CIDOC-CRM is an ISO standard since 2006 (ISO21127:2006, renewed as ISO21127:2014) that is a

morerobustmodelthantheARIADNECatalogueDataModeldevelopedintheproject.Furthermore,

RDFandRDFSchemaareW3C recommendations andas suchde facto standards. This guarantees

that the catalogue, stored e.g. as an RDF dump, will be accessible for a longer period than any

correspondingdumpinanon-standardformat.


This section addresseddifferent aspects of theARIADNEe-infrastructure services (i.e. registry and

portal)whichconcern indicators/targets for thevolume, interoperability, andwaysuser cancross-

search the integrated data records fromproviders located in different countries. Furthermore the

long-termpreservationofdatarecordsiscovered.

Criticalmassofdata

The ARIADNE registry and portal have been set up to allow aggregation and cross-searching of

archaeological data records from institutions and projects in Europe. Regarding the volume the

targetwas“At least5,000,000archaeological recordsavailable foraccess,coveringat least70%of

European countries”. Currently the ARIADNE portal provides 1,905,922 item-level and collection/

database-levelrecordsthatrepresentabout3.7million(3,691,000)archaeologicaldatarecordsand

researchobjectswhichprovidersmake available for access. The records alone give an inadequate

picture,becauseoften1recordstandsforalotofcontentthatisavailableforaccessinadatabaseor

collectionofthedataprovider.Thisisthecasewithregardtofieldworkarchivesaswellascollections

and databases which do not provide item-level records or where records cover only a part of a

database(i.e.thesitesbutnotthedocumentationoffinds).

Theabout3.7millionarchaeologicaldata recordsandresearchobjectsare74%of the targetofat

least 5million records. The data resources comprise of 1.7million records of sites&monuments

databases/inventories (1 record provides information about one site or monument); about 1.53

million research objects accessible in over 6500 fieldwork archives; over 138,000 records of

archaeological interventions (i.e. excavation reports); and about 323,000 other research objects

available for access in different databases and collections (i.e. artefact databases, visual media

collections,burialdatabases,scientificdatasets,andothers).

Other“criticalmass”targetsconcernthenumberofavailablereportsandtherichnessofmetadata

andnon-textual information. The target for reportswas 100,000 accessible reports. This has been

surpassed by 138,200 records of archaeological interventions such as full or summary excavation

reports. With regard to the metadata all records have been uniformly described based on the

information-rich ARIADNE Catalog Data Model (ACDM), including use of common vocabulary.

Furthermoreseveralresourcesprovideimages(i.e.Arachneandprojectarchives inADSandDANS-

EDNA),aerialphotography (i.e.ARUP-CAS,DiscoveryLeoSwancollection),and3Dmodels (i.e.3D-

ICONSIreland,STARCRepository).

Withregardtothecoverageofcountries,19countriesarecoveredverywell(8)oratleastanumber

ofsites(11),together70%ofthe28EUmemberstates.Nositesarecoveredin9countries.Itshould

benotedthattheARIADNEprojectconsortiumdoesnotincludedataprovidersfromallEUmember


111

states, currently there are no providers from 13 EU countries. This effects the number of data

records and research objects that are available for access and, even more so, the coverage of

countries.

Reachingandsurpassing the targetof5millionrecords (data recordsandresearchobjects)willbe

possiblebyfutureincorporationofsufficientlylargecontentresourcesfromnewprovidersofmissing

countries and/ormore of such content from some current data providers. But to achieve a good

coverage of all countries it will be necessary tomobilise sites &monuments databases and large

numbersoffieldworkreportsandresearcharchivesinmissingaswellasalreadypresentcountries.

Thesehoweveraregenerallydifficulttomobilisebecauseofexistingregulations(i.e.non-exposureof

sitelocations)orlackthereof(i.e.opendataarchivingmandatesoffundersforresearcharchives).



andthereforenotsearchableinanintegratedway.TheARIADNECatalogDataModel(ACDM)allows

dataset providers to describe the resources in a central data registry based on a common data

model. This enables cross-searching the aggregated records of the resources overcoming their

“fragmentation”(i.e.lackofinteroperability).

Alldefinedtargetsofsuccesshavebeenachieved:100%ofthedatasetsareintegratedbasedonthe

ACDMdatamodel;allgeo-referencedresourcesareintegratedandOpenStreetMapisbeingusedfor

map-basedbrowsingof information.Twoothertargetsrequiresomeexplanation,“25%ofdatasets

linkedas LinkedOpenData (LOD)”and “30% increase in servicesprovided (compared to currently

availableones)”.

LinkedOpenData (LOD):LODareopenlyaccessibledata resources thatarebasedonW3C recom-

mendedstandards,inprimistheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF).TheARIADNECatalogData

Model (ACDM) is basedon theW3CData CatalogVocabulary (expressed in RDF), adapted for the

description of archaeological data resources. The target of 25%of datasets linked as LinkedOpen

DatahasbeensurpassedbytransformingallACDMbaseddatasetmetadatatoLinkedData.Thedata

isstoredinanappropriatedatabase(Virtuoso)andcanbequeriedviaadedicatedLinkedDataserver

hostedbyARIADNEpartnerCNR-ISTI.

Increase inserviceprovision:TheARIADNEregistryandportalareuniqueservicesnewlydevelopedandofferedbytheproject.Theseservicesenableintegrated,cross-archivesearchofdataresources

attheEuropeanlevel,serviceswhichwerenotavailablebefore.Otherservicesdevelopedoroffered

by partners through ARIADNE are also not available from others, at least not with the highly

advancedcapabilitiestheyprovide.ExamplesaretheARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices

andtheVocabularyMatchingTool.Insummary,theavailabilityofnewandhighlyadvancedservices

throughARIADNEhasbeenincreased,butacomparisonandpercentageofincreasecannotbegiven.

Unifiedaccess

The indicators/targets forunifiedaccessconcern thewaysusersof theARIADNEportal cansearch

andaccessdatafromdifferentresources.Thetargetswere“100%ofdatasetsaccessiblethrougha

common interface” and “100% of datasets availing of innovative visualization and semantic

annotation tools (where applicable according to dataset type)”. The first target has been

accomplished with the ARIADNE portal that provides the common interface to all services and

datasets.Thesecondtargetrequiressomeexplanation.

Innovativevisualization:Theportalprovidesdifferentsearchandvisualisationmodesofwhichsome

arestandardandothersnotcommonorhighlyadvanced.Ratherstandardare:full-textsearchover

the records; tag cloud at entry level, in English, but with multi-lingual results. Among the not

common or highly advanced search options are: multi-lingual keyword/subject-based search,


112

includingtermsuggestion;thematicallysimilarrecords(withinindividualsearchresults);map-based

search & browse, including indication of available records when zooming into the map; geo-

graphically similar records (within individual search results); timespan-based search with a visual

interfacethatallowsselectingtimespans. Ifcontentprovidersemploytheservicesprovidedbythe

CNR laboratories (ARIADNE Visual Media and Landscape Services): advanced visualisation and

manipulationofaccessedobjectssuchashigh-resolutionimages,ReflectanceTransformationImages

(RTI),3Dartefactsmodel,3Dterrainandlandscapemodels.

Semantic annotation tools: Such tools have been developed and employed but do not concern

annotationofdataontheportal.Theportaldoesnotoffertoolsforend-userstoannotatedatasets,

which data providers perceive as inappropriate or would require very difficult to manage quality

control.Thetoolsconcernsemanticannotationofdatasetsbytheproviders;theseareaddressedin

thenextsection.

Long-termpreservationofrecords

The target here was “long-term preservation process activated for all datasets”. Long-term

preservationmechanismshavebeenimplemented,butfortherecords(metadata),nottheprimary

data.TheARIADNEe-infrastructuredoesnotprovideacentraldatastorageandpreservationcentre.

Primary data are deposited and curated at data archives/repositories of partners or other

institutions.Thelong-termpreservationservicesofthedatainfrastructureconcernthedatarecords

(metadata) which are ingested, enriched and included in the ARIADNE data catalogue. Long-term

preservation for these records is implemented. This is based on automatically generated PREMIS

metadata stored with each data record, including changes of records. The ARIADNE dataset

metadata (including the PREMIS metadata) is stored within the e-infrastructure for long-term

preservation.Furthermore,thecataloguehasbeentransformedtoLinkedData(RDF)andstoredas

anRDFdumpwhichprovidesanadditionalpreservationsolution.

4.6 Progressindatadocumentation,linking,processingandvisualisation


This innovation dimension concerns novelmethods that enable enhanced documentation, linking,

processing and visualisation of archaeological data. Specifically, project partners developed and

applied extensions of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model as required for archaeological

documentation,andenabledsemanticlinkingofdataresourcesbasedonLinkedDatamethods.They

exploreddataminingtechniquestoidentifypatternsindataresources,andappliednaturallanguage

processingmethods to extract information from “grey literature” such as archaeological fieldwork

reports. Furthermore novel services for visual media (e.g. 3D models) were a major focus of

technological developmentwhich produced innovative solutions for the ARIADNE community and

otherusers.AcrossthesefocusareasofRTDseveralusefulmethodsandtoolshavebeenproduced

aswellaspilotapplicationsthatdemonstratenewcapabilitiesfordigitalarchaeology.


o Conceptual Reference Model extended to cover new domains as relevant to archaeological

research (e.g. monuments and standing structures, excavation data and scientific laboratory

analysis).

o Open Linked Data annotation and integration methods established and demonstrated for

archaeologicalcases.


113

o Dataminingtechniquesestablishedanddemonstrated.

o Naturallanguagetechniquesestablishedanddemonstrated.

Theworkconductedandresultsachievedaredescribedbelow;thedemonstratorsarepresentedin

AnnexD.

4.6.2 CIDOC-CRMextensions

TheCIDOCConceptualReferenceModel(CIDOC-CRM)105hasbeendevelopedbyaninterdisciplinary

teamofexpertsundertheaegisof the InternationalCommittee forDocumentation (CIDOC)of the

InternationalCouncilofMuseums(ICOM).TheCIDOC-CRMisaformalontologyintendedtofacilitate

the integration, mediation and interchange of heterogeneous cultural heritage information. The

ontology provides definitions and a formal structure for describing the concepts and relationships

usedinculturalheritagedocumentation.Itoffersacommonandextensiblesemanticframeworkfor

information systems that can integrate different sources of cultural heritage information, such as

that published by museums, libraries and archives. The ontology has been release in 2006 as an

officialstandardoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO21127:2006).

InARIADNE several extensions to theCIDOC-CRMhavebeen createdor enhancedwhich together

formtheARIADNEReferenceModel(ARIADNE2016d).Thismodelisintendedtoallowtheaccurate

documentation of complex entities and relations of archaeological/scientific observations and

analysis,dataintegrationandsearch,involvingreasoningoverthedistributeddataandknowledge.

Special ARIADNE workshops organised by FORTH-ICS addressed modelling of archaeological

excavationandscientificdata106.Forexample,theworkshoponmodellingscientificdatacompared

105CIDOC-ConceptualReferenceModel(CIDOC-CRM),http://www.cidoc-crm.org;seeDefinitionoftheCIDOC

ConceptualReferenceModel.Version6.1,February2015,http://www.cidoc-

crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_version_6.1.pdf106ARIADNEworkshops:Excavationdataandrelevantapplications(Heraklion,Crete,29-31/5/2013);Context,

stratigraphicunit,excavatedmatter(Plakias,Crete,19-22/8/2013);Modelingscientificdata(Plakias,Crete,

21-24/7/2014).


114

the protocols of different scientific methods that are employed in archaeological research (i.e.

geophysical survey, elemental analysis of archaeological objects, TL/OSL ceramics analysis,

dendrochronology,isotopeanalysis,DNAanalysis).107

The objective was to identify which generic metadata schemata and their discipline-specific

specialization could allow building reference data collections, information integration and re-

evaluation of results based on new evidence. It became apparent that the processes of scientific

investigationsneedtobemodelled ingreaterdetail,asextensionsoftheCIDOC-CRM,toenablee-

infrastructuresservicessupporttheresearchprocessesandadequatedocumentation.

Indicator defined in the DoW: Conceptual Reference Model extended to cover new domains as

relevant to archaeological research (e.g.monuments and standing structures, excavationdata and

scientificlaboratoryanalysis).

Detailedand/oradditionalindicators Results108

o CRMgeo:spatio-temporalmodelthatarticulatesrelations

betweenthestandardsofthegeospatialandthecultural

heritagecommunities(integratesCRMwithOGCstandards;

applicationssuchasGeoSPARQL)

Newextension,v1.0,April2013

o CRMdig:modelofdigitisationprocesses,toencode

metadataaboutthestepsandmethodsofproduction

(“provenance”)ofdigitalrepresentationssuchas2D,3Dor

animatedmodels(validatedinseveralprojects)

Enhancedextension,v3.2,August

2014

o CRMsci:modelforintegratingmetadataaboutscientific

observations,measurementsandprocesseddata(validated

inarchaeology,biodiversityandgeologycases)

Enhancedextension,v1.2.2,

August2014

o CRMinf:modelforintegratingdatawithscholarly

argumentationandinferencemakingindescriptiveand

empiricalsciences(validatedwithscholarlyannotations)

Newextensionreducingthe

argumentationmodelinDoerretal.(2011)andharmonizingitwith

CRMsci,v0.7,February2015

o CRMarchaeo:modelforintegratingmetadataaboutthe

archaeologicalexcavationprocess,introducesconceptsof

stratigraphyandexcavation(validatedwitharchaeological

records)


o CRMba:modelforinvestigatingancient/historicbuildings,

therelationsbetweenbuildingcomponents,functional

spaces,topologicalrelationsandconstructionphases

throughtimeandspace(Ronzino2015;Ronzinoetal.2016);harmonizedwithCRMarchaeo


o ARIADNEReferenceModel:CIDOC-CRM+setofnewor

enhancedextensions

ARIADNEReferenceModel,v1.0,

April2016

107ARIADNE(2014-09-12):Modelingscientificdata:workshopreport,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/News/Modeling-scientific-data108DescriptionoftheARIADNEReferenceModelandindividualextensions(includingreferencedocument,

presentation,RDFSencoding)isavailableathttp://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Resources/Ariadne-

Reference-Model


115

A further CIDOC-CRM extension has been suggested by PIN researchers for epigraphy, CRMepi

(Felicetti,Muranoetal.2016).Atthe2015CIDOC-CRMSIGmeetinginCrete(6October2015)itwas

proposedthatCRMepiisregardedasageneralmodelandtheCIDOC-CRMclass“E34Inscription”be

revisedaccordingly109. Thereforeanewextension isbeingdeveloped that applies toall text forms

such as inscriptions in stones, cuneiform tablets, papyri and so on. The ongoing work on this

extension, now CRMtex, has been presented at the CIDOC-CRM SIG in August 2016 and other

occasions.

MappingofdatabasestotheCIDOC-CRMandextensions

TheCIDOC-CRMhasbeenextendedtoallowaddressingbetterthecomplexityofarchaeologicaldata

integration.TheenhancedcapabilityprovidedbytheARIADNEReferenceModelhasbeenconfirmed

in themappingofanumberof representativedatabases to relevantpartsof themodelaswell as

pilot applications (demonstrators). A new tool, the Mapping Memory Manager (3M)110 has been

developed by ARIADNE partner FORTH-ICS to facilitate the mapping process and the mapping

validation. Themapping process is supported by the X3MLMapping Framework that ensures the

integrityandpreservationofthe“meaning”oftheinitialdata(Minadakisetal.2016).Themappings

arebrieflypresentedbelow,demonstratorswhichusesuchmappingsinAnnexD/D2-D5.

Database Results

o MappingoftheACDMmodelofthe

ARIADNEdatasetcatalogue,carriedout

byFORTH-ICS,CNRandPIN

TheACDMmodelhasbeenmappedtoCIDOC-CRM

andasetofintegratedqueriesimplementedin

ordertovalidatetheadequacyofthemodels.

Thismappingisbeingusedtosupportdata

integrationbothatthecatalogueandattheitem

level;item-levelintegrationhasbeendemonstrated

inapplicationpilots(i.e.coins,sculpturesandother

demonstrators).

o DAI:RevisedCIDOC-CRMmappingofthe

Arachnedatabase

TheexistingCIDOC-CRMmappingofArachnewas

revisedandrefined,includinganoverhaulof

Arachne’sOAI-PMHinterfacetomakethese

mappingsavailable.AlsotheiDAI.Gazetteerof

placesandplacenameswasmappedtoCIDOC-CRM.

Arachnerecordshavebeenusedinthecoinsand

sculpturesdemonstrators.

o DAI:MappingoftheAtheniaAgora

excavationdatabase

ThedatabaseoftheAthenianAgoraexcavation

(AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens)

presentsacaseofhighlycontextualizedresearch

data.Themostrelevantpartsofthefreely

accessibledatabaseweremappedtoCIDOC-CRM,

usingtheextensionsCRMarchaeoandCRMsci.

Themappingresultshavebeenusedtogetherwith

DAIandotherdatasetsinthesculptures

demonstrator.

o DAI:iDAI.fielddatabaseofthePergamon

project(mappingbyDAI);iDAI.fieldisa

ThemostusedtablesandattributesofiDAI.field

weremappedtoCIDOC-CRM,usingtheextensions

109CIDOC-CRMSIGmeeting,Heraklion,6Oct.2015,http://www.cidoc-crm.org/special_interest_meetings.html

110MappingMemoryManager(3M),http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/3M


116

relationaldatabasefordocumentationof

archaeologicalfieldwork;over35DAI

projectsworldwideuseitwithdifferent

methods(i.e.excavation,survey,object

studies,architecturalstudies,andothers)

CRMarchaeoandCRMsci.

Documentationofcoinfindshasbeenemployed

togetherwithotherdatasetsinthecoins

demonstrator.

o ÖAW:GräberfeldFranzhausenKokoron,a

databaseof403cremationgravesofthe

LateBronzeAgeUrnfieldCulture(1050-

800BC)ineasternAustria;thedatabase

documentsfeatures,findsandresults

fromanalysesofhumanandanimal

remains(mappingbyFORTH-ICSand

ÖAW-OREA)

Themappingofthisdatabasewithabout3800

recordsservedasatestcasefortheuseof

CRMarchaeo(excavations)andCRMsciforscientific

observation/measurements(Doerretal.2016).

o ÖAW:dFMRÖ,arelationaldatabaseof

pre-RomanandRomanImperialperiod

coinsfoundinAustriaandRomania,

developedbytheÖAWNumismatics

ResearchGroup(mappingbyFORTH-ICS

andÖAW-OREA).

ThedatabaseschemaofthedFMRÖwasmappedto

CIDOC-CRM,usingalsotheCRMdigextensionanda

specializedextensionforcoinscoveringtheneedto

mapcategoricalinformation(Doerretal.2016).Thedatabaseprovidedagoodexampleformappingofa

largeclassofwell-definedtraditionaldatabases

wherethereisaneedtoaddressandseparateboth

categoricalandfactualinformation.

Resultshavebeenemployedtogetherwithother

datasetsinthecoinsdemonstrator.

o MiBAC-ICCU:Mappingoftheschemasof

theCentralInstituteforCatalogueand

Documentation(ICCD)forarchaeological

finds(RA)andmonumentsandcomplexes

(MA/CA),carriedoutwithsupportbyPIN

(Felicettietal.2013;Felicetti,Galluccioetal.2016).

SchemaelementshavebeenmappedtotheCIDOC-

CRMtoevaluatetheabilityoftheARIADNE

ReferenceModeltointegratecomplexentitiesand

relations.Thecomplexschemashavebeen

modelledwithclassesandpropertiesofthecore

CIDOC-CRMusing,whererequired,morespecialised

classesandpropertiesoftheCRMextensions.

o MiBAC-ICCU:Mappingofthedatabase

schemaofSITAR,theArchaeological

TerritorialInformativeSystemofRome,

carriedoutbyMiBAC-ICCUincooperation

withdomainexpertsoftheSoprinten-

denzaSpecialeperilColosseo,ilMuseo

NazionaleRomanoel’AreaArcheologica

diRoma,andtheDepartmentof

ComputerScienceoftheUniversityof

Verona.

TheSITARsystemmanagesdifferenttypesofdata

setsincludinginformationaboutmonuments,

archaeologicalfinds,surveyandconservationwork,

archivaldocuments,bibliographicreferencesand

others.AmappingbetweentheSITARdatabase

schemaandtheconceptsofCIDOC-CRMand

CRMarchaeohasbeencarriedoutandSITARdata

extractedandtransformedtoRDF.

Intheapplicationpilots(demonstrators)someoftheCRMmappingsandselectivemappingsofother

databases with the 3M tool have been used together with other vocabularies to demonstrate

advancedcapabilitytosearchdataresourcesandidentifyrelevantrelatedinformation.

4.6.3 CHARMmodelling

Research and practice in archaeology often generates, and needs to manage, a large amount of

information that presents complex categorisation and relationships between objects and

phenomena.Thereforearchaeologistsneedskillsandtoolsforconceptualmodelling.Thequalityof


117

the conceptual models that are employed when gathering, organising, processing and reporting

archaeologicalinformationdeterminestoalargeextentthequalityoftheoutcomesoftheresearch

work.

Project partner CSIC-Incipit since 2011 has developed ConML, a conceptual modelling language

specifically for the humanities and social sciences111, and the CHARM - Cultural Heritage Abstract

ReferenceModel112.CHARMisdesignedtobeusedbyresearchersandpractitionersinarchaeology

and heritage and extended tomeet their particular needs (Gonzalez-Perez et al. 2012; Gonzalez-Perez&Martín-Rodilla2014).CHARMisexpressedinConMLwhichalsofacilitatestheextensionof

themodelintoparticularrepresentationsthatbestsuittheparticularneedsofdifferentprojects.

As an example, CHARM has been applied for the Iron Age settlement of Castrolandín (located in

Galicia,North-WestSpain)coveringdifferentdocumentation:initialculturalheritagedocumentation,

historicalandethnographicdocumentationofatraditionalcelebrationonthesitebetweenthelate

19th and the mid-20th centuries, new archaeological investigations and some re-interpretation of

previousresults,andthedecisionoftheregionalgovernmenttoapplyprotectionschemesonboth

the site and the celebration. The example illustrates how different teams belonging to different

communities (archaeologists, ethnographers, the regional government) that adopt CHARM, each

working with a different particular model, can still generate a common object model and attain

seamlessinteroperationfortransdisciplinarywork(Gonzalez-Perezetal.2012).

WithinARIADNECSIC-IncipithasmadeavailableaprogramminglibrarythatcanbeusedwithCHARM

models,i.e.amodellingenginecapableofstoringandmanipulatingConMLmodels,andexamplesof

such models. The library can be used by software developers who want to create systems for

processing archaeologicalmodels that are based on CHARM.Models expressed in CHARM can be

exportedinSKOSorOWLformatsandusedinLinkedDataenvironments.

4.6.4 LinkedDatamethods

ARIADNE employs Linked Data methods for integration of vocabularies and metadata within the

projectandpreparingthegroundforfurther linkingofresourcesalsobeyondtheARIADNEpoolof

resources.

The project uses Linked Data methods in several ways that support the integration of datasets.

LinkedDatainW3Crecommendedformats(RDF,RDFS,SKOSandothers)havebeencreatedthrough

themappingofsubjecttermsfromthesauri(ortermlists)ofdataproviderstoconceptsoftheArt&

ArchitectureThesaurus(AAT)inRDF/SKOSformat.SeveraldatasetshavebeenmappedtotheCIDOC-

CRMandextensions(whichareexpressedinRDFS)andusedinpilotapplicationswhichdemonstrate

advanced data integration capability. ARIADNE partners have developed andmade available open

source tools that support suchmappings (VocabularyMatching Tool,MappingMemoryManager).

Partners also have supported the transformation of existing vocabularies to SKOS as well as the

creationofnewvocabulariesinthisLinkedDatastandard.

Indicator defined in theDoW: Open LinkedData annotation and integrationmethods established

anddemonstratedforarchaeologicalcases.

Morespecificand/oradditionalindicators:InthesectionsbelowwegiveanoverviewoftheLinked

Data methods and tools that have been applied, enhanced or newly developed by ARIADNE

researchersanddevelopers.Useofvocabularies inLinkedDataformatfordataminingandnatural

111ConML,http://www.conml.org

112CHARM,http://www.charminfo.org


118

language processing is addressed in the next two sections. The ARIADNE pilot applications

(demonstrators)employingLinkedDataaredescribedinAnnexD/D1-D6.

LinkedDataannotation/mappingandintegration

Thetablebelowgivesanoverviewofthetoolsdevelopedbypartnersforthesemanticannotation/

mapping and integration of vocabularies and data as well as themain examples of mapping and

integration. The latter include themapping of several thesauri (or term lists) of data providers to

conceptsoftheArt&ArchitectureThesaurus(AAT)inRDF/SKOSformatandthemappingofseveral

databasestotheextendedCIDOC-CRM(theCRMandextensionsareexpressedinRDFS).


o InteractiveVocabularyMatchingTool:Alightweightbrowserbasedapplicationthatpresentsconceptsfromchosensource

andtargetvocabulariessidebyside,exposingadditional

contextualevidencetoallowtheusertomakeamore

informedchoicewhendecidingonpotentialmappings.The

toolisforvocabulariesalreadyexpressedinRDF/SKOSandcan

workdirectlywiththeLinkedOpenData–queryingexternal

SPARQLendpointsratherthanstoringanylocalcopiesof

completevocabularies.Thesetofmappingsdevelopedcanbe

savedlocally,reloadedandexportedtoanumberofdifferent

outputformats.

Tooldevelopedandprovided

opensourcebyUSW;the

softwareisavailableon

GitHub113

o Spreadsheetbasedmapping:Asecondmappingapproachhas

beendevelopedforsourcevocabulariesthataresmallerterm

listsandnotyetexpressedinRDF.Suchtermlistsareoften

availableorcanbeeasilyrepresentedinaspreadsheet.A

standardsheetwithexamplemappingswasdesignedto

supportdomainexpertsinthemappingoftermstothetarget

vocabulary.ACSVtransformationproducestherepresentation

ofthemappingsinRDF/JSONformat.Thespreadsheetalso

containsatabtorecordmetadataforthemapping.


byUSW,availableon

GitHub114

o Mappingofpartnersubjecttermstoacommonsemanticbackbone:Mappingsoftermsfrompartnerthesauri(orterm

lists)totermsoftheArt&ArchitectureThesaurus(AAT)in

SKOSformattoenablesubject-basedcross-searchofdata

resources;thetoolsmentionedabovehavebeenusedfor

thesemappings(Binding&Tudhope2016).

Termsusedforalldata

resourcesintheARIADNE

registryhavebeenmapped.In

totalabout6000terms(in

differentlanguages);

mappingsrangedfrombelow

100termstoover1600

o MappingMemoryManager(3M):Thetoolfacilitatesthemappingofdatabasestothe(extended)CIDOC-CRMandthe

validationofthemapping;mappingscanbeexportedinCRM

compliantRDF.


opensourcebyFORTH-ICS;

thesoftwareisavailableon

GitHub115

113InteractiveVocabularyMatchingTool,http://heritagedata.org/vocabularyMatchingTool/;sourcecodefor

localdownloadandinstallationavailableonGitHub,https://github.com/cbinding/VocabularyMatchingTool114ARIADNEsubjectmappings:Spreadsheettemplateandconversion,https://github.com/cbinding/ARIADNE-

subject-mappings115MappingMemoryManager(3M),http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/3M;sourcecode,

https://github.com/isl/Mapping-Memory-Manager


119

o MappingofdatabasestotheextendedCIDOC-CRM:Severalrepresentativepartnerdatabases(DBschemas)havebeen

mappedwiththe3Mtool(seebelow)totheextendedCIDOC-

CRM;alsotheARIADNEdatasetcataloguemodel(ACDM)has

beenmappedtotheCIDOC-CRM.

Themappingsarebriefly

describedinSection4.6.2;mappeddatasetshavebeen

employedindemonstrators

(seebelow)

o ApplicationsthatuseARIADNELinkedData:Someofthe

ARIADNEpilotapplicationsdemonstrateadvanceddata

integrationandsearchcapabilitiesofferedbyLinkedDatathat

isbasedontheextendedCIDOC-CRManddifferent

vocabularies.

Thedemonstratorson

differentsubjects(coins,

sculptures,woodenmaterial

andothers)aredocumented

inAnnexD/D1-D6.

o ARIADNELinkedDatastorageandaccess:TheARIADNEcataloguemetadatahasbeentransformedtoLinkedDatathat

isstoredinanappropriatedatabaseandcanbequeriedviaa

dedicatedLinkedDataserverhostedbyARIADNEpartnerCNR-

ISTI(ARIADNE2017f).

Cataloguemetadatastoredin

aVirtuoso116LinkedDatastore

(alsosomevocabulariesare

included);thedatacanbe

providedasanRDFdumpor

queriedviaaSPARQLend-

point.

LinkedDatavocabulariesinSKOS

Vocabularies such as thesauri and taxonomies represent essential knowledge structures and

terminology of domains of knowledge. The domain of cultural heritage and archaeology has a

particularly rich array of such resources. The move towards Linked Data makes it necessary to

providevocabularies inLinkedDataformats(RDF,SKOS,OWL).ARIADNEisaprojectandtherefore

notinapositiontopublishandmaintainvocabularies.Thismustbedonebytheinstitutionalowners

ofthevocabularies.

ButARIADNEpartnersproducedorhelpedotherswithtoolsandexpertisetoproducevocabulariesin

SKOSformat.Suchworkhasbeencarriedoutbefore, inparallelto,orwithinARIADNE.There isan

increasingcollaborationon,andsharingof,suchvocabularies,andARIADNEhascontributedtothis

development. The following table gives an overviewof vocabulary development and/or sharing in

the contextofARIADNE.Vocabularies indicatedwith /*are included in the services sectionof the

ARIADNEportal117.

Vocabulary/* Owner Briefdescription

Dendrochronology

multi-lingual

vocabulary118

DANS-

DCCD

AvocabularyinSKOSformatfordocumentingdataresultingfrom

dendrochronologicalanalysis;producedbyDANSwithsupportby

USW.ThevocabularyisbeingemployedfortheDCCD-Digital

CollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronologyandavailablealso

tootherusers.

Archeologisch

Basisregister

(ABR+)119

RCE TheCulturalHeritageAgency/RijksdienstCultureelErfgoed

(RCE)oftheNetherlandshaveproducedRDF/SKOSversionsof

theirArcheologischBasisregister(ABR+)andotherthesauri.

116OpenLinkVirtuoso,http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com

117ARIADNEPortal:Services,http://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/services

118TreeRingDataStandard(TRiDaS),vocabularies:http://www.tridas.org/vocabularies/

119RijksdienstCultureelErfgoed:Erfgoedthesaurus,http://www.erfgoedthesaurus.nl


120

ARIADNEpartnerDANSusesABRtermsformetadataof

archaeologicaldatasets.ABRthesaurialsohavebeenusedto

exploretheextractionof(meta-)datafromDutchfieldwork

reportsbasedonnamedentityrecognition(ARIADNE2017i).

iDAI.gazetteer120/* DAI

Thegazetteerisaweb-basedserviceconnectingnamesofplaces

andothergeographicalentitieswithcoordinates.Itwasinitially

builtasanauthorityfileforanygeo-relatedinformationin

informationsystemsoftheDAI,andforlinkingwithinformation

thatrefersthesamegeographicalentitiesbutusesanother

gazetteer.Forexample,DAIusesittoprovidedataofthe

iDAI.objectsdatabasetothePelagiosinitiative,87,735references

concerning5363places121.Thegazetteercanbeusedasa

terminologylook-upserviceandtheconcepts/termsmaybere-

usedforinterlinkingdatarecords.

iDAI.vocab122/* DAI iDAI.vocabisagroupof14thesauriofmonolingual

archaeologicalterminologyaimedtocollectandorganisethe

terminologyusedinDAIservices.Thethesauriareindifferent

languages(Arabic,Chinese,English,Farsi,French,German,

Greek,Hungarian,Italian,Portuguese,Russian,Spanish,Turkish,

Ukrainian)andofvariedsize(rangingfrombelow100toseveral

thousandterms).TheGermanthesaurusservesasthecentral

hubtoandthroughwhichtheotherthesauriarelinked.The

thesaurusismappedtotheAAT.Itcanbeusedasaterminology

look-upserviceandtheconcepts/termsareavailableinLinked

Dataformat(SKOS)forre-useoralignment.

PACTOLS

thesaurus123

FRANTIQ

Alargemulti-lingualthesauruswhichfocusesonantiquityand

archaeologyfromprehistorytotheindustrialage;termsin

French,English,German,Italian,Spanish,Dutch,and(some)

Arabic).ThethesaurusismaintainedbytheFédérationet

ressourcessurl’Antiquité(FRANTIQ),France;itisbeingusedby

ARIADNEpartnerInrap.ARIADNEhasacooperationagreement

withFRANTIQontheuseandfurtherdeploymentofPACTOLS.

PICOthesaurus124 MiBAC-

ICCU

Athesaurusoftermsrelatedtocultureandculturalheritage

(ItalianandEnglish);asmallnumberofabout200termsconcern

archaeology.TheSKOSversionhasbeendevelopedbyMiBAC-

ICCU(withsomesupportbyUSW)andemployedtoproduce

LinkedDataoftheCulturaItaliaportal125;DiGiorgioetal.(2016)

providedetailsaboutPICOandDati.CulturaItalia.

120iDAI.gazetteer,http://gazetteer.dainst.org

121Pelagios:Datasets,http://pelagios.org/peripleo/pages/datasets

122iDAI.vocab,http://archwort.dainst.org

123PACTOLS(Peuples,Anthroponymes,Chronologie,Toponymes,Œuvres,LieuxetSujets),

http://pactols.frantiq.fr124MiBAC-ICCU:ThesaurusPICO,http://purl.org/pico/thesaurus_4.2.0.skos.xml

125CulturaItalia:Dati,http://dati.culturaitalia.it


121

ThesaurusRA

(Reperti

Archeologici)126/*

MiBAC-

ICCD

ThethesaurusserviceprovidesareworkedversionoftheRA

(RepertiArcheologici)thesaurusoftheItalianCentralInstitutefor

CatalogueandDocumentation(ICCD).Thethesauruscontains

concepts/termsfordocumentingobjectscomingfrom

archaeologicalexcavations(Felicetti,Galluccioetal.2016).ThereworkedversionisbeingcuratedbyMiBAC-ICCUandPIN

VastLab.Theweb-basedthesaurusisprovidedinLinkedData

format(SKOS)andalignedwiththeAAT.Itcanbeusedasa

terminologylook-upserviceandtheconcepts/termsmaybere-

usedforinterlinkingdatarecords.

UKHeritageData

vocabularies127/*

FISH

ProvidesmajorUKvocabularies(EnglishHeritage,RCAHMS/W

andothers)inSKOSformatandwebserviceswhichmakethem

programmaticallyaccessibleandsearchable.Thesefreely

availableresourceshavebeendevelopedbyUSWintheUKAHRC

fundedSENESCHALproject(2013-2014).InARIADNEthe

ArchaeologyDataServicesusesseveralofthethesauri.The

vocabulariesaremaintainedbytheUKForumonInformation

StandardsinHeritage(FISH).

4.6.5 Dataminingtechniques

IndicatordefinedintheDoW:Dataminingtechniquesestablishedanddemonstrated.

Leiden University together with associated partner Free University Amsterdam examined the

feasibilitytointegratedataminingsolutionsintotheARIADNEe-infrastructure;alsoinvolvedinsome

tasks was Athena-RC (ARIADNE 2015c and 2017h). Various methods and techniques have been

exploredwhichmaybeappliedfordetectingpatternsin,andestablishingrelationsbetween,dataof

thearchaeologicaldomain.TheworkfocusedonSemanticWebminingassumingthattheARIADNE

datatobeminedwilladhere,eitherfullyorpartially,totheprinciplesoftheLinkedDataparadigm,

i.e. allowexploiting thegraph-like structureof suchdataaswell as their semantics. In addition to

datamining,theworkexploredusage-patternanalysis,contentlinkingandinformationretrieval.

ApartfromautomatedNLPextraction,barelyanyLinkedDatawasproducedbytheARIADNEproject

duringitsfirsthalfwhichcouldberegardedasagoodrepresentativeoffutureARIADNELinkedData.

Thereforeworkondataminingfirstfocusedonexploratoryactivities:severalLinkedDatasetsfrom

different archaeological repositories were inspected in order to identify common features which

mightalsocharacterise futureARIADNELinkedData.Theexamineddatasetswere foundtoconsist

largely of flat data structures and descriptive values. The research group concluded that these

features need to be taken into account during the development of the datamining solutions for

ARIADNE.

Results of a user requirements study indicated the importanceof data quality analysis (e.g.which

findsarelikelytobeclassifiedincorrectly)andhypothesisgeneration(e.g.givenattributes-valuesato y, predict attribute-value z). Both are areas in which data mining may prove beneficial to the

archaeological research community. The research team chose to focus their efforts primarily on

hypothesisgenerationdueto1)itsnoveltyinthearchaeologicaldomain,2)itsabilitytoexploitthe

semanticsofthedata,3)itslikelihoodofyieldingrelevantarchaeologicalknowledge,and4)theease

126ThesaurusRA,http://vast-lab.org/thesaurus/ra/vocab

127HeritageData-LinkedDataVocabulariesforCulturalHeritage,http://www.heritagedata.org


122

withwhich the results canbe interpreted. Inaddition,more traditionaldataminingmethodshave

beenappliedaswell.

TheresearchteamdevelopedthedataminingpipelineMINoS(MINingonSemantics)forconducting

experiments in thedirectionoutlined.Furthermore,dueto thecontinuingshortageof fine-grained

archaeologicalLinkedData,theresearchteamdecidedtosetupanownLinkedDatainfrastructure.

ForthispurposetheteamconvertedanXML-basedarchaeologicalprotocoltoRDF,developedatool

totranslateprotocol instancestoRDF,andpopulatedtheLinkedDatainfrastructurewiththisdata.

The mentioned archaeological protocol is the Dutch SIKB 0102 protocol. Archaeologists in the

Netherlandsarerequiredbylawtoprovidedocumentationoffieldworkaccordingtothisprotocol.

TheLinkedData infrastructureand thedataminingpipelinehavebeencompletedand trialled, i.e.

executionofthepipelineontheinfrastructure.Experimentshavebeenconductedonthreelevelsof

knowledgegranularity.Thefirstlevel(coarse-grained),addressedbyAthena-RC,concernsmetadata

oftheARIADNERegistryandinvolved1)relationshipdiscoveryamongtheauthorsofOpenAIREand

ARIADNEReports,2)thecreationandanalysisofARIADNE’sauthornetworks,and3)performingtext

mining onOpenAIREpublications to link themwithARIADNEmetadata or other extractedobjects

fromtheARIADNEreports.Themiddlelevel(finer-grained)concernsRDFextractsfromtextssuchas

archaeological reportsusingaNLPpipeline (extractsprovidedbyUSW).Themain taskat this level

wassemanticcontentanalysistoinspectcommonalitieswithinandbetweenreports.Finally,atthe

fine-grainedlevelofknowledge,dataminingexploredtheeffectivenessofhypothesisgeneration.

The results confirmed a strong dependence of the usefulness of pattern mining for hypothesis

generation on the granularity of knowledge embodied in datasets of Linked Data. For archaeo-

logicallyrelevantresultsfine-grainedsemanticdataisnecessary,whichmeanssufficientcomplexity

of the structural features (i.e. ontologies) and specific information, ideally including literal and

numerical values. Linked Data that fulfils these criteria might allow providing relevant results for

archaeologists.Theresearchresultshavebeenencouragingfromatechnicalperspectivebutstillfar

from useful from an archaeological perspective. Nevertheless, the domain expertswere positively

surprisedbytherangeofpatternsthatwerediscovered,althoughmostdescribedrathertrivialfacts.

Also, itappearedaschallengingtosetagoodtrade-offbetweenbeinggeneric(i.e.runanytaskon

anydataset)andbeingspecific(i.e.pressXtoruntaskYondatasetZ).Overall,therearestillsome

challengestoovercomeforthefieldofsemanticdataminingtomatureandtobeofusefulforthe

archaeologicalresearchcommunity.

ThetablebelowsummarisesthemainactivitiesandresultsofthedataminingworkinARIADNE(see

alsothedescriptionofthedataminingdemonstratorinAnnexD/D6):

Activities Results

o Userrequirementsanalysis

withregardtodatamining

Fewarchaeologistshadexperiencewithdatamining,butbased

onscenariostwoareasappearedasrelevant:dataqualityand

datatransparency,i.e.ensuringthecorrectnessofdataandof

theinformationderivedthereof.

Answerstofollow-upquestionsindicatedthattheresearchers

wouldonlyconsiderresultsofadataminingapplicationifthey

caneasilyinterpretthem,andifthemethodsemployedare

understandableandtrustable.

Basedonthesefindings,theteamconcludedthatHypothesis

Generation(patterndetection)andDataQualityAnalysis

(anomalydetection)aretwodataminingtasksthatarelikely

beneficialtothearchaeologicalresearchcommunity.


123

o Investigationofdatamining

techniquesforLinkedData,i.e.

reviewofexistingtools

DataminingonLinkedDataisstillahighlyexperimentalareaof

research,withfewready-to-ustoolsavailable.Thesetools

typicallyareforpoweruserswhounderstandtheirinternal

working,andarethereforeunsuitedforarchaeological

researchers.

Creatingacompletesolutionforvariousdataminingtaskswas

notarealisticoptionwithintheARIADNEproject.Thereforethe

teamdecidedtodevelopadedicatedsolutionwithanarrower

scopetoserveasaproofofconcept.

o Settingupanenvironmentto

facilitatearchaeologicaldata

miningexperiments,incl.

frameworkinvestigationand

creation,datamodellingand

conversion,andinvestigating

NLPresults

ALinkedDatainfrastructurehasbeensetupandpopulated

withrichlylinkedarchaeologicaldata(finegrainedknowledge),

acquiredbyXMLtoRDFconversionofarchaeologicaldata

basedontheDutchSIKB0102protocol.Hereto,CIDOC-CRM

andCRM-EHhavebeenusedtoensureinteroperabilitywith

futureARIADNELinkedData.Aseconddatasetusedfortesting

wasannotatedfieldworkreports(inEnglish),producedbyNLP

(carriedoutbyUSW).ForthisdataalsoCIDOC-CRMandCRM-

EHhasbeenemployed.

Inthefirstdataminingexperimentstheteamcouldimprove

thedatabydetectingandremoving‘noise’andbyperforming

entityreconciliation.

o Dataminingpipelineand

experimentation

Anexperimentalpipeline(MINoS)hasbeencreatedthat

outputspotentiallyinterestinghypothesesandtheirprobability

basedonaninputLinkedDataset(e.g.SPARQLendpoint)and

usercriteria(topicofinterest,plusoptionallythedesired

samplingstrategy,post-processingmethod,etc.).Thedata

miningpipelinehasbeenwrappedinasimplecommand-line

userinterface.Outputcanbe(facet)browsedthrough

interactively,oritcanbeexaminedalgorithmicallyusingpre-

sets(e.g.‘lenient’or‘strict’).

Theteamhasrunmultipleexperimentsonthreedatasetsof

differentgranularity:ARIADNERegistrymetadata,annotated

projectreports,andrichdatabaseextractsfromentire

archaeologicalprojects.Thisallowedtestingtheeffectsof

informationgranularityontherelevanceoftheresults

producedbythepipeline.

o Evaluationofresults Thedataminingresultswereencouragingtechnicallybutstill

farfromusefulfromanarchaeologicalperspective.However,

thedomainexpertswerepositivelysurprisedbytherangeof

patternsthatwerediscovered,althoughmostdescribedrather

trivialfacts.

Inconclusion:inordertoderiverelevantresultsveryfine-

grainedandrichlyinterlinkedarchaeologicaldataisrequired.

Suchresultscould,forexample,concernspatio-temporal

patternsbetweenarchaeologicalcontexts.


124

4.6.6 NLPtechniques

Indicator defined in the DoW: Natural language processing techniques established and

demonstrated.

Natural LanguageProcessing (NLP) has been employed for twopurposes: extraction, indexing and

linkingofmetadatafromunpublishedarchaeologicalreports(“greyliterature”),andidentificationof

research methods and process models in reports. The work had an experimental character but

producedpracticalmethodsandtools.Thepilotapplicationsthatdemonstratenewcapabilities for

makinginformationandknowledgefromarchaeologicalreportsandothermaterialmoreaccessible

arefeaturedinAnnexD/D7andD8.

Extraction,indexingandlinkingofdata/metadatafrom“greyliterature”

ARIADNE aims to enable extraction, indexing and linking of data/metadata from not formally

published reports of fieldwork, specialist analysis and other “grey literature” bymeans of Natural

LanguageProcessing(NLP).Unpublishedreportsgeneratedbypreventivearchaeologyinthecontext

of infrastructure development and other land use projects is one of the most important but

traditionallydifficulttoaccessresourcesinarchaeology.

Projectpartnersexploredbothmachinelearningandrule-basedNLPmethodswiththeaimtomake

suchresearchresourcesmorediscoverableanduseful.Eachmethodhasitsrespectivestrengthsand

weaknessesandamajorpartoftheworkwastoinvestigatebothwithregardtotheirusefulnessfor

the archaeological domain, i.e. reports of fieldwork and analysis of finds in different languages

employingspecialterms(Richardsetal.2015).

MachinelearningbasedNLP

WorkhasbeencarriedoutbyADStodevelopandevaluatemachinelearningbasedNLPtechniques

and integrate them intoanewmetadataextractionwebapplicationandAPI.Themainpurposeof

this application is to generate metadata for archaeological documents for resource discovery

indexing,wherelittleornometadatacurrentlyexists(ARIADNE2015dand2017i).

The developed application takes previously unseen English language text as input and classifies

namedentitieswithin the text. Selected results can thenbeusedasmetadata for thedocuments.

Theapplicationallowsusersuploadingdocumentsonaper-filebasisorbyusingbatchcreationof

metadata formultiple files.Fromadatamanagementperspectivehowever, the largequantitiesof

entities extracted by the named entity recognition (NER) module can be too large to effectively

manage.Thereforetheannotationtoolbuiltintothewebapplicationallowsuserstoproducemore

trainingdatatobettertrainthemodule.

The web application is being used for the ADS Grey Literature Library, but may be adapted and

implementedbyotherrepositoriesforEnglishlanguagedocuments.Inadditiontothisapplicationa

webserviceAPIhasbeencreated.ThisAPIallowsexternaluserssubmitNERtaskstoanADSserver,

which then returns a set of terms, including their category andoffsets. TheAPI provides a simple

HTML interface128. Users can include the results in their existing data management systems to

improvedatasearch&retrieval.

Rule-basedNLP

Intheareaofrule-basedNLPUSW’sOPTIMApipelinehasbeenimprovedandemployed.OPTIMAisa

semantic annotation system that performs the NLP tasks of Named Entity Recognition, Relation

Extraction, Negation Detection and Word-Sense Disambiguation using hand-crafted rules and

128ArchaeologyDataService:NLPAPIinterface,http://ads.ac.uk/nlp/demo.jsf


125

terminologicalresources(Vlachidis2012;Vlachidisetal.2013).ThesystemusestheGATE(General

Architecture for Text Engineering) framework, Ontology Based Information Extraction (OBIE) and

severalothertechniques.

Following initial work with English Heritage thesauri also other national vocabularies, Dutch

RijksdienstCultureelErfgoedthesauri129andvocabulariesoftheSwedishNationalDataService,have

been prepared and trialled for the named entity recognition and information extraction tasks

(ARIADNE2015dand2017i).Theresultshavebeenencouraging,althoughtherearechallenges like

the annotation of Dutch compound noun forms that require special attention. Critical for good

results ingeneral is theavailabilityof richandwell-structuredvocabularies,buteven insuchcases

somemodificationmayberequired toconductNLPwithoptimal results.Thepipelines forEnglish,

DutchandSwedishrule-basedNLP,whichrunontheGATEopensourceplatform,areavailablefor

re-use by other developers130. Further work is intended to generalise the OPTIMA rule based

techniquesforgreyliteratureinotherEuropeanlanguages.

It is worthwhile to summarise also briefly USW’s investigation of negation detection in English

languagearchaeologicalgreyliteraturereports(Vlachidis&Tudhope2013and2015).Thisworkhas

beencarriedoutwithaviewtodistinguishingafindingofevidence(forexample)ofRomanactivity

from statements reporting a lack of evidence, or no sign of Roman remains. Such information is

highlyrelevantfortheaccurateindexingofdocuments.TheNegExtechniquepreviouslyusedinthe

biomedical domain (Chapman et al. 2001) was adapted to archaeological vocabulary and writingstyle. Furthermore a particular form of polysemy, which is inflicted by the definition of ontology

classes and concerning the semantics of small finds in archaeology, was addressed by a domain

specific word-sense disambiguation module. Evaluation on rules targeted at identifying negated

cases of four CIDOC-CRMentities gave promising results, delivering 80% recall and 89%precision.

Theperformanceof thenegationdetectionmodulehas been compared against a “gold standard”

thatconsistedof300manuallyannotatedpagesofarchaeologicalexcavationandevaluationreports.

The NLP modules contribute to the aims of USW’s OPTIMA pipeline delivering an innovative

applicationofsuchmethodsinthecontextofarchaeologicalreportsforthesemanticannotationof

archaeologicalgreyliteraturewithrespecttotheCIDOC-CRMontology.

Identificationofresearchmethodsandprocessmodels

NLP-based work on the identification of research methods and process models in archaeological

reports has been carried out by ARIADNE partners CSIC-Incipit and AIAC in collaboration with

researchersofUniversitéParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne/CentredeRechercheenInformatique(Epure

etal.2015).

Archaeologists who carried out work in the field and/or laboratory describe the research

methodologies they applied in a section of the survey or excavation report.Mining and analysing

such descriptions to produce research process models from the textual resources could facilitate

knowledgesharing,comparisonofapproachesand,possibly,improvetheteam-basedresearchwork.

Extraction of information on research methods, instrumentation, etc. from publications has also

beenproposedasawaytoenrichthemetadataofresearchdatainrepositories(Chao2015).Inview

ofsuchopportunities,NLPhasbeenemployedfordiscoveringdescribedresearchmethods/activities,

andrelationsbetweenthem,inarchaeologicalreports.

129RijksdienstCultureelErfgoed(Netherlands)thesauri,e.g.Archeologischeartefacttypen,see

http://data.cultureelerfgoed.nlorhttp://rce.rnaviewer.net130USW:English,Dutch,Swedishrule-basedNaturalLanguageProcessingpipelines,

https://github.com/avlachid/Multilingual-NLP-for-Archaeological-Reports-Ariadne-Infrastructure


126

AnovelautomatictoolhasbeendevelopedforthispurposewhichusesNLPtechniqueswithafocus

on the verb semantics for activities mining and a rule-based approach for activity relationships

detection(basedoni.e.sequence,parallelismandmutualexclusion).TheTextProcessMinertoolhas

beendevelopedinPythonemployingandevaluatingtheadvantagesofdifferentNLPlibrariesforthe

purpose (NLTK, Stanford POS Tagger, PyEnchant)131. For building a dictionary of verbs for the text

mining VerbNet and WordNet has been employed132. The innovative NLP approach and

TextProcessMinertoolhasbeendemonstratedandevaluatedinanarchaeologicalcasestudythatis

presentedinAnnexD/D8.

ThetablebelowsummarisesthemainactivitiesandresultsoftheNLPworkinARIADNE(seealsothe

descriptionoftheNLPdemonstratorsinAnnexD/D7andD8):

Activities Results

o MachinelearningbasedNamedEntityRecognition(NER)

employedinametadataextractionwebapplication,which

includes

- anannotationtoolforcollectingmachinetrainingdata,

- techniquesforclusteringandrankingtheoutputand

generatingclusterlabelsbasedonthecontentinrespective

clusters,

- exportofselectedmetadatainavarietyofformats,

- aNERserviceAPIforexternaluserstogeneratemetadata

fortheirdatamanagementsystems.

Webapplicationdevelopedforthe

ADSGreyLiteratureLibrary;may

beadaptedandimplementedby

otherrepositoriesforEnglish

languagedocuments(codeis

available)

ADSNamedEntityRecognition

ServiceAPItogeneratemetadata

forexternalsystems

Thedemonstratorisfeaturedin

AnnexD/D7;seealsothefinalreportonNLP(ARIADNE2017i)

o Enhancedrule-basedNERandNLPinformationextraction

fromarchaeologicalreports(indifferentlanguages)with

theGATE-basedOPTIMAsemanticannotationsystem,

including

- improvedmethodsforpreparingvocabulariesindifferent

languagesforNLPtasks;customizedmatchingand

informationextractionforarchaeologicalterms,

- pipelinesforrule-basedNLP(NER,informationextraction)

ofarchaeologicalreportsinEnglish,Dutch,Swedish,

- NLPresultstogetherwithextractsfromdatasetsincluded

inademonstratorofCIDOC-CRMandAATbasedsemantic

integrationandcross-searchingofinformation.

Resultsmadeavailable,i.e.NLP

pipelinesforarchaeological

reportsinEnglish,Dutchand

Swedish(runontheGATEopen

sourceNLPplatform)

SeetheWoodenMaterial

DemonstratorinAnnexD/D4,andthefinalreportonNLP(ARIADNE

2017i)

131NLTK-NaturalLanguageToolkit,http://www.nltk.org;StanfordPart-of-SpeechTagger,

http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/tagger.shtml;PyEnchant,https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyenchant132VerbNet,https://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/projects/verbnet.html;WordNet,

https://wordnet.princeton.edu


127

o Identificationofresearchmethodsandprocessesin

archaeologicalreportsbasedonautomatic,unsupervised

NLPtechniques,

- whichemployverbsemanticsforminingmethodsand

activitiesdescribedindocuments,

- arule-basedapproachfordetectingactivityrelationships/

models(basedone.g.sequence,parallelismandmutual

exclusion),

- feasibilitydemonstratedinacasestudyofNLPofarchaeo-

logicalinformation,includingevaluationbydomainexpert

TextProcessMinertool,developed

inPythonemployingdifferentNLP

libraries(NLTK)

Seealsothearchaeological

demonstratorinAnnexD/D8andEpureetal.(2015)andGonzalez-Perezetal.(2016)

Thetoolsoftheresearchproto-

typearenotyetavailablefor

generaluse

4.6.7 Visualmediaandlandscapeservices

Indicator defined in theDoW: In theDoWno indicators for this field of research& development

havebeendefined.Butvisualmediasuchashigh-resolutionimagesand3Dmodelsofartefactsand

terrainsareessential inarchaeological researchdocumentation,analysisand interpretation.Ahigh

demand for visualmedia servicesand traininghasbeenexpressed inARIADNEworkshops133.Here

wepresentthesignificantachievementsoftheprojectinthisfield.


o ARIADNEVisualMediaService:servicesfor

easyonlinepublication,visualisationand

explorationofhigh-resolutionimages,

reflectancetransformationimages(RTI)and

3Dmodels;providedbyCNR-ISTI

AvailablesinceApril2015,majorupdatesand

extensionsin2016

Alreadyover400visualmediaresources

uploaded,processedandvisualized;25%open

access,othersnotyetreleasedbyon-going

projects

Averageaccesspermonthof700,withlarge

peaksofviewsinsomemonths(i.e.1200in

June2016).

o ARIADNELandscapeServices:servicesfor

processing,managementandpublicationof

large3Dinteractiveterraindatasets;includes

processingofDEMs/DTMs,geo-imageryand

shapefiles,cloud-basedaccess,3Dinteractive

visualizationthroughdesktopandmobile

browsers;providedbyCNR-ITABC

AvailablesinceQ12016,alreadyover300

datasets(multi-resolutionterraindatabases)

uploadedonthecloud-basedplatform,

processedandresultsprovidedincontent

galleries(detailedfiguresaregiveninthe

servicedescription).

Landscapeterrainshavebeenproducedfor

researchprojectsandvirtualmuseumsaswell

intrainingandotherevents

133cf.ARIADNE:3DandVisualisationSIG,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Community/Special-Interest-

Groups/3D-and-Visualization,inparticularthedocumentationoftheSpecialInterestGroupmeeting7-8

October2013.


128

ARIADNEVisualMediaService

Based on their long-standing expertise and advanced tools the Visual Computing Lab of CNR-ISTI

(Pisa)134developed theARIADNEVisualMediaService.The facilityprovidesweb-basedservices for

easypublication,visualizationandexplorationofhigh-resolutionimages,ReflectanceTransformation

Imaging (RTI), and high-resolution 3Dmodels135. The services are based onWebGL, SpiderGL and

3DHOP (3D Heritage Online Presenter); for the 3D service in addition toWebGL also a Javascript

implementationof theNexusmulti-resolution framework isbeingemployed.Themainplatformat

thebaseoftheARIADNEVisualMediaServiceis3DHOP,anopensourcesolutiondevelopedbyCNR-

ISTI(Potenzianietal.2015).

TheARIADNEVisualMediaServiceisincludedintheseriesofdemonstratorsthatpresentinnovative

capabilities and approaches using ARIADNE tools/services, vocabularies and datasets (see AnnexD/D11).Thereforeherewemainlydescribetheenabledadvancedcapabilityanditsusage.Acontent

publisherthatusestheserviceisaskedonlytofillasmallformandtouploadtherawvisualmedia

file. All processing to transform the data in a web-compliant and efficient multi-resolution

representation as well as progressive transmission and view-dependent rendering is done by a

dedicated server. Content publishers are offered various additional options with regard to

presentation, navigation and study, for example for creating sections or taking point-to-point

measurements.

The ARIADNE VisualMedia Service development started in 2014 and became publicly available in

early 2015;major updates and extensions followed in Q1 andQ3 2016. A large number of visual

mediaresources(>400)havealreadybeenuploaded,processedandvisualized.Onaverage700users

(content producers and visitors) access the resources permonth,with increasing figures of access

since2016andlargepeaksofviewsinsomemonths(i.e.1200inJune2016).

The figures concern the overall datamanaged. Data owners can select between restricted access

options(i.e.aresearchgroup)orprovideopenaccess.Asmanyserviceusersduringongoingprojects

choserestrictedaccessonlyasubsetofthematerial,around25%,iscurrentlypubliclyaccessible136.

Butconfidentialityisanimportantoptionwhendataofon-going,notyetpublishedresearchisbeing

managed and processed. Therefore the option to keep uploaded data confidential and release it

afterprojectcompletionisoffered.

ARIADNELandscapeServices

The Landscape Services (also called Landscape Factory)137 have been developed by the Virtual

Heritage Lab of CNR-ITABC (Rome)138. These are web-based services specifically for large terrain

datasets generation, disseminationand server-side3Dmodel processing, employing a cloud-based

approach. The solutions are based on open source frameworks and tools such as GDAL, OSGjs,

OpenSceneGraphandownCloud.Datamanagement isperformedthroughacloudservice,allowing

fine-grained access control on input/output data,with a focus on inputDTMs/DEMs, imagery and

shapefiles.

TheLandscapeServicesareincludedintheARIADNEseriesofdemonstratorsthatpresentinnovative

capabilities and approaches enabled by tools/services newly produced or adapted and further

134CNR-ISTI,VisualComputingLab(Pisa,Italy),http://vcg.isti.cnr.it

135ARIADNE:VisualMediaService,http://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

136Seehttp://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/browse

137ARIADNE:LandscapeServices:http://landscape.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

138CNR-ITABC,VHLab,http://www.itabc.cnr.it/pagine/vh-lab-000


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developed in the project (see Annex D/D12). Therefore here we mainly describe the enabled

advancedcapabilityanditsusage.

The services offer users different options to control content format, resolution and dissemination

segment, and then takes care of geometry/texture compression, multi-resolution, etc. A gallery

serviceallowsproducerstocontrol,updateordeleteprojects.Thefront-endforonlinedissemination

provides features such as paged multi-resolution on desktop and mobile browsers for efficient

streaming,cameraandpoint-of-viewmanagement,multi-texturingandsphericalpanoramas.

TheARIADNELandscapeServicesbecameavailable inthefirstquarterof2016andsincethenhave

been used for archaeology and heritage research, training and dissemination projects (i.e. virtual

museums). Until January 2017 with the services over 300 products (multi-resolution terrain

databases)havebeenproduced.These include23multi-layereddatabases,36 large-scaledatasets,

15IGMdatasetsandmorethan50annotatedterraindatabases.

Cloud services arehosting23 cloudaccounts, includingpersonal users (9), staging and training (3)

andexternalresearchinstitutions(11).132itemshavebeenpublishedthroughcloud-basedgalleries

hostedbytheservice(about44%).Theproductsinclude:morethan30terrain-DBsproducedduring

training events offered by CNR-ITABC, 32 long-term datasets (included in external ongoing online

projects or web-labs, not temporary) and 4 permanent databases utilized for online Virtual

Museums,whichcanbeaccessedthroughdesktopandmobiledevices.

Atpresentthetotalnumberoftheproductsoncloud-basedusergalleriesis60.About40%ofTerrain

Databases currently cannot be publicly accessed and browsed because on-going projects typically

restrict the access tomembers of the developer group before they release final products. 54%of

working cloud folders (input DEMs/DTMs, orthophotos, shapefiles, etc.) is shared among other

partners or external labs for collaborative workflow in landscape reconstruction. The publication

storageperclouduser(multiplehierarchicalterrainDBsincludingtextures,geometryandmetadata)

rangesfromaminimumof50MBtomorethan26GB,includinglargemulti-resolutiondatasets;the

largestdatabaseproducedbytheservicesistotaling16GB,using~20cmimageryresolution.

Servicecontextsandimpacts

The servicesgreatly advance the capabilityof awide rangeofusers togenerate,publish, visualize

andstudyarchaeologicalandculturalheritagecontentonline.Theusers include researchprojects,

digital archives, e-journals, museums and other heritage institutions. These can make advanced

visualmediacontentaccessibleeffectivelyanduseableinnovelways.Someexamplescanillustrate

thebenefitsandimpacts.

Digital humanities projects, archives and e-journals increasingly are looking for possibilities to

providemedia-rich research publications comprising of the papers and underlying data (evidence)

presented as high-resolution 3D models or RTI images. For example, a recent paper in InternetArchaeology (Riris& Corteletti 2015) includes RTI images of engravings at a Brazilian rock art site

which can be dynamically explored with CNR-ISTI’s WebRTIViewer tool. Other archaeological e-

journals may follow suit in order to offer also their authors and readership such enhanced

publications.

Theadvancedvisualmediaservices/toolsarealsoemployedbylargeresearchprojects.Forexample,

the German excellence cluster project TOPOI (The Formation and Transformation of Space and

KnowledgeinAncientCivilizations)usesCNR-ISTItoolsfor3Dmodelsandothervisualmediaontheir

research content platform139. The TOPOI repository has been implemented to allow publication,

review and stable citation of research data such as 3D models. Another example is Zamani, the

139TOPOIcollections,http://repository.edition-topoi.org


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AfricanCulturalHeritageandLandscapeDatabase140whichemploysanearlierversionof3DHOP.The

ZaminiprojectdocumentsheritagemonumentsitesacrossAfricawith3Dmodels.

Digital archives that hold 3D content will also benefit. The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) has

implementedCNR-ISTI’s3DHOP(3DHeritageOnlinePresenter)ontheirdigitalarchivetoprovidea

directsupportfortheaccessto3Dmodels(Galeazzietal.2016).Suchmodelsareincreasinglybeing

depositedaspartofthemultimediafilesassociatedtothereportsofarchaeologicalexcavations.The

3DHOPsupportallowedADStogobeyondtheconventionalapproachwhereinterestedusershadto

downloadthedatafileandopenitwithaproperapplication.Insteadusersnowimmediatelyhavean

interactive regionof thestandardADSwebpagedevotedto the interactivevisualizationof the3D

model,enablingarchaeologisttoanalyseandstudyhigh-resolution3Dmodels(seethedescriptionof

thisapplicationinAnnexD/D10).

With regard tomuseum and community projects the VirtualMuseum Valle Calore141 provides an

illustrativeexample.ThemuseumemployedARIADNELandscapeServicestoproduceamodelofthe

Hirpiniaregion(SouthernItaly)annotatedwithtexts,imagesandvideosabouthistoricalepisodesof

thearea.Thevirtualmuseumallowstravellingintimeandspace,learningabouthistoryandculture

oftheterritory,guidedbyprotagonistsofatwenty-centuryhistorytodiscoversecretsoftheHirpinia

landscape.


CIDOC-CRMextensionandmappings

TheCIDOC-CRMinitiallyhasbeendevelopedforthedocumentationand integrationof information

aboutartefactsheldbymuseumsandotherheritageinstitutions.Theconceptualreferencemodelis

an ISO standard since 2006 (ISO21127:2006, renewedas ISO21127:2014).WithinARIADNE several

CIDOC-CRMextensionshavebeencreatedorenhancedwhichtogetherformtheARIADNEReference

Model.Thismodelisintendedtoallowtheaccuratedocumentationofcomplexentitiesandrelations

of archaeological/scientific observations and analysis, data integration and search, involving

reasoning over the distributed data and knowledge. The CIDOC-CRM extensions cover docu-

mentation and metadata of archaeological excavations (CRMarchaeo), ancient/historic buildings

(CRMba), scientific observations and argumentation (CRMsci, CRMinf), spatio-temporal relations

(CRMgeo),anddigitisationprocesses(CRMdig).

Archaeological institutionsandprojectscannowmodelandintegratebettervariousdataresources

using the CIDOC-CRM with appropriate extensions. This has been exemplified by mappings of a

numberofrepresentativedatabases,includingdatabasesoffieldwork,findsandmonuments,burials

and finds such as coins. A new tool, theMappingMemoryManager (3M) has been developed by

ARIADNEpartnerFORTH-ICStofacilitatethemappingprocessandthemappingvalidation.Theweb-

based application eases the mapping of database schemas to the CIDOC-CRM and selected

extensionsandmay contribute toawideruptakeof theCIDOC-CRMbyarchaeological institutions

andprojects.

CHARMmodels

Researchers of project partner CSIC-Incipit offer the Cultural Heritage Abstract Reference Model

(CHARM) which can be used for light-weight modelling of documentation of humanities project,

140Zamani(UniversityofCapeTown,GeomaticsDivision),http://www.zamaniproject.org/index.php/3d-model-

viewer.html141Asanexample:VirtualMuseumValleCalore,http://www.archeovirtual.it/index.php/valle-calore/


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includingarchaeology.CHARMisexpressed intheirconceptualmodelling languageConMLandcan

beextendedtocreatemodelswhichbestsuittheparticularneedsofdifferentprojects.

In ARIADNE CSIC-Incipit hasmade available a programming library that can be usedwith CHARM

models,i.e.amodellingenginecapableofstoringandmanipulatingConMLmodels,andexamplesof

such models. The library can be used by software developers who want to create systems for

processing archaeologicalmodels that are based on CHARM.Models expressed in CHARM can be

exportedinSKOSorOWLformatsandusedinLinkedDataenvironments.

LinkedDatamethods

ARIADNEpartnersdevelopedandemployedLinkedDatamethodsforintegrationofvocabulariesand

metadatawithin theproject, andprepared theground for further linkingof resourcesbeyond the

ARIADNEpoolofresources.

Enablinginteroperabilityandcross-searchingofdatarecordsfromseveralprovidersandindifferent

languagesbasedonsubjectsrequiredmappingoftermsoftheirthesauri(ortermlists)toconceptsof

acommonsemantic“hub”.Thereforepartnershadtomapsubjecttermstheyuseindatarecordsto

the comprehensiveArt&Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) that is available in the LinkedData format

SKOS.

Over6400mappingswereconducted,withmappingsbyindividualpartnersrangingfrombelow100

toover1600terms.Termsfrom27vocabulariesemployedby12projectpartnershavebeenmapped

to the AAT. For example, the Institut National des Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (Inrap)

uses many terms of the PACTOLS thesaurus for the subject metadata of their catalogue of

archaeological reports (DOLIA). In total1634PACTOLS termshavebeenmapped to theAAT.Most

partnersusedthemappingtoolsprovidedbyUSW(whichareavailableopensource).

Furthermore, ARIADNE partners produced and helped others to produce vocabularies in SKOS

format.Suchworkhasbeencarriedoutbefore,inparallelto,orwithinARIADNE.Oneexampleofa

parallel development in the UK SENESCHAL project is the set of major British Heritage Data

vocabularieswhichare freelyavailable inSKOS format togetherwithweb servicesandwizards for

semantic tagging of data. An example of a vocabulary development supported by ARIADNE is the

multi-lingual dendrochronology vocabulary in SKOS formatof theDigital Collaboratory for Cultural

Dendrochronology(DCCD,hostedbyDANS).

There isan increasingcollaborationon,andsharingof,LinkedDatavocabularies,andARIADNEhas

contributedtothisdevelopment.Togivebutonefurtherexample:ARIADNEpartnerscollectedand

providedthePeriodOservicewithasetof659periods(PaleolithictoModerntimes)for24European

countries.PeriodOassignsuniqueresourceidentifiers(URIs)toperiodinformationwhichallowsclear

andstable linkingofdataresourceswhichconcernthesameperiod.Anewservicecomponenthas

beenincludedintheMoReaggregatorofAthena-DCUtoattachPeriodOURIstoperiodinformation

inrecordscollectedforARIADNE.ARIADNEpromotestheuseofPeriodOtoallowwiderinterlinking

ofdatabasedonchronologiesinLinkedDatainitiatives.

A sectionof theARIADNEportal includes four servicesof vocabularies in SKOS format that canbe

usedforterminology lookupandaligningand linkingvocabularyanddataresources.Thesearethe

UKHeritageData vocabularies (mentioned above), the Thesaurus RA (Reperti Archeologici) of the

Italian Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation (ICCD) for objects coming from

archaeologicalexcavations(theSKOSversionisbeingcuratedbyMiBAC-ICCUandPINVastLab),and

theiDAI.gazetteerandiDAI.vocaboftheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute(DAI).iDAI.vocabcomprises

ofseveralthesauriofarchaeologicalterminologyindifferentlanguages.


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Dataminingtechniques

Pattern mining in Linked Data to support archaeological hypothesis has been trialled by Leiden

University togetherwithassociatedpartnerVUAmsterdam.Theworkproduced interesting results

concerningarchaeologicaldata.Anexaminationof(few)availablesetsofarchaeologicalLinkedData

foundthattheseconsistedlargelyofflatdatastructuresanddescriptivevalues.Thesewereunlikely

to allow patternmining for hypothesis generationwhich archaeologists indicated as relevant in a

userrequirementsstudyoftheresearchgroup.Thestudyalsofoundthatthearchaeologistswould

onlyconsiderresultsofadataminingapplicationifthesecanbeinterpretedeasilyandthemethods

employedareunderstandableandtrustable.

Tohaveamore complex setof LinkedData thegroupgenerated LinkedDataof73 richmetadata

recordsofarchaeological fieldworkdocumentationaccordingtotheDutchSIKB0102protocol.The

protocol schemawasmodelled in CIDOC-CRM, including the EnglishHeritage extension (CRM-EH).

FurthermoreArcheologischBasisregister(ABR)thesaurioftheDutchCulturalHeritageAgencyhave

beenpreparedforuseinthetransformationofSIKB0102XMLdocumentstoRDF.Agraphdatabase

hasbeensetupandpopulatedwiththeRDFdata.

Thedatahasbeenexploredwithadataminingpipelinedevelopedbytheresearchgroup(MINoS-

MINing on Semantics). Responding to selected archaeologic topics, methods, etc. the pipeline

outputs potentially interesting patterns in the Linked Data. Outputs can be (facet) browsed or

examined algorithmically using pre-sets. The research results have been encouraging from a

technical perspective but still of partial utility froman archaeological perspective.Domain experts

were surprisedby the rangeofpatterns thatwerediscovered,althoughmost could reasonablybe

inferredjustbasedonexperienceandarchaeologicalknowledge.Intheframeworkofanexperiment

suchasthisone,thisisactuallyapositiveresultfortheabsenceof“falsepositives”.

The results confirmed a strong dependence of the usefulness of pattern mining for hypothesis

generation on the granularity of knowledge embodied in datasets of Linked Data. For archaeo-

logicallyrelevantresultsfine-grainedsemanticdataisnecessary,whichmeanssufficientcomplexity

of the structural features (i.e. ontologies) and specific information, ideally including literal and

numerical values. Linked Data that fulfils these criteria may allow providing relevant results for

archaeologists.

Naturallanguageprocessingtechniques

In ARIADNE Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been employed for two purposes: extraction,

indexingand linkingofmetadata fromarchaeological reports (“grey literature”),and identification,

extractionandanalysisofdescriptionof researchmethodsandprocesses inreports.Bothmachine

learningbasedandrule-basedNamedEntityRecognition(NER)andinformationextractionhavebeen

experimentedwithusefulresults.

Formachine learning basedNER ametadata extractionweb application has been developed. The

application includes an annotation tool for collecting machine training data, techniques for

clustering, labelling and ranking the NER output, and export of selectedmetadata in a variety of

formats. The application has been developed for the ADS Grey Literature Library, but may be

adapted and implemented also by other repositories for English language documents (the code is

available).FurthermoreADSprovidesaNERserviceAPIforexternaluserstogeneratemetadatafor

theirdatamanagementsystems.

Project partner USW developed and trialled NER and information extraction from archaeological

reports in different languages with their GATE-based OPTIMA semantic annotation system. The

published results include improvedmethods for preparing vocabularies in different languages for

NLP tasks,customizedmatchingand informationextraction forarchaeological terms,andpipelines


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for rule-basedNLPof reports inEnglish,DutchandSwedish.ThepipelinesareavailableonGitHub

andrunonthewidelyemployedGATEopensourceNLPplatform.ResultsofNLPofarchaeological

reports in the different languages together with extracts from datasets have been included in a

demonstrator of CIDOC-CRM and AAT based semantic integration and cross-searching of

information.

NLP-based work on description of research methods and processes in archaeological reports has

beencarriedoutbyARIADNEpartnersCSIC-IncipitandAIACincollaborationwithresearchersofthe

Centre de Recherche en Informatique at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. The experiments

employedanautomatictool(TextProcessMiner)thathasbeendevelopedutilizingPythonNLTKand

other NLP libraries/components. The tool employs NLP techniques with a focus on the verb

semantics for methods/activity mining and rule-based mechanisms for activity relationships

detection (basedon i.e. sequence, parallelismandmutual exclusion).Ademonstrationof thisNLP

approachforthedetection,extractionandanalysisofmethoddescriptioninarchaeologicalreports,

including evaluation by a domain expert, provided encouraging results. The tools of the research

prototypearenotyetavailableforgeneraluse.

ARIADNEVisualMediaandLandscapeServices

InARIADNE’sDescriptionofWorknoindicatorsforthisfieldofresearch&developmenthavebeen

defined.Butadvanced imagingsolutions (i.e. reflectancetransformation images)and3Dmodelsof

artefactsand terrainsareessential inarchaeological researchdocumentationanddissemination.A

highdemandforservicesthateasethepublicationandaccesstosuchmediahasbeenexpressedin

ARIADNEuserworkshopsandtraining.

The ARIADNE Visual Media and Landscape Services enable effective generation, publication,

visualization and exploration of different media types in high-resolution and different interaction

modalities.Theseservicesalreadyarebeingusedbymanyprojects:

o The Visual Media Service (CNR-ISTI) for high-resolution images, reflectance transformation

images(RTI)and3DmodelsisavailablesinceApril2015.Sincethenithasbeenusedtoprocess,

publish and visualise over 400 3D and other visual media. The service is accessed by several

hundredusers (dataproducers and visitors) permonth,with increasing figuresof access since

2016.

o Launched inspring2016, theARIADNELandscapeServices (CNR-ITABC)arebeingemployedby

archaeology and heritage research, training and dissemination projects (i.e. virtualmuseums).

Over300multi-resolutionterraindatabaseshavealreadybeenprocessedandresultsprovidedin

contentgalleriesonthecloud-basedplatform.

Theservicesgreatlyadvancethecapabilityofawiderangeofuserstoeffectivelygenerate,publish,

visualizeandstudyonlinehigh-resolutionvisualcontent(i.e.3Dmodels)innovelways.Theseinclude

archaeological research projects, digital archives, e-journals, museums and other heritage

institutions. For example, digital humanities projects and e-journals increasingly are looking for

possibilities to provide media-rich research publications comprising of the papers and underlying

data(evidence)presentedashigh-resolution3DmodelsorRTIimages.


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4.7 E-researchframeworksanddemonstrators


Theterme-researchgenerallyreferstotheuseof ICTtools/servicesanddataresourcestosupport

current and emerging new forms of web-based research. ARIADNE does not prescribe e-research

methodologiesbutaimstosupportresearchersanddatamanagers/repositorieswithusefulservices,

toolsandotherresources.Thevariousresourceshavebeendescribedinprevioussections.

This section describes a number of demonstrators which present innovative capabilities these

resources enable. The demonstrators use different methods, tools/services and vocabularies to

enhance the discovery, access to, and (re-)use of data for research purposes. The demonstrators

have been developed in different project work packages. This section gives a summary of the

demonstratorswhicharedescribedingreaterdetailinAnnexD.Furthermorethesectionsummarises

resultsofaworkpackagethatspecificallylookedintocurrente-archaeologypracticesandsuggested

thatonenextstepofARIADNEcouldbetoprovideVirtualResearchEnvironments(VREs)ontopofor

relatedtotheARIADNEe-infrastructureandservices.


o Archaeologicale-researchframeworksestablished.

o At least 10 pilot projects completed demonstrating an innovative approach using ARIADNE’s

tools.

Morespecificand/oradditionalindicators:Theconceptofarchaeological“e-researchframeworks”

requiressomeexplanationalsotakingaccountofthefocusoftheARIADNEproject.Thisexplanation

is given in the first section below. The section also summarises the exploration of e-archaeology

practicesandpotentialsupportofsuchpracticesbyARIADNE.

4.7.2 Archaeologicale-researchframeworksandVREs

In archaeology e-research is conducted along the whole research process, in fieldwork (e.g. data

capture with various digital tools) and post-fieldwork data processing, analysis and publication of

researchresults.Inthesuccessivestepsoftheresearchprocessdifferente-researchframeworksare

applied, e.g. when researchers collect data, build and analyse research databases, and present

researchresultsonline.Moreoverdifferentfieldsofarchaeologicalresearchusedifferentmethods,

tools and data resources, for example, studies in classical archaeology versus environmental

archaeology.

ARIADNEfocusesonenablingdiscovery,accesstoanduseofdataacrossdistributeddigitalarchives.

Theprojectdoesnotprovidetools/services forcapturingdata in the field,butsupportse-research

based on data that is being shared and accessible online. The creation of the ARIADNE e-

infrastructureanddataportalisanessentialachievementinthearchaeologicaldomainasitprovides

a common platform where dispersed data resources can be uniformly described, discovered and

accessed.Atthesametimeitisasteptowardstheevenmoreambitiousgoalofprovidingintegrated

services and tools capable to support alsoweb-based researchbeyonddata discovery and access.

ARIADNE already supports such research in several ways, for example by enabling access to

documentationofsitesandfindsindifferentcountries,whichmaybeusedforcomparativestudies,

orprovidingservicesforonlinepublicationandexplorationofvisualmedia(e.g.2D/3Dinformation

objects).

Onenextstep in the futuredevelopmentof theARIADNEe-infrastructurecouldbethecreationof

VirtualResearchEnvironments(VREs)implementedonorrelatedtotheARIADNEdataportal.VREs


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areweb-basedresearchenvironmentsfordomainandcross-domainresearchwhichoffergenerice-

infrastructures services (e.g. data discovery and access) and specific services and tools research

communitiesneedfordifferenttasksandtypesofdata.TheARIADNEprojecthasnotbeencharged

todevelopVREsforresearchersindifferentfieldsofarchaeology,butpreparedthegroundforsuch

environmentsbasedon thee-infrastructure services (i.e. dataportal) andadditional tools/services

fordataintegration,visualizationand(re-)use.

Thetopicofe-archaeologyframeworksandVREshasbeenexploredinARIADNE’sWP17,Innovation

in Archaeological Research Methodology (ARIADNE 2017j). The study found that the e-research

scenarioofVREshasnotyetreachedthearchaeologicalresearchcommunity.Thisislikelytochange

inthenextfewyearsasevermorere-usabledatawillbesharedthroughdigitalarchivesandresearch

tasks can be conductedmore effectively online. ARIADNE contributes to this development as the

projectintegratesdatafromdistributedarchivesandprovidesaplatformandportalonwhichfuture

VREscanbuild.

ThestudyresultssuggestthatthereismuchpotentialforARIADNEtoprovideVREs,withtheproviso

that the data infrastructure and services will have to take account of the multi-disciplinarity of

archaeologicalresearch,particularlydifferentdatastandardsandvocabulariesthatarebeingusedby

differentresearchspecialities.Thestudyalsoincludesanumberofcasestudies.Thesecasestudies

looked into current practices, existing shortcomings and potential advances of e-archaeology in

differentresearchfieldsorwithregardtodifferentdata(i.e.physicalanthropology,archaeobotany,

aerialphotographyor3Darchaeology).

TheWP17casestudiesaredifferentfromthoseofthepilotexperiments(demonstrators)conducted

inotherprojectworkpackages.Theseemployedtheadvancedtools/servicesanddatasetsdeveloped

in ARIADNE to demonstrate their innovative capabilities. TheWP17 case studies did not produce

technicaldemonstrators.The focuswason thecurrent stateofe-archaeology indifferent fieldsof

archaeologicalresearch,perceiveddifficulties,andrequirementsforprogresstowardsinnovativee-

archaeology,possiblybasedonVREs.

Theportfolioofdifferentpilotexperiments (demonstrators)andcasestudiesmaypromotefurther

researchanddevelopmentforinnovativesolutionsbuildingontheARIADNEdatainfrastructureand

services.Wedonotexpect,however, thatnovel archaeological e-researchpracticeswill bedriven

mainly by advances in technological applications, changes in research collaboration (e.g. open

sharingofre-useabledata)willbejustasorevenmoreimportant.

4.7.3 Demonstratorsofinnovativecapabilities

This section briefly describes the demonstrators which present innovative capabilities enabled by

ARIADNEservices/tools,models,vocabulariesanddatasets.12demonstratorshavebeenreported,

thetargetwas“atleast10”.Thedemonstratorshavebeenproducedorenabledbasedonresultsof

different projectwork packages and therefore are described in different deliverables. Thepresent

reportprovidesdescriptionsofalldemonstratorswhichareincludedasAnnexD.

Mostofthedemonstratorshadanexperimentalcharacter,i.e.integrationofvariousdatabasedon

theextendedCIDOC-CRMandother vocabularies, i.e.Art&ArchitectureThesaurus,Archeologisch

Basisregister(Netherlands),Nomismaontology(numismatics),EncyclopediaofLife(speciesnames),

iDAI.gazetteer, among others. Advanced capability to search data resources and identify relevant

relatedinformationhasbeendemonstrated.Otherdemonstratorsareclosetooralreadyproductive

solutions that are being used by ARIADNE partners and others (i.e. Visual Media and Landscape

Services). The experimental and other demonstrators concern different subjects (i.e. coins,

sculptures, wooden material, animal bones, and others) and use different datasets of ARIADNE

partnersand/orexternaldataresources.


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Among the tools and services employed are FORTH-ICS’MappingMemoryManager (3M); USW’s

VocabularyMatchingTool,STELETO(transformationoftabulardata)andOPTIMA(naturallanguage

processing of fieldwork reports); and 3D models generation, publication and visualisation

tools/services (3DHOP, Visual Media Service, Landscape Factory), the latter provided by CNR

laboratories(CNR-ISTI,CNR-ITABC).

Theintendedusersoftheinnovativecapabilitiesareresearchers,datamanagersandintegrators,and

developers of novel tools and services. For example, research projects can use the 3DHOP-based

Visual Media Service to effectively publish and allow exploration of 3D models or Reflectance

TransformationImages.Thesecanalsobeemployedbydatarepositoriesande-journalstoprovide

enhancedaccesstosuchcontent.

Somedemonstratorsfocusedonorincludedinnovativeapproachesfor(meta-)dataextractionbased

on Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and linking of the data based on various

vocabularies. This is in line with the overall focus of ARIADNE on making data resources better

accessible and more useful. For example Archaeology Data Service developed a web-based

applicationandAPIforextractingmetadatafromdocumentssuchasfieldworkreports(i.e.ADSGrey

LiteratureLibrary).TheAPIalsootherdatamanagementsystemscanusetogeneratemetadataand

improvedatasearch&retrieval.

Dataset integrators that need tomap subjects of datasetmetadata to a common vocabulary will

benefit from employing the interactive VocabularyMapping Tool. Furthermore use of the CIDOC-

CRMandrecentextensions iseasedbytheavailableMappingMemoryManager (3M).Expertise in

theintegrationofarchaeologicaldatabasedonvocabulariesandLinkedDataiscurrentlylimitedtoa

smallcommunityofresearchersanddevelopers.Theknowledgebaseneedstobeexpandedinorder

toachieve furtherprogress in the linkingofarchaeologicaldatasets.Availableproductive toolscan

help a larger community of producers with sufficient knowledge in Linked Data principles and

methods(cf.ARIADNE2017f).


E-archaeologyframeworks

The creation of the ARIADNE e-infrastructure and data portal is an essential achievement for the

archaeological domain as it provides a common platformwhere dispersed data resources can be

uniformly described, discovered and accessed. One next step could be the creation of Virtual

ResearchEnvironments(VREs)fore-archaeology,implementedontopoforrelatedtotheARIADNE

e-infrastructure.

VREsareweb-basedresearchenvironmentswhichoffergenerice-infrastructuresservices(e.g.data

discovery and access) and specific services and tools research communities need for different

research tasks and types of data. ARIADNE already offers some e-research services like the visual

mediaand landscapeservices,whichenableeffectiveonlinepublicationandexplorationof images

(e.g.ReflectanceTransformationImaging-RTI)and3Dmodelsofobjectsandlandscapes.

The ARIADNE project has not been charged to develop VREs for researchers in different fields of

archaeology,butpreparedthegroundforsuchenvironmentsbasedonthee-infrastructureservices

(i.e.dataportal)andadditionaltools/servicesfordataintegration,visualizationand(re-)use.

The project has studied the current state of e-archaeology in different fields of archaeological

research, perceived difficulties, and requirements for progress towards innovative e-archaeology,

possibly based on VREs. The study results suggest that there is much potential for ARIADNE to

provideVREs,withtheprovisothatthedatainfrastructureandserviceswillhavetotakeaccountof


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the multi-disciplinarity of archaeological research, particularly different data standards and

vocabulariesthatarebeingusedbydifferentresearchspecialities.

Demonstratorsofinnovativecapabilities

Project partners developed demonstrators of innovative capabilities that are enabled by ARIADNE

services/tools,models,vocabulariesanddatasets.12demonstratorshavebeenreported,thetarget

was“atleast10”;thereportincludesadocumentationofeachdemonstrator.Theintendedusersof

theinnovativecapabilitiesareresearchers,datamanagersandintegrators,anddevelopersofnovel

toolsandservices.Someof thedemonstratorshadanexperimentalcharacter, i.e.data integration

based on the extended CIDOC-CRM and different vocabularies. These demonstrated advanced

capabilitytosearchdataresourcesandidentifyrelevantrelatedinformation.Othersareclosetoor

alreadyproductivesolutionsthatarebeingusedbyARIADNEpartnersandothers(i.e.VisualMedia

andLandscapeServices).


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5 Programmeimpactindicatorsandresults

The previous chapter presents the results of the impact evaluation based on the set of indicators

definedintheDescriptionofWork(GrantAgreement). Inadditionwetakeaccountofanumberof

expectedbroaderimpactsofIntegratingActivitiesstatedintheWorkProgramme2012forResearch

Infrastructures(seeAnnexA).Belowweaddresseachoftheseimpactswhichcanbesummarisedas

follows:

o StructuringimpactontheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)andcoordinatedevolutionofresearch

infrastructuresinthetargetsector,

o Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofresearchinfrastructures,

o Cross-disciplinary fertilisations and sharing of knowledge and technologies across fields of

researchandbeyond,includingpotentialforindustrialinnovation.

These impactsare formulatedgenericallyandconcernall typesofResearch Infrastructures, i.e.do

notconsideressentialdifferencesbetweenRIs.Furthermoretheyrelatetobroaderschemes(e.g.the

European Research Area) and concern assumptions, for example, that RIs have the potential to

enablecross-disciplinaryfertilisationandindustrialinnovation.Thereforeitisnecessarytoexplicate

thebackgroundoftheexpectationsandunderlyingassumptions,andshowhowARIADNEactivities,

which relate toaparticular typeofRI (ane-infrastructure integratingdigitalarchives/repositories),

have achieved outcomes in line with the expected impacts. Addressing these outcomes allows

highlightingachievementsofARIADNEwhicharenotobviousbasedonthespecificsetofindicators

employedaccordingtotheDescriptionofWork.

5.1 StructuringimpactontheERAandevolutionofRIs

ExpectedimpactsstatedintheWorkProgramme:“astructuringimpactontheERAandontheway

research infrastructures operate, evolve and interact with similar facilities and with their users.

Operatorsofinfrastructureswilldevelopsynergiesandcomplementarycapabilitiesinsuchawayas

toofferanimprovedaccesstoresearchersandtodeveloptheirinnovationpotential.”

5.1.1 Background

The European Research Area (ERA) initiative has been launched by the European Commission in

2000.Theoverallaimsoftheinitiativearetoco-ordinateandintegratetheresearchandinnovation

activitiesandresourcesat the levelofboththeMemberStatesandtheEuropeanUnion.Research

Infrastructures (RIs)areonepillarof theERAwhich isaddressedunder theERApriorityofoptimal

transnationalco-operationandcompetition(EuropeanCommission2012:9-10)142.

In the context of ARIADNE the main relevant RIs are e-infrastructures, more specifically digital

archivesandintegratingdatainfrastructureandservices.In2008,theERAExpertGrouphighlighted

e-infrastructuresasessential for the furtherdevelopmentof theERAas theycanconnectresearch

communities within and across different scientific disciplines, provide online access to research

content/data,andnetworking,computingandotherresources(ERAExpertGroup2008:10and24-

27).

142EuropeanCommission,EuropeanResearchArea:Optimaltransnationalco-operationandcompetition,

http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/optimal-transnational-co-operation-and-competition_en.htm


139

In the Communication “A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and

Growth”(2012)theEuropeanCommissionemphasisedtheimportanceofresearche-infrastructures

(eRIs) for e-Science, “As most knowledge creation and transfer uses digital means, all barrierspreventing seamless online access to digital research services for collaboration, computing andaccessing scientific information (e-Science) and to e-infrastructures must also be removed bypromotingadigitalERA”.TheCommissionalsostated that it“willworkwithe-IRGtopromote thealignmentofEUandnationalapproachestoeRIdevelopmentanduse”,and“proposearoadmapfore-infrastructure development to support e-Science through open access to research tools andresources”(cf.EuropeanCommission2012a:9-10and13-14)

Inthelast10yearsconsiderableinvestmentshavebeenmadeattheEuropeanandnationallevelsin

research e-infrastructures for different disciplines. But the e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-

IRG)143, since 2003 the main advisory body for European e-infrastructures, notes insufficient

coordinationamongtheexistinge-infrastructures,andasksallstakeholderstoincreasecoherenceof

activities such as sharing of ICT and data resources (“e-Infrastructure Commons”). The goals are

enablingsynergies,cost-effectivenessandsustainabilityofICT-enhancedresearch(e-science)within

and across disciplines (e-IRG 2013). The European Science Foundation with regard to e-infra-

structuresforthehumanitiesnotes:“Digitalinfrastructuresaredevelopingrapidlybutunevenly,andthere is an urgent need for coordination, standardisation and sharing of experience to preventunnecessaryduplicationandtheatomisationofgoodinitiatives”(EuropeanScienceFoundation2011:2).

ARIADNE,asthecoreEU-fundedIntegratingActivityprojectinthefieldofarchaeology,clearlyhasa

roletoplaywithregardtostructuringtheERAinthisfieldaswellasensuringacoordinatedevolution

ofe-infrastructuresforculturalheritageandhumanitiesresearchingeneral.Belowwepresentwhat

ARIADNEhasachievedintheseregards.

5.1.2 StructuringimpactontheERAinthefieldofarchaeology

ARIADNE’s primary objective has been to build an e-infrastructure that allows institutions and

researchers share, access and (re-)use data resources as needed for progress and innovation in

archaeological research. This core European e-infrastructure for archaeological data and the

communitybuiltaround it fostercoordinationofstakeholdersat theEuropeanandnational levels,

providing direction for and preventing fragmentation of efforts for datamobilisation, sharing and

integration.

The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI)144 in their Roadmap 2016

acknowledgesARIADNE’ssuccessinbuildinga(digital)researchcommunity,“quicklygrowinginthefield of archaeology”, and its role as the leading integrator of archaeological research datainfrastructures:“InthearchaeologicalsciencestheARIADNEnetworkdevelopedoutofthevitalneedtodevelopinfrastructuresforthemanagementandintegrationofarchaeologicaldataataEuropeanlevel.AsadigitalinfrastructureforarchaeologicalresearchARIADNEbringstogetherandintegratesexisting archaeological research data infrastructures so that researchers can use the variousdistributeddatasetsandtechnologies”(ESFRI2016:52and175).

The European Archaeological Council (EAC), which comprises of heads of national services

responsibleunder lawfor themanagementof thearchaeologicalheritage in theCouncilofEurope

memberstates,encouragesinstitutionstocollaboratewithARIADNE:“Itisessentialtoencouragethedevelopment of European data-sharing networks and projects in the field of archaeology. The

143e-IRG-e-InfrastructuresReflectionGroup,http://www.e-irg.eu

144ESFRI,http://www.esfri.eu


140

ARIADNE project is an excellent European initiative in this regard and participation in this projectshouldbestronglyencouraged”(EAC2015:21).

While initially focusedon the integrationof datasets fromARIADNEpartner countries, theproject

has signed cooperation agreementswith archaeological and cultural heritage institutions of other

Europeancountries(Denmark,Iceland,Lithuania,NorwayandPortugal)aswellasinvolvedotherson

an informal basis, in total 65 institutions (see Section 4.1.2). Furthermore, ARIADNE has signed

cooperationagreementswithinstitutionsandprojectsinAustralia,IsraelandtheUnitedStates,and

established liaisons and collaborative activities with others on an informal basis, in total 19

institutionsandprojects(seeSection4.1.3).

5.1.3 Coordinatedevolutionofresearche-infrastructures

Regularcoordinationamonge-infrastructuresattheEuropeanlevelisnecessarytoensurecommon

policies and interoperability of digital resources as required by researchers in the humanities and

heritagesciences,includingarchaeology.Coordinationenablessynergiesamongprojects,sharingof

resources(data,tools/services),cross-fertilisationandinterdisciplinaryapproaches.

ARIADNE has contributed substantially to the coordination and knowledge exchange among the

relevantinitiativesfore-infrastructuresanddigitalresources.Theseinitiativesinclude:

o DARIAH - Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities (ERIC): promotes ICT-

supportedresearchandteachingacrossthehumanitiesandarts.DARIAHhasbeendevelopedas

anESFRIRoadmapprojectandbecameanERIC (legalentity);EUsupport is continued through

theHumanitiesatScale(HaS-DARIAH)project(H2020,9/2015-8/2017)145;

o CLARIN-CommonLanguageResourcesandTechnologyInitiative/Infrastructure(ERIC):provides

networkedaccessforscholarsinthehumanitiestodigitallanguagedataandtoolsofrepositories

and research centres. CLARINhasbeenan ESFRIRoadmapproject; theCLARINERIC and its e-

infrastructurearenowentirelyfundedbytheparticipatingcountries146;

o Europeana-Thegatewaytodigitalcontentofarchives,librariesandmuseumacrossEurope:was

initiallynotconceivedasane-infrastructureforresearchbutnowincludesEuropeanaResearch,

whichaimstoprovidetoolsandservicesforhumanitiesresearchers147;

o CENDARI-CollaborativeEuropeanDigitalArchiveInfrastructure:mobilisedandintegrateddigital

archivesforthemedievalandWorldWarOneeras148;

o IPERION-CH-IntegratedPlatformfortheEuropeanResearchInfrastructureonCulturalHeritage:

develops a distributed European research infrastructure for heritage science, restoration and

conservation;it involves23partnersandbuildsonoutcomesoftheprojectsEU-ARTECH(2004-

2009)andCHARISMA(2009-2013)149;

o PARTHENOS - Pooling Activities, Resources and Tools for Heritage E-research Networking,

OptimizationandSynergies:buildsonexistinge-infrastructuresofCLARIN,DARIAH,CENDARIand

otherstoenablecross-disciplinaryresearchinthefieldsofhumanitiesandculturalheritage150;

145DARIAH,https://www.dariah.eu

146CLARIN,http://www.clarin.eu

147EuropeanaResearch,http://research.europeana.eu

148CENDARI(FP7,2/2012-1/2016),http://www.cendari.eu

149IPERION-CH(H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.iperionch.eu

150PARTHENOS(H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.parthenos-project.eu


141

o E-RIHS - European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science: is a new initiative for a

distributed RI on the ESFRI Roadmap 2016 aimed to support cross-disciplinary research

communities in the documentation, preservation, interpretation and management of cultural

and natural heritage. E-RIHSwill provide access to scientific infrastructures (analytical physics

methods), services/tools, physical collections and repositories for data storage, analysis and

interpretation(ESFRI2016:52)151.

The following paragraphs highlight activities which supported the coordinated evolution of e-

infrastructuresforthehumanitiesandheritagesciencesinEurope.

Facilitationandcontributionstoknowledgeexchange

ARIADNEfacilitatedandcontributedtotheregularexchangebetweene-infrastructureprojects, for

examplethefollowing16conferences,workshopsandmeetings.Intheseevents,rangingfromlarge

conferences to executive meetings, 800 people (conservative estimate) have been present when

partnerspresentedanddiscussedARIADNEresultswithothere-infrastructurerepresentatives:

o ARIADNE Final Event: Unlocking the Potential of Digital Archaeological Data (Florence, 15-16December2016):representativesofDARIAH-EUandofthenewESFRIprojectE-RIHS-European

ResearchInfrastructureforHeritageSciencegavepresentations;alsoLeonarddeWit,President

of the European Archaeological Council, and Felipe Criado-Boado, President of the European

AssociationofArchaeologistsgavethoughtfulpresentationsonthecurrentstateandprospects

ofthesectorinthecomingyears.

o LesrencontresdelaTGIRHuma-Num(Lyon-Ecully,France,10-13October2016):Conferenceof

the French digital humanities infrastructure with a focus on harmonization of open access

policiesandresourcesinvolvingrepresentativesofEuropeanprojects,Huma-Numconsortia(i.e.

Consortium Mémoire des Archéologues et des Sites Archéologiques - MASA) and digital

humanitieslabs;participationofFORTH-ICSandMiBAC-ICCU.

o Group of European Data Experts of the Research Data Alliance Europe (GEDE-RDA): ThecoordinatorofARIADNEandthehumanitiese-infrastructuresclusterprojectPARTHENOS,prof.

Franco Niccolucci, since July 2016 participates in GEDE-RA152. The expert group comprises of

directorsofresearchinfrastructureprojectsandaimstoprovidetheEuropeanCommissionwith

recommendationsondataissues.

o Italian-German Workshop on Technology and Infrastructures for Cultural Heritage (Berlin, 12April 2016): involved representatives of heritage science laboratories and e-infrastructure

initiatives (ARIADNE, E-RIHS, IPERION-CH and PARTHENOS), with participation of ARIADNE

partnersCNR-ISTI,DAI,MiBAC-ICCUandPIN.153

o European Open Science Cloud (EOSC): Connecting users and providers in the EOSC, thirdcommunityworkshop (Amsterdam, 7April 2016): Participation of representatives of RI cluster

initiatives (ASTERISC, CORBEL, ENVRIplus), EGI.eu, EIROForum (natural sciences research

facilities), OpenAIRE and citizen science initiatives (Socientize, Iber civis)154. Prof. F. Niccolucci

151E-RIHS(expectedESFRIpreparatoryphase2017-2019),http://www.e-rihs.eu

152ResearchDataAlliance:GroupofEuropeanDataExpertsinRDA,https://rd-alliance.org/groups/gede-group-

european-data-experts-rda153Italian-GermanworkshoponTechnologyandinfrastructuresforCulturalHeritageprogramme,

http://ww2.smb.museum/smb/media/news/56895/ProgrammRoundTable_It-

Ger_Workshop_Berlin_2016.pdf154EuropeanOpenScienceCloud-ThirdCommunityWorkshop,

https://indico.egi.eu/indico/event/2875/session/21/?slotId=0#20160407


142

(PIN)participatedonbehalfofPARTHENOS (humanitiesRIs cluster)andARIADNE.Previouslya

positionpaperonthearchaeologicalresearchcommunityperspectivehasbeenprovidedtothe

EOSCStakeholderWorkshopinBrussels,29November2015,organisedbytheHighLevelExpert

GroupontheEOSC(Niccolucci&Ronzino2015).155

o EuropeanResearchInfrastructuresforHeritageScience–E-RIHS2015(Florence,June30toJuly3,2015),whichinvolvedthekick-offoftheprojectsIPERION-CHandPARTHENOS.

156

o Research Infrastructures and e-Infrastructures for Cultural Heritage (Rome, 13-14 November

2014),withparticipationofCENDARI,CLARIN,DARIAH,EuropeanaResearch,JointProgramming

Initiative (JPI) on Cultural Heritage and Global Change157, and European Commission officials

(organisedbyMiBAC-ICCUandPIN.158

o DanishHumanitiesResearchInfrastructuresmeeting(Aarhus,Denmark,May2014),participation

byARIADNEcoordinatorPIN.

o Second International Conference onResearch Infrastructures - ICRI 2014, Athens, 2April 2014,participationofAthenaRCandPIN.

159

o Facing the Future: European Research Infrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciencesconference (Berlin, 21-22 November 2013), initiated by the Social and Cultural Innovation

StrategyWorkingGroupofESFRIand theGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch,

andhostedby theEuropeanFederationofAcademiesofSciencesandHumanities (ALLEA)and

the German Data Forum. The overall goal of the conference was to outline a roadmap for

strengtheningEuropeane-infrastructuresforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;participationof

PINandSND.160

o Data Service Infrastructure for the Social Sciences and Humanities (DASISH) workshop(Gothenburg,4-5October2013):coordinationmeetingof infrastructuresandprojectsactive in

the social sciences (CESSDA, DwB, ESS, InGRID, SHARE) and humanities (CENDARI, CHARISMA,

CLARIN,DARIAH,EHRIandARIADNE,representedbyPIN);meetingreportDASISH(2013).

o CulturalHeritageCreativeToolsandArchives(CHCTA)workshop(Copenhagen,26-27June2013):participationofhumanitiese-infrastructuresARIADNE(representedbyADS),CENDARI,DARIAH,

EHRIandotherprojects(e.g.EuropeanaCloud,3D-ICONSandNeDiMAHAthena-DCU)161.

o ParticipationinDARIAHmeetingsindifferentcountries,i.e.DARIAHVCCmeeting(Copenhagen,6

September2013),DARIAHAustria(Graz,20November2013),LaunchofDARIAHGreece(Athens,

Greece,7April2014),DARIAHIrelandmeeting(Dublin,16December2015),andothers.

155TheEOSCinitiativeispartoftheEuropeanCommission’spackageofmeasuresforDigitisingEuropean

IndustryandaimstoofferresearchersandS&Tprofessionalsavirtualenvironmenttostore,shareandre-

usedata;thiswillbeunderpinnedbytheEuropeanDataInfrastructure(EDI),deployingthehigh-bandwidth

networksandthesupercomputingcapacitynecessarytoaccessandprocesslargedatasetsstoredinthe

Cloud,cf.http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-cloud156E-RIHS2015,http://www.parthenos-project.eu/Download/Programma_Evento_HS-2015_06_25.pdf

157JPICulturalHeritageandGlobalChange(initiativeofEuropeanministriesandculturalheritageagencies,

supportedbytheFP7EnvironmentandERA-Netprogrammes),http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu158ResearchInfrastructuresande-InfrastructuresforCulturalHeritage,conferenceprogramme,

http://www.otebac.it/internationalconference/index.php?en/1/home159ICRI2014,http://www.icri2014.eu/programme

160FacingtheFutureconference,http://facingthefuture.gwi-berlin.de;seealsoDuşaetal.2014.

161CulturalHeritageCreativeToolsandArchivesworkshop(CHCTA),https://chcta.wordpress.com/programme/


143

Cooperationbetweenhumanitiese-infrastructures

Like the section above the following examples concern integrating e-infrastructures, cooperation

betweenwithdataarchives/repositoriesareaddressedinSection5.2.

Cooperation between ARIADNE and DARIAH on e-infrastructure development: DARIAH ERIC issupportedby17EUMemberStatesand involvesabout120 institutions.TheESFRIRoadmap2016

acknowledges that“ARIADNEhas strong linkswith theESFRI LandmarkDARIAHERIC” (ESFRI2016:175). DARIAH welcomed ARIADNE as an affiliated project and a Memorandum of Understanding

(MoU)hasbeensignedforjointactivitiesone-infrastructuredevelopmentinvolvingDARIAHVirtual

Competency Centres (VCCs). For example, the EGI DARIAH CC project aims to make distributed

computing resources available for applications of the digital humanities community (ARIADNE

partnerKNAW-DANSandtheAustrianCentre forDigitalHumanitiesof theÖAWparticipate in this

project)162.AMoUrelatingtotheuseofdistributedcomputingresourceshasalsobeensignedwith

theDCH-RPproject,whichhasbeencompletedinSeptember2014163.

ARIADNE and PARTHENOS, a strong partnership for integrated humanities e-infrastructures:PARTHENOSinvolves17institutionsamongwhicharetheESFRIERICsDARIAHandCLARINaswellas

individualmembers of theDARIAH and CLARIN infrastructures and research organisations such as

theAcademyofAthens(Greece),INRIA-InstituteforResearchinComputerScienceandAutomation

(France), InternationalSocietyfortheStudyofMedievalLatinCulture(Italy),King’sCollegeLondon

(UK) and Trinity College (Ireland). PARTHENOS and ARIADNE are coordinated by the same

organisation(PINVast-Lab,prof.F.Niccolucci).ARIADNEpartnersalsoleadorcontributetoworkof

the PARTHENOS project (CNR-ISTI, CSIC-Incipit, FORTH-ICS, KNAW-DANS, MiBAC-ICCU). Joint

activitiesaimedattheco-ordinatedevolutionofresearch(e-)infrastructuresincludedevelopmentof

commondata registrationandaccess services (i.e. alignmentofARIADNEandPARTHENOSdataset

cataloguemodels)andCIDOC-CRMbaseddatasetintegration.

ARIADNE and E-RIHS: The ESFRI Roadmap 2016 acknowledges ARIADNE’s success in building a

(digital)researchcommunity,“quicklygrowinginthefieldofarchaeology”,andhighlightstheprojectas one background of the E-RIHS - European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science, newly

placed on the Roadmap. “Heritage Science has brought about the need of structuring the net ofinfrastructuresoperatingthroughoutEurope.Fragmentation,duplicationofefforts,isolationofsmallresearch groups put at risks the competitive advantage of European heritage science research,promotedsowellbytheuniqueculturalheritage.Thelong-termtraditionofthisfieldofresearch,theabilitytocombinewithinnovation,andtheintegrationpromotedbyEU-fundedprojectssuchasEU-ARTECH,CHARISMAandIPERIONCHinconservationscience,andARIADNEinarchaeologyrepresentthebackgroundofE-RIHS”(ESFRI2016:52).

Cooperationwithotheractorsintheenvironmentofresearche-infrastructureanddataresources:Tocontributetothecoordinatedevolutionofe-infrastructuresforhumanitiesandheritagesciences

ARIADNEalsocooperateswithactorsinrelevantspecificfields,forexample:

o Prehistory: National Research Centre on Human Evolution – CENIEH, Spain (cooperation

agreement)164;GermanSocietyforPre-andProtohistory–DGUF,jointorganisationofopendata

sessionsatconferencesoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists(2014and2016)165;

162EGIDARIAHCCisanEGI-Engageproject(4/2015-9/2017),https://wiki.egi.eu/wiki/CC-DARIAH

163DCH-RP-DigitalCulturalHeritageRoadmapforPreservation-OpenScienceInfrastructureforDigital

CulturalHeritagein2020(FP7,10/2012-9/2014),http://www.dch-rp.eu164CENIEH,Spain,http://www.cenieh.es/en

165EAA2014session:“OpenAccessandOpenDatainArchaeology”(Istanbul,13/9/2014),http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/Events/EAA-2014-Open-Access-Session2;EAA2016session:“OpenAccessandOpenData


144

o Ancienthistory:thePelagioscommunityofover40projectsinEuropeandtheUnitedStateslinks

content(texts,maps,archaeologicalrecords)toancientplacesbasedonthePleiadesgazetteer

andPelagiostools166;

o Dendrochronology: Digital Collaboratory for Cultural Dendrochronology (DCCD)167, hosted byARIADNEpartnerDANS;

o Cultural chronologies: PeriodO has established a system for publishing cultural periods which

allowslinkingofdatasetsbasedonuniqueresourceidentifiers;ARIADNEprovideddatesfor659

periods (Paleolithic to Modern times) for 24 European countries to PeriodO168, according to

PeriodO director Adam Rabinowitz (Institute of Classical Archaeology, UT Austin) “a point ofreferencefortheforeseeablefuture”(quotedinFentress2016);

o Environmental archaeology: SEAD - The Strategic Environmental Archaeology Database,

UniversityofUmea(cooperationagreement)169;

o Epigraphy:EuropeanaNetworkofAncientGreekandLatinEpigraphy-EAGLE(Memorandumof

Understanding;theEAGLEprojectformallyendedinMarch2016)170.

Contributions to Europeana forResearch:The Europeana for Research initiative implements tools

and services for digital heritage and humanities researchers and collaborates with related e-

infrastructures.ARIADNEsupportsthisinitiative171andpartnersparticipatedintheEuropeanaCloud

(eCloud) project which investigated researchers’ requirements and developed relevant tools and

services, includingaCloud-based infrastructure172. Theassessmentof researchers’ needshasbeen

led by Athena-DCU and KNAW-DANS managed the Europeana Research Coordinators Group173,

includingrepresentativesfromCENDARI,CLARIN,DARIAH,EUDAT174andOpenAIRE

175.

Europeanaalsocontainsdata/content fromARIADNEpartners (ADS,CyI-STARC,DAI,Discoveryand

KNAW-DANS)providedthroughtheprojectsCARARE176,3D-ICONS

177andLoCloud

178.Furthercollabo-

inArchaeology:FollowingtheARIADNEthread”(Vilnius,1/9/2016),http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/News/Open-Access-EAA-2016166Pelagios,http://commons.pelagios.org;cf.ARIADNE(2015-08-07):ARIADNEatLinkedPasts,

http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/News/ARIADNE-at-Linked-Pasts167DCCD,http://dendro.dans.knaw.nl

168PeriodO-Periods,Organized,http://perio.do;ARIADNEcollectionofculturalperiodsinthePeriodOsystem,

http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p0qhb66169SEAD,http://www.sead.se

170EAGLE(EU,ICT-PSP,4/2013-3/2016,19partners),http://www.eagle-network.eu

171cf.Research.Europeana:RelatedInitiatives,http://research.europeana.eu/work-with-us/related-initiatives

172EuropeanaCloud-eCloud(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2013-1/2016),http://pro.europeana.eu/web/europeana-cloud

173EuropeanaPro:DebutPresentationforEuropeanaResearchCoordinatorsGroup,3July2013,

http://pro.europeana.eu/europeana-cloud/europeana-cloud-blog/debut-presentation-for-europeana-

research-coordinators-group174EUDAT-EuropeanDataInfrastructure(FP7,10/2011-9/2014;H2020,3/2015-2/2018),providescommon

dataservices,e.g.storage,persistentidentifiers,andmetadatasolutions,http://www.eudat.eu175OpenAIRE,since2009assiststheEUopenaccesspolicyandtheOpenResearchDataPilot(OpenAIRE2020,

1/2015-7/2018),https://www.openaire.eu176CARARE-ConnectingArchaeologyandArchitectureinEuropeana(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2010-1/2013),

http://www.carare.eu1773D-ICONS(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2012-1/2015),producedandprovidedtoEuropeana3Dandothercontentof

archaeologicalandhistoricarchitecturalstructures,http://www.3dicons-project.eu


145

rationwithEuropeanamaynotonlybenefitresearchersbutalsofosterinterestofteachers,students

andthewiderpublicinarchaeology,classicalstudiesandrelateddisciplines.


StructuringimpactontheERAinthefieldofarchaeologicalresearch

ARIADNEhasbeenthecatalystforacollaborativestructuringoftheEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)inthefieldofarchaeologyandrelateddisciplines.Theoverallgoalof thisstructuring isenablingdata

sharing and integrated access to datasets from institutions located in European countries and

beyond,promotingahigherleveloftransnationalcooperativeresearch.Morespecifically,ARIADNE

o built the European-level e-infrastructure for archaeological data, which provides direction for

andpreventsfragmentationofeffortsfordatamobilization,sharingandintegration,

o mobilised a large numberof stakeholders around the acknowledged e-infrastructure initiative;

forexampletheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncilencouragesinstitutionstosharedatathrough

ARIADNE(EAC2015:21),and

o is recognized in the ESFRI Roadmap 2016 as the leading European integrator of digital

archives/repositoriesforarchaeologicalresearchdata(ESFRI2016:52and175).

Sharing of data, tools and services fosters mutual understanding and collaboration among the

involved archaeological research infrastructures, technological research & development centres,

academies of science, research associations and public authorities from differentMember States.

Capitalising on complementary expertise and capacities leverages the innovation potential of the

sharede-infrastructureanddataresourcesfortheinstitutionsandusercommunitiesinvolved.

Coordinatedevolutionofe-infrastructuresforhumanitiesandheritagesciences

ARIADNEhascontributed substantially to thecoordinatedevolutionofe-infrastructuresanddigitalresources for humanities and heritage sciences, including archaeology. Coordination activities

includedclusteringandknowledgeexchangewith infrastructureprojectssuchasCENDARI,CLARIN,

DARIAH,Europeana,IPERION-CH,PARTHENOSandthenewESFRIinitiativeE-RIHS.

The partnership of ARIADNE, DARIAH and PARTHENOS merits to be highlighted with regard to

commonpoliciesand interoperabilityofe-infrastructures forthehumanitiesandheritagesciences.

ThecollaborationwithEuropeanaResearch,whichbuildsonthemassiveculturalheritagecontentof

Europeana,maynotonlybenefit researchersbutalso foster interestof teachers, studentsandthe

widerpublicincontentandknowledgeofarchaeology,classicalstudiesandrelateddisciplines.

Theprimaryfocushoweverisenablinge-infrastructuressupportICT-enhancedresearchinthemulti-

disciplinaryfieldofarchaeologicalresearch.Inthisregardthevariouscollaborationswithinstitutions

andprojectsinareassuchasprehistory(CENIEH,Spain;DGUF,Germany),ancienthistory(Pelagios),

epigraphy (EAGLE),environmentalarchaeology (SEAD,Sweden),dendrochronology (DCCD), cultural

chronologies(PeriodO)andothersareofvital importance.Coordinationandtargetedcollaboration

fosters synergies among projects, sharing of resources, cross-fertilisation and interdisciplinary

approaches.

178LoCloud(EU,ICT-PSP,3/2013-2/2016),supportedsmallandmedium-sizedinstitutionstomakedigital

contentavailabletoEuropeana,employingcloudservicesforthedataaggregation,http://www.locloud.eu


146

5.2 Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs

Expected impacts stated in the Work Programme: “a more co-ordinated approach between

infrastructureoperators,usersandpublicauthoritieswillenabletooptimisethedevelopment,use

andsustainableoperationoftheidentifiedresearchinfrastructures”.

5.2.1 Background

Theexpectedimpactsarenotstatedforspecificresearchinfrastructuresthedevelopment,useand

sustainable operation of which the Integrating Activity should help to optimise. In ARIADNE the

research infrastructures are digital archives, repositories and databaseswhich the e-infrastructure

builtbytheprojectconnectsandintegratesinordertoofferresearchersimproveddiscovery,access

and(re-)useofavailabledatafortheirresearch.

WhileSection5.1 addressed thecoordinatedevolutionofe-infrastructures in thewider contextofARIADNE, this section focuses on ARIADNE’s contribution to the development of archives/

repositories for archaeological data. The main assumption underlying this activity is that optimal

curationofarchaeologicaldatarequiresspecialised,discipline-baseddataarchives/centres.AsJulian

Richards, Director of the Archaeology Data Service (UK) explains, “In many countries it has beenassumed that libraries and archives, the traditional custodians of records, will simply take on thisadditional role. However, few are adequately resourced or staffed to deal with the scale andcomplexity of digital data, particularly the volume and range of data types produced by thearchaeological sector. Several studies have recognised the value of discipline-based repositories indeveloping stakeholder communities, avoiding fragmentation, and establishing discipline-specificdatapreservationexpertise”(Richards2012).

Amajor concern therefore is the proliferation of data repositories which are being developed by

university libraries as well as commercial actors, which both are unlikely to have the expertise

necessaryforcuratingarchaeologicaldata.Universitylibrariesneedtoservealldisciplinespresentat

the university, and typically only serve the community of affiliated researchers. Data repositories

offeredbycommercialproviders(e.g.Figshare179andMendeley

180)presentasimilarsituation.They

invitedepositsfromallsubjectareasandaskforonlylittlemetadata,whichmakethemattractivefor

“quickanddirty”depositingofcontent/data.AsmanycountriesinEuropecurrentlylackanarchiving

centre for archaeological data there is a danger that a lot of data could end up in inappropriate

repositories.

Belowwe present contributions of ARIADNE to the improved development, access to and use of

archaeological data archives/repositories, and summarise requirements for their sustainable

operation.

5.2.2 OptimiseddevelopmentofRIs

Inarchaeologyanoptimisationofthedevelopmentofresearchinfrastructuresisneededparticularly

with regard to digital archives/repositories. Digital archives for deposit, long-term curation of and

accesstodataprovidecoreservicesunderlyingotherresearche-infrastructures.Accesstoand(re-)

use of archaeological datasets can be improved mainly through central archives (national/

international) of the research community as they allow reducing data fragmentation, which is a

majorissueaddressedbyARIADNE.

179Figshare(isrunbytheDigitalSciencebrandofMacmillanPublishers),http://figshare.com

180MendeleyData(MendeleyisownedbyElsevier)https://data.mendeley.com


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The fragmentation of archaeological data poses enormous difficulties to achieve aggregation and

integrationofdataofmanyprojects/institutesatthelevelofcommone-infrastructureandservices.

Community-levelsolutionsfostercommonstandardsandcanserveashubsfordataintegrationand

access.The“institutional”model,repositoriesofsingleuniversitiesorresearchinstitutes,providesa

local solution for affiliated researchers but offer only limited potential to overcome the

fragmentationofarchaeologicaldataoverall181.

Currentsituation

At present there are only fewnational-level digital archives for archaeological data in Europe and

beyond182. The existing archives in Europe have been developed by the ARIADNE partners

ArchaeologyDataService -ADS(UK,established1996)183,DataArchivingandNetworkedServices-

DANS(Netherlands,since2007includestheE-DepotforDutchArchaeology)184,andSwedishNational

Data Service - SND (which accepts archaeological data since 2011)185. ADS andDANS’ E-Depot for

DutchArchaeologyarethemandatedarchivesfordepositingdataofarchaeologicalresearchinthe

respective country. ARACHNE (IDAI.objects)186 mainly serves ARIADNE partner German Archaeo-

logical Institute(DAI)andtheCologneDigitalArchaeologyLaboratory(UniversityofCologne),buta

commonsolutionforGermanyisbeingdeveloped(seebelow).

ManyEuropeancountrieslackacommunityarchiveforarchaeologicaldata.Notagoodsolutionfor

overcoming data fragmentation in such cases, especially large countries, would be archaeological

data ending up inmany general-purpose repositories of universities and other institutions. A look

intotheOpenDOAR-DirectoryofOpenAccessRepositories187showsthatatpresentthis isnotthe

case. Of the 3316 repositories worldwide covered by OpenDOAR 246 (7.4%) include History and

Archaeologycontent,andonlynineofthese“datasets”amongothercontent.

WethinkthatthewholedomainofarchaeologicalresearchinEuropewillbebetteroffifuniversities

and other research institutions can “outsource” the long-term curation and accessibility of

archaeologicalresearchdatatonationalorothercommunity-leveldataarchivingcentres.Inturn,the

university departments and institutes could invest more effort in making researchers willing and

ready to share their researchdata.Some local supportwith regard todatamanagementplanning,

issues of IPR/licensing, funding of data deposit, etc. will be helpful and could be provided by

dedicatedstaffofresearchlibraries.

Newinitiativesforcommunitydigitalarchives/repositoriesinEurope

ARIADNEpromotes new initiatives for central, national-level digital archives for the archaeological

researchcommunity.InGermanysuchasolution,theIANUS-ResearchDataCentreforArchaeology

181TheARIADNED2.3PreliminaryInnovationAgendaandActionPlan(November2015),chapter5,provides

backgroundforthisassumptionandrecommendssettingupcentral,national-leveldigitalarchivesfor

archaeologicaldata,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Resources/D2.3-Preliminary-Innovation-

Agenda-and-Action-Plan182There3data-RegistryofResearchDataRepositoriesrecognisesasarchaeologicaldatarepositoriesthe

ARIADNEpartners:ADS,ARACHNEIDAI.objects,DANS-EASYandSND,andtheOpenContextandtDAR

repositoriesintheUnitedStates;cf.http://www.re3data.org183ADS,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk

184DANS:E-depotforDutchArchaeology,http://www.edna.nl

185SND,http://snd.gu.se;theSwedishNationalHeritageBoard(SNHB)isworkingtocreateadigitalarchaeo-

logyrepositoryandasolutionthatbringstogetherthecomplementarystrengthsofSNHBandSNDisbeing

prepared.186ARACHNE(IDAI.objects),http://arachne.uni-koeln.de

187OpenDOAR,http://www.opendoar.org


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and Ancient Studies188 is being developed. The initiative is funded by the German Research

Foundation and coordinated by ARIADNE partner German Archaeological Institute (DAI). This is a

consequentinitiativeforacommonsolutioninalargecountrywhich,hopefully,willbefollowedby

others.ParticipationinARIADNEhasfosteredinitiativesinsmallerEuropeancountries:

o Austria:The InstituteforOrientalandEuropeanArchaeologyincollaborationwiththeAustrianCenter of Digital Humanities, both at the ARIADNE partner Austrian Academy of Sciences,

developadatarepository;thedevelopmentisfundedunderthe“DigitalHumanities:Longterm

projectsinculturalheritage”programmeoftheAcademy.

o Hungary:TheHungarianNationalMuseumhas implementedanonlinedatabase for their field

survey,excavationandscientificanalysisdata189,andinvitedarchaeologistsinHungarytoshare

their documentation through this database (in addition to the mandatory provision of the

documentation to the countymuseum). TheHungarianNationalmuseumalso investigates the

possibilityofdigitisingpre-digitalfieldworkreportswhichhavebeenprovidedtothemuseumfor

decades.Butanational-leveldigitalarchiveforthelong-termpreservationofarchaeologicaldata

isyettobebuiltinHungary.

o Ireland: The Discovery Programme together with archaeological institutes aims to develop a

framework for the archiving of archaeological data, possibly in the Digital Repository of

Ireland190,thenationalrepositoryforsocialandculturaldata(Cornsetal.2014;Corns&Kennedy

2015).

o Slovenia:InspiredbytheexampleofKNAW-DANS’E-DepotforDutchArchaeology,theSocietyof

Slovenian Archaeologists, including researchers of ARIADNE partner ZRC-SAZU (Institute of

Archaeology), promotes an initiative for a national archaeological data repository under the

SlovenianMinistryofCulture(cf.Cornsetal.2014;Štular2015).

The current situation of country-level archives for archaeological data and ARIADNE’s support of

initiativesforsucharchivesisbestsummarisedinthefollowingexplanationbyBenjaminŠtular,lead

researcherofZRC-SAZUinARIADNE:“Firstly,therearetwokindsofcountriesinEurope;ontheonehandtherearecountries–UK,Holland,SwedenandGermany–thathaveadigitaldataarchive,andon the other hand there are the majority that do not have it. Secondly, in order to prevent adisastrouslossofdigitalborndata,thehave-notsmustdosomethingandbequickaboutit.Thirdly,the latter can only happen by the have-nots learning fast from the haves; and ARIADNE currentlypresentsthebestpossibleopportunityforthistohappen”(B.ŠtularinAspöcketal.2016).

Knowledgetransferforstate-of-the-artdigitalarchives/repositories

ARIADNE has supported progress towards optimal solutions through fostering knowledge transfer

betweenestablisheddataarchives/centresandinitiativesforcentresinothercountries.Newentries

may“leapfrog”toastate-of-the-artsolutionbylearningfromacknowledgedbenchmarks.Besidethe

ARIADNE data archive partners in Europe such benchmarks in other countries are Open Context

(Alexandria Archive Institute, USA)191, The Digital Archaeological Record - tDAR (Digital Antiquity

Consortium, USA)192, and Federated Archaeological Information Management Systems Project -

FAIMS (Australia)193. There is a regular knowledge exchange between these digital archives and

188IANUS,http://www.ianus-fdz.de

189ArchaeologyDatabaseoftheHungarianNationalMuseum,http://archeodatabase.hnm.hu/en

190DigitalRepositoryofIreland,http://dri.ie

191OpenContext,http://opencontext.org

192tDAR,http://www.tdar.org

193FAIMS,https://www.fedarch.org


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ARIADNEpartners;FAIMSandtDARarealsoassociatedprojectsofARIADNEbasedoncooperation

agreements194.

Conference sessions, meetings and workshops have been organised or attended by ARIADNE

partnersinordertoputtheneedofdatasharingthroughstate-of-the-artarchives/repositoriesand

integratinge-infrastructureontheagendaoftheresearchcommunity.Thisneedhasbeenstressed

inmanyARIADNEpresentations. The followingare13dedicatedevents,11organisedbyARIADNE

digitalarchivistsandresearchers,whichhavebeenattendedbyover500people:

o PreservationandRe-useofDigitalArchaeologicalDatawithOpenArchival InformationSystems(session)andLong-termPreservationandAccess:Whereisanarchiveformydata?(roundtable)organised by ARIADNE partners at CHNT 2016 (Vienna, 16 November 2016); participation of

ARCHES - Archaeological Resources in CulturalHeritage, ArchaeologicalHeritageOffice Saxony

(Germany),ADS,DANSandIANUS.

o OpenAccessandOpenDatainArchaeology:FollowingtheARIADNEthread,ARIADNEsessionatEAA2016Vilnius(1September2016);participationofADS,Athena-DCU,NorthAfricanHeritage

ArchiveNetwork(presentedbyAIAC)andSocietyofAntiquariesofScotland.

o WhatDoWeMeanbyDigitalCuration?, symposiumat theAnnualCongressof theSociety for

AmericanArchaeology (Orlando, Florida,9April 2016):organisedbyADSandDigitalAntiquity,

with participation of digital archives: ADS, Open Context, tDAR - The Digital Archaeological

Record,anddigitalarchaeologyprojects:CyberNABO(linkingvariousdatatostudythelong-term

human ecodynamics of the North Atlantic), Digital Index of North American Archaeology,

PeriodO–Periods,Organized,SKOPE-SynthesizedKnowledgeofPastEnvironments(onlinedata

integrationtool).

o SupportingResearchers in theUseandRe-useofArchaeologicalData:Continuing theARIADNEthread, ARIADNE session at CAA2016 (Oslo, 30March 2016),with participation of AIAC (Fasti

Online), DAI (Arachne), Inrap (archaeological land-record system) and Directorate-General for

CulturalHeritage,Portugal(TheArchaeologistPortal).

o Delavnica arhiviranja digitalnih podatkov, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 21 January 2016: Data

managementworkshop forarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals, involving representatives

oftheMinistryofCulture,NationalMuseumofSlovenia,NationalArchiveofSlovenia, Institute

fortheProtectionofCulturalHeritageofSloveniaandseverallocalmuseums;heldatZRC-SAZU

withpresentersfromADSandPIN.

o Datenmanagement in der Archäologie, Vienna, Austria, 19 January 2016: Data management

workshopforarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals,involvingrepresentativesoftheAustrian

Federal Monuments Office (BDA), Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), ÖAW-OREA and

institutesat theUniversitiesofViennaandGraz,alsoparticipants fromHungary;heldatÖAW-

OREAwithtrainersfromADSandPIN.

o Supporting Researchers in the Use and Re-use of Archaeological Data: Following the ARIADNEThread,ARIADNEsessionatCAA2015(Siena,2April2015),withparticipationofrepresentativesofTheBritishMuseum,HistoricEngland, InstituteofArchaeology (Iceland),OpenContext,ADS

andotherARIADNEpartners.

o Savethedata!WorkshoponDigitalRepositories(Vienna,2December2014),organisedbyÖAW-

OREA, with participation of ADS, DANS, IANUS (Germany) and the Austrian repositories

EPUB.OEAW,GAMSandPHAIDRA195.

194ARIADNE:http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/index.php/Community/Associated-projects


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o WohinmitmeinenDaten?,DAI-IANUSsessionatDeutscherArchäologiekongress2014(Berlin,8October 2014), participation of ADS, African Archaeology Archive Cologne (Germany),

DAI/IANUS, DANS, OpenContext (USA), PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental

Science(international/hostedinGermany),TextGrid&DARIAH-DErepository(Germany)196.

o Open Access and Open Data in Archaeology, ARIADNE session at EAA 2014 (Istanbul, 13September 2014), participation of ADS, Heidelberg University Library / heiDATA repository

(Germany),IANUS(Germany)andSITAR-ArchaeologicalTerritorialInformativeSystemofRome

(Italy)197.

o OnlineResources forArchaeological Research, ARIADNEworkshopat CAA2014 (Paris, 22April2014), introduced researchers toonline repositories anddatabases; participationofADS,AIAC

(FastiOnline),DAI(Arachne)andtDAR-TheDigitalArchaeologicalRecord(USA).

o Infrastructures and Services for Sharing of Archaeological Documentation, ARIADNE session atCHNT 2013 (Vienna, 13 November 2013) organised by ÖAW-OREA and SRFG; participation of

ADS,DANS,IANUS(Germany),media.REIFFdatabase(Germany)andSND198.

o OpeningthePast,MAPPAConference(Pisa,13-15June2013):MAPPAisanopendatarepository

attheUniversityofPisa199;participationofADS,DANSandOpenContext(USA).

The impactoftheseevents inthearchaeologicalcommunityhasbeensignificant.Forexample,the

lead organiser of the international Cultural Heritage and New Technologies (CHNT) conference in

Vienna, where ARIADNE has run sessions on data archiving and re-use in 2013 and 2016

acknowledges thatARIADNE“put theneedof effectivedatamanagementand sharinghighon theagenda of our international community of heritage researchers andmanagers” (W. Börner,Wien

Museum,UrbanArchaeologyofVienna;quotedinAspöck2016).

Tohighlightbutoneexampleofknowledgetransferanduptake:In2013themanageroftheIANUS

initiative for an archaeological data centre in Germany, Felix Schäfer, spent two weeks at the

ArchaeologyDataService(ADS)tolearnabouttheirdatacollectionsmanagementsystem,workflows

anddocumentationprocesses.HegainedmuchvaluableexperienceforhisworkonIANUS:

“AsIANUSisstillarelativeyoungprojecttobuildupasimilardisciplinespecificresearchdatacentrefortheGermanarchaeologicalandhistoricalcommunity,IANUSisveryhappytoseeothersuccessfulinstitutionsandlearnfromtheirexperiences(andfailures).AndwhatbetterplacetogothantheADSandlookovertheshouldersofthestaffmembers,askingthemnumerousquestions,inspectingtheirpresent and future systems, discussing issues about standards and guidelines and even processingsomeofmyownGerman-typeprojectcollectionsaccordingtotheADS’sworkflowsandchecklists.Allthishasproventobeveryinspiringandinformativeforme”.200

195ARIADNE:Savethedata:workshopondigitalrepositories,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/Events/Save-the-data196IANUS,http://www.ianus-fdz.de/projects/veranstaltungen/wiki/Wohin_mit_meinen_Daten

197ARIADNEsessionatEAA2014,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Events/EAA-2014-Open-Access-

Session2198ARIADNEsessionatCHNT2013,http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Events/CHNT-Workshop-2013

199TheMAPPAOpenDatarepositoryinvitesdepositsalsobyresearchersnotaffiliatedwiththeuniversity,

http://www.mappaproject.org200ADSSoundBytes(2013-06-17):FelixSchäferfromIANUSvisitsADS,

http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/blog/2013/06/felix-schafer-from-ianus-visits-ads/


151

Endof2015,aspartoftheARIADNEproject,threeIANUSdatacuratorsspenttwoweeksatADSto

acquirepracticalexperienceinthearchivingofarchaeologicaldata201.ADShostedalsoadelegation

from the Norwegian Museums that are working on a common digital archive solution for their

archaeological data. Contributions of ARIADNE partners to the development and dissemination of

dataarchivingandpublicationsolutionsareaddressedinSection5.4.2.

5.2.3 ImprovedaccesstoanduseofRIs

Accessing and using RIs in ARIADNE concerns datasets held by central digital archives and

institutionalrepositories/databasesindifferentcountriesandsharedthroughtheEuropean-levele-

infrastructure.Thee-infrastructureservices(i.e.dataportal)allowdatadiscovery,accesstoandre-

use across the distributed resources. ARIADNE achieved improvements with regard to individual

digitalarchives/repositoriesaswellastheoverarchinge-infrastructure,whichdidnotexistbefore.

Some examples of improvements at the level of individual digital repositories and databases ofarchaeologicaldataare:

o Data resources previously not or only accessible by a few authorised users: Some have been

tentatively“openedup”anddatabecameaccessible throughARIADNE; forexamplerecordsof

fieldsurveysintheRomanianpartoftheBanatregion.

o Useofadvancedrepository/databasesystems:TheZRC-SAZUInstituteofArchaeology(Slovenia)transferredthecontentofthelegacydatabaseZBIVA(EarlyMedievalsitesintheSouth-Eastern

Alps)totheARCHESplatform(GettyConservationInstitute&WorldMonumentsFund).Thereby

more effective access to more data has been enabled. The about 3000 ZBIVA records are

includedintheARIADNEregistry/portal.

o Building of new community databases: The Hungarian National Museum implemented the

ArchaeologyDatabase,awholenewsysteminitially intendedforseveralhundredownrecords.

Strongpromotionby themuseumallowedacquisitionofnearly60,000 records contributedby

archaeologistsacrossHungary.TherecordsareincludedintheARIADNEregistry/portal.

Advances through the enabled European-level cross-archive discovery, access and use of

archaeologicaldataare:

o ThiscapabilitydidnotexistbeforebuthasbeendevelopedbyARIADNE;

o ARIADNE enables integrated search of shared national/institutional-level archaeological data

resourcesinEurope;

o The data resources have become searchable based on common standards (metadata,

vocabulary) and according to core criteria of archaeologists (i.e. subjects, location/map-based

and cultural chronology/date ranges), allowing discovery of data from different countries for

comparativeandotherstudies;

o Additional mapping of databases to the ISO-standard CIDOC-CRM and ontology extensions

createdinARIADNE(i.e.CRMarchaeo,CRMba,CRMsciandothers)willallowdataintegrationfor

advancedsearchandaccess,includingreasoningoverthedata.

AsurveyonthebenefitsofcentraldataarchivesintheUK,includingtheArchaeologyDataService,

found that their most widely-agreed benefits relate to research efficiency, i.e. that they “makeresearchquicker,easierandcheaper,andensurethatworkisnotrepeatedunnecessarily”(RIN2011:6). In thecaseof theArchaeologyDataService the increase in researchefficiencyof theusershas

201ADSSoundBytes(2015-12-15):DAIIANUSvisitstheADS,

http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/blog/2015/12/ianus-visit/#more-2218


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beencalculatedtobeworthatleast5timesthecostsofdatadeposit,operationanduse;including

otheradvantages£1investmentinADSyieldsupto£8.30return(Beagrie&Houghton2013).

Similareffectsmaybeachievedbye-infrastructuresandservicesthatallowdiscoveryanduseofdata

from many digital archives in Europe, which enables more efficient comparative and integrative

research. In the ARIADNE survey on user requirements of 498 responding researchers 74%

considered itasveryor rather importanthavingeasyaccess to internationaldata(sets),while72%

werelessornotsatisfiedatallwiththecurrentsituationinthisregard(ARIADNE2014:100).

Whilemostarchaeologicalresearchersarguablyworkinanationalorregionalcontextthereisaneed

fordatafromresearchinothercountriesforcomparativeanalysis,integrationandbroadsynthesis.

Researcherswouldliketocarryoutinvestigationsthatspansiteslocatedindifferentcountries(e.g.

compare features and items of their site with those of sites in other countries) and place their

discoveriesinabroadertimeandspacecontext.Improvedaccesstointernationaldataiscriticalfor

progress in archaeological research, because many fundamental research questions transcend

modernpoliticalboundariesandconcernregionsextendingalloverEuropeandbeyond.

5.2.4 SustainableoperationofRIs

Requirementsforsustainableoperation

ARIADNE investigated the requirements for sustainable operation of data archiveswhich are core

elements of e-infrastructure (ARIADNE 2015d: chapter 5), and partners (ADS, DANS and others)

shared best practices in the management and operation of data archives with new initiatives of

consortiummembersandotherinstitutionsindifferentcountries(seeSection5.2.2).

Themosteffectivesolutionforlong-termcurationofandaccesstoarchaeologicaldataaredomain-

basedcentralarchives, ideallymandatedby themain research fundingbodies.ARIADNEpromotes

sucharchivesbecausetheyallowadvantagessuchasclearorientationforallstakeholders,formation

ofcentresofexpertiseforthedataoftheresearchfield,focusedmobilisationofdatadeposits,cost-

effectivenessthrougheconomiesofscale,amongothers.

Funding one national-level data centre is very likely a better solution than spreading funds across

many hard to sustain data repository projects of individual institutes. According to a study of the

Research InformationNetwork (UK) themanybenefitsofdataarchives/centres“for themostpartarearesultofthedatacentre’sstatusasacentralandsizeablehubwithinitsfield”(RIN2011:7).

An important requirement for sustainable digital archives/centres is that they are mandated by

research funders, i.e. that researchers are obliged to deposit their data with those archives. For

exampleintheUK,theArchaeologyDataService(ADS)isthemandatedarchivefordataofprojects

fundedbytheArtsandHumanitiesResearchCouncilandtheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil

aswellasthearchiverecommendedbytheBritishAcademy,CouncilforBritishArchaeology,English

HeritageandtheSocietyofAntiquaries.IntheNetherlandsarchaeologistssince2007areobligedto

deposittheirdatawiththeDataArchivingandNetworkedServices(DANS),accordingtotheQuality

StandardforDutchArchaeology(KwaliteitsnormArcheologie);theDANS-EASYsystemincludestheE-

DepotforDutchArchaeology.

Mandated archives of course devote special attention tomeasures that promote credibility. Both

ADSandDANS(andseveralotherdigitalarchives)arecertifiedaccordingtothecriteriaoftheData

Seal of Approval, indeed the criteria have initially been developed by DANS202. State-of-the-art,

certified community archives can foster trust in open data sharing as they provide a reliable

environmentfordatapublication,(re-)useandcitation.Thepublicationcomeswithapricetag,but

202DataSealofApproval,http://datasealofapproval.org


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thecostsofpost-projectdatacurationandonlinepublicationofarchaeologicalprojectsareonlya

fractionof the totalprojectcosts,between1-3%,dependingon the typeof investigationanddata

generated(cf.Kansa2012:14;Kintigh&Altschul2010:266).

Anotherruleofthumbisthattheoperationofaresearchdatarepositorycostsmorethanrunninga

typical institutionaldocumentrepository; indeedthecostsare“anorderofmagnitudegreater”(cf.the case studies in Beagrieet al. 2008: 67-71; see also The Royal Society 2012b).Onemajor cost

driver in archaeology compared to other humanities and social sciences data sets is the higher

varietyandcomplexityofdataformatsthatneedtobeingestedandcurated(e.g.databases,images,

CAD,geodata/GISandothers)203.

Data acquisition and ingest are the most costly curation activities, while archival storage and

preservation activities are amuch smaller segment of the overall costs, and likely to decline over

time.Keepingtheoperationalcostsstable,whilecurating largerdatacollections,allowseconomies

of scales (lower per-unit cost). Enhancement of labour-intensive curation activities through

streamlining and tool-support (e.g. easy submission of small deposits) can allow significant cost

reduction(cf.Beagrieetal.2010:79-80;Beagrie&JISC2011).Oneexampleofthisapproachisthe

ADS-easyserviceforsmall-sizedprojectarchivesoffilesofacommontype204.

All surveysonopendata sharing, including the large-scaleARIADNE survey, show that researchers

consider the related effort as a significant barrier (ARIADNE 2014a: 105-106). Specifically, this

concerns the effort required to prepare shareable data and detailed data description. Therefore

research funders should allow inclusion of the costs of thiswork in project grants. A project data

managementplan,asincreasinglyrequestedbyresearchfunders,istheidealplacetopresentthese

costsaswellastheexpectedarchivechargeforlong-termdatapreservationandaccess.

Communityarchivessetup foropendatacurationandaccessshouldbestable in the long-term in

ordertopromotetrustthattheextraeffortresearchershavetoputintosharable,fitforre-usedata

iswellspent.Uncertaintiesaroundthesustainabilityofdigitalarchivesmayreducetheenthusiasmof

theproponentsofopendataandincreasetheunwillingnessoftheyet-to-be-engaged.Commitment

forsustainedsupport(10+years)bythemainfundingbodieswouldbehelpfulinthisregard.

Datainfrastructure:agoodinvestment

Impact evaluation frameworks for large-scale, single-sited research infrastructures see as an

important impactthattheconstructionandoperationofsuchRIscontributestodirectandindirect

jobgenerationandsomegrowths intheregionwheretheRI is located.Furthermoretheyconsider

thatlarge-scaleRIswillsupplytheregionaleconomywithhighlyskilledpeoplewhocontributetothe

productivityandinnovativenessofbusinessesandpublicsectororganisations(cf.themostdetailed

RIFIFenRIAMGuide2011).

For e-infrastructures such employment effects cannot be argued. The IMPACT study notes:

“Indicatorsfortheimpactofe-Infrastructuresoneconomyaredifficulttoassessasthereisnodirectreportingofrealisedcompetitiveadvantagesoreconomicgrowthduetoinfrastructureaccess.Also,evenife-Infrastructureprojectsgeneratenewjobsintheiraffiliatedinstitutionssuchnumbersareofnegligiblesize”(FraunhoferISI&ZEW2012:70).

Indeed,dataarchivesandintegratinge-infrastructuresdonotrequirealotofstaff(seebelow),which

means that they are a good investment as they provide many benefits. Data infrastructures

contribute to research efficiency as they enable easy access to data resources, help prevent data

203Costs4Cproject:SummaryofDANS’CostModelforDigitalArchiving,http://4cproject.eu/summary-of-cost-

models/16-community-resources/outputs-and-deliverables/107-cost-model-for-digital-archiving-cmda204ADS-easy:http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/easy/


154

duplicationandallow re-useofexistingdata. Theyalsoenablepotential innovationas researchers

cancombineandasknewquestionsofshareddata.Inshort,datathatiscurated,re-used,combined

and analysedwith new or enhancedmethods gains in value. In the currentmove towards “open

data”itisalsoimportanttohighlightthatstate-of-the-artandmandatedarchivesfostertrustinopen

datasharingastheyprovideareliableenvironmentfordatapublication,(re-)useandcitation.

These benefits can be achieved with an investment in data curation and access that is small

comparedtothecostsofdatageneration,analysisandreportingofresearchprojects;inarchaeology

between1-3%ofthetotalprojectcosts,dependingonthetypeofinvestigationanddatagenerated.

Thesearefiguresfordomain-baseddataarchivingandpublicationplatforms(e.g.ADS,OpenContext

and tDAR). We argue that domain-based data archives at the national level enable research

efficiency and other benefits (as mentioned above) as well as cost-effectiveness. Distribution of

archaeologicaldataacrossmany institutionalrepositorieswouldproduceanunfavourablesituation

inseveralrespects:mostimportantlylackofcentralaccesstoalargecorpusofdomaindata,butalso

higher costs and lower quality of service (e.g. university-based repositories need to support all

domainsofresearchandmaylackexpertiseforarchaeologicaldata).

Mandateddomain-baseddataarchiveatthenational levelwillallowcentralcurationandaccessto

databasedonasmallnumberofspecialisedstaff.Forexample,theArchaeologyDataService-ADS

(UK) has a staff of fourteen, comprising of the director, six digital archivists, two applications

developersandonestaffmembereachforadministration,collectionsdevelopment,communications

& access, editing of the journal Internet Archaeology, and European projects (ADS 2015: 38). TheIANUS - Research Data Centre for Archaeology and Ancient Studies in Germany (in development)

currently has a staff of nine, two project directors (organisation& finance and technology), three

datacurators,threesoftwaredevelopers,andonecommunicationsmanager205.

Data Archiving and Networked Services - DANS (Netherlands), which focuses on humanities and

socialsciencesdataandprovidesvariousonlineservicesforthedomainhasaworkforceof43full-

timeequivalents(KNAW2015:61).Aboutsixfull-timeequivalentscanbeattributedtotheE-Depot

for Dutch Archaeology, including curators working specifically on the archaeological data (data

acquisition, support of depot users, datamanagement) and general staff categories (IT, software,

administration)206.Similarstafffigurescanbefoundatotherarchives,forexample,tDAR-TheDigital

Archaeological Record (Digital Antiquity, USA) has a staff of seven comprising of the executive

director,thedirectoroftechnologyandonesoftwareengineer,threedatacurators,andonesales&

marketingcoordinator207.

Ifweconsiderthatacentral,national-levelarchaeologicaldataarchiverequiresadedicatedstaffof

around10,across the28EUmemberstatesabout300peoplecouldmanagea largepart (insmall

countriesmaybeall)ofthedatathatisrelevanttocurateforlong-termaccess.TheDiscoveringthe

ArchaeologistsofEurope(DISCO)projectestimates“thatapproximately33,000archaeologistsnowwork across Europe as a whole” (DISCO 2014: 6). If we fit in 10 people to maintain and further

develop the ARIADNE data infrastructure and services, 310 people (around 1% of the domain

workforce) could enable access to the archaeological data at the national and cross-archive,

Europeanlevel.

205IANUS:Überuns,http://www.ianus-fdz.de/projects/ueber_uns

206InformationbyHellaHollander,DANS,HeadofDataArchive

207tDAR:Staff,http://www.tdar.org/about/staff/


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ARIADNE has developed integrated access to existing national-level and other archaeological data

archives in Europe, enabling discovery and (re-)use of research data from different countries for

comparative and other studies. Indeed, the project has put the sharing of data through digital

archivesandintegratinge-infrastructureontheagendaofthearchaeologicalresearchcommunityin

Europe.

ARIADNE has investigated the conditions for sustainable operation of data archives (e.g. cost

structure, centralised service, mandate), and partners have widely shared best practices in their

development,managementanduse,directlyaswellasthroughonlineguidestogoodpractice.

Exchange, discussion and dissemination of consolidated knowledge in digital archiving of archaeo-

logical and other humanities data has been enabled in 13 dedicated events, 11 organised by

ARIADNEdigitalarchivistsandresearchers.Theseeventsinvolvedleadinginstitutionsandprojectsin

thefieldandhavebeenattendedbyover500people.

ARIADNEalsopromotednewinitiativesfornational-leveldataarchivesande-infrastructuresforthe

archaeologicalresearchcommunityinseveralEuropeancountries(i.e.Austria,Hungary,Irelandand

Slovenia).Furthermoretheprojectfosteredknowledgetransferforstate-of-the-artarchivesbetween

establishedandnewinitiatives.

OverallARIADNEhasincreasedthematurityofthedisciplinewithregardtoresearchinfrastructures

(digital archives and integrating e-infrastructure) and the participation of institutions in the

developmentandsharingofdataresources.

5.3 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisations

ExpectedimpactsstatedintheWorkProgramme:“acloserinteractionbetweenalargenumberof

researchers active in and around a number of infrastructures will facilitate cross-disciplinary

fertilisations [and a wider sharing of knowledge and technologies across fields and betweenacademiaandindustry]”;note:thelatterpartofthestatementisaddressedinSection5.4.

5.3.1 Background

The Work Programme assumes that research infrastructures can foster cross-disciplinary

fertilisations, i.e. interaction and exchange of ideas and knowledge among scholars of different

domainsofresearch,promotingcross-domaincollaborationforexampleonsocietalchallenges.The

assumption ismotivatednot only by the idea that cross-disciplinary fertilisation canopenupnew

avenuesof research at the intersectionof domains, there is also theobjective thatRIs,which are

costlytobuildandmaintain,shouldideallyservedifferentresearchcommunities.Therefore“multi-

disciplinary”,“multi-purpose”or“multi-use”areoftenusedcharacterisationsofRIfacilities.

The emphasis on cross-disciplinary fertilisation of RIs has been particularly strong in the area of

analytical facilities of thenatural sciences, e.g. ionbeam, spallationneutron and synchrotron light

sources, advanced spectroscopy andmicroscopy, etc. The facilities can be used bymany fields of

research(includingarchaeometry)and,therefore,arelikelytoproducecross-fertilisationeffects(cf.

ESFRIRoadmap2016:146-148).

The quest for cross-disciplinary fertilisation has been expanded to research e-infrastructures and

motivated clustering, knowledge exchange and joint development initiatives such as EUDAT

(involving a diverse set of domain RIs)208, DASISH (focused on the ESFRI social sciences and

208EUDAT(FP7,10/2011-9/2014;H2020,3/2015-2/2018),http://www.eudat.eu


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humanitiesRIs)209,andrecentlyPARTHENOSfore-infrastructurebasedcross-disciplinaryresearchin

thefieldofhumanitiesandculturalheritage210.Strongcross-disciplinaryfertilisationisalsoexpected

fromE-RIHS,whichisanewESFRIinitiative,aimedtosupportcross-disciplinaryresearchforheritage

analysisandconservation,includingarchaeologicalheritage(ESFRIRoadmap2016:157-158)211.

A publication on Research Infrastructures in the Digital Humanities sponsored by the EuropeanScience Foundation highlights as one among several strategic directions, “The development of RIsthat build on existing communities and research questions, in order to facilitate research beyondmonodisciplinaryinterestsandacrossdifferentcommunities.Infrastructureshavethepotentialtoactas ground for cross-fertilisation between the Humanities and other sciences” (European ScienceFoundation2011:39-40).

The objective of cross-fertilisation resonates very well with the fact that archaeology is a multi-

disciplinaryareaofresearchthatcoversseveralfieldsofthehumanitiesaswellashasclosetieswith

thenaturalsciences.Inavolumeofpaperson“Archaeology2.0”,EricC.Kansaofthearchaeological

data publishing platform Open Context notes: “Archaeology is an inherently multidisciplinaryenterprise,withonefootinthehumanitiesandinterpretivesocialsciencesandanotherinthenaturalsciences”(Kansa2011:2).Degryse&Shortland(2013)highlightthat“thereareveryfewsciencesthathave no relevance to archaeology”, and see an increasing influx of scientific methods in

archaeologicalresearch.

Indeed, archaeology comprises of different disciplinary contexts: some fields of archaeological

research present mainly characteristics of the humanities (e.g. history of arts and architecture,

classical studies, medieval history), others lean heavily towards the natural sciences and employ

methodsofarchaeometryorbiologicalsciences,othersrelatetotheearth&environmentalsciences,

whilestillothersusemodelsandmethodsofthesocialsciences(e.g.modelsofsocialstructureand

changeandethnologicalmethods).

Toillustratethecase,thefigurebelowisanextractofalargernetworkof1554journalsthatwereco-

cited in theWebofScienceWebCoreCollection indexmorethan35times in10,639archaeology-

related publications between 2004 and 2013 (Sinclair 2014). Beside “archaeological” clusters (e.g.

Method and theory, Early Prehistory, Mediterranean and Near Eastern, African, Pacific and

Australasian archaeology, Archaeological prospection and remote sensing), the author identified

relatedclustersofpublicationsinGeoarchaeologyandearthsciences,Scientificanalysisofmaterials,

Lifesciences,medicalsciencesandforensics,andAstrophysics.

209DASISH(EU,FP7,1/2012-12/2014),http://dasish.eu

210PARTHENOS(H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.parthenos-project.eu

211E-RIHS-EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience(expectedpreparatoryphase2017-2019),

http://www.e-rihs.eu


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Figure:AnextractofalargerfigureproducedbySinclair(2014),basedonoftenco-cited

journalsinover10,000archaeology-relatedpublicationsbetween2004and2013.

Theseclustersdonotpresentautonomous,self-containedareasofarchaeologicalresearch.Rather,

theyshowthatscientificstudiesarepublishedin,andmorefrequentlyco-citedbyotherpapers, in

relevantjournalsoftherespectivefields(e.g.bio-archaeologyorgeo-archaeology).Buttheresearch

often has been conducted on the same site/area on which other researchers, using different

methods,havepublishedinotherjournalclusters.

5.3.2 Cross-disciplinaryfertilisationin/throughARIADNE

ARIADNE provides a data infrastructure and services that are relevant to all scholarly/scientific

domainsinvolvedinarchaeologicalresearch.SharingandlinkingthroughARIADNEvariousdatahas

thepotentialtostimulatecross-disciplinaryfertilisationamongresearchersinfieldsofarchaeological

andotherhumanitiesresearch,aswellasthehumanitiesandnaturalsciences(e.g. inprojectsthat

involvetheuseofarchaeometryandbiologicalresearchmethods).

Large-scale, single-sited research infrastructures may promote cross-disciplinary fertilisation as

scholars of different backgrounds use their special instruments (e.g. synchrotrons, advanced

spectroscopy, etc.), exchange ideas and maybe start a joint project. In the context of data

infrastructureslikeARIADNEcross-fertilisationisfosteredbythecommonobjectiveofvariousfields

ofresearchtoshareandinterlinkdata.

The aim to integrate knowledgeorganization systems for this purposepromotes cross-fertilisation

with regard to the conceptual understanding of different fields of research. A case in point is theCIDOC-CRM,whichinitiallyhasbeenconceivedfordocumentationofartefactsheldbymuseumsand

other heritage institutions. Within ARIADNE the CIDOC-CRM has been extended to cover also

researchonarchaeologicalsites(excavations),builtheritage,spatio-temporalrelations,andscientific

observationsandargumentationingeneral(seeSection4.6.2).

Thussharingofdatabyresearchersofvariousdomainswiththegoaltolinkandintegratethedata

will induce sharing also of their knowledge, i.e. the frameworks in which such data acquire

significance,andconsequentlystimulatecross-fertilisationamongthedifferentfieldsofresearch.


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Astrongcross-fertilisationcanalsobeachievedbetweenscholarsanddevelopersofsoftwaretoolsforresearchpurposes.ThishasbeenexperiencedintheTNAcourses,whereyoungscholarslearned

howtousedifferenttools,andsoftwaredeveloperslearnedabouttherequirementsofthescholars’

projects(seeSection4.3.2).

Still an open question is how e-infrastructures and data services can support effectively inter-disciplinaryresearchonline.Thestandardanswerisvirtualresearchenvironments(VREs)builtontop

of generic e-infrastructures. But VREs tend to become domain-specific due to the different

requirementsoftheresearchcommunitiesforspecifictoolsanddata,inthefieldofarchaeologyfor

exampleclassicalstudiesversusenvironmentalarchaeology.

The potential of building and integratingVREs in theARIADNEdata portal has been addressed by

studiesinWP17.ThestudyresultssuggestthatthereismuchpotentialforARIADNEtoprovideVREs,

with the proviso that the data infrastructure and services will have to take account of themulti-

disciplinarityofarchaeological research,particularlydifferentdata standardsandvocabularies that

arebeingusedbydifferentresearchspecialities.

5.3.3 Citizens’engagementandtransdisciplinaryfertilisation

The RI Work Programme considers only fertilisation between researchers of different disciplines

(cross-disciplinary fertilisation). Also impact evaluation frameworks for large-scale RIs present a

rather limited understanding of citizens’ relations and potential engagement with RIs. The RIFI

FenRIAMGuide includes an indicator “Activities to foster public awareness” forwhich a RIwould

report effects of activities “to foster public awareness about science in general, its cultural andeconomicsignificanceforsociety,aswellasthespecificscientificandtechnologicalactivitiesoftheRIandtheirdifferenttypesof impactsonthecommunity”,e.g.RIandRIwebsitevisits,events,media

coverage(cf.RIFIFenRIAMGuide2014:220).ACost-BenefitAnalysisoftheLargeHadronColliderat

CERN includesbenefits to thegeneralpublicvisitingexhibitionsatCERNandusing itswebsiteand

dissemination via social media. Under such “cultural effects” also two CERN projects exploiting

computing time donated by volunteers to run simulation of particle collisions are considered (cf.

Florioetal.2015:6).

Withregardtoarchaeologywealsoexpectthattherewillbe(future)contributionsoftheARIADNE

e-infrastructure and services to an increased interest in and appreciation of archaeology and,

thereby,an improvedstandingofarchaeological research in society. Inparticularweconsider that

accesstoarchaeological“opendata”canstimulateabroaderengagementofcitizensinarchaeology.

At a general level we may assume that access to various content/data can promote interest in

questionsofarchaeologyandheritagebyeducators,studentsandthewiderpublic,stimulatingstudy

workandvisitstoarchaeologicalsitesandculturalheritagemuseums.

The term transdisciplinary research concerns the question of how traditional boundaries between

disciplines, professions andother communities of knowledge andpractice canbeovercome. Truly

involving citizens in research would mean to go beyond scientific/academic and professional

concerns and take full account of citizens’ own perspectives, values and understanding of issues

(Hirsch-Hadornetal.2008).

In archaeology this has been discussed widely under the labels of “public archaeology” or

“community archaeology”. But there appears to be a large gap between what is expected from

involving citizens in the research process and what is actually possible in such involvement. As

Faircloughnotes:“Attemptsto‘involve’or‘engage’thepublic,toencourage‘participation’,to‘sharetheexcitement’,seemoftentoendwith‘us’tellingthemwhat‘we’havediscovered-orpersuadingthem to act as archaeologists in an approved manner. All well and good, but is it enough?”(Fairclough2014:5).


159

Many papers now address “crowd sourcing” and “open data” as ways to engage non-experts in

archaeology (e.g. Beale2012;Bevan2012;Bonacchi 2012;Morgan&Eve2012;Richardson2013).

Most of the examples however present a one-waymodel of participation, especially those which

invite citizens to transcribehistoricmaterial inonlineenvironmentswhichhavebeenbuilt for this

purpose212.Otherprojectshaveinvolvedcitizensinthecreationof3Dobjectsofheritageobjectsand

buildings213.

WithregardtotheARIADNEdatainfrastructureandservicesitistooearlytoevaluateiftheyallow

non-experts a deeper involvement in archaeology. In general we assume that data from

archaeologicalresearchisnotsomethingmanynon-expertsmayeasilyunderstandanduseforown

research work (“citizen science”). Therefore some mediation by archaeologists within public or

community archaeology projects may be necessary. A future evaluation of the ARIADNE data

infrastructure and services after some years of regular operation could look for caseswhere they

havebeenusedinsuchprojectsandincitizens’owninvestigations.


Archaeologyisamulti-disciplinarydisciplinethatspansseveralfieldsofthehumanities(e.g.history

ofartsandarchitecture,classicalstudies,historicalarchaeology,ethnographyandothers)aswellas

has close ties with the natural sciences (e.g. projects that use archaeometrical, biological and

environmentalresearchmethods).

ARIADNEprovidesdataservicesrelevanttoallscholarly/scientificdomainsinvolvedinarchaeological

research.SharingandlinkingthroughARIADNEofdatasetswhichcontainvariousdatacanstimulate

cross-disciplinary fertilisationamong researchersofdifferentdomainsbothwithin andbeyond the

humanities.ARIADNEresearchersalsohaveexploredthepotentialofvirtualresearchenvironments

(VREs)forarchaeologicalprojectsinviewofenablingdomainandcross-domainintegrativeresearch.

Cross-fertilisationhasbeenpromotedwithregardtotheconceptualunderstandingofdifferentfields

ofresearchthroughtheapplicationofknowledgeorganizationsystems(thesauri,ontologies)forthe

linkingand integrationofdata resources.Especially theextendedCIDOC-CRM(ARIADNEReference

Model)hasthepotentialtostimulatecross-fertilisationamongdifferentfieldsofresearch.

ARIADNE also fostered cross-fertilisation between scholars and developers of software tools for

researchpurposes.Thishasbeenexperienced in the trans-national studyvisitsandcourseswhere

scholars learned how to apply various tools, and software developers learned about the

requirementsofthescholars’projects.

TheevaluationhasalsoconsideredthepotentialoftheARIADNEdatainfrastructureandservicesfor

promoting interest inquestionsofarchaeologyandheritagebyeducators, studentsand thewider

public, maybe stimulating study work and visits to archaeological sites and cultural heritage

museums. Access to archaeological “open data” may foster a broader engagement of citizens in

digitalarchaeology.

However, it has been concluded that it is too early to evaluate if ARIADNE allows non-experts a

deeperinvolvementin(online)“publicarchaeology”or“communityarchaeology”projects.Afuture

212Forexample,AncientLives(Egyptianpapyri),http://ancientlives.org;MicroPasts(museumobjectcardsthat

documentBronzeAgemetalartefacts),http://micropasts.org;UrCrowdsource(fieldnotes,letters,reports,

etc.),http://urcrowdsource.org213Forexample,HeritageToGather,http://heritagetogether.org;ACCORD-ArchaeologyCommunityCo-

ProductionofResearchData,https://accordproject.wordpress.com;alsoaMicroPastsprojectinvited

volunteersto“photo-mask”artefactimageswhichallowstoproduce3Dmodels(Bonacchietal.2014).


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evaluationof theARIADNEdata infrastructureandservices,after someyearsof regularoperation,

couldlookforcaseswheretheyhavebeenusedinsuchprojectsandincitizens’owninvestigations.

5.4 Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologies

ExpectedimpactsstatedintheWorkProgramme:“acloserinteractionbetweenalargenumberof

researchers active in and around a number of infrastructures will facilitate [cross-disciplinaryfertilisations and*] a wider sharing of knowledge and technologies across fields and betweenacademia and industry”; “also contribute to increase the potential for innovation of the related

research infrastructures, in particular by reinforcing the partnership with industry, through e.g.

transfer of knowledge and other dissemination activities, activities to foster the use of research

infrastructures by industrial researchers, involvement of industrial associations in consortia or in

advisorybodies”[*note:cross-disciplinaryfertilisationsareaddressedinSection5.3].

5.4.1 Background

The Work Programme considers two fields of innovative impact with regard to the sharing of

knowledge and technologies that are produced in the context of Research Infrastructures (RIs):

acrossfieldsofresearch,andinrelatedindustries.ObviouslytheemphasisoftheWorkProgrammeis

ontheparticipationofindustrialactorsinthedevelopmentofRIsandthepotentialofRIstopromote

innovationinrelatedindustries.

TheissuewiththisexpectationisthattheWorkProgrammeappliesittoallRIswithoutconsidering

differences in terms of scientific domains and types of RIs. In practice, however, participation of

industrial actors in social sciences andhumanitiesRIs, andpotential for industrial innovation from

such RIs, is rather unlikely. With regard to the different types of RIs the notion of industrial

innovationoftheWorkProgrammeismainly informedbyresearchfacilities inthefieldsofnatural

andlifesciences.Inthesefieldsindustrialprovidersaresometimesinvolvedintheconstructionand

upgrade of RIs (e.g. procurement of innovative instrumentation) and industrial researchers and

developersareamongtheusersoffacilitiessuchasspecialisedlaboratories(EIRIISS2013).

The EPIRIA evaluation of the FP7 Research Infrastructure programme found “that the impact onindustry as user is limited due to the low participation numbers in the programme – both asparticipantand‘external’useroftheRI”(EPIRIA2014:60).Forexample,forthe1559participantsof

IntegratingActivities in theRIprogramme2006-2012 thebreakdown inpercent is as follows:90%

Research Organisations, 5% Public Bodies, 3% SMEs and 2% Large Enterprises. In the area of

“horizontal” e-Infrastructure projectswith 1013 participants the presence of industrial actorswas

somewhathigher:83%ResearchOrganisations,6%PublicBodies,6%LargeEnterprisesand5%SMEs

(EPIRIA2014:60).

The category of horizontal e-Infrastructures includes Communication Networks (e.g. GÉANT and

National Research and Education Networks), Computational Infrastructures (e.g. Grid-based e-

InfrastructureandHPCsuchasEGI.euandPRACE),DataInfrastructures&Services(typicallyforlarge

domains such as Energy, Earth & Environmental and Life Sciences), and Virtual Research

Communities/Environments. Industryparticipants inthesefieldswerepredominantlysuppliers,e.g.

software and middleware systems developers, in addition to telecommunication companies (cf.

EPIRIA2014:8-9and27).

In the distinction between Integrating Activities (for particular scientific fields) and horizontal e-

Infrastructures(servicesforallorlargedisciplinarydomains),ARIADNEislocatedinthefirstcategory,

as an Integrating Activity for archaeological datasets which required the building of data infra-

structure and services. In this endeavour ARIADNE, like many other projects, entrusted research


161

organisationsanddigitalarchivesratherthanbusinessesoftheICTsectorwiththedevelopmentof

thetechnicalsolutionsandservices.Theseresearchorganisationsandarchiveshaveatrackrecordin

implementingdataservicesfortheculturalheritagesector.

ButARIADNEsharedknowledgeand technologieswidelyacross relevant fieldsof researchand the

projectoutcomesareofcoursealsoavailabletopublicsectororganisationsandbusinessesthatare

active in these fields (e.g. archaeology and cultural heritage management) or interested in the

technicalsolutionsingeneral.

5.4.2 Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologiesacrossfieldsofresearch

ARIADNE has shared new knowledge and results of technological development widely across

relevantfieldsofresearch,includingthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeology,culturalheritageand

humanities research, and heritage sciences (e.g. archaeometry and heritage conservation). The

knowledge and technology transfer includes sharing of models, tools and services, training for

tool/serviceusers,presentationsandpublicationsonusecasesandresearchresults,andprovisionof

onlineguidestogoodpractice.

Some figures can illustrate the intensity of the knowledge transfer: project partners gave

presentations at 218 events with 9600 participants (conservative estimate), provided training

opportunities (TNA study visits, short courses, tutorials) for over 500 participants, published 86

papersinjournals,conferenceproceedingsandotherpublicationsonARIADNEtopics,usecasesand

researchresults(seetheSections4.2.2,4.3and4.2.6).

Thissectionfocusesonthemodels,tools/techniquesandservicesthathavebeendevelopedandare

beingsharedbyprojectpartnersthroughARIADNE.Wefirstbrieflyaddressthemainareasinwhich

ARIADNE partners have developed and shared new knowledge and technologies, followed by a

tabularoverviewoftheresources.


Knowledge exchange and transfer for state-of-the-art digital archives/repositories is addressed in

Section5.2. Inmanyevents andotherdisseminationactivitiesARIADNEhasput theneed fordata

sharing through state-of-the-art archives and integrating e-infrastructure on the agenda of the

research community. Project partners have sharedwidely good practices in the development and

operation of digital archives. In particular, ARIADNE has fostered knowledge transfer between

establisheddataarchives/centresandinitiativesforcentresinotherEuropeancountries,sothatnew

entriesmay“leapfrog”toastate-of-the-artsolutionbylearningfromacknowledgedbenchmarks.

In addition to this knowledge transfer we note some contributions of ARIADNE partners to the

developmentandsharingofdataarchivingandpublicationsolutions:

o ARIADNEpartners joinedthecommunityaroundtheARCHESopensourceplatformforcultural

heritage inventory and management. The platform is being developed jointly by the Getty

Conservation Institute and the World Monuments Fund214. In July 2014, PIN researchers

participatedinanARCHEScommunityworkshopinApsley,Englandandthereafter,inNovember

2014,aworkshopwiththedeveloperteamwasheldatPINinPrato,Italy.

o OEAW-OREAtriedusingtheARCHESsystemfortheir“DigitizingEarlyFarmingCultures”project

whichaimstoharmonizeandintegratedatafromresearchonneolithicandchalcolithicsites in

GreeceandAnatolia.ButtheresearchgroupfoundthatARCHESwasnotanoptimalsolutionfor

thiskindofproject(Aspöck&Masur2015).

214ARCHES,http://archesproject.org


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o ZRC-SAZU has successfully moved their database ZBIVA - Early Medieval sites in the South-

Eastern Alps to the ARCHES platform215, and provides feedback on the implementation to the

ARCHESdevelopers.

o DAIprovidesmirrorhostingandback-upfortheOpenContextdatapublicationplatform(Digital

Antiquityconsortium,USA),employstheplatformforowndatadissemination,andsupportsthe

expansionofitscapabilitiesfordatavisualizationandanalysis216.

o DANSmakestherepositorysoftwareoftheDigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology

(DCCD)availableopensourcetopromotesharingandintegrationofdendrochronologicaldata217;

therepositoryemploystheTree-RingDataStandard(TRiDaS)andallowsforconversionofother

widely-useddataformats;

o DANScollaboratesalsowiththepublicationsmanagementandsharingplatformMendeleywhich

since November 2015 offers users depositing data free of charge inMendeley Data218; DANS

provides the long-term data archiving service for theMendeley data repository (DANS-KNAW

2015;Hoey2015).


ARIADNE builds on data archives/repositories that specialise in the curation of archaeological and

otherculturalheritagedata,andprovidesanintegratingdatainfrastructureandservicesthatallow

cross-archive search, access and other services. Various standards and technologies have been

employed for providing the data infrastructure and services (see Aloia et al. 2017 for acomprehensive overview). Here we highlight the most important standards and technologies,

especiallythosewhichhavebeenadaptedand/orimprovedbytheproject.

Dataregistry


and therefore not searchable in an integrated way. In order to overcome this fragmentation

ARIADNEhasenabled institutions largeandsmall todescribetheirdigital resourcesandassociated

servicesinacentralregistry219.Thedescriptionoftheresourcesandservicesfollowsacommondata

model,theARIADNECatalogDataModel(ACDM)220.TheACDMisbasedontheW3Crecommended

Data Catalog Vocabulary - DCAT221, adapted for the description of archaeological data resources

(Aloiaetal.2014).MostusersofDCATarenationalcataloguesandportalsofpublicsectordatasets,

which use aDCATApplication Profile and are harvested by the EuropeanData Portal222. ARIADNE

providesanexamplefortheadaptationanduseofDCATfordatasetsofadomainofresearch.

Dataaggregation

ACDMcompliantrecordsareaggregatedandingestedintothemetadatarepositoryoftheARIADNE

data registry. For this process the MoRe (Metadata & Object Repository) aggregator is being

215ZBIVA,http://zbiva.zrc-sazu.si

216AlexandriaArchive(2015-08-11):OpenContextontheDAICloud,http://alexandriaarchive.org/tag/mirror-

hosting/217DCCDsoftwareonGithub,https://github.com/DANS-KNAW/dccd-webui

218MendeleyData,https://data.mendeley.com

219ARIADNERegistry,http://registry.ariadne-infrastructure.eu


221W3C(WorldWideWebConsortium)Recommendation(16January2014):DCAT-DataCatalogVocabulary,

http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/222Semic.eu:DCAT-AP,https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/og_page/dcat-ap


163

employed,whichisprovidedasaCloud-basedservice223.MoRehasbeendevelopedandappliedby

ARIADNE partner Athena-DCU in previous cultural heritage projects (e.g. CARARA and LoCloud).

MoRe employs an OAIS-compliant repository engine and a modular services architecture that

supports various manual and semi-automated digital curation tasks. Users can harvest metadata

frommultiplesourcesinmultipleschemas(e.g.DublinCore,CARARE,EncodedArchivalDescription,

EuropeanaDataModel,LIDO);validate,cleanandnormalizelargeamountsofcontent,enrichand/or

transform it intoa commonschema,andpublish it tomultiple targets,e.g.OAI-PMH2.0oraRDF

triplestore.

Interoperabilitystandardsandtools

The metadata of the ARIADNE data providers have become integrated and searchable on the

ARIADNE data portal according to the criteria “what” (subjects), “where” (location) and “when”

(chronology/date ranges). The portal puts into operation a proof of concept exemplar developed

someyearsagounder theARENAproject (Kenny&Richards2005).224 In addition to searching the

ARIADNE data catalogue for specific topics through a full-text search interface, users can also

visualize and filter the contents along geospatial, temporal and thematic dimensions, thereby

allowingthemtoexploreanddig intotheavailable informationresources.Toallowsuchsearching

differentstandardsandtechniqueshavebeenemployed:

o “What”(subjects):Mappingterms/conceptsusedbydataprovidersfromtheirthesauriorterm

lists to the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) as a common semantic backbone. For such

mappings ARIADNE partner USW provides a lightweight browser based application, the

interactiveVocabularyMatchingTool225.

o “Where” (location): Geo-spatial coordinates have been converted toWGS84 format or,where

onlyplacenameswereavailable,coordinatesproducedviatheGeoNamesgazetteerformodern

places.

o “When”(chronology/dateranges):ARIADNEpartnersproducedasetofculturalperiodsfromthe

PaleolithictoModerntimesfor24Europeancountrieswhich isemployed intheARIADNEdata

portal.Thesethasbeen incorporated in thePeriodOsystemwhichallowsstable linkingof the

chronology information based on persistent URIs226. Through the PeriodO system also other

projectscanusethesetofculturalperiods.

TheCIDOCConceptualReferenceModel(CIDOC-CRM)hasbeenextendedtoallowaddressingbetter

the complexity of archaeological data integration. A new tool, the Mapping Memory Manager

(3M)227hasbeendevelopedbyARIADNEpartnerFORTH-ICStofacilitatethemappingofdatabasesto

the ARIADNE Reference Model. The enhanced capability of the model has been confirmed in

applicationpilots.


ARIADNEpartnersapplieddifferentNLPmethodsandtechniquestomakereportsofarchaeological

fieldwork,specialistanalysisandothermaterialbetteraccessibleanduseful.Thisincludedmetadata

extraction from “grey literature” for search questions such as “what” (monument type, artefact,

223MoRe(Metadata&ObjectRepository)aggregator,http://more.dcu.gr

224ARENA-ArchaeologicalRecordsofEuropeNetworkedAccess(EUCultureProgramme,2001-2004),

http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/arena/225VocabularyMatchingTool,http://heritagedata.org/vocabularyMatchingTool/

226ARIADNEcollectionofculturalperiodsinthePeriodOsystem,http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p0qhb66

227MappingMemoryManager(3M),http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/3M


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material, etc.), “where” (location, archaeological context), and “when” (age/period, dates); also

informationaboutresearchmethodsandprocesseshavebeenextractedandanalysed.

NLPisawell-establishedfieldofresearchanddevelopmentwithnumeroussolutionsandproductive

applications. ARIADNE work in this field employed different frameworks such as GATE (General

Architecture for Text Engineering) and Python NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit), and investigated

variousmethodsfor improvingNLPtasksspecifically forculturalheritageandarchaeologycontent.

TheOPTIMAsemanticannotationsystem,developedbyUSWsince2007,isamongtheleadingrules-

based solutions in this field. It performs the NLP tasks of Named Entity Recognition, Relation

Extraction, Negation Detection andWord-Sense Disambiguation using terminological resources of

thedomain.

ArguablythemostimportantadvancewithinARIADNEhasbeenintheinvestigationofwhatcanbe

achieved by, and what still needs to be improved for, employing archaeological terminologies in

differentlanguages.InthiscontextitisalsoimportanttonotethatfortakingadvantageofNLPsome

archaeological communities in Europe will have to invest more effort in developing their

vocabularies.


Project partners have developed advanced online services for visual media and landscapes. The

VisualComputingLabofCNR-ISTIhasimplementedweb-basedservicesforpublication,visualization

andexplorationof3Dmodels,ReflectanceTransformation Imaging(RTI),andotherhigh-resolution

images228. CNR-ITABC developedweb-based services that support generation andmanagement of

2D/3DinteractiveWebGISenvironmentsfor large3Dterrainand landscapemodels229.Theservices

andtheirusagearedescribedingreaterdetailinSection4.6.7.

Employingsuchservices/tools in researchprojects, forcontentdeposited indigitalarchivesand/or

publishedine-journalsgreatlyadvancesresearchers’capabilitytopublish,access,visualizeandstudy

archaeological and other cultural heritage objects online. For example, CNR-ISTI’s 3DHOP (3D

Heritage Online Presenter) for interactive presentation of high-resolution 3D models has been

implementedbytheArchaeologyDataServicetoallowresearchersexplore3Dmodelsdepositedin

theirdigital archive (Galeazzi2015;Galeazzietal. 2016).ReflectanceTransformation Imaging (RTI)

allows inspecting objects in rich detail. A recent paper in Internet Archaeology (Riris & Corteletti2015)includesRTIimagesofengravingsataBrazilianrockartsitewhichcanbedynamicallyexplored

withtheWebRTIViewerdevelopedbyCNR-ISTI230.

We expect a wide adoption of these new ways of making cultural heritage content available for

research and dissemination. Such enhanced publications are of particular interest to online

publishersandofcoursenotlimitedtothedomainofculturalheritage.

Tabularoverviewofsharedmodels,tools/techniquesandservices

Thetablebelowgivesanoverviewofmodels,tools/techniquesandserviceswhicharebeingshared

by partners through ARIADNE. It should be clear that ARIADNE’s focus is on specific needs and

requirements of archaeology and cultural heritage. Therefore most of the items have been

specificallydevelopedforusersofthissectorwhileothersmaybeofinteresttousersalsofromother

sectors.

228ARIADNE:VisualMediaServer,http://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

229ARIADNE:LandscapeServices:http://landscape.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

230VisualComputingLab(CNR-ISTI,Pisa):WebRTIViewer,http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/rti/webviewer.php


165

Technology Tool/service Developer Software/service

Datamodelling

CIDOC-CRM NewandenhancedextensionstotheISOstandard

CIDOC-CRM,integratedintheARIADNEReference

Model;noveltoolformappingdatabasestothemodel

(see3Mbelow)

FORTH-ICS www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/Reso

urces/Ariadne-

Reference-Model

ConML Conceptualmodellinglanguagespecificallyforthe

humanitiesandsocialsciences

CSIC-Incipit www.conml.org

CHARM CulturalHeritageAbstractReferenceModel:basedon

ConMLanddesignedtobeusedbyresearchersand

practitionersinarchaeologyandheritageand

extendedtomeettheirparticularneeds

CSIC-Incipit www.charminfo.org

CHARM

library

ProgramminglibraryforCHARMmodels,i.e.a

modellingenginecapableofstoringandmanipulating

ConMLmodels,andexamplesofsuchmodels.Models

expressedinCHARMcanbeexportedinSKOSorOWL

formatsandusedinLinkedDataenvironments

CSIC-Incipit http://www.conml.org

Dataconversionandmapping

Data

conversion

STELETOisanopensource,cross-platformapplication

forconversionoftabulardataviaacustomtemplate

intoothertextualformats

USW Application/codeon

Github231

Data

conversion

LinkedDatatranslationfortheDutchSIKB

archaeologicalprotocol0102

VU

Amsterdam

Application/codeon

Github232

Vocabulary

mapping/

matching

InteractiveVocabularyMatchingTool;inARIADNE

several“local”subjectsvocabulariesofpartnershave

beenmappedtotheArt&ArchitectureThesaurus

USW Webapplication233

Application/codeon

GitHub234

CIDOC-CRM

mapping

MappingMemoryManager(3M);facilitatesthe

mappingofdatabasestoCIDOC-CRMandthemapping

validation;severaldatabaseshavebeenmappedand

theresultshavebeenusedinpilotdemonstrators

FORTH-ICS Webapplication235

Application/codeon

GitHub236

Chrono-

logies

ARIADNEpartnersproducedasetofculturalperiods

fromthePaleolithictoModerntimesfor24European

countrieswhichisemployedintheARIADNEdata

portal.ThesetisincorporatedinthePeriodOsystem

whichallowsstablelinkingofthechronology

informationbasedonpersistentURIs.Throughthe

PeriodOsystemalsootherprojectscanusetheset

ARIADNE

partnersand

PeriodO

ARIADNEcollectionof

culturalperiodsinthe

PeriodOsystem237

231http://github.com/cbinding/STELETO/

232https://github.com/wxwilcke/pakbon-ld

233http://heritagedata.org/vocabularyMatchingTool/

234https://github.com/cbinding/VocabularyMatchingTool

235http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/3M

236https://github.com/isl/Mapping-Memory-Manager

237http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p0qhb66


166


Machine

learning

basedNLP

Metadataextractionapplicationthatidentifiesand

classifiesnamedentitieswithinEnglishlanguagetext

files;developedfortheADSGreyLiteratureLibrary,

butmaybeadaptedandimplementedbyother

repositoriesforEnglishlanguagedocuments.

ADSNamedEntityRecognitionServiceAPI:available

togeneratemetadataforexternaldatamanagement

systems(i.e.toimprovesearch&retrieval)

ADS Metadataextraction

application:thecode

canbeprovidedto

otherdevelopers

OnlineNERserviceAPI

interface238

Rule-based

NLP

OPTIMAforCIDOC-CRMsemanticannotationof

archaeologicalreports.OPTIMA(mainpartsbasedon

theopensourceGATEplatform[gate.ac.uk]:isarule-

basedsemanticannotationsystemthatperforms

severalNLPtasks

USW Application/code239

NLP

pipelines

Rule-basedNamedEntityRecognitionpipelinesforthe

textminingofEnglish,DutchandSwedish

archaeologicalreports(runontheGATEplatform)

USW Application/codeon

GitHub240

Rule-based

NLP

TextProcessMinertool:usesverbsemanticsformining

documentsfordescribedmethodsandactivitiesanda

rule-basedapproachfordetectingrelationships

betweenthem(developedinPythonemploying

existingNLPlibrariessuchasPhythonNLTK)

CSIC-Incipit Researchprototype,

notyetavailablefor

generaluse(contact

thedevelopers:Epure

etal.2015)

Dataaggregationandportal

MoRe(Metadata&ObjectRepository)aggregator:

http://more.dcu.gr

ATHENA-

DCU

MoReisprovidedasa

Cloud-basedservice

TheARIADNEPortalisawebapplicationbasedonthe

Laravelopensourcesoftware.Itsmainpurposeisto

offeraccesstotheARIADNECatalogdataprovided

throughElasticsearch.Thesourcecodeishostedon

GitHubtogetherwithinstallationinstructions

ARIADNE Application/codeon

GitHub241

Datarepositories

RepositorysoftwareoftheDigitalCollaboratoryfor

CulturalDendrochronology(DCCD):

http://dendro.dans.knaw.nl

KNAW-DANS Application/codeon

GitHub242

DAIprovidesmirrorhostingandback-upfortheOpen

Contextdatapublicationplatform(DigitalAntiquity

consortium,USA).DAIemploystheplatformforown

datadissemination,andsupportstheexpansionofits

capabilitiesfordatavisualizationandanalysis

DAI http://opencontext.da

inst.org/

Visualcontent/3D

Visual

Media

Services

Web-basedservicesthatallowpublicationand

visualisationofhigh-resolutionimages,reflectance

transformationimages(RTI),andhigh-resolution3D

CNR-ISTI http://visual.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu

238http://ads.ac.uk/nlp/demo.jsf

239https://sourceforge.net/projects/optimacidoc/?source=directory

240https://github.com/avlachid/Multilingual-NLP-for-Archaeological-Reports-Ariadne-Infrastructure

241https://github.com/dainst/ariadne-portal

242https://github.com/DANS-KNAW/dccd-webui


167

modelsontheweb.TheservicesemployWebGL,

SpiderGLand3DHOP(3DHeritageOn-LinePresenter),

2D/high-

resolution

images

Theserviceconvertsahigh-resolutionimageintoa

multi-resolutionformat,enablingprogressive

transmissionandvisualizationbymeansofaweb-

enabledimagebrowser(includedinthevisualmedia

services).

CNR-ISTI http://visual.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu

2D/RTI ReflectanceTransformationImaging(RTI):Web-

RTIViewer(includedinthevisualmediaservices)

CNR-ISTI http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/rti

/webviewer.php

MeshLab

MeshLabisanopensource,portableandextensible

systemforprocessingandeditingofunstructured3D

triangularmeshes.Itprovidestoolstoprocess

unstructuredmodelsfrom3Dscanningdata.

CNR-ISTI http://meshlab.source

forge.net

3DHOP 3DHOP(3DHeritageOnlinePresenter)forinteractive

presentationofhigh-resolution3Dmodels(includedin

thevisualmediaservices);theefficientvisualizationof

3DHOPisbasedonWebGLandaJavascript

implementationoftheNexusmulti-resolution

framework

CNR-ISTI http://3dhop.net/dow

nload.php

Landscapes

Services

LandscapeServices:web-basedservicesthatsupport

generationandmanagementof2D/3Dinteractive

WebGISenvironments;webservicesinclude:Cloud

services,2Dservices,3Dterrainservices,toolsfor

visualization,interactionandediting,distributed

composingservices

CNR-ITABC http://landscape.ariad

ne-infrastructure.eu

5.4.3 Sharing between academia and industry and potential for industrialinnovation

ARIADNE is not an initiativeof the “academia”, rather the initiativehasbeenpromotedmainlyby

archaeological institutes, data archives and technology developers. Indeed the consortium of 23

organisations only includes four universities, and at two of them the project partner is a data

archive243.Collaborationwithotherorganisationsbasedoncooperationagreementsinvolvesseveral

universities alongside archaeological institutes, governmental heritage agencies, archaeology/

heritagemuseumsandarchives,andotherinstitutions.

Nevertheless, the outcomes of ARIADNE are of course available to businesses and public sector

organisations active in archaeology, heritagemanagement, and related areas such as heritage-led

regional development and tourism.While such businesses and organisationsmay benefit in some

ways fromARIADNEservices (e.g.access to relevantdata), thenotionof “industrial innovation”as

promotedbytheResearchInfrastructuresprogrammecanhardlybeappliedtoarchaeology.Another

question is if industrial actorsmay play a role in the provision of data infrastructure services for

archaeologicalandotherculturalheritageresearchanddissemination.

Potentialbenefitsforarchaeologicalbusinesses

ThenotionofindustrialinnovationthroughResearchInfrastructuresisinformedbyRIsinfieldssuch

as physics, energy,materials or life sciences research anddevelopment. In these fields innovation

243UniversityofYork(ArchaeologyDataService,UK),UniversityofGothenburg(SwedishNationalDataService,

Sweden),UniversityofSouthWales(UK)andLeidenUniversity(NL)


168

may result from advances in the construction/upgrades of a RI involving industrial providers of

components (e.g. procurement of innovative instrumentation), joint R&D projects, or the use of

experimental facilitiesby industrial researchersanddevelopers (EIRIISS2013).Studieson industrial

innovationrelatedtoRIstypicallycentreon“bigscience”researchfacilities(Autio2014;Technopolis

Group2013),amongwhichtheEuropeanOrganisationforNuclearResearch(CERN)featuresasthe

mostprominentexample(OECDGlobalScienceForum2014;Florioetal.2015).

Incontrast,industryinarchaeologymeanscontractarchaeologistsandconsultantsthatareactivein

so called developer-led or preventive archaeology. Their businesses are mostly small, some very

small(justoneortwopeople)andsomelargeones.ThelargerbusinessesintheUKsuchasOxford

ArchaeologyandWessexArchaeology(eachwithover200staff)arecharitabletrusts.Thebusinesses

provide fieldwork services for developers and heritage management agencies ranging from pre-

developmentevaluationifarchaeologicaldepositsarepresenttorescueexcavationsinthecourseof

developmentprojects.

This industry has grown rapidly after the implementation in national regulations of the Council

Directive (85/337/EEC) Environmental Impact Assessment (1985 and amendments)244, and the

CouncilofEurope’sEuropeanConventionontheProtectionoftheArchaeologicalHeritage(1992)245.TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentDirectiveestablishedtherequirementfortheenvironmental

impactofanysignificantlandusechangetobeassessed,andforsubsequentmitigationtotakeplace

where required (cultural heritage, including archaeological remains, was identified as an

environmental component to be considered). The Council of Europe’s Convention called for the

integrationofarchaeologyintheplanning/developmentprocess.

In some European countries commercial contract archaeology has become the dominant form of

fieldarchaeology (e.g. in theNetherlandsand theUK)while inotherspublicbodiesplayagreater

role.InFrancetheInstitutNationaldesRecherchesArchéologiquesPréventives(Inrap)isthelargest

actor inpreventive archaeology. Inrap and local authoritieshaveamonopolyonpre-development

evaluationswhilecommercialcompaniesareallowedtotenderforexcavations.Anotherexampleis

that in some German Länder commercial firms are contracted and supervised by the state

monumentoffice,notdirectlyby thedeveloper (onthesituation indifferentcountriesseeBozóki-

Ernyey 2007; Willems 2007; Schlanger & Aitchison 2010; Bradley et al. 2012; Vander-Linden &Webley2012).

The archaeological businesses will hardly benefit from the ARIADNE e-infrastructure initiative in

similarways as industrial providers of special instrumentation and services for large-scale physical

Research Infrastructures. In this context innovation may result from industrial providers being

challengedtocomeupwithnovelsolutions,ortakeadvantageofnewknowledgeandtechnologies

developedinjointR&DprojectswiththeRIprovidersandusers.

Inarchaeologyoneareawherebothprivate sectorandacademicarchaeologists canbenefit is the

sharing of the outcomes of their work through digital archives. Contract archaeologists produce

many fieldwork reports which are of high relevance for progress in archaeological knowledge (cf.

244EnvironmentalImpactAssessment,CouncilDirectiveof27June1985ontheassessmentoftheeffectsof

certainpublicandprivateprojectsontheenvironment(85/337/EEC);theDirectiveaddresses“cultural

heritage”inArticle3andmentions“architecturalandarchaeologicalheritage”inthelistingofaspectsof

theenvironmentthatmaybesignificantlyaffectedbyaproposeddevelopmentproject(AnnexIV).TheEIA

Directiveof1985anditsthreeamendments(1997,2003,2009)havebeencodifiedbytheDirective

2011/92/EU(13December2011)andrecentlyamendedbytheDirective2014/52/EU(16April2014).

EuropeanCommission:EnvironmentalImpactAssessment,http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-

legalcontext.htm245CouncilofEurope(1992):EuropeanConventionontheProtectionoftheArchaeologicalHeritage(Revised),

Valetta,16.I.1992,http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/143.htm


169

Bradley2006;Ford2010;Fulford&Holbrook2011). If such reports canbemadebetteraccessible

togetherwithacademicresearchandsynthesis,allactorscanbenefitfromacommonresource,e.g.

forpreparingfieldwork,excavationsandconservationofwork.

In theUK ithasbeenestimated thatmuchuniversity teachingwasup to ten10yearsoutofdate

because results of contract archaeologists’ fieldwork did not find theirway into the academia (cf.

Hardman&Richards2003:325)246.Since2005provisionsareinplacesothatsuchfieldworkreports

aredepositedwiththeArchaeologyDataService(ADS)247.AtpresenttheADSdigitallibrarycontains

about40,000reportsand it isheavilyusedbyarchaeologistsacrosstheboard.Anotherexample is

theE-depotforDutchArchaeology(managedbyDANS)whichcontainsover20,000reports.

Accesstomoreandricherdataandinformationaboutarchaeologicalsites,monumentsandobjects

willalsobenefitheritage-ledregionaldevelopmentprojects,e.g.inareassuchasurbanregeneration

andculturalheritagetourism(Sutherland&Tweed2007;CulturalHeritageCountsforEurope2015).

Special ARIADNE services such as the Visual Media Services may also be used in the online

presentationofarchaeologicalandotherculturalheritageobjectsandsites.

ICTindustryinvolvementindatainfrastructureservices

There is also thequestion if ICTbusinessesmayplay a role in theprovisionof data infrastructure

services for research and dissemination. The evaluation of the FP7 Research Infrastructure

programme states: “It is obvious that the impact on industry as user is limited due to the lowparticipationnumbersintheprogramme–bothasparticipantand‘external’useroftheRI. (…) lowparticipation rates were especially the case for the Integrating Activities projects and the ESFRIprojects (Preparatory Phase and Implementation). The case studies showed that in those projectsdevelopment of technological tools such as software andmiddlewarewas entrusted to computingscientists rather than (private sector) engineers. It would beworth investigatingwhether thiswasjustifiablebecauseof theexploratorynatureof thedevelopmentsneeded,whether itwasdue toaperceived lackofbusiness case for theprivate sector,orwhether thecause shouldbe found in thesocial/culturalsphere(lackofcontacts,mistrust,etc.)”(EPIRIA2014:60).

ARIADNEfollowedthegeneralpatternofIntegratingActivitiesinthatresearchorganisationsrather

than businesses of the ICT sector have been entrusted with the development of the technical

solutions and services. The main reason is that the involved research organisations and digital

archives have a track record in implementing data services for the cultural heritage sector. Data

infrastructure and services build on a well-established set of technical approaches and open

standards and software so that ICT companies may try becoming service providers. However we

assume that running adata infrastructure and services specifically for archaeological research and

dissemination (or other fields of research) does not represent a business case for private sector

companies.

The EPIRIA evaluation of the FP7 RI programme found that industry participation was somewhat

higher in horizontal e-Infrastructure projects than in Integrating Activities. In such projects for

CommunicationNetworks,Computational Infrastructures,Data Infrastructures&Services (typically

for large domains such as Energy, Earth& Environmental and Life Sciences), and Virtual Research

Communities/Environments industry participants were predominantly telecommunication

companies, middleware and other software suppliers (cf. EPIRIA 2014: 8-9 and 27). Obviously

researchorganisationshavebeenthedriversandcoordinatorsalsooftheseprojects.Themainarea

wherecommercialprovidershaveinitiallytakentheleadisthemarketofCloud-basedservices.Butit

246SeealsoARIADNE:GreyLiteratureSpecialInterestGroup,http://www.ariadne-

infrastructure.eu/Community/Special-Interest-Groups/Grey-Literature247ADS:LibraryofUnpublishedFieldworkReports,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/greylit/


170

isunlikelythatsuchproviderswillplayamajorroleinventuresliketheEuropeanOpenScienceCloud

(EOSC)248.

Concerningdataarchivesthesituationisroughlythesameaswithe-infrastructures.Theareaofdata

archivesisverymuchaboutadivisionofworkinthepublishingsector.Mostresearchpublishersdo

not seedatamanagementandpreservationaspartof their corebusiness,which isproducingand

marketingofpublications.Rathertheyunderstanditasaresponsibilityoftheauthors,theauthors’

institutes or the research community as a whole (cf. PARSE.Insight 2009: 68-70). As open data

mandates of research funders have become more widespread, most publishers recommend

dedicated research data archives249, while few have implemented an own repository for data

underpinning publications in their journals (e.g. GigaScience’s GigaDB repository250). Data

repositorieswhichareoperatedbycommercialactorsarerare:ThereisFigshare,whichsince2012is

run by the Digital Science brand ofMacmillan Publishers251, andMendeley (owned by Elsevier) in

November 2015 launched Mendeley Data252, for which DANS provides long-term data archiving

(DANS-KNAW2015;Hoey2015).


Sharingofknowledgeandtechnologiesacrossfieldsofresearch

ARIADNE has shared new knowledge and results of technological development widely across

relevant related fields of research. The knowledge and technology transfer includes sharing of

models, tools/ techniques and services, presentations, tutorials and short courses for tool/service

users,goodpracticeguides,andpublicationsonusecasesandresearchresults.


In many events and other dissemination activities ARIADNE has put the need for data sharing

through state-of-the-art archives and integrating e-infrastructure on the agenda of the research

community.Projectpartnershavesharedwidelygoodpracticesinthedevelopmentandoperationof

digital archives. In particular, ARIADNE has fostered knowledge transfer between established data

archives/centres and initiatives for centres in other European countries, so that new entriesmay

“leapfrog”toastate-of-the-artsolutionby learningfromacknowledgedbenchmarks. Inadditionto

thisknowledgetransferARIADNEpartnershavecontributedtothedevelopmentandsharingofdata

archivingandpublicationsolutions.Partnershavetrialledandprovidedfeedbackontheopensource

ARCHES platform for cultural heritage inventory andmanagement developed jointly by the Getty

ConservationInstituteandtheWorldMonumentsFund.DAIprovidesmirrorhostingandback-upfor

the Open Context data publication platform (Digital Antiquity consortium, USA), employs the

platform for own data dissemination, and supports the expansion of its capabilities for data

visualization and analysis. DANS makes the repository software of the Digital Collaboratory for

Cultural Dendrochronology (DCCD) available open source to promote sharing and integration of

dendrochronologicaldata.

248EuropeanCommission,Research&Innovation:EuropeanOpenScienceCloud,

http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-cloud249ForexampleseethelistofrepositoriesrecommendedbyNature’sScientificDatajournal,

http://www.nature.com/sdata/policies/repositories250GigaDBrepository,http://gigadb.org/site/about

251Figshare,http://figshare.com

252MendeleyData,https://data.mendeley.com


171


Data infrastructures and services employ various standards and technologies, someofwhichhave

beenadaptedand/orimprovedbytheproject.ARIADNEprovidesanexamplefortheadaptationand

useoftheW3CrecommendedDataCatalogVocabulary–DCATforthedescriptionofdatasetsofa

domain of research; employs the MoRe (Metadata & Object Repository) aggregator which is

providedbyARIADNEpartnerAthena-DCUasaCloud-basedservice;andsharestoolswhichenhance

data interoperability, e.g. the interactive Vocabulary Mapping/Matching Tool and the Mapping

MemoryManager(3M)whichfacilitatesthemappingofdatabasestotheextendedCIDOC-CRM.


NLPisawell-establishedfieldofresearchanddevelopmentwithnumeroussolutionsandproductive

applications. ARIADNE work in this field employed different frameworks such as GATE (General

Architecture for Text Engineering) and Python NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit), and investigated

variousmethodsforimprovingNLPtasksspecificallyforarchaeologyandculturalheritagecontent.A

majorgoal in thisareahasbeenmakingreportsofarchaeological fieldwork,specialistanalysisand

other“greyliterature”betteraccessibleandusefulthroughNLPbasedmetadataextraction.Arguably

thegreatestadvancehasbeenachieved inthe investigationofwhatcanbeachievedby,andwhat

stillneedstobeimprovedfor,employingarchaeologicalterminologiesindifferentlanguagesforthis

purpose.


Project partners have developed web-based services for visual media (high-resolution images,

Reflectance Transformation Imaging and 3D artefact models) and large 3D terrain and landscape

models.TheseservicesareincludedintheARIADNEportfolioofweb-basedservices.Employingsuch

services/tools in researchprojects, for contentdeposited indigital archives and/orpublished in e-

journalsgreatlyadvancesresearchers’capabilitytopublish,access,visualizeandstudyarchaeological

andotherculturalheritageobjectsonline.

ARIADNE’sfocushasbeenonspecificneedsandrequirementsofarchaeologyandculturalheritage.

Thereforemost of themodels, tools/techniques and services have been specifically developed or

customisedforusersofthissector,butsomemayalsoberelevanttootherdomains.

Sharingbetweenacademiaandindustryandpotentialforindustrialinnovation

TheoutcomesofARIADNEarealsoavailableforbusinessesandpublicsectororganisationsactivein

archaeology,heritagemanagementandrelatedareas.

Industrialinnovationinarchaeology

With regard tobusinesses in these fields thenotionof “industrial innovation”aspromotedby the

ResearchInfrastructuresprogrammecanhardlybeapplied.Thenotionisinformedbylargephysical

research infrastructureswhere innovationmayresult from industrialprovidersbeingchallengedto

come up with novel instrumentation, joint R&D projects with the RI, or the use of experimental

facilities. Industry in archaeology means contract archaeologists and consultants who provide

fieldworkservicesinsocalleddeveloper-ledorpreventivearchaeology.

Oneareawherebothprivate sector andacademic archaeologists canbenefit is the sharingof the

outcomes of their work through digital archives. Contract archaeologists producemany fieldwork

reports that are important for progress in archaeological knowledge. If such reports can bemade

better accessible together with academic research and synthesis, all actors can benefit from a

commonresource,e.g.forpreparingfieldwork,excavationsandconservationofwork.


172

Accesstomoreandricherdataandinformationaboutarchaeologicalsites,monumentsandobjects

canalsobenefitheritage-ledregionaldevelopmentprojects,e.g.inareassuchasurbanregeneration

and cultural heritage tourism. Special ARIADNE services such as theVisualMedia Servicesmaybe

usedintheonlinepresentationofarchaeologicalandotherculturalheritageobjectsandsites.

Industryinvolvementindatainfrastructureservices

With regard to the participation of industrial actors in the development of e-infrastructures the

EPIRIAevaluationoftheFP7ResearchInfrastructureprogrammehasshownthattheirinvolvementin

Integrating Activities has been rather low. ARIADNE followed the general pattern of Integrating

Activities in that research organisations rather than ICT businesses have been entrusted with the

developmentofthetechnicalsolutionsandservices.Themainreason isthatthe involvedresearch

organisationsanddigitalarchiveshaveatrackrecordinimplementingdataservicesforthecultural

heritage sector. Data infrastructure and services build on a well-established set of technical

approaches and open standards and software so that ICT businesses may try becoming service

providers. However we assume that running a data infrastructure and services specifically for

archaeologicalresearchanddissemination(orotherfieldsofresearch)doesnotrepresentabusiness

caseforprivatesectorcompanies.

Data archives present a similar situation based on a division of work in the academic publishing

sector.Mostresearchpublishersdonotseedatamanagementandpreservationaspartoftheircore

business. As open data mandates of research funders have become more widespread, most

publishers recommend dedicated research data archives, while few have implemented an own

repositoryfordataunderpinningpublicationsintheirjournals.Datarepositorieswhichareoperated

bycommercialactorsarerare:ExamplesareFigshare(runbyMacmillanPublishers’DigitalScience)

andMendeleyData(Elsevier),forthelatterDANSprovideslong-termdataarchiving.


173

6 AnnexA:Impactindicatorsappliedintheevaluation

6.1 IndicatorsdefinedinARIADNE’sDescriptionofWork

ThetablebelowgivesanoverviewoftheARIADNEimpactindicatorsdefinedintheproject’sDescriptionofWork(PartB,section3,pp.55-56).

Objective Intendedimpact Action Impactindicatorlevelachievedatyear4

Innovationandcommunitybuilding

FostertheinnovationpotentialofRIsbasedonclosecooperationwithinstitutionsandend-users

Earlyandactiveinvolvementofinstitutionalstakeholders

o InvolvementandactiveparticipationbythemajorinstitutionalstakeholdersfromallEUMembersStates,comprisingtheleading:Antiquityauthoritiesandotherpublicauthorities,Archaeologicalresearchcentres,andResearchandprofessionalassociations.

o LiaisonswithrelevantresearchinstitutionsandinitiativesoutsideEurope.

Earlyandactiveinvolvementofend-users

o Atleast400end-usersfromtheaboveandotherinstitutionsparticipatinginprojectactivities(e.g.specialinterestgroups,conferencesessions,etc.).

Stronginnovationimpactfocusandstrategies

o InnovationAgendaandActionPlanendorsed,publishedandputintopracticebythemembersoftheconsortiumandaffiliatedinstitutions.

o BusinessModelevaluatedbyexternalexpertsandsupportedbythemembersoftheconsortiumandaffiliatedinstitutions.

Disseminationandtraining

Promoteawarenessandgoodpractices,develop“nextgeneration”skills

Effectivedisseminationchannels

o Audienceof3000reachedwithinformationmaterial(folders,projectannouncements,etc.).o Projectwebsiteconsultedbyatleast12,000visitors.

Goodpracticeguides o 1500copiesofGoodPracticeguidesdistributedordownloadedfromtheprojectwebsite.

Trainingoffering o 250userstrainedintutorialsateventsorshorttrainingcoursesoneffectiveRIuse,themajorityyoung(*)researchers.(*)A“young”researcherisagraduatestudent,aPhDcandidate,oraPost-Doclevelresearcher.

RIaccessandusage

WidentheuseofRIsandICT-supportedarchaeologicalresearch

Transnationalaccess(TNA)toRIs

o 300researchersrequestedtransnationalaccesstoRIs,themajorityofwhichyoungresearchers.o HighbenefitoftheRIaccessfortheirprojectsconfirmedbythevisitingresearchers.


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ProvisionofTNAon-lineservices

o 800differentanonymoususersavailingofon-lineinfrastructureservicesduringlastyear.o 300registeredusersoftheon-lineinfrastructureservices,themajorityyoungresearchers

Criticalmassofcontent

Increasethevolumeandrichnessofaccessibledata

Inclusionof,andprovisionofaccessto,richandlargevolumesofdata

o Atleast5.000.000archaeologicalrecordsavailableforaccess,coveringatleast70%ofEuropeancountries.

o Richinformationprovidedintermsofmetadataandcontent,i.e.notonlytextrecordsbutendowedwithimages,3Detc.

o 100.000reportsavailableforsearchingandbrowsing.


Leveragetheusefulnessofdatasetsandservices

Enhancementandintegrationofdatasets

o 100%ofdatasetsintegratedviamappings&crosswalks,orotherappropriateintegratingtechnologiessuchasGIS,LinkedData,etc.,accordingtodatasettypology.

Increasetheuseofintegratedon-lineservices

o 30%increaseinservicesprovided(comparedtocurrentlyavailableones).

Deploymentofintegratingtechnologies

o 25%ofdatasetslinkedasOpenLinkedData.o 100%ofalldatasetswithaspatialcomponentintegratedinacommonGISplatform.

Unifiedaccess Ensureusabilityandusefulness

Provideunifiedaccessinterface

o 100%ofdatasetsaccessiblethroughacommoninterface.

Provideinnovativetools o 100%ofdatasetsavailingofinnovativevisualizationandsemanticannotationtools(whereapplicableaccordingtodatasettype).

Long-termpreservation

Ensurelong-termperpetualaccesstodatasets

Implementdatamaintenanceandcurationprocesses

o Long-termpreservationprocessactivatedforalldatasets.

Innovationinarchaeologicalresearchpractices

DevelopmentofnovelICT-supportedresearchmethods(e-archaeology)

Provideandpilotextendeddatareferencemodels,datalinkingandprocessingcapability

o ConceptualReferenceModelextendedtocovernewdomainsasrelevanttoarchaeologicalresearch(e.g.monumentsandstandingstructures,excavationdataandscientificlaboratoryanalysis).

o OpenLinkedDataannotationandintegrationmethodsestablishedanddemonstratedforarchaeologicalcases.

o Dataminingandnaturallanguagetechniquesestablishedanddemonstrated.o Archaeologicale-researchframeworksestablished.o Atleast10pilotprojectscompleteddemonstratinganinnovativeapproachusingARIADNE’stools.


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6.2 ExpectedbroaderimpactsdefinedintheWorkProgramme

In addition to the ARIADNE impact indicators (above) the evaluation took account of a number of broader impacts the FP7Work Programme for ResearchInfrastructures (2012) expects from IntegratingActivities253. In order to address the expected impacts these have been extracted from the text in theWorkProgramme,organisedandindicatorselaboratedfortheimpactevaluation.BelowwereproducethetextoftheWorkProgrammeandpresentthetableoftheelaboratedProgrammeimpactindicators.

RIprogramme–ExpectedimpactsofIntegratingActivities

“Expected impacts: IntegratingActivities are expected to have a structuring impact on the ERA and on theway research infrastructures operate, evolve and

interactwithsimilarfacilitiesandwiththeirusers.Operatorsofinfrastructureswilldevelopsynergiesandcomplementarycapabilitiesinsuchawayastoofferan

improvedaccesstoresearchersandtodeveloptheir innovationpotential.Likewise,amoreco-ordinatedapproachbetweeninfrastructureoperators,usersand

public authorities will enable to optimise the development, use and sustainable operation of the identified research infrastructures. In addition, a closer

interactionbetweena largenumberof researchersactive inandaroundanumberof infrastructureswill facilitate cross-disciplinary fertilisationsandawider

sharingofknowledgeandtechnologiesacrossfieldsandbetweenacademiaandindustry.IntegratingActivitiesshouldalsocontributetoincreasethepotentialfor

innovation of the related research infrastructures, in particular by reinforcing the partnership with industry, through e.g. transfer of knowledge and other

disseminationactivities,activitiestofostertheuseofresearchinfrastructuresbyindustrialresearchers, involvementofindustrialassociationsinconsortiaorin

advisorybodies.Thefocusoninnovationshouldbereflectedinthedescriptionoftheobjectivesoftheproposedactions.”

Elaboratedprogrammeimpactindicators

Impactareas Overallgoal/impactaction Impactindicators


Promotecooperationandconnectresearchcommunitiesandresources(data,ICTservices)attheEuropeanlevel

o European-levele-infrastructureforthefieldofarchaeology,enablingcross-countrydatasharing,integrationandaccess

o Involvementofalargecommunityofstakeholdersinthee-infrastructureandotherprojectactivities

o High-levelrecognitionandsupportoftheinitiative

CoordinatedevolutionofResearchInfrastructures,incl.

Contributetothecoordinateddevelopment/evolution,synergies

o Knowledgeexchangeandcoordinationwithothere-infrastructureinitiativesinthefieldofhumanitiesandheritagesciences

253FP7WorkProgramme2012.Capacities:Part1:ResearchInfrastructures.EuropeanCommissionC(2011)5023,19July2011,page9,

https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/pdf/wp2012_research_infrastructures.pdf


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e-infrastructures

andintegrationofe-infrastructuresinthetargetarea

o Collaborationwithotherinitiativestoenabledataintegrationande-infrastructurebasedresearchinthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeology

Improveddevelopment,access/useandsustainableoperationofRIs

Supportoptimaldevelopment,operationanduseofintegrateddataarchives,ensuringthatresearchersandotherusershavereliableandefficientaccesstodatatheyrequireforresearchandotherpurposes

o IntegratedaccesstoarchaeologicaldataarchivesenablinguseofdatafromdifferentEuropeancountries

o Identificationoftherequirementsforandsharingofbestpracticesinthesustainableoperationofdataarchives

o Promotionofnewdatacentresandknowledgetransferfromestablishedcentres


Enablefertilisationbetweendifferentfieldsofresearch,e.g.sharingofdata,conceptualunderstandingandintegration,collaborationonnewtools/services

o Dataservicesrelevanttoalldomainsofthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeologicalresearch

o Fosteringcross-disciplinaryfertilisationamongresearchersofdifferentdomains(e.g.datasharingandintegration,collaborationofscholarsandtechnologistsfornewtools/services)


Sharenewknowledgeandtechnicalsolutions(tools/services)acrossfieldsofresearch,withrelatedpublicsectorbodiesandbusinesses,andenableinnovationbeyondtheresearchsector

o Sharingofnewknowledge(models,methods)andadvancedornewtoolsandservicesacrossfieldsofresearch

o Projectoutcomesalsoavailableforpublicsectororganisationsandbusinesses

o Potentialforinnovationofbusinessesactiveinarchaeologyandculturalheritage


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7 AnnexB:Backgroundstudyforacomparativeapproach

TheARIADNE impact evaluationaimed to align theworkwith anexistingevaluation framework inordertopossiblycomparetheresultsofARIADNEwithsimilarotherprojects.Welookedintovariousavailable frameworks and studies but found that most are not or only partially relevant for thepurpose. One generic framework for all types of e-infrastructures that appeared as useful isdescribedingreaterdetailandappliedtoARIADNEoutcomes.

7.1 Thequestforacomparativeapproachtoe-RIimpactsevaluation

In the lastabout10yearsanumberofprojects fundedby theEuropeanCommissionandnationalfundingbodiesdevelopedconceptualframeworksfortheevaluationoftheimpactofdifferenttypesof research infrastructures (RIs). Frameworks for large-scale single-sited RIs, projects on the ESFRIRoadmapanddifferenttypesofe-infrastructureshavebeendeveloped,usingex-ante(e.g.foresight)and/orex-poststudymethods(e.g.surveys,self-evaluationtools).Theempiricalworkconductedinseveral framework studies found that RI projects are often unfamiliar with impact assessmentmethodsand identified issues that impedeacomparativeapproach,e.g. thecomplex landscapeofRIs,lackofcommonimpacttargetsandbenchmarks(Manieri&Nardi2012).

TheARIADNE impact evaluationaimed to align theworkwith anexistingevaluation framework inorder to possibly compare the results of ARIADNE with similar other projects. ARIADNE is anIntegrating Activity hence the first choice would have been an evaluation framework for suchprojects.Howeverwe found that sucha frameworkdoesnotexist,despite the fact thatacrossalldisciplines about 90 such projects have been funded under the 7th Framework Programme254. Itappeared that, in general, Integrating Activities should be evaluated according to their scope andexpected impactsasdefined intheDescriptionofWork(GrantAgreement).Thereasonarguably isthat the significant differences of the projects with regard to disciplines, types of researchinfrastructuresandusercommunitiesdonotallowtheuseofacommonevaluationframework.

Nevertheless the evaluation looked for another suitable frameworkwhichmight be employed forcomparison. A major goal of ARIADNE is to establish an e-infrastructure for the domain ofarchaeology,more specificallyadata infrastructureand services. In the study itbecameclear thatdue to the differences between the various types of e-infrastructures only a framework for datainfrastructures and services or a generic framework for all types of e-infrastructures might beapplied.

The sections below present the results of the study work. The first section gives an overview offrameworksand studies thatarenotoronlypartially relevant for theARIADNE impactevaluation.Finally,onegenericframeworkforalltypesofe-infrastructuresispresentedandappliedtoARIADNEoutcomes.

7.2 FrameworksnotoronlypartiallyrelevanttoARIADNE

This section gives an overview of various Research Infrastructure (RI) evaluation frameworks andstudies which are not or only partially relevant to ARIADNE. The overview covers “big science”research facilities (mainly single-sited RIs); ESFRI Roadmap projects; E-infrastructure for large RIs(incl. ESFRI projects); and different types of e-infrastructures – National Research and Education254EuropeanCommission,DGResearch&Innovation,Infrastructures:FP7fundedI3projects(NetworksofRIs

fundedasIntegratingActivityprojects),https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/index_en.cfm?pg=ri_projects_fp7


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Networks, Grid infrastructure, High-Performance Computing and others facilities. FurthermoreincludedaretheevaluationsoftheResearchInfrastructureactivityinFP6andFP7.

“Bigscience”researchfacilities,mainlysingle-sitedRIs

Avisionforstrengtheningworld-classresearchinfrastructuresintheERA(ExpertGrouponResearchInfrastructures 2010): One chapter of this report addresses the need for evaluation and impactassessmentofRIsandprovidesatableofseveralimpactdimensionsandexamples.

RIFI - Research Infrastructures: Foresight and Impact (FP7, 2009-2011): Explored how variousforesightandothermethodscanbeusedfortheassessmentofsocio-economicimpactsoffutureRIprojects on hosting regions and communities. The project produced an extensive methodologicalframeworkandanonlinetool.TheFenRIAM-ForesightEnrichedResearchInfrastructureAssessmentMethodologycentresonthepotentialimpactofsingle-sitedRIs.Websites:http://rifi.gateway.bgandhttp://www.fenriam.eu

EIRIISS–EuropeanIndustrialandRIInteractionandSupportStudy(FP7,2011-2012):AnalysedthechallengesforindustrytoengagewithRIsthatprovidescientificinstrumentation.Thefinalreportofthe project is available at: http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/100413_en.html. An interim reportontheroleofRIsininnovationbytheESFRIWorkingGrouponInnovation(May2015)stressed“theconceptof‘industryasafullpartnerofRIs’(supplieranduser)asawayforwardtopromoteextensivepartnerships on joint R&D projects and cooperative programmes, development of advancedtechnologies,innovation,andtraining.RIsandindustrycangenerateactiveecosystemsofinnovationexploitingtheircomplementaryenablingtechnologiesandsupportservices”(ESFRI2016:27).

Big Science and Innovation (Technopolis Group 2013): The report presents the findings of anexplorativestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlargeresearchfacilitiesandinnovation(withafocusonUK facilities). It provides advice about approaches to the evaluation of innovation outcomesalongsideabibliographyofpastevaluations.

InnovationfromBigScience:EnhancingBigScienceImpactAgenda(Autio2014):Providesareviewoftheliteratureonimpactgenerationofbig-sciencefacilitiesandlooksatsevenprojectsfundedbytheUKLargeFacilitiesCapitalFund (LFCF),e.g.DiamondSynchrotron,HalleyVIAntarcticResearchStationand,asacaseofe-infrastructure,theHighEndComputingTerascaleResource(HECToR).

TheImpactsofLargeResearchInfrastructuresonEconomicInnovationandonSociety:CaseStudiesat CERN (OECD Global Science Forum 2014): The report addresses the potential economic andsocietal impacts of international research facilities, using case studies from one of the largestfacilities:theEuropeanOrganisationforNuclearResearch(CERN).SeealsoLeGoff(2011)andFlorioetal.(2015).

Evaluating andMonitoring the Socio-Economic Impact of Investment in Research Infrastructures(Technopolis Group 2015): A guide for evaluating and monitoring the socio-economic benefits ofinvestmentinlarge,mainlysingle-siteresearchinfrastructuresfordifferentstakeholders.Theguideis basedon a reviewof the literature, a schematic impact assessment framework, andexperiencefromevaluatingRIsprojects.

Exploring Cost-Benefit Analysis of Research, Development and Innovation Infrastructures: AnEvaluationFramework (Florioetal. 2016):The reportpresents the results and lessons learnedonhow to apply ex-ante cost-benefit analysis for major research, development and innovationinfrastructures. The research has been carried out by a team of economists and scientists at theUniversity of Milan (Departments of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods andPhysics) and the independent Centre for Industrial Studies (CSIL) during a three-year projectsupported by the European Investment Bank Institute (http://www.eiburs.unimi.it). Their modelbreaksdownbenefitsintotwobroadclasses:(i)usebenefitsbydifferentcategoriesofinfrastructureusers such as scientists, firms, students and general public visitors, and (ii) non-use benefits


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concerningthesocialvalueofthediscoverypotentialoftheRDIinfrastructureregardlessofitsactualorfutureuse.Themodelhasbeenappliedtotwocasesinphysics,theLargeHadronCollideratCERN(Florioetal.2015)andtheNationalCentreforOncologicalTreatment(CNAO)inItaly(Pancottietal.2015).

Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Large Hadron Collider to 2025 and beyond (Florio et al. 2015): Theauthors designed an empirically testable cost-benefit analysis model and applied it to the LargeHadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. They suggest that the evaluation of benefits can be based ondetermining their value to users (scientists, early-stage researchers, firms, visitors) and non-users(thegeneralpublic).Fourclassesofcontributionstousersareidentified:knowledgeoutput,humancapital development, technological spill-overs, and cultural effects (e.g. general public CERNexhibitions or website and social media channels). Benefits for non-users can be evaluated, inanalogytopublicgoodswithnopracticaluse(suchasenvironmentpreservation),usingwillingnesstopay.TheauthorscalculatedtheprobabilitydistributionofcostandbenefitsfortheLHCsince1993untilplanneddecommissioningin2025,andfounda92%probabilitythatbenefitsexceeditscosts,withanexpectednetpresentvalueofabout3billioneuro,notincludingtheunpredictableeconomicvalueofdiscoveryofanynewphysics.Theauthorsarguethattheproposedevaluationapproachcanbereplicatedforanylarge-scaleresearchinfrastructure.Theevaluationcouldhelpdecision-makingoncompetingprojectswithasocio-economicappraisalcomplementarytootherevaluationcriteria.

Project Preparation and Cost-Benefit Analysis of RDI Infrastructure projects (JASPERS 2013): Amethodological guidancepaperof theKnowledgeEconomyandEnergyDivisionof JASPERS - JointAssistancetoSupportProjectsinEuropeanRegionsforthedevelopmentofthefeasibilitystudyandcost-benefit analysis for Research, Development and Innovation infrastructure projects. The paperfocusesonresearchinfrastructure,highereducationinfrastructureandscienceparksprojects.

GuidetoResearchandInnovationStrategiesforSmartSpecialisations-RIS3(SmartSpecialisationPlatform 2012): Smart specialisation is a concept promoted by the European Commission whichsuggests that regions should concentrate resources on a few key priorities rather than spreadinginvestment thinly across development areas and business sectors. It is understood that this canensuremoreeffectiveuseofpublicfundsaswellasstimulateprivateinvestment,i.e.public-privatepartnerships (cf. EuropeanCommission2010: 6). TheRIS3Guide features research infrastructures,centres of competence and science parks under the “delivery instruments and horizontalapproaches” (Smart Specialisation Platform 2012: 74-77). The list of RIS3 instruments andapproachesalsoincludes,forexample:InnovationfriendlybusinessenvironmentsforSMEs,Financialengineering instruments, Innovative public procurement, Universities, Cultural and creativeindustries, Social innovation,GreenGrowth, Internationalisation. Six key enabling technologies forEurope are considered: micro-/nano-electronics, photonics, nanotechnology, industrial bio-technology,advancedmaterialsandadvancedmanufacturingsystems.

ESFRIRoadmapprojects

Indicatorsofpan-EuropeanRelevanceofResearchInfrastructures(ExpertGrouponESFRIIndicators2013a/b): The implementation of the ESFRI Roadmap projects for the construction (or majorupgrade) of research facilities of pan-European interest has led to increased attention to studiesmeasuringthescientific,socialandeconomicbenefitsderivingfromtheseinfrastructures.TheExpertGrouponESFRIIndicatorssuggestedanumberofindicatorsfortheex-anteandex-postevaluationofresearch infrastructures of pan-European interest. Among the ESRFI Roadmap projects since 2006the only dedicated e-infrastructure project is PRACE - Partnership for Advanced Computing inEurope,adistributedRI,whichhasbeenimplemented.Oftheother34distributedRIsmanyhavee-infrastructurecomponents(e.g.CLARIN-CommonLanguageResourcesandTechnologyInitiative).


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EVARIO - Evaluation of Research Infrastructures in Open innovation and research systems (FP7,2011-2012):Developedanevaluationframeworkandmethodfocusedon“learningimpactsaroundRIs”.Theframeworkcentresonindividualactors(RIoperator,suppliers,users)andlearningeffectsoncapacity,performance,anddirect(internal)andindirect(external)valuecreation.Theframeworkisextensivebutnote-infrastructurespecific.Ithasbeenappliedtobiological&medicalsciencesRIson the ESFRI Roadmap based on case studies and figures such as biological reference materialsproduced,patentapplications,publications,PhDthesis,etc.Website:http://evario.u-strasbg.fr

E-infrastructureforlargeRIs,incl.ESFRIprojects

Surveyofe-infrastructureneedsforeightlargeinfrastructures(SwedishResearchCouncil2015):Thesurvey has been conducted by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) andprovides a detailed account of the e-infrastructure needs of large RIs of different natural and lifesciencesdisciplines:MAX IVLaboratory,XFEL -TheEuropeanX-rayFreeElectronLaser,WorldwideLHCComputingGrid(WLCG),EISCAT_3D-TheNextGenerationEuropeanIncoherentScatterRadarSystem, Onsala Space Observatory, Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), NationalGenomics Infrastructure (NGI),SwedishBioimaging.EISCAT_3DandXFELareESFRIprojects,BILS istheSwedishnodeofELIXIRandtheOnsalaSpaceObservatorytakespart inSKA-SquareKilometreArray(bothELIXIRandSKAareESFRIprojects).

BestPracticesfortheuseofe-Infrastructuresbylarge-scaleresearchinfrastructures (e-IRG2015):The “guidelines document” of the e-Infrastructures Reflection Group was meant to supportproposalstotheESFRIcallforthe2016roadmapwithregardtothesection4“e-needs”in“PartB:scientific impact, pan European relevance, socioeconomic impact & e-needs” of the onlinesubmission form for proposals. The section listed questions relevant to the specification of the e-Infrastructure requirements of the proposed ESFRI research infrastructure. The best practicessuggestedaresummarisedasfollows:“Checkexistinge-Infrastructuresandrelatedservicesfortheiruse before defining the ICT infrastructure for your Research Infrastructure; Checkwith existing RIshow they realised their ICT infrastructure; Contact existing e-Infrastructures and ESFRI projects atnational leveland/orEuropean levelasappropriate;Work toan ICT synergywithotherprojects toencouragethedevelopmentofthee-Infrastructurecommons;Payattentiontotheinteroperabilityofservicesanddata;PlanyouraccesstoICTresources”(ibid.5-6).Withregardtoe-infrastructuresthedocumentmainlyaddressesGÉANT,PRACE,EGI.eu,HelixNebula,EUDAT,OpenAIREandZenodo.

NationalResearchandEducationNetworks

EARNEST - Education andResearchNetworking Evolution Study (2006-2008):The foresight studywas fundedby theGÉANT2 initiative and looked into thedevelopmentof thenetworks in Europeoverthenext5-10years.Thestudyaddressedtechnical,economicandorganisational issuesofthenetworksand includeda largeuser survey (about4,400 researchers).Most respondentsperceivedbenefitswith regard toeasieraccess topublicationsandother informationviadigital librariesandrepositories,whilethestudyfoundthatthenetworksandcontentprovidercommunities“areoftentwo separate worlds”. The main suggestion of the foresight study was a change from providingconnectivity to providing network-related services for the connected institutions and end-users(EARNEST2008).

ASPIRE Foresight Study (2011-2012): An update of the work conducted in EARNEST aimed atpreparing the ground for planning the further development path of the networking infrastructureand services after completion of the GÉANT3 Project, at the local, national, European, andintercontinentallevels(TERENA2012).


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Networking,GridandHigh-PerformanceComputing

e·nventory - The European e-InfrastructuresObservatory (FP7, 2010-2012): Developed a platformfor monitoring investments, development, usage and impacts of networking, grid and high-performancecomputinge-infrastructures.Theplatformemploysasetof45benchmarkingindicatorscollected from institutions and projects such as the International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU),European Grid Initiative (EGI.eu), Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association(TERENA)andothers.Theimpactindicatorsandvisualizationsarenotfocusedonindividualprojectsbut concern the national level. The latest figures are for the year 2011. Website:http://www.enventory.eu

OSIRIS-TowardsanOpenandSustainableICTResearchInfrastructureStrategy (FP7,2010-2012):Aimed to support decision makings on future large scale investments in transnational ICT-basedresearchinfrastructureswithusefulmodelsandinformation.Targetareasoftheprojecthavebeennetworks, grids, high-performance computing, and future internet projects. Website:http://www.ictresearchinfrastructures.eu

E-FISCAL-FinancialStudyforSustainableComputingE-Infrastructures (FP7,2011-2013):Analysedoperationalcostcategoriesofgridandhigh-performancecomputinge-infrastructuresparticipatinginEGI and PRACE and compared them with similar commercially leased or on-demand offerings.Website:http://efiscal.eu

Variouse-infrastructures

ERINA - Recommendations for Exploiting Research Infrastructure potential in Key Areas of theInformationSociety (FP7,2007-2008):Exploredthepotentialofe-infrastructures in the fieldsofe-health, e-government and e-learning. The study faced difficulties to acquire data for the intendedmethodologyandfinallyhadtodowithafewcasestudies(ERINA2008).

ERINA+ Socio-Economic Impact Assessment for e-Infrastructures Research Projects (FP7, 2010-2012): built on the ERINA Study and developed a framework aimed atmeasuring socio-economicimpactsofEU-fundede-Infrastructureprojects.ERINA+offeredongoingprojectsaweb-basedself-assessment tool and support in the application of the tool. Unfortunately the project websites(http://www.erinaplus.eu, http://Platform.erinaplus.eu) have become inaccessible and projectreportscouldalsonotberetrievedelsewhereontheWeb;availablearepresentationsbytheprojectcoordinator(Manieri2012and2013).

Spatialdata infrastructures (SDI), including INSPIRE:SDIshavereceivedmuchattentionby impactframework developers (e.g. Craglia & Johnston 2004; Craglia et al. 2008; Crompvoets et al. 2008;Steudleretal.2008;Castelein&Manso-Callejo2010).ForthemonitoringoftheimplementationofINSPIRE, the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community, there is a set ofindicators established by a European Commission decision (2009/442/EC). The set includes 8indicatorswhich aremonitored regularly: ExistenceofMetadata (%), ConformityofMetadata (%),Geographical coverageof spatial data sets (%), Conformityof spatial data sets (%),Accessibilityofmetadata through discovery services (%), Accessibility of spatial data sets through view anddownload services (%), Use of network services, and Conformity of network services (%).Furthermore there are 5 areas of implementation and use on which each Member State has toreport 3-yearly: Coordination and quality assurance; Contribution to the functioning andcoordinationoftheinfrastructure(involvementofstakeholders);Useoftheinfrastructureforspatialinformationincl.usecases;Datasharingarrangements,andCostandbenefitaspects.Seealso:Mid-termevaluationreportonINSPIREimplementation(EuropeanEnvironmentAgency2014).

SEQUOIA-Socio-EconomicImpactAssessmentforResearchProjects (FP7,2010-2012):Focusedonthe assessment of the socio-economic impact of research projects in the area of Software as aServiceandInternetofServices. Itaimedtodevelopaself-assessmentmethodologyforprojects inthesefieldsofresearchanddevelopment.Projectresultsarereportedin:Passanietal.(2012).


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IMPACT - Development of Impact Measures for e-Infrastructures (Fraunhofer ISI & ZEW 2012):Aimed to provide the European Commission with a conceptual framework for monitoring theimpacts of all types of research e-infrastructure projects funded under the e-Infrastructuresprogramme. The proposed indicators are intended to evaluate at the aggregate level theircontributiontoEUpolicygoals(DigitalAgenda,InnovationUnion),theEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)scienceandinnovationsystem,andotherareas(FraunhoferISI&ZEW2012).Whiledevelopedforalltypes of e-infrastructures, most of the general indicators (suggested for all infrastructures) andspecific indicatorsfordata infrastructurestogethercouldbeappliedforacomparisonbetweentheoutcomes of data infrastructure projects. Therefore, as a test case, we have applied the relevantIMPACTindicatorstooutcomesoftheARIADNEproject(seeSection7.3).

EvaluationoftheResearchInfrastructureactivityinFP6andFP7

CommunitySupportforResearchInfrastructuresintheSixthFrameworkProgramme:Evaluationofpertinenceandimpact(EuropeanCommission2009)

TheevaluationhasbeencarriedoutbyRambøllManagementandMatrix-EurevalbetweenJuly2007andMarch2009. The studygatheredawide rangeof evidenceof the impactof EU supportonRIdevelopment, scientific communities and research policy; also impacts on industry/economy andwidersocietywereconsidered.Theevaluationusedamixofmethodsforthecollectionandanalysisofevidence,e.g.30structuredcasestudiesinvolving176interviewsandstatisticalanalysisfromthecasestudysampleandprojectsurveydata.Thestudycovered83RIs, including13e-Infrastructureprojects,11basedontheI3modeland2coordinationactions.Thee-Infrastructureshadafocusonhigh-speednetworks(e.g.ResearchandEducationNetworks)andGridsfordistributedcomputing.

Thestudyprovidedsolidevidenceforseveral impactfactorsexcept industrial,economicandwidersocietalimpactswhichwerenotexplicitintheprogrammeobjectives;alsotherewaslittleevidenceof projects having produced outcomes which might be commercialised (cf. pages 29-31). E-infrastructureprojects achievedbetter results thanotherRI project inmost types of impacts; thisincludes:

o ExpansionofservicesbypartnerorganisationsandincreaseinthequalityofRIservices,

o IncreaseintheremoteuseofRI:evidenceonlyfor18projects,mostofwhiche-infrastructures,

o Growth in the number of integrated datasets: in 40% of all projects, mostly evidenced for e-infrastructures,

o Increaseinthedegreetowhichresearchersarenetworkedasaresultoftheproject,

o Increaseinthenumberofnon-EuropeanusersoftheRI,

o Increase in the industry use of the RI: only 16 projects considered industrial and economicimpacts at the start of the project, mostly initiatives for new RIs (which may generate newbusinessforsuppliers)ande-infrastructureprojects,

o Impactonwidersociety:only16projectsconsideredsuchimpactsatthestartoftheprojectande-infrastructure projects (e.g. Research and Education Networks) were most likely to achieveliaisonswithlocalcommunitiesandnon-commercialuseofresearchresources,

o MoreprioritygiventoRIsinnationalresearchpoliciesasaresultoftheproject.

Increase in the quality of research data (e.g. standards and protocols) was highly relevant for allprojects,most prominentlywithin I3 based project and domains such as physics, energy,materialsciences and analytical facilities. Increase in the number of people receiving training in the use ofequipment was equally important for e-infrastructure and other RI projects, although enhancedaccesswasmorelikelyasaresultofbetterITquality.


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Theperceivedgreater impactofe-infrastructureprojectsonnational researchpoliciesneedssomeexplanation:E-infrastructureprojectsweregenerallyshorterindurationandachievedimpactsfaster.ButCSAsandDesignStudiesfornewRIsweremorelikelytoachieveimpact,becauseCSAspromoteda coordinated approach to RI development, and Design Studies according to the ESFRI schemerequirednationalcommitmenttoproceedtotheRIpreparatoryphase.

The study also recommended that a set of objective impact measures are developed for whichcomparabledatacanbecollected“movingawayfromopinion-basedindicators”;furthermore“thatevidenceiscollectedwhichisinpartdifferentiatedbetweenthee-infrastructureandtheRIprojects,inordertounderstandbetterthespecificitiesofeachareaoftheprogramme”(EuropeanCommission2009: 37). It can be assumed that the study paved the way to the subsequent funding of manyimpact evaluation frameworks in the Research Infrastructure activity of the 7th FrameworkProgramme(i.e.E-nventory,ERINA+,IMPACT,RIFIandothers).

As noted above the FP6 RI Programme did not emphasise objectives such as industrial, socio-economic and other regional impacts. This changed dramatically in the FP7 RI Programme withregardtobothESFRIandotherinfrastructureprojects,includinge-infrastructures.

EPIRIA - Evaluation of pertinence and impact of the EU research infrastructure activity in FP7(EPIRIA2014)

Theevaluationof theEUFP7Research InfrastructuresactivityhasbeencarriedoutbyTechnopolisandEmpiricabetweenJanuary2013andAugust2014. In itsquantitativeanalysesthestudycoverscontractssignedundertheFP7RIprogrammebeforetheendof2012,atotalof313projects,abouthalf of which had finished at the time of the study. The evaluation provides a detailed structuralanalysisof theFP7RIactivity, includingsomecomparisontoFP6,andrichbackground informationandexemplarycases.

Thelargestpartofthestudyreportcoversthewholerangeofexpectedimpacts,i.e.ontheEuropeanRI landscapeand internationalisationofRIs,EUandnationalpolicymaking, researchcommunities,industrial innovation and socio-economic impacts. Also the European added value of the RIProgrammeandsustainabilityoftheprogrammeresultsareaddressed.

Theimpactchapterprovidesarichdescriptionofimpacts,includingresultsofaquestionnairesurveywithrespondentsfrom50%oftheRIprojectsinthecoveredperiod.Unfortunatelythestudyofferslittle inthewayofacomparativeanalysisof impactsofRIsofdifferentthematicareas,betweene-infrastructuresandotherRIs,orbetweene-infrastructureprojects.Interestinglythestudybuildsonnone the e-infrastructure impact frameworks addressed above; only the IMPACT study report isincludedinthebibliography.

Some comparative figures are given for the trans-national access to (physical) researchinfrastructures,abibliometricanalysisofpublicationpatternsofdifferentareas,andopinionsaboutthe fundingofRIprojects (basedonthequestionnairesurvey).With regard to the latter thestudyauthors emphasise that the RI policy does not meet the specificity of the social sciences andhumanities (SSH)andthat too little fundingofRIs inthisareawillmake itdifficult tosustain, leastextendandenhancetheirservices;“RIsintheHumanitiesandSocialScienceareunderfinanced,bothonthenationalandEuropeanlevel.InordertofosterthecompetitivepositionofEuropeanresearchintheSSHdomain,asubstantialeffortonthefundingsideshouldbeundertaken”(EPIRIA2014:78).


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7.3 TheIMPACTindicatorsforcomparisonofdatainfrastructures

We assume that due to the differences between the various types of e-infrastructures only aframework specifically for research data infrastructures or a generic framework for all types ofresearche-infrastructurescouldbeappliedforacomparisonofARIADNE’soutcomeswiththoseofsimilar initiatives. An evaluation framework for data infrastructures and services is not available.ThereforeweconsidertheindicatorssuggestedbytheIMPACTproject(FraunhoferISI&ZEW2012)asthebestchoiceforcomparison.

IMPACTaimedtoprovidetheEuropeanCommissionwithaconceptualframeworkformonitoringtheimpacts of all types of research e-infrastructure projects funded under the e-Infrastructuresprogramme. This indicators-based monitoring would be conducted at the aggregate level andevaluate the combined contribution of the projects to EU policy goals (Digital Agenda, InnovationUnion),theEuropeanResearchArea(ERA)scienceandinnovationsystem,andotherareas.

While IMPACT developed a framework for all types of e-infrastructures, most of the generalindicators(suggestedforall infrastructures)andspecificindicatorsfordatainfrastructurestogethercouldbeappliedforacomparisonbetweentheoutcomesofdatainfrastructureprojects.BelowwepresenttheindicatorsandapplyrelevantindicatorstooutcomesoftheARIADNEproject.Otherdatainfrastructure projectsmay compare their outcomes to ARIADNE’s results for these indicators (aswellasotherspresentedinthisreport).

Generalcharacteristicsofsuccessfule-infrastructureprojects

TheIMPACTframeworkconsidersfivegeneralcharacteristicsofsuccessfule-infrastructureprojects(quotesbelowfromFraunhoferISI&ZEW2012:34,indicatorssummarisedbasedonibid.39-40andthetablebelow):

Accessibility:

o In brief: “provide access to scientific data, scientific information (e.g. scientific publications forlargerpotentialsetofusers)ande-infrastructurecapacitybasedoninteroperable,standardizedplatforms”;

o Indicators: growth in accessible resources enabledby the e-infrastructure and their user base,geographicanddisciplinaryoriginoftheusers,includingusersbeyondscience.

Efficiency:

o Inbrief:“contribute toamoreefficientwayofworkingbyproviding improvedornewproblemsolvinginfrastructurecapacities(‘bysoftwareandcomputerinsteadofhand’)”;

o Indicators: increase of efficiency in scientific work enabled by access to content/data andprovision of problem solving tools (e.g. services, software); a gain in efficiency may be thatresearchprojectsusingdata fromthe infrastructurereporthavingproducedresults fasterthanexpected;problemsolvingcapacitymaybeindicatedbypublicationsreferringtotoolsprovidedbythee-infrastructureprojects.

Innovativeness:

o Inbrief:“contributetofieldsbeyondsciencebylayingdownnewfoundationsinICTandexploringtheirpotentialforitsuseinotherareas”;

o Indicators:poolofavailableknowledgefromprovidersfordifferentusers(e.g.researchcentres,industry and public sector organizations); novel technical solutions enabled by the e-infrastructure and their use for innovations by research centres and non-scientific users, e.g.innovationsreportedbythee-infrastructureandusers;perceivedpotentialforfutureindustrialinnovations.


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Sustainability:

o Inbrief:“contributeanewdimensionofavailabilitybyconceptsforcontinuousandsustainableavailabilityofscientificdata,informationandcapacities”;

o Indicators: follow-up financing for operation and upgrades, institutions carrying on the e-infrastructure,internationalcooperationmaintained,etc.

Transformativecharacter:

o Inbrief:“contribute to the transformationprocess in scientificwork towardse-Science throughincreasinge.g.multidisciplinaryor collaborationbetween researchersofdifferent locationsanddisciplines transforming the science system and enhancing the human capital for a knowledgeeconomyasprovidedbymoste-Scienceenvironments”;

o Indicators:supportofusersinaddressingresearchquestionsnotsolvablewithoutinfrastructurefor e-science, promotion of multidisciplinary projects, new research standards produced anddisseminatedbythee-infrastructureproject, resultusedforteaching/training, increaseddigitalskillsofresearchers,PhDorMasterthesessupportedbythee-infrastructure.

Tableofimpactindicators

The table below presents the indicators which the IMPACT report considers as specific for DataInfrastructureandgenericonesforalle-infrastructures,i.e.itdoesnotincludespecificindicatorsforHighSpeedNetworks,HighPerformanceComputing,DistributedComputingPlatformsande-Scienceenvironments (cf. Fraunhofer ISI & ZEW 2012: 58-64 and 161-163). To allow a better coverage ofDataInfrastructuresalsosomequestionsordetailsfromtheIMPACTsurveyquestionnaire(ibid.147-152) are included which did not make it into the final selection of IMPACT indicators for DataInfrastructures.

FortheseindicatorstheresultsoftheARIADNEprojectarepresented.OneimportantpointtobearinmindisthattheARIADNEprojecthassuccessfullyimplementedadatainfrastructurebuttheservicesare operative only since about one year. Therefore results for indicators which ask about annualchanges(e.g.annualincreaseinusers,access,downloads,etc.)cannotbegiven;thisispossibleonlyaftertwoyearsofoperation.Otherscanonlybeestimates.Forexample,thepercentageofusersofdifferent categories cannot be given as use of ARIADNE services does not require registration (asituationthatistypicalalsoforotherdatainfrastructures).Figuresforotherimpactsareverydifficulttocollect,forexample,publicationswhichbenefitedfromusingdatamadeaccessible.Thereforeourtest case will make clear what can or cannot be evaluated by a data infrastructure project thatcompleted the implementation phase as well as what are unrealistic indicators also after one ormoreyearsofserviceprovision.

Impactdimensionsandindicators ARIADNEresults

Accessibility

Resourcesandusers

o Increaseofinformation/data(e.g.numberofdatarecords,publicationsorother)madeavailableforusersviatheproject’sinfrastructure(in%sinceprojectstartperyear)

1,905,922recordsfromprovidersindifferentEUcountriescross-searchableontheARIADNEdataportalTherecordsrepresentabout3.7million(3,691,000)archaeologicaldatarecordsandresearchobjectsthataremadeavailableforaccessbythedatapublishersIncrease100%,becausenocross-searchofthedatarecordswaspossiblebefore


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o Howmanydataprovidershavejoinedtheinfrastructuresinceprojectstart?

16datapublishers(somewithmanycontributors)

o Howmanydatasets(fromthedataproviders)areavailableforusage?

24(somewithmanysub-sets)

o Istheinfrastructureworkingwithqueuedjobs/packagesorreal-timeaccessibility?

Real-timeaccess

o Areuserschargedforusingtheinfrastructure

Nocharge

o Changeofrequestsordownloadsofresourcesin%sinceprojectstartperyear

Serviceoperation:1/2016-1/2017:over10,800visitors,15,400sessions,69,000pageviewsAnnualchange/increaseofrequeststobereportedaftertwoyearsofoperation

o Howmanynewend-usersregisterwiththeinfrastructureperyear(ornoregistrationnecessarytousedata)?

Noregistrationonthedataportalisrequired

o Usersfromhowmanydifferentcountriesareusingtheinfrastructure(Europeandworldwide)?

ca.90%Europe,10%othercountries(i.e.UnitedStates4.13%,Russia2.49%)

Accessbeyondscience

o Projectresearch/developmentsandresultsbeingusedforteaching

Yes,foracademicprojectpartners,buthardlyforotherteaching(e.g.atsecondaryacademicschools)Seealsoindicator“Changeofknowledgebase”concerningtrainingprovidedtoresearchersandpractitioners

o Projectresultsavailableforthepublic(in%)

100%oftheonlineaccessibledata/informationresources(e.g.datarecords,projectreports,publicpresentations,guidestogoodpractice)86paperinjournals,conferenceproceedings,bookchapters;48openaccess(e-journal/proceedingsorself-archived),othersaccessibleviapublishers’websites91presentationsand26documents(i.e.deliverables)availableonSlideShare,totalviews69,270

o Non-scientificusersofindustry/businesses,governmental,educationalandotherinstitutions,privatepersons(in%)

SharescannotbereportedasnoregistrationisrequiredtousethedataservicesRegistrationwithinformationaboutuserbackground(e.g.industry,governmental,etc.)wouldberequired,butisnotintendedEstimate:10%non-scientificusers

Efficiency

o Increaseinnewservicesofferedsinceprojectstart(in%peryear)

Datasetregistry&portalservices:100%Coreservices:registration,metadatarecordsaggregation


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(includingseveralenrichmentservices),search&browseandvisualization,metadatapreservationSearchservicesinclude:Full-textsearchovertherecords;multi-lingualkeyword/subjects-based,includingtermsuggestion;tagcloudbased(atentrylevel,inEnglish,butwithmulti-lingualresults);thematicallysimilarrecords(withinsearchresults);map-basedsearch,includingindicationofavailablerecordswhenzoomingintothemap;geographicallysimilarrecords(withinsearchresults),timespan-basedsearchwithvisualinterfaceforselectingdateranges.Advancedobjectvisualisationandmanipulation,ifcontentprovidersemployofferedservicesforhigh-resolutionimages,RTIimages,3Dartefactmodels,3Dterrainandlandscapemodels.

Standaloneonlinevocabularyservicesoffered:gazetteer,subjectvocabularies(English,Italian,multi-lingual),vocabularymapping

Numberofcoreportalservices:5(registration,aggregation,search[3:keyword/subjects,map,timespan)

Increaseofservicestobereportedaftertwoyearsofoperation;butunlikelymanyadditionalserviceswillbedeveloped(maybe1-2peryear)

o Increaseinnumberofresearchprojects/publicationswhichbenefitedfromtheinfrastructure(e.g.accesstoinformation/data)sinceprojectstart

Numberofpublicationscanbereportedonlyafter2+yearsofoperation(becauseoftenlongtimespanuntilpapersarepublished)Collecting/receivingsuchinformationisgenerallydifficult,i.e.nomechanismstotrackdatausersandrequestinformationaboutpublications.Informationaboutbenefitsofknownusers(e.g.partners,relatedprojects)canbeprovided

o Projectbetterthanmostotherfacilities,bestinfield,ortheonlyfacilityinparticularfield(self-efficiencyassessment)

ARIADNEistheonlyfacility(e-infrastructure)ofthiskindinthefieldofarchaeologyinEuropeComparedtootherdatainfrastructures:atleastasgood,insomerespectsarguablybetter(comparetheirresultstotheARIADNEoutcomesreportedinthistableaswellasothersgiveninthisreport)

Sustainability

Financingandcontinuationofwork

o Projectplanstocontinuework Yes.ContinuationofsomeactivitiesbeyondthefundedperiodisplannedbytheestablishedARIADNEAssociation

o Oneormoreinstitutionswillcarryonthework(e-infrastructure)completedbytheproject

Yes.Thee-infrastructureserviceswillbekeptrunning“in-kind”byonemajorprojectpartner;expansionofdatasetsandserviceswilldependonnewfunding


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o Projectplansorhasappliedfornewfunding

Yes.Submissionofproposalsfornewfunding(onealreadysubmitted)

Cooperationandcollaboration

o Withinstitutions/projectsinsamedomain(EU,worldwide)

Europeaninstitutions:Involvementof65institutionsfrom24EUMemberStatesand2fromotherEuropeancountries(Iceland,Norway),15formalcooperationagreements10Europeanprojects,withafocusone-infrastructure,digitalresearchtools/services,specificdatasetsandstandardsWorldwide:19liaisonsandactivitieswithinstitutionsoutsideofEuropeandinternationalprojects(formalcooperationagreementswith6institutions/projects)

o Withinstitutions/projectsinotherdomains(EU,worldwide)

Archaeologyisamulti-disciplinaryfieldofresearchwithmanyrelevantrelateddomains;intheimplementationphasecooperationhasbeenmainlywithinstitutions/projectsincloselyrelateddomainsofhumanitiesandheritageresearch(inthefuturealsocollaborationwithotherdomainsisconsidered,e.g.life,environmentalandsocialsciences)

o Withothere-Infrastructuresprojects Yes:CENDARI(e-infrastructureforEuropeanhistoryarchives),DARIAH(digitalhumanities),EUROPEANA(EuropeanaResearch),PARTHENOS(humanitiese-infrastructurescluster),ESFRIinitiativeE-RIHS(heritagesciences)

Innovativeness

Patentsandinnovation

o Patentsannounced NopatentsfromprojectworkbyconsortiummembersTechnicaladvancesprimarilymadeavailableopensource

o Usersreportedpatentsorinnovationslinkedtotheproject(e.g.byresearchcentres,governmentalinstitutions,industryorothers)

Patents:unknown,butunlikelyInnovations:General:samesituationasforuserbenefitsfromaccesstoinformation/dataunder“Efficiency”above,i.e.longtimespanforinnovationbyusersofnovelmethods,toolsorservicesInnovationsfromunderlyingtechnology:inordertoensurereliabilitydatainfrastructuresmainlyapply/adaptestablishedtechnicalapproachesandopenstandardsandsoftware;inthisregardtheprojectcontributedtothefurtherconsolidationoftheknowledgeandtechnologyappliedfordatainfrastructuresInnovationsfromnovelmethods,toolsandservices:mainlywithregardtodatainteroperability,specificallysemanticmodelsandtools,andvisualmediaservices.Example:improvedcapabilityofpublishers(e.g.e-journals,onlinerepositories,researchprojects)tooffer


189

enhancedaccesstovisualmedia(e.g.ReflectanceTransformationImaging-RTI,large3Dmodels)Expected:increasedinteroperabilityofdataresourcesbasedonLinkedDatavocabulariesandvocabularymappingtoolsdevelopedbypartners

o Potentialforfutureinnovationsbasedonprojectworkorresults(e.g.forindustry/businessesasusersof,orsuppliersfor,theinfrastructure;forpublicservices,orothers)

Possiblyprogressinarchaeologicalresearchandbusinessesthroughenhancedaccesstosharedknowledge,e.g.fieldworkreportsofcontractarchaeologistsandacademicresearchandsynthesisLowpotentialforICTbusinessestoprovideresearche-infrastructureandservices(e.g.dataarchives)forarchaeologicalresearch(orotherfieldsofresearch)

Poolofknowledge(originsofconsortiumandusers)

o Howmanymembersdoestheprojectconsortiumhave?

23

o Researchcentres/institutes 11-Research/publicbodies:nationalresearchcouncils(2),universities(3),institutesofacademiesofsciences(4),nationalresearchinstitute(2)

6–Research/other:foundation(2),association(2),non-profitenterprise(2)

o Public/governmentalbodies 4–Governmentalorotherpublicbodies:ministry(1),nationaldataservice(1),nationalmuseum(1),otherpublicinstitute(1)

o Privatefirms(industry) -

o Other 2-Highereducationestablishment,withresearchfunction(notpublicbodies)

o Users:Researchcentres/institutes(share)

90%(estimated):publicandotherresearchinstitutesasabove;users:i.e.researchers,lecturersandresearchstudentsinarchaeologyandculturalheritage

o Users:Public/governmentalbodies(otherthanabove)(share)

3%(estimated):culturalheritagemanagementagencies,museums;users:i.e.heritagemanagementofficers,curatorsofmuseumcollections

o Users:Privatefirms(industry)(share) 5%(estimated):contractarchaeologistsandconsultants

o Users:Other(share) 2%(estimated):non-professionalusers:peopleinterestedinarchaeologyandculturalheritage

Transformativecharacter

Changeofknowledgebase

o Projectresults/developmentspresentedatscientificconferences

67co-organisedconferencesessions,workshops,etc.withatleastonepresentationbyaprojectpartner(inmostcasesmore)151scientificorotherpubliceventsattendedwithatleastonepresentationbyaprojectpartner


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o Projectresults/developmentsbeingusedforteaching/education

Yes,byacademic/professionalprojectpartners,buthardlyforotherteaching(e.g.notatsecondaryacademicschools)

o Trainingandlearningresourcesforprojectparticipants(e.g.researchers,operatorsofRIorothers)

Directsupportandonlinehelpdeskfordatasetpreparation&provisiontothee-infrastructure97TransnationalAccess(TNA)studyvisitstopartnercompetencecentres(summerschoolformatorindividualvisitsofoneweek);includedvisitsofresearchersforownresearchprojectsand/orinstitutionalprojects(i.e.inviewofprovidingdata)

o Trainingandlearningresourcesforresearcherandothersoutsideoftheproject(e.g.knowledgeandskillsforusingtheprojectresults/e-infra-structure,services,tools;researchskillsandmethodswhichbenefitfromnewe-infrastructures,etc.)

424researchersandpractitionersparticipatedin18tutorialsandshortcoursesofferedbypartnersatconferences,workshops,etc.GuidestoGoodPracticeofferedonline:supportknowledgeandskillsinthecreation,managementandsharingofvarioustypesofdata

o PhD/Master-thesesfinished/on-goingsupervisedbyprojectmembers/employees,orbasedondataavailablefromtheprojectortheinfrastructure

Supervisionofthesesisnotpartoffundedprojectwork;thesesbasedonaccessibledataaregenerallypossible,butcouldbeidentifiedonlyafter2-yearsofoperation(sameissueasnotedforresearchpublicationsunder“Efficiency”)

Transformationofscience

o Projectworktacklesmultipleresearchdisciplines

Cross-repositorysearchandaccesstodatarelevantfordifferentdomainsofthemulti-disciplinaryfieldofarchaeologicalresearchFosterscross-domainfertilisationbetweenprojects;alsocollaborationofscholarsandtechnologistsfornewtools/services

o Projectenablespossibilitytoaddresspreviouslyunsolvableresearchquestionswithaccesstoinfrastructure

IntegratedaccesstoarchaeologicaldatarepositoriesinEurope,enablinguseofdatafromdifferentcountriesforcomparativestudiesandsynthesis

o Projectdevelopsnewresearchstandards(e.g.dataformats,softwaretypes,softwareservices,processingroutines,etc.)

CIDOC-CRMextendedfromuseforheritagedocumentationtoresearch,e.g.includingCRMsciforscientificobservations/measurementsandCRMarchaeoforexcavations

o Projectenablesnewsciencedegree(e.g.M.Sc,PhD)basedontheprojectworkorresults

No.Beneficialwouldbeanewdegreeininformationsciencefore-infrastructures


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8 AnnexC:Overviewofcommunitybuildingactivities

Activities Symbol Amount Participants

Participationinuserrequirementssurveys ф 2 692 692

Events(co-)organisedbyARIADNEpartners(conferencesessions,workshopsetc.)andmeetingswithrepresentativesofinstitutionsandprojectstoliaiseandestablishoradvancecooperation);events/meetingswithatleast1presentationbyapartner(inmostcasesmore)

● 67 3180(average47)

12,801(average59)

Otherconferences,workshops,etc.attended,withatleast1presentationbyapartner

ᴏ 151 9621(average64)

Transnationalaccess(TNA)training/summerschoolsandindividualstudyvisits(*individualTNAvisitsatPINin2015and2016countedas2trainingevents/schools)

⌂ 12* 97(average:8)

521

(average17)

Shorttrainingcourses,tutorialsandhands-onworkshops

∆ 18 424(average24)

Total 14,014 14,014

Thefigureof14,014isthesumofallproject-externalparticipantsofARIADNEneeds&requirementssurveys, training activities, and sessions and individual presentations at sector conferences,workshops,etc.Carehasbeentakennottoincludeparticipantsofprojectpartners.Butweassumethatthetotalnumberof14,014includes25%participationofpeopleinmorethanoneactivity.

ARIADNE thus reached and involved about 10,500 researchers, practitioners, students and otherpeople active or interested in archaeological and cultural heritage research and dissemination,particularlywith digital content/data, tools and services (the targetwas “at least 400 end-users”).Exceptoftheonlineneeds&requirementssurveysallotheractivitieswherefacetofaceevents.Butthe surveys represent a strong participation as the respondents took the time filling an extensivequestionnaireontheirdata-relatedpracticesandrequirements.

The number of 10,500 end-users who participated in ARIADNE surveys, study visits and othertrainings,andevents(co-)organisedbypartnersorwheretheygavepresentationsis30timeslargerthanthemembershipoftheComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)organisation/conference(350),5times largerthanthemembershipoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists(2000+),andabout32%ofthenumberofarchaeologistsworkinginEurope(33,000),estimatedbytheDiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEuropeproject(DISCO2014:6).


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Activity Type Participants

2016

ARIADNEFinalEvent,Florence,Italy,15-16December2016:WithpresentationsbythepresidentoftheEuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil,thepresidentoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,DARIAH-EU,E-RIHS(newESFRIproject),andallARIADNEpartners

● 120

PARTHENOSSymposium,Prato,Italy14December2016:networkingevent,includingapresentationbyPINoncommonservicesofARIADNEandPARTHENOS

ᴏ 50

LegacyDatasetsandtheirInclusionintheARIADNERegistry,TNAWinterSchoolatPIN,Prato,12-14December2016

⌂ 15

VirtualHeritageNetworkConference,Cork,Ireland,10December2016:PaperbyEvieMonaghan&RónánSwan“CollaborationinDigitisingCulturalHeritage:TransportInfrastructureIreland’sHeritageCollectionandthewiderEuropeanContext”,Discovery

ᴏ 80

WorkshopontheArchaeologicalMapofBulgaria,Sofia,Bulgaria,8-10December2016:Incl.presentationoftheARIADNEprojectandoutcomes;workshoporganisedbyNIAM-BAS

● 50

Digitálisrégészet-AMagyaremzetiMúzeumAdatbázisa(DigitalArchaeology-TheHungarianNationalMuseumArchaeologyDatabase),Budapest,Hungary,5December2016:organisedbytheHungarianNationalMuseum

● 100

CHNT2016-21thInternationalConferenceonCulturalHeritageandNewTechnologies,Vienna,Austria,16November2016:ARIADNEsession“Preservationasafoundationforthereuseofdata”(organisedbyADS,KNAW-DANS,IANUS/DAI)andRoundtable“Whereisanarchiveformydata?”(organisedbyÖAW-OREAandSRFG),75sessionparticipants(29intheroundtable)

● 75

ArcheoVirtual2016EXPO,Paestum,Italy,27-30/10/2016:IstheannualeventpresentingvirtualarchaeologyprojectswithintheMediterraneanExpoofArchaeologicalTourism.ArcheoVirtualhasbeenorganisedsince2006byCNR-ITABC/VHlab.CNR-ITABCpresentedtheVirtualMuseumofCaloreValley,Avellino,ItalybuiltwithARIADNElandscapeservices

● 60

LesrencontresdelaTGIRHuma-Num,Lyon-Ecully,France,10-13October2016:Presentationsonharmonizationofopenaccesspoliciesamongresearchinfrastructures(S.DiGiorgio,MiBAC-ICCU),anduseoftheARIADNE3Mmappingtool(G.Bruseker,FORTH-ICS)

ᴏ 80

14thEurographicsWorkshoponGraphicsandCulturalHeritage,Genova,Italy,5-7October2016:WorkshoporganisedbyCNR-ISTI

● 50

ConferenceonLanguageTechnologies&DigitalHumanities2016,Ljubljana,Slovenia,29.9.-1.10.2016:ConferencewithawithafocusontheresearchcommunityintheWesternBalkanregion;presentationonARIADNE:LinkedOpenDatainpractice,byB.Štular,whoalsowasamemberofprogrammecommittee,ZRC-SAZU

● 50

DasDigitaleunddieDenkmalpflege,Weimar,Germany,29-30September ᴏ 80


193

2016:Presentationon3DtechnologydevelopmentwithafocusontheARIADNEapproachtoinfrastructureservicesforvisualmedia,R.Scopigno,CNR-ISTI

WorldArchaeologyCongress,Kyoto,Japan,29September2016:PresentationonsharingdataintheDigitizingEarlyFarmingCulturesproject,ÖAW-OREA

ᴏ 40

ColloqueMASA2016:Archivage,publicationetmiseàdispositiondedonnéesarchéologiques,Nanterre,France,26-27Septembre2016:ConferenceoftheConsortiumMémoiresdesArchéologuesetdesSitesArchéologiques(MASA),oneoftheconsortiaoftheHUMA-NUMresearchinfrastructure;presentationonDigitalPreservationandAccessinaEuropeanPerspective:IntroducingARIADNEbyJ.Richards(ADS)andFedericoNurra(Inrap)

ᴏ 80

15thEuropeanNetworkedKnowledgeOrganizationSystems(NKOS)Workshop,heldduringtheTPDL2016ConferenceinHannover,Germany,9September2016:co-organisedbyUSW

● 40

AerialArchaeologyResearchGroup(AARG)Conference2016,Pilsen,CzechRepublic,7-9September2016:presentationsonthestateoftheartinaerialdataacquisition,managementandinteroperability;organisationandpresentationsbyARUP-CAS

● 60

ARQUEOLÓGICA2.0-8thInternationalCongressonArchaeology,ComputerGraphics,CulturalHeritageandInnovation,Valencia,Spain,5-7September2016:PosteronPutting3DModelsinContext,ÖAW-OREA

ᴏ 40

EAA2016-22thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Vilnius,Lithuania,1September2016:ARIADNEsession“OpenAccessandOpenDatainArchaeology:FollowingtheARIADNEthread”,organisedbyADSandSRFG;presentationsbyADS,AIAC,Athena-DCUandSRFG

● 30

CentralEuropeanConferenceofHistoricalGeographers,Prague,CzechRepublic,31.8.-2.9.2016:InvitedpaperbyM.Kuna,ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 80

CIDOC-CRMSIGmeeting,Heraklion,Crete,Greece,1-4August2016:MeetingheldatFORTH-ICS,presentationofthelastversionofCRMarchaeoandthenewCRMtexextensionfordescribingancienttexts(papyri,inscriptionsandsoon)byPINresearchers

● 20

SeventhInternationalWorkshoponComputationalModelsofNarrative,Krakow,Poland,11-12July2016:Paperonstepstowardsaformal,CIDOC-CRMbasedontologyofnarrativesbyresearchersofCNR-ISTI

ᴏ 50

InternationalAdvisoryBoardMeetingoftheProjectDATABENC-CHIS(CulturalHeritageInformationSystem),SalernoandNaples,Italy,7-8July2016:ParticipationofF.Niccolucci(PIN)andR.Scopigno(CNR-ISTI)asboardmembers,presentationofARIADNEanditsdesign&policyforculturalheritageinfrastructureservices

ᴏ 50

Designofarchaeologicaldatasets-CNR-ISTI(NeMIS),Pisa,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool,4-8July2016

⌂ 6

ICOMconference,Milan,Italy,5July2016:PresentationofCRMarchaeoatICOMCIDOCworkshopbyPIN

ᴏ 20


194

ArchaeologicalInformationintheDigitalSociety(ARKDIS)conference,Uppsala,Sweden,1July2016:PresentationondigitalarchivingandinteroperabilityinitiativesbyJ.Richards,ADS

ᴏ 30

EuropeanUnionProjects’InformationDay,Budapest,28June2016:Presentationontheaimsandstructure/workingprinciplesoftheHungarianArchaeologyDatabaseandtheARIADNEPortal,MNM-NOK

ᴏ 70

ChanceorChallenge:MetalDetectorFindsinHeritagePracticeandResearch,Aarhus,Denmark,23June2016:MeetingonthedevelopmentofEuropeandatabasesofmetal-detectorfinds,participantsfromBelgium,Denmark,Finland,TheNetherlandsandUK;presentationbyJ.Richards,ADS

ᴏ 10

LandscapeandArchaeology,UNISCAPEEn-routeInternationalSeminar,Fano,Italy,23-25June2016:Presentation‘Dallapianificazioneallavalorizzazionedelpatrimoniodiffuso’,proposedtheARIADNELandscapeServicesforrepresentinglandscapesinvirtualmuseums,S.Pescarin,CNR-ITABC

ᴏ 100

2D/3Ddocumentationforarchaeology-CNR-ISTI(VC-Lab),Pisa,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool/transnationalaccess,20-24June2016

⌂ 6

Designofarchaeologicaldatasets-Athena-DCU,Athens,Greece,ARIADNETNA/summerschool,12-17June2016;thesummerschoolincludedtheARIADNEExpertForum:TheFutureofArchaeologicalKnowledgeCuration2021-2026(16-17June)inwhichseniorandyoungresearcherspartici-pated:7TNA+13otherparticipantsofARIADNEpartnersandsomeotherinstitutions

⌂ 7

RCIS2016-TenthIEEEConferenceonResearchChallengesinInformationScience,Grenoble,France,1-3June2016:Presentation“UsingModelViewstoAssistwithModelConformanceandExtension”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 40

ComputerApplicationinArchaeology2016,VelkéPavlovice,CzechRepublic,30May-1June2016:Presentations/papersbyARUP-CAS(M.Gojda,L.Culikova,M.Kuna,D.Krivankova),

ᴏ 70

LVNationalarchaeologicalconference,StaraZagora,Bulgaria,27May2016:PresentationontheArchaeologicalMapofBulgaria,conferenceco-organisedbyNIAM-BAS

● 50

IntroducingARIADNEtotheHungarianExcavationCommittee,Budapest,23May2016:Presentationontheaimsandstructure/workingprinciplesoftheHungarianArchaeologyDatabaseandtheARIADNEPortal,MNM-NOK

ᴏ 10

Workshop“HungarianNationalMuseumArchaeologyDatabase:structure,content,relationtoARIADNE”,Budapest,Hungary,4May2016:IntroducedtheHNMArchaeologyDatabaseandARIADNEPortaltoarchaeologists;organisedbyMNM-NOK

● 30

10thInternationalCongressontheArchaeologyoftheAncientNearEast,Vienna,Austria:Workshop:“OldExcavationData–Whatcanwedo?”,28April2016,organisedbyOEAW-OREA

● 40

Giornodellasolidarieta'2016,Pisa,Italy,27April2016:underthetheme“Archaeology:howtodocumentandrestorewardestructions?”ARIADNEserviceswerepresentedtohigh-schoolstudents,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 125


195

The“Other”School,Timisoara,Romania,18-22April2016:archaeologicalactivitieswithhighschoolstudents,incl.discussionaboutRomanianarchaeologyintheEuropeancontext,organisedbyARHEO

● 80

Workshop“OpenAccessandArchaeologicalDatabases:Ariadne,FastiOnlineandtheNorthAfricanHeritageArchiveNetwork”,19April2016,InstitutfürKlassischeArchäologie,LudwigMaximiliansUniversitätMunich,Germany;workshopdirectedbyL.Fentress,AIAC

● 16

DurhamConference2016,Durham,UK,15-17April2016:Paper/poster“ThefirstEarlyMedievalmega-sitesinBohemia”(M.Kuna),ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 80

DACIIdelaMunte-DACIIdelaCampieExhibition,Timisoara,Romania,14April2016:DiscussionwitharchaeologistsandresearchstudentsaboutarchaeologyinRomaniaandtheARIADNEproject,ARHEO

● 50

Italian-GermanworkshoponTechnologyandinfrastructuresforCulturalHeritage,BodeMuseum,Berlin,12April2016:PresentationsbyCNR-ISTI,DAI,MiBAC-ICCUandPIN,e.g.F.Niccolucci,PINon“ARIADNEandPARTHENOSprojects”

ᴏ 100

AnnualCongressoftheSocietyforAmericanArchaeology,Orlando,Florida,9April2016:SymposiumWhatDoWeMeanby“DigitalCuration?”,organisedbyADS(J.Richards)andDigitalAntiquity(F.McManamon),withparticipationofUnitedStatesdigitalarchaeologycentres/projectsandarchives;twopresentationsonARIADNEbyADS(J.Richards,H.Wright);distributionofthecurrentARIADNEleafletatthecongress

● 60

EuropeanOpenScienceCloud(EOSC)-Thirdcommunityworkshop:ConnectingusersandprovidersintheEOSC,Amsterdam,7April2016:Prof.F.Niccolucci(PIN)participatedonbehalfofPARTHENOS(humanitiesRIscluster)andARIADNE.

ᴏ 50

BestPracticeinConservationintheArabRegionExhibition2016,ICCROM-ATHARRegionalConservationCentreinSharjah,UnitedArabEmirates,7April2016:presentationofFastiConservationandARIADNEtoregionalarchaeologistsandheritageconservators,AIAC

ᴏ 30

NorthAfricanHeritageArchiveNetwork–NAHANmeeting,GermanArchaeologicalInstitute,Berlin,5April2016:follow-upmeetingatDAItoadvancethepartnershipandestablishcooperationagreements

● 6

CAA2016,Oslo,Norway,31March2016:RoundTable“Unstablefutures/Potentialpasts:scenariosfordigitalcomputing2020”,co-organisedbyAthena-DCU(A.BenardouandC.Dallas)

● 12

CAA2016,Oslo,Norway,30March2016:ARIADNEsession“Supportingresearchersintheuseandre-useofarchaeologicaldata:continuingtheARIADNEthread”,presentationsbyADS,AIAC,CNR-ISTI,CyI-STARC,CSIC-Incipit,DAI,FORTH-ICS,InrapandPIN

● 40

CAA2016,Oslo,Norway,30March2016:Session“ArchaeologicalInformationLanguagesandNotations”,organisedbyCSIC-Incipit;presentation“Isthatagoodconcept?”byFORTH-ICSetal.

● 40

CAA2016,Oslo,Norway,30March2016:Session“Linkedpasts:Connectingislandsofcontent”:Presentations“Linkingperiods:Modeling

ᴏ 20


196

andutilizingspatio-temporalconceptsinthechronOntologyproject”,S.Cuyetal.,DAI;“TheMatrix:Connectingtimeandspacewitharchaeologicalresearchquestions”,K.May,USW/EnglishHeritage

CAA2016,Oslo,Norway,30March2016:Session“Documentation,interpretationandcommunicationofDigitalArchaeologicalHeritage”:Presentation“Amethodologyfortheanalysisofgraphicalrepresentationsinarchaeologyandsomepreliminaryresults”,R.Varela,IncipitCSIC

ᴏ 30

SeminaratPodgoricaUniversity,HistoricalInstituteofMontenegro,Podgorica,Montenegro,25March2016:SeminaroftheKATUNproject,planstouseARIADNEweb-services,CNR-ITABC

ᴏ 20

EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil-AnnualMeeting&HeritageManagementSymposium2016,“DigitalArchaeologicalHeritage”,Brighton,UK,17-18March2016:ParticipationofEACmembersfrommostEuropeancountries;presentationsbyARIADNEarchivepartnersADSandDANS,ARUP-CASontheArchaeologicalMapoftheCzechRepublic,andMNM-NOKontheuseofdigitaltoolsinpreventivearchaeology

ᴏ 60

RAC2016-12thRomanArchaeologyConference,Rome,Italy,17March2016:discussionofopendatainsurveyarchaeologyandpresentationofFastiSurveyasaninitiativeinthecontextofARIADNE,AIAC

ᴏ 50

ESFRIRoadmap2016-LaunchEvent,Amsterdam,10March2016:Participation&networkingbyARIADNEcoordinatorprof.F.Niccolucci,PIN

ᴏ 60

Conference“Thevoiceoftherock”,Lyubimets,Bulgaria,5March2016:PresentationofARIADNEtoresearchersandstateofficials,NIAM-BAS

ᴏ 20

JointmeetingofCIDOC-CRMSIG,ISO/TC46/SC4/WG9andFRBRCIDOC-CRMHarmonizationgroup,Prato,Italy,24-26February2016:MeetingheldatPIN,presentationsbyPINresearchersonusingtheCRMforarchaeologicalscience,ancienttexts,expressingreliabilitywiththeCRM,alsotheCRMmappingandbrowsingassistantwaspresented

● 30

NorthAfricanHeritageArchiveNetwork–NAHANmeeting,ÉcolefrançaisedeRome,22February2016:projectfocusedonsharingreports/datafromexcavationsandsurveysintheMaghrebregionofwesternNorthAfrica;meetingofdirectorsofarchivesandresearchinstitutesfromAlgeria,France,Italy,Marocco,Spain,Tunisia,UK;organisationandparticipationofAIAC,DAIandPINinaleadingrole

● 15

3DData:Access&Reuse,Llandudno,Wales,UK,11February2016:Presentationon3DdataaccessmethodsincludinginformationonARIADNEtools(e.g.CNR-ISTItools)andthedataportal,Discovery

ᴏ 150

Estudio,conservaciónyrestauracióndelpatrimonioculturalyarqueológico:TecnologíaseinfraestructurasparalainvestigaciónenCienciadelPatrimonio,MexicoCity,Mexico,2-3February2016:PresentationofARIADNEproject:"ElComponenteDigitaldelasInfrastructurasdeInvestigaciónsobreelPatrimonio”,PIN

ᴏ 80

MeetingatGyulaForsterNationalCentreforCulturalHeritageManagement,Budapest,28January2016:asafollow-uptothefirstmeetinginJanuary2015MNM-NOK(A.Kreiter)presentedARIADNEtothecentre’sregistryofficeandputforwardaplantointegratetheir

● 3


197

archaeologicalsitesintotheARIDNEdatacatalogue

NIAM-BASGeneralAssembly,Sofia,Bulgaria,28January2016:ReportonworkdoneinARIADNEandopportunitiestoparticipateinactivities,NIAM-BAS

● 100

Delavnicaarhiviranjadigitalnihpodatkov,Ljubljana,Slovenia,21January2016:Datamanagementworkshopforarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals,heldatZRC-SAZUwithpresentersfromADSandPIN

∆ 38

DatenmanagementinderArchäologie,Vienna,Austria,19January2016:Datamanagementworkshopforarchaeologistsandheritageprofessionals,heldatÖAW-OREAwithpresentersfromADSandPIN

∆ 42

ArchaeologicalInstituteofAmerica,AnnualMeeting,SanFrancisco,6-9January2016:AIACteammembersmetwithseveralprojects,resultinge.g.inthesigningofacooperationagreementwithMAGIS–Mediterra-neanArchaeologyGIS(adatabaseofsurveysintheMediterraneansince1980)

● 12

MastercourseinArchaeologicalHeritage,CentralEuropeanUniversity,DepartmentofMedievalStudies,Budapest,11January2016:Presentation“ThePreservationandRe-useofArchaeologicalData”andpromotionofARIADNEtopostgraduatestudents,heritageprofessionalsandkeypersonnelinHungarianarchaeology,J.Richards,ADS

ᴏ 30

MappingexistingdatasetstoCIDOC-CRM-PIN,Prato,Italy,2016,individualtransnationalstudyvisitsandtrainingof3-5days

⌂ 23

2015

DARIAHIrelandGroupMeeting,Dublin,Ireland,16December2015:UpdateoftheDARIAHGrouponhowtocollaboratewithARIADNE,Discovery

ᴏ 10

ScienceandInnovationfortheStudyandConservationofWorksofArt,BuenosAires,Argentina,1-2December2015:Presentations“Thedigitalcomponentofresearchinfrastructuresforculturalheritage”,F.Niccolucci,PIN,and“Digitaltechnologiesforvisualdocumentationandpresentation”,R.Scopigno,CNR-ISTI,addressingtheARIADNEinfrastructureandvisualmediaservices

ᴏ 120

ArheoVestSymposium“InterdisciplinarityinArchaeologyandHistory”,Timisoara,Romania,28November2015:ARIADNEwasoneofthetopicsrelatedtodatamanagementanddissemination(e.g.ARIADNEdatacatalogue,2D/3Dtools,andguidanceongoodpractices),ARHEO

● 200

Reuvensdagen,Zwolle,theNetherlands,26November2015:PresentationofARIADNEinSession:“Maltavoorbij:nieuweontwikkelingeneninitiatieveninEuropa”,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 60

CAASwedenconference2015,Umeå,Sweden,10November2015:PresentationofARIADNEandrelatedtopics,SND

ᴏ 40

CIDOC-CRMMappingWorkshopforHumanitiesScholarsandCulturalHeritageProfessionals,Oxforde-ResearchCentre,UK,9-10November2015:FORTH-ICS(M.Theodoridou)incooperationwithBritishMuseum(D.Oldman,ResearchSpace)

∆ 25


198

JointmeetingofCIDOC-CRMSIG,ISO/TC46/SC4/WG9andFRBRCIDOC-CRMHarmonization,Heraklion,Crete,6-9October,2015:co-org.byFORTH-ICS;presentationsbyC.Meghini(CNR-ISTI):FormalizationoftheCRM:Afirst-orderattempt;M.Theodoridou(FORTH-ICS):MappingCultureSemanticallywithCIDOC-CRM&3M;A.Felicetti(PIN):ConceptualSpaces:OrganisingGeographicalKnowledge;CIDOC-CRMandEpigraphy,andP.Ronzino(PIN):CRMbaandCRMarchaeomodelsharmonization

● 23

SegundoCongresoInternacionaldelaSociedaddeHumanidadesDigitalesHispánicas(HDH2015),Madrid,Spain,7October2015:Presentation“AModellingLanguageforDiscourseAnalysisinHumanities:Definition,Design,ValidationandFirstExperiences”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 90

SegundoCongresoInternacionaldelaSociedaddeHumanidadesDigitalesHispánicas(HDH2015),Madrid,Spain,6October2015,Presentation“TeachingConceptualModellinginHumanitiesandSocialSciences”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 35

IVConvegnodistudiSITAR,Rome,Italy,14October2015:PresentationoftheARIADNEprojecttomembersoftheItaliancommunityofarchaeologists, MiBAC-ICCU

● 150

EAGLEConference,Nicosia,Cyprus,3October2015:PresentationofARIADNEactivities:MappingToolsandInteroperability,PIN

ᴏ 40

InternationalColloquiumCommunicationandCulturewithinRomanceSpace(CICCRE),4thedition,Timisoara,Romania,2-3October2015:PresentationbyArheoVestontheirworkinARIADNE

ᴏ 100

WorkshopondatasharinginItaly,“L’integrazionedeidatiarchaeologicidigitali.EsperienzeeprospettiveinItalia”,Lecce,Italy,1October2015:theaimoftheworkshopwastoshareandcompareItalianexperiencesononlinearchaeologicaldatasharing,inviewofanationalinitiativethatproposesthecreationofanintegratedsystembasedontheARIADNEapproach,organisedbyPIN;presentationofARIADNEactivitiesandachievements,PIN;presentationbyCNR-ISTI,“IlregistrydiARIADNEeilmodellodimetadata”

● 30

DigitalHeritageInternationalCongress2015,Granada,Spain,1October2015:Presentation“Alchemyin3D:ADigitizationforaJourneyThroughMatter”,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 25

DigitalHeritageInternationalCongress2015,Granada,Spain,1October2015:Presentation“DigitizingEarlyFarmingCultures.CustomizingtheArchesHeritageInventory&ManagementSystem”,OEAW-OREA

ᴏ 30

DigitalHeritageInternationalCongress2015,Granada,Spain,29September2015:Presentation“APuzzlein4D:DigitalPreservationandReconstructionofanEgyptianPalace”,OEAW-OREA

ᴏ 40

DigitalHeritageInternationalCongress2015,Granada,Spain,28September2015:Tutorial“3DHOP-PresentingOnlineHigh-res3DModels:aCrashCourse”,CNR-ISTI

∆ 25

PromotingARIADNEinHungary,September-October2015:MNM-NOKcontactedover100archaeologists/scientistsatvariousinstitutionswiththeaimtomakeavailablegreyliteratureofsitestheyexcavated/analysed

● 100


199

throughARIADNE,MNM-NOK

YorNight-EuropeanResearchersNight,York,UK,25September2015:(aYorNightislargeeventwhichaimstoshowthatresearchisfunandinfluencesdailylifeforallofus;demonstrationof3DHOP,ADS

ᴏ 50

TPDL2015–19thIntern.ConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofDigitalLibraries,Poznan,Poland,18September2015:14thEuropeanNetworkedKnowledgeOrganizationSystems(NKOS)Workshop,co-organisedbyUSW;4presentationsdirectlyrelevanttoARIADNE(USWonmappingwork,PINonCRMtimemodeling,DAIondatamappinganduseofPeriodOperiodsinARIADNE

● 30

TPDL2015-19thIntern.ConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofDigitalLibraries,Poznan,Poland,17September2015:Workshop“Extending,MappingandFocusingtheCRM”,(co-)organisedbyPIN

● 25

ReconstructionoftheArchaeologicalLandscapethroughVirtualReality,Rome,Italy,trainingschool,8-11September2015:IncludedtrainingontwodaysonhowtousetheARIADNELandscapeServices,CNR-ITABC

∆ 21

AARG-AerialArchaeologyResearchGroup,AnnualConference,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain,9September2015,co-organiserCSIC-Incipit:PresentationofARIADNEanditsrelevancetoremotesensingData;Discovery&ZRC-SAZU

● 100

EAA2015-21thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Glasgow,UK,5September2015:Presentation“Thevalueofcomplementarity.Integratingtraditionalandmodernwaysinarchaeologicalremotesensing”,ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 40

EAA2015-21thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Glasgow,UK,5September2015:Presentation“Standardsfor3Ddocumentationinarchaeology”,PIN

ᴏ 60

EAA2015-21thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Glasgow,UK,3September2015:PresentationofARIADNEwithinroundtablesessiononthesharingandre-useofspatialdatainarchaeology&culturalheritage,Discovery

ᴏ 35

LinkedPastscolloquium,King’sCollegeLondon,UK,20-21July2015:organisedundertheauspicesofPelagios,acollectiveofsomeofthemosteffectiveLinkedOpenData(LOD)projectsinculturalheritageandthehumanities;ARIADNEpartnerspresentedanoverviewoftheprojectandon-goingworkonLinkedDatavocabularies,ADSandUSW

ᴏ 75

ISKO-UKbiennialconference,UCLLondon,14July2015:PresentationonvocabularymappingandlinkeddatabyUSW

ᴏ 50

Designofarchaeologicaldatasets-CNR-ISTI(NeMIS),Pisa,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool/transnationalaccess,6-10July2015

⌂ 5

DigitalHeritageWorkshop2015,York,UK,8July2015:Presentation“3DWeb-BasedDynamicPlatformsinArchaeology:Combiningofflineandonlinedatasetstogainnewunderstandingofthearchaeologicalrecord”,ADS

ᴏ 40

Designofarchaeologicaldatasets-Athena-DCU,Athens,Greece,ARIADNE ⌂ 6


200

TNA/summerschool,28June-3July2015;thesummerschoolincludedtheExpertForum:DigitalFuturesofArchaeologicalPractice2020-2025(2-3July)inwhichseniorandyoungresearchersparticipated:6TNA+16otherparticipantsofARIADNEpartnersandsomeotherinstitutions

DigitalPreservationfortheArts,SocialSciencesandHumanities(DPASSH2015),Dublin,Ireland,25-26June2015:ConferenceonsafeguardingthesocialandculturalrecordofIreland;presentationonarchaeologydatastrategiesandARIADNE(apaperpublishedinNewReviewofInformationNetworking,vol.20),Discovery

ᴏ 200

2D/3Ddocumentationforarchaeology-CNR-ISTI(VC-Lab),Pisa,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool/transnationalaccess,22-26June2015

⌂ 8

ScientificCommunicationsannualsession,Deva,Romania,11-12June2015:Presentation“135yearsfromestablishingthehistoryandarchaeologysocietyofHunedoara’scounty”,ARHEO

ᴏ 100

5°SeminarioInternacionaldePatrimonioCulturalInmaterial:InformáticaCultural,Valparaíso,Chile,25-27May2015:Keynote“Humanidadesdigitales,tecnologíassemánticas,yco-investigaciónenpatrimoniocultural”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 150

DigitalHeritageConference2015:CenterforDigitalHeritage,Aarhus,Denmark,21-22May2015:PresentationsbyADSandCNR-ISTI(implementationofa3DviewerontheADSrepository),CyIandPIN(onknowledgerepresentationof3Dvirtualreconstructions)

ᴏ 120

CIDOC-CRMSIGMeeting,Nürnberg,Germany,20May2015:Co-organisedbyFORTH-ICS,presentationsonCIDOC-CRMandextensions(FORTH-ICS)andtheCRMarchaeomodel(PIN)

● 30

Conference:IdentitàDigitaleUnica,Lecce,Italy,15May2015:PresentationoftheARIADNEproject,PIN

ᴏ 120

RCIS2015-NinthIEEEInternationalConferenceonResearchChallengesinInformationScience,Athens,Greece,13-15May2015:Presentation“AutomaticProcessModelDiscoveryfromTextualMethodologies:AnArchaeologyCaseStudy”,IncipitCSIC

ᴏ 50

Meetingwithpoliticians(TD&Senators)ofIreland,Dublin,Ireland,13May2015:Raisingawarenessontheimportanceofdigitalarchivesande-infrastructure,Discovery

● 80

NationalsymposiumofValeaAlunului,2ndedition,Alun,Romania,8-10May2015:“Archeologicalsiteorhistoricallandscape-theoryandpracticeinfieldarchaeologicalresearch”,ARHEO

ᴏ 200

DigitalArchaeology:NationalConference,Amersfoort,Netherlands,21April2015:PresentationofARIADNEandtheDataSealofApprovalfortrusteddigitalrepositories,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 40

CLARINESFRIprojectdirectorsmeeting,Utrecht,Netherlands,18April2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 5

RCC/NetherlandsCulturalHeritageAgencySymposium,Amersfoort,Netherlands,16April2014:participationofofficersfromRCEandresearchersfromDutchUniversities,presentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 60


201

AnnualMeetingoftheSocietyforAmericanArchaeology2015,SanFrancisco,USA,17April2015:Symposium“OpenMethodsinArchaeology”,presentationsbyJ.Richards(ADS)“EncouragingOpenMethodsviaDataRepositories”andF.Galeazzi(CNR-ISTI),“ADS3DViewer:AnExampleofOpen3DReal-TimeVisualizationSysteminArchaeology”

ᴏ 50

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,2April2015:Roundtable“ChallengingDigitalArchaeology–theDiscussionContinues”,presentation“DataIsNotEnough,Let’sAimforKnowledge”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 20

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,2April2015:ARIADNEsession“Supportingresearchersintheuseandreuseofarchaeologicaldata:followingtheARIADNEthread”,sevenpresentationsbyARIADNEpartners,ADS,Athena-DCU,CNR-ISTI,CyI-STARC,FORTH-ICS&OEAW,PINandUSW

● 80

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,2April2015:Session“ModellingtheArchaeologicalProcess”,chairedbyC.Gonzalez-Perez&P.Martín-Rodilla,CSIC-Incipit:Presentations“A3Dvisualandgeometricalapproachtoepigraphicresearch”,CyI-STARC(relatedEAGLEproject);“DocumentingandreasoningaboutresearchonancientCorinthiausingtheNeDiMAHMethodsOntology”,Athena-DCU(relatedNeMOproject)

● 40

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,1April2015:Session“Managingarchaeological3Dmodels”,co-organisedbyPIN,presentationon3Dmanagementforculturalheritage

● 30

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,1April2016:Session“TowardsaTheoryofPracticeinAppliedDigitalFieldMethods”,presentation“AConceptualandVisualProposaltoDecoupleMaterialandInterpretiveInformationaboutStratigraphicData”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 50

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,31March2015:Session“LinkedData:Frominteroperabletointeroperating”:Presentations“ConnectingCulturalHeritageData:TheSyrianHeritageProjectintheITinfrastructureoftheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute”,DAI(P.Gerth&S.Cuy);“FrominteroperabletointeroperatingGeosemanticresources”,USW(P.J.Cripps&D.Tudhope)

ᴏ 40

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Workshop“ReconstructingAncientLandscapeintheCloud”,CNR-ITABC

∆ 45

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Workshop“3DHOP-PresentingOnlineHigh-res3DModels:aCrashCourse”,CNR-ISTI

∆ 65

CAA2015,Siena,Italy,30March2015:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeologicalConceptualModelling2”,CSIC-Incipit

∆ 20

EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil-AnnualMeeting&HeritageManagementSymposium2016,Lisbon,Portugal,18March2015:EACArchaeologicalArchivingWorkingGroupmeeting,presentationon“ArchaeologicalarchivesandfielddatamanagementintheCzechRepublic”byM.Kunaetal.(paperinproceedings),ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 50

FifthEAGLEInternationalEvent2015,“UseandRe-UseofDigitalCulturalHeritageAssets–Interoperability,RepositoriesandSharedinfra-structures”,Nicosia,Cyprus,11-12March2015,co-organisedbyCyI-

ᴏ 45


202

STARC,presentationofARIADNE

STVDIVM-SchoolofArchaeologicalDatainPompei,EC-fundedOpenPompeiprojectincollaborationwiththeItalianMinistryofCulturalHeritageandtheSuperintendencyofPompei,Pompeii,Italy,6-8March2015:KeynotebyJ.Richards(ADS)onOpenDatainEuropeanArchaeologyandARIADNE

ᴏ 30

E-RIHS-EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience,Rome,Italy,5March2015:PresentationoftheARIADNEproject,PIN

ᴏ 40

Workshop“Accessoapertoalpatrimonioculturaledigitaleelinkedopendata:strategie,progettienuoveopportunità”,Rome,3March2015,presentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 120

CIDOC-CRMSIG2015meeting,e-ResearchCentre,OxfordUniversity,UK,11February2015:Co-organisedbyFORTH-ICS,discussionofCRMarchaeo,CRMsciandCRMinf(FORTH-ICS),presentation“CIDOC-CRMba:ACRMextensionforbuildingsarchaeologyinformationmodelling”,P.Ronzino,PIN

● 27

SEAHAtrainingcourse,Pisa,Italy,22-23January2015:PhDstudentsfromtheUniversityofBrightonvisitedCNR-ISTIforatrainingcourseonvisualtechnologies;theyoungresearchersparticipateinaprogrammeofSEAHA-CentreforDoctoralTraininginScienceandEngineeringinArtsHeritageandArchaeology(UK)

∆ 3

MeetingatGyulaForsterNationalCentreforCulturalHeritageManagement,Budapest,18January2015:TheForsterCentreoperatesundertheMinistryofHumanResourcesandhasaprimeresponsibilitytoregister,curate,monitor,anddevelopmovableandimmovableculturalheritageartefactsandsitesofHungary;theCentreholdsthelargestdatabaseofarchaeologicalsitesinHungary;presentationofARIADNEandinvitationtocontributedatatoARIADNE;MNM-NOK

● 5

MappingexistingdatasetstoCIDOC-CRM-PIN,Prato,Italy,2015individualtransnationalstudyvisitsandtrainingof3-5days

⌂ 6

2014

FirstCulturalHeritageandNewTechnologiesInternationalCongress,NationalMuseumofAnthropology,MexicoCity,3-6December2014,organisedbytheNationalInstituteofAnthropologyandHistory(INAH),theconferenceinvolved167authorsfrom20countriessuchasColombia,Peru,Guatemala,Chile,Bolivia,Poland,Italy,UKandMexico,amongothers,withatotalof88presentations;participation/presentationofARIADNEbyPIN

ᴏ 80

Savethedata!-WorkshoponDigitalRepositories,Vienna,Austria,2December2014;organisedbyÖAW-OREAaspartoftheDigitalHumanitiesAustriaconference2014,presentationsbyADS,KNAW-DANS,PINandÖAW-OREA

● 50

Loscavoarcheometrico(thearchaeometricexcavation),Rovereto,Italy,28November2014:CNR-ITABC(invitedspeaker)presentedARIADNEandtheCNRwebservicesforarchaeological3Dlandscapes,sitesandobjects

ᴏ 50

Reuvensdagen,TheHague,Netherlands,20November2014(about600 ᴏ 120


203

participants):Poster/presentationatthenationalconferenceforDutcharchaeologists,KNAW-DANS

ResearchInfrastructuresande-InfrastructuresforDigitalCulturalHeritageConference,Rome,BibliotecaNazionaleCentralediRoma,13-14November2014,Rome;co-organisedbyARIADNEandtheItalianMinistryofCulture,intheframeworkoftheItalianEUPresidencysemester;theconferenceinvolvedEUprojectsoninfrastructuresande-infrastructuresforculturalheritage;theafternoonofthesecondconferencedaywasdevotedtoaworkshopontheARIADNEInfrastructure(severalpresentations);300+registeredparticipants

● 200

JointworkshopbetweenPINandtheARCHESdeveloperteam(GettyConservationInstitute/WordMonumentsFundsandtheFarallonGeographicsteam),Prato,Italy,10November2014:PresentationofARIADNEactivitiesanddiscussionaboutcollaboration,PIN

● 10

MediterraneanExchangeofArchaeologicalTourism,Paestum,Italy,30October2014:“OpportunitieswithintheARIADNEnetwork”,introducedparticipantstotheTNAtrainingofferandonlineservices,PIN,CNR-ISTI,Athena-CETI

∆ 5

12thEurographicsWorkshoponGraphicsandCulturalHeritage,Darmstadt,Germany,6-9October2014:Presentationofscientificpapersandastateoftheartreport,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 60

DeutscherArchäologiekongress,Berlin,8October2014:SektiondesDAIandIANUS:„WohinmitmeinenDaten?ZumlangfristigenUmgangmitForschungsdatenindenAltertumswissenschaften“,presentationsbyJ.Richards(ADS)“Measuringtheimpactoflongtermarchaeologicaldataarchivingandre-use”andD.V.Gilissen(DANS)“Dutcharchaeologicaldatadepositing,processing,archivingandaccessingatDANS”

ᴏ 30

RisorsedigitaliestrumenticollaborativiperleScienzedell'Antichità,Venice,Italy,2October2014:ARIADNEpresentationbyPIN

ᴏ 90

CIDOC-CRMSIGMeeting,Heraklion,Greece,29/9-2/10/2014:organisedbyFORTH-ICS,presentationsbyCNR-ISTIandFORTH-ICS(e.g.“CRMarchaeo:theExcavationModel-AnExtensionofCIDOC-CRMtosupportarchaeologicalexcavations”)

● 15

DCH-RP-DigitalCulturalHeritageRoadmapforPreservationconference,Rome,Italy,22September2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 40

EAA2014-20thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Istanbul,Turkey,13September2014:Session“OpenAccessandOpenDatainArchaeology”,16presentations,incl.byEnglishHeritage,SRFGandUoY(co-chairs)

● 30

Semantics&CulturalHeritageMeet-upatTheBritishMuseum,London,UK,12September2014:Presentation“MappingthedFMRÖcoindatabasetoCIDOC-CRM”,FORTH-ICSandOEAW

ᴏ 20

EAA2014,Istanbul,Turkey:ARIADNEworkshop,11September2014:“OpportunitieswithintheARIADNEnetwork”,introducedparticipantstotheTNAtrainingofferandonlineservices,Athena-CETI,CNR-ISTI,PIN

∆ 10

CIDOCAnnualConference2014:AccessandUnderstanding-Networkingin ∆ 10


204

theDigitalEra,Dresden,Germany,7September2014:TutorialonCRMsciandCRMarchaeo,FORTH-ICS

Designofarchaeologicaldatasets–CNR-ISTI(NeMIS),Pisa,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool/transnationalaccess,14-18July2014

⌂ 3

AFutureforourPast-ResearchinDigitalTechnologiesforArts,HeritageandArchaeology,Brighton,UK,11July2014:InvitedtalkandpresentationonARIADNE,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 100

ElectronicVisualisationandtheArts-EVA2014,London,UK:ARIADNEworkshop,10July2014:“LearningOpportunitiesforSharingDataintheARIADNEProject”,introducedparticipantstotheTNAtrainingofferandonlineservices,PIN

∆ 5

DH2014-DigitalHumanitiesconference,GeoHumanitiesSIGmeeting,Lausanne,Switzerland,8July2014:Presentation:“EffectivedesignanduseofaSpatiotemporalGazetteer”,DAI

ᴏ 20

ARCHESCommunityworkshop,Apsley,England,30June-3July2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN;participants:cultureprofessionalsandsoftwaredevelopers

ᴏ 30

2D/3Ddocumentationforarchaeology-CNR-ISTI(VC-Lab),Pisa,Italy,summerschool/transnationalaccess,23-27June2014

⌂ 9

Tecnologiedigitaliperibenicultural,Rome,Italy,20June2014:PresentationofARIADNE,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 120

EuropeanNetworkforArchaeologyandIntegratedLandscapeResearch:workshop,Glasgow,UK,11-13June2014:IntroductionofARIADNE,distributionofflyers,DAI

ᴏ 35

ScientificsymposiumatDevaregionalcountymuseum,Romania,11-12June2014:presentationofArheoVestworkinARIADNE

ᴏ 120

ColloquePatrimoineetHumanitiesnumeriques,Grenoble,France,10-12June2014:PresentationofARIADNEtoscholarsandresearchstudents,MIBAC-ICCU

ᴏ 30

MeetingwithCENIEH,Rome,Italy,10June2014:PresentationofARIADNEanddiscussionofcollaborationopportunities,PIN

● 5

MeetingwithEAGLEproject/steeringcommitteemembers,Rome,Italy,4June2014:PresentationofARIADNEanddiscussionofcollaborationopportunities,PINandCYI-STARC

● 10

13thMeetingoftheMemberStatesExpertGrouponDigitisation,Luxembourg,2-4June2014:Representativesofthe28MemberStatesandofficersoftheEuropeanCommission,DGConnectparticipated;presentationandnetworkingforARIADNE,MiBAC-ICCU

ᴏ 45

53rdNationalArchaeologicalConference,Sandanski,Bulgaria,28-31May2014:PresentationaboutthedevelopmentoftheArchaeologicalMapofBulgariaandARIADNE,Prof.GeorgiNekhrizov,NIAM-BAS

ᴏ 100

RCIS2014,Marrakech,Morocco,28-30May2014:Presentation“AnISO/IEC24744-DerivedModellingLanguageforDiscourseAnalysis”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 50


205

MappingexistingdatasetstoCIDOC-CRM-PIN,Prato,Italy,ARIADNEsummerschool/transnationalaccess,26-30May2014

⌂ 3

18thCentralEuropeanSeminaronComputerGraphics,Smolenice,Slovakia,25-27May2014:CESCGbringstogetheryoungresearchersfromdifferentcountriestopresentanddiscussprojectsandprogressintheapplicationofcomputergraphics,studentsfrom11institutionsparticipated;invitedtalkonvisualmediaservicesdevelopedwithinARIADNE,R.Scopigno,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 150

Symposium“NewApproachestotheTempleofZeusatOlympia”,UniversityELTE,Budapest,Hungary,8-10May2014:Presentation“VirtualEnvironmentsandTechnologicalSolutionsforanEnrichedViewingofHistoricalandArchaeologicalContexts”,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 60

MeetingofDanishHumanitiesResearchInfrastructures,Aarhus,Denmark,6May2014:PresentationofARIADNEanddiscussionofcollaborationopportunitieswithRImanagers,PIN

● 30

IPERION-CH,CHARISMApartnershipandotherEuropeaninstitutions,Rome,Italy,28April2014:PresentationofARIADNE,discussionofcollaborationopportunities,PIN

● 60

CAA2014,Paris,France,25April2014:Session“ModellingtheArchaeologicalProcess”,CSIC-Incipit(chairs:C.Gonzalez-Perez&P.Martín-Rodilla),presentationsbyAthena-DCU(C.Dallas)andInrap(V.Vachon)

● 40

CAA2014,Paris,France,25April2014:Session“TowardsaHistoryofArchaeologicalComputing”,presentation“TheDevelopmentofDataSharingandOpenDatainArchaeology”,J.Richards,ADS

ᴏ 25

CAA2014,Paris,France,24April2014:Session“OntologiesandStandardsforimprovingInteroperabilityofArchaeologicalData:FromModelstowardspracticalExperiencesinvariousContexts”,3presentationsbyARIADNEpartners,CSIC-Incipit,KNAW-DANS,USW

ᴏ 50

CAA2014,Paris,France,23April2014:Session“GIS,anewtrowelforarchaeologists?ThechallengesofusingGISinpreventivearchaeology”,presentationsbyDiscovery&InrapandMNM-NOK

ᴏ 30

CAA2014,Paris,France:,23April2014:Roundtable“Virtualarchaeology,thefirst25years”,PINandCYI-STARC(co-moderators)

● 25

CAA2014,Paris,France,22April2014:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeologicalConceptualModelling2”,CSIC-Incipit

∆ 20

CAA2014,Paris,France,22April2014:ARIADNEworkshop“Onlineresourcesforarchaeologicalresearch”,introducedarchaeologicalresearcherstoARIADNEonlinedataresources(ADS,Arachne[DAI]andFastiOnline[AIAC];alsothedigitalarchivetDAR-TheDigitalArchaeo-logicalRecord(USA)gaveapresentation

∆ 20

AnnualMeetingoftheSocietyforAmericanArchaeology2014,Austin,Texas,USA,24April2014:Presentation“Findingthecontext:AEuropeanperspectiveonrepresentingandinterpretingspatialdatafromarchaeologicalfieldworkasLinkedOpenData”,ADS,USWandFORTH-ICS

ᴏ 60

AssociationofArchaeologyandAncientHistory,weeklyseminarson ᴏ 50


206

archaeologyforstudentsandyoungscholars,Timisoara,Romania,23April2014:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,ARHEO

OdysseeSymposium,DutchNationalMuseumofAntiquities,Leiden,Netherlands,14April2014:IntroducedARIADNEtoDutcharchaeologicalprojectleadersduringtheinteractivepaneldiscussion,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 50

TheDaciansintheBanatPlains:ExhibitiononthearchaeologicalactivitiesofArheovest,Timisoara,Romania,12April2014:PresentationofARIADNE,ARHEO

ᴏ 100

BridgingtheDanube-Internationalconference,organisedbytheAmericanResearchCenterinSofia,Timisoara,Romania,10-11April2014(participantsfromPoland,Serbia,Romania):Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,ARHEO

ᴏ 150

LavalVirtual2014(Exhibitionandconference),Laval,France,9April2014:Invitedtalkon“VirtualclonesforCulturalHeritageapplications”attheDigitalHeritageSymposium,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 80

InstituteforArchaeologists-AnnualConference2014,Glasgow,UK,9April2014:InternationalCulturalHeritagePracticeGrouppresentation“NavigatingCollaborativeEuropeanProjectsinArchaeology”,ADS

ᴏ 90

The“Other”School,Timisoara,Romania,7-9April2014:archaeologicalactivitieswithhighschoolstudents,incl.discussionaboutRomanianarchaeologyintheEuropeancontext,ARHEO

● 80

LaunchofDARIAH-GR,Athens,Greece,7April2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 100

2ndInternationalConferenceonResearchInfrastructures(ICRI),Athens,Greece,2April2014:NetworkingandinformalpresentationofARIADNE,PIN(c.400conferenceparticipants)

ᴏ 20

MeetingwithdelegationofChineseUniversities,Prato,Italy,26March2014:professorsfromChineseandItalianUniversitiesandlocalgovernmentofficers,presentationofARIADNE,PIN

● 25

5thDanubeLimesBrandConference,Sofia,Bulgaria,24-25March2014:DanubeLimesBrandisaSouthEastEurope-TransnationalCooperationproject(10/2012-9/2014),involvingpartnersfromAustria,Slovakia,Hungary,Serbia,BulgariaandRomania;ARIADNEpresentation(Prof.G.Nekhrizov&N.Kecheva),NIAM-BAS

ᴏ 70

EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil-AnnualMeeting&HeritageManagementSymposium2014,Amersfoort,Netherlands,20-21March2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN,c.150eventparticipants

ᴏ 70

WorkshopatInstitutoAndaluzdelPatrimonioHistorico,Seville,Spain,17-18March2014:PresentationofARIADNEtodirectorandseniormanagersoftheinstitute(cooperationagreement),PIN

● 10

CAA-GermanyAnnualMeeting,Tübingen,Germany,14-15February2014:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,DAI

ᴏ 120

Publiclectures/introducingcitizenstotheresultsoftheon-goingexcavationsinthecenterofTimisoarawithinaEuropeanperspective,Timișoara,Romania,12February2014,ARHEO

● 120


207

BundesamtfürKartografieundGeodäsie(FederalAgencyforCartographyandGeodesy):“GewusstWo!“(Knowwhere!),Frankfurt,Germany,13February2014:Eventongeographicaldata,ARIADNEintroduction,distributionofflyers,DAI

ᴏ 60

Italiannationalinformationdayonresearchinfrastructures,Pisa,Italy,6February2014:PresentationofARIADNEintheframeworkofSSHinfrastructuresandnetworkingwithprojects,PIN(c.250eventparticipants)

ᴏ 130

Africa-EUWorkshopontheFightAgainstIllegalTraffickingofCulturalGoods,Casablanca,Marocco,20-22January2014:ARIADNEpresentation,DAI

ᴏ 90

DAIITDays,Berlin,Germany,20-22January2014:ARIADNEpresentation,DAI

● 30

DCH-RP-DigitalCulturalHeritageRoadmapforPreservationmeeting,Catania,Italy,21January2014:PresentationofARIADNE,PIN

ᴏ 40

ArchaeologicalInstituteofAmerica,AnnualMeeting,Chicago,USA,2-4January2014:HighlightingARIADNEinthecontextoftheAIAawardtoFastiOnlineforoutstandingworkindigitalarchaeology(c.300presentattheawardsceremony).

ᴏ 300

ArchaeologicalInstituteofAmerica,AnnualMeeting,Chicago,USA,4January2014:MeetingstoestablishoradvancecooperationwithOpenContext(digitalarchive),tDAR(digitalarchive),AncientWorldMappingCenter(UniversityofNorthCarolina)andDigitalAtlasofRomanandMedievalCivilizations(HarvardUniversity);AIAC

● 7

2013

NCVPRIPG2013-NationalConferenceonComputerVision,PatternRecognition,ImageProcessingandGraphics,Jodhpur,India,19-21December2013:Keynote“High-fidelity3DmodelsforCulturalHeritage”,incl.servicedevelopmentwithinARIADNE,R.Scopigno,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 240

SeminaronTrends,DevelopmentsandKnowledgeinArchaeologicalArchiving,FacultyofArchaeology,Ljubljana,Slovenia,13December2013:PresentationsonarchaeologicaldatamanagementbyValentijnGilissen,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 40

PelagiosGazetteerMeeting,Berlin,Germany,11December2013:PresentationofARIADNEwithafocusonCIDOC-CRMextensions,DAIandFORTH-ICS

ᴏ 15

WorkshopatTheBritishMuseum,London,UK,4December2013:PresentationofARIADNE,PINandCYI-STARC

ᴏ 10

CAAKonferensen,Lund,Sweden,2-4December2013:Keynote/presentationofARIADNE,S.Pescarin,CNR-ITABC

ᴏ 60

SeminaronLinkedOpenData,Rome,29November2013:PresentationofARIADNEworkonmetadata,PIN

ᴏ 25

Researchoncultural-historicalheritage:provocationsandprospects-SecondPhDstudentconference,Sofia,Bulgaria,29November2013:PresentationaboutthedevelopmentofAIS-AKBandARIADNE,Prof.G.

ᴏ 40


208

Nekhrizov,NIAM-BAS

ArchaeologyandthePublicConference,Nečtiny,CzechRepublic,20-22November2013:Presentation“Mapofaerialarchaeologicalsites”andARIADNE,ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 50

FacingtheFuture:EuropeanResearchInfrastructurefortheHumanitiesandSocialSciencesconference,organizedbytheSocialandCulturalInnovationStrategyWorkingGroupofESFRIandtheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch,andhostedbytheEuropeanFederationofAcademiesofSciencesandHumanities(ALLEA)andtheGermanDataForum(RatSWD),Berlin,Germany,21-22November2013:Presentation“TheARIADNEapproachtodigitalculturalheritage”,PIN

ᴏ 90

MTSR2013-7thInternationalConferenceonMetadataandSemanticsResearch,Thessaloniki,Greece,19-22November2013:SpecialTrackonMetadata&SemanticsforCulturalCollections&Applications,presentationsbyAthena-DCUandUSW

ᴏ 50

DigitalHumanitiesinAustria-DARIAHATworkshop,AustrianCentreforDigitalHumanitiesattheUniversityofGraz,Austria,20November2013:PresentationofARIADNE,OEAW

ᴏ 60

CHNT2013-18thInternationalConferenceonCulturalHeritageandNewTechnologies,Vienna,Austria,11-13November2013:ARIADNESession“Infrastructuresandservicesforsharingofarchaeologicaldocumentation”organised&chairedbySRFGandOEAW,14presentationsincl.byAthena-DCU,ADS,CNR-ISTI,DISC,FORTH-ICS,KNAW-DANS,OEAW+SRFG,SND,USW

● 40

MeetingPIN-ICCU-ICCD,Rome,29October2013:PresentationofARIADNEtopotentialassociatedpartners,PIN

● 10

DigitalHeritageInternationalCongress2013,Marseille,France,28October-2November2013:Presentation“Acomputer-assistedconstraint-basedsystemforassemblingfragmentedobjects”,CNR-ISTI

ᴏ 120

CIDOC-CRMSIGmeeting,Heraklion,Greece,22October2013:organisedbyFORTH-ICS,presentationofCRMarchaeo(partoftheARIADNEGlobalModel),FORTH-ICSandPIN

● 20

HeritageCouncilWorkshop-AddressingdigitalheritagedatainIreland,Kilkenny,Ireland,21October2013):Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,Discovery

ᴏ 25

DASISH-DataServiceInfrastructurefortheSocialSciencesandHumanitiesworkshop,Gothenburg,Sweden,4-5October2013:coordinationmeetingofinfrastructuresandprojectsactiveinthesocialsciences(CESSDA,DwB,ESS,InGRID,SHARE)andhumanities(ADRIADNE,CENDARI,CHARISMA,CLARIN,DARIAH,EHRI);contributionsbyPIN

ᴏ 27

TPDL2013-17thInternationalConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofDigitalLibraries,Valetta,Malta,26September2013:CRMEXworkshopco-org.byPIN;presentations“Qualitymanagementof3DculturalheritagereplicaswithCIDOC-CRM”,“EuropeanstandardsforthedocumentationofhistoricbuildingsandtheirrelationshipwithCIDOC-CRM”,“MappingICCDArchaeologicalDatatoCIDOC-CRM:theRASchema”,PINandAthena-DCU

● 30


209

AARG2013-AerialArchaeologyResearchGroup,AnnualConference,Amersfoort,Netherlands,26-28September2013:Presentations“Fromfindtostructure”and“IntegratingALS,aerialprospectionandground-basedsurveyintothestudyofvisibleandhiddencomponentsofpost-medievalmilitaryopenlandscapes”,ARUP-CAS

ᴏ 90

ConferenceoftheStichtingInfrastructuurKwaliteitsborgingBodembeheer(FoundationInfrastructureforQualityAssuranceofSoilManagement),Zeist,Netherlands,25September2013:LectureontheprotocolforuniformdataexchangeforDutcharchaeologists,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 25

ArcLandmeeting2013,Amersfoort,Netherlands,24-25September2013:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEmaterial,ARUP-CASandDiscovery

ᴏ 30

KickOffEventofDFGproject“OpenInfRA”,Cottbus,Germany,20September2013:ARIADNEpresentationtopotentialnewpartners,DAI

ᴏ 10

InternationalSummerSchool“UAVsappliedtoCulturalHeritageandArchaeology”,Certosa,Pontignano,Italy,20-26September2013:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEmaterials,CNR-ITABC

∆ 30

3DPITOTIWorkshop,Weimar,17September2013:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,DAI

ᴏ 30

DARIAHVCCmeeting,Copenhagen,6September2013:ARIADNEupdatepresentation,PIN

ᴏ 50

EAA2013-19thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Pilsen,CzechRepublic,5September2013:Session“Newdigitaldevelopmentsinheritagemanagementandresearch”,organisedbyADS,ArchaeolinguaandPIN,15presentation,sixbyARIADNEpartners(ADS,CSIC-Incipit,CyI-STARC,FORTH-ICS,PINandUSW)

● 70

EAA2013-19thAnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Pilsen,CzechRepublic,4-8September2013:Session“Towardsarealrepresentationandinterpretationofspatio-temporaldatainArchaeologicalRecord”,presentation“Anontologicalspatio-temporalrefinementfortheCIDOCCRMandGISstandards”,FORTH-ICS

ᴏ 20

EAA2013:Pilsen,CzechRepublic,4September2013:ARIADNEworkshop“DataManagementPlanningandOnlineResourcesforArchaeology”;centredonstrategiesforeffectivedatamanagementandplanning(ADS,SRFG)andonlinedataresourcesavailabletoresearchersthroughARIADNE(ADS,DAI[Arachne],AIAC[FastiOnline],KNAW-Odyssee[E-Depot]andSND[digitalarchive])

∆ 25

iPRES2013-InternationalConferenceonPreservationofDigitalObjects,co-locatedwithDublinCore2013,Lisbon,Portugal,3-5September2013.Presentation/disseminationofinformationonARIADNE,Athena-DCU

ᴏ 50

JCDL2013-ACM/IEEEJointConferenceonDigitalLibraries,Indianapolis,Indiana,USA,22-26July2013:Presentation/disseminationofinformationonARIADNE,Athena-DCU

ᴏ 50

DigitalHeritage2013:InterfaceswiththePast,UniversityofYork,UK,6July2013:ARIADNEposter,ADSandDiscovery(120totalparticipants)

ᴏ 60

Colloquium:HessianDepartmentofArchaeology,Marburg,5July2013: ᴏ 60


210

Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,DAI

CulturalHeritageCreativeToolsandArchivesworkshop(CHCTA),NationalMuseumofDenmark,Copenhagen,Denmark,26-27June2013:Participantsincludedrepresentativesofhumanitiese-infrastructuresARIADNE(J.Richards,ADS),CENDARI,DARIAH,EHRIandotherprojects,e.g.EuropeanaCloud,3D-ICONSandNeDiMAH(C.Dallas&A.Bernardou,Athena-DCU)

ᴏ 34

OpeningthePast,MAPPAConference:Pisa,Italy,13-15June2013:KeynotebyJ.Richards(ADS)andpresentation“PasttheOpening:buildingtowardsthepresent,on-goingdisseminationofDutcharchaeologicaldataaspartoftheDANSarchive”,V.Gilissen,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 75

CIDOC-CRMSIGmeeting,Stockholm,3-7June2013:Co-organisedbyFORTH-ICS,presentationontheintegrationofCRMgeo(partoftheARIADNEGlobalModel)totheCIDOC-CRMcoreclasses,FORTH-ICS

● 12

10thInternationalConferenceonArchaeologicalProspection,AustrianAcademyofSciences,Vienna,29May-2June2013:ARIADNEposter&hand-outofprojectinformation,OEAW-OREA(c.250participants)

ᴏ 125

52ndNationalArchaeologicalConference,Hissar,Bulgaria,31May2013:ARIADNEannouncedasapartofthedevelopmentoftheAIS-AKBsystem,Prof.GeorgiNekhrizov,NIAM-BAS

ᴏ 100

RCIS2013,Paris,France,29-31May2013:Presentation“ModellingTemporalityandSubjectivityinConML”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 35

VirtualHeritageSchoolonDigitalCulturalHeritage,Nicosia,Cyprus,27-30May2013:PresentationofARIADNEbyF.Niccolucci,PIN

ᴏ 20

UK&IrishIsotopesGroupWorkshop,Bristol,UK,28May2013:PresentationonARIADNE-Scientificdataintegration/coordinationwithnationalinitiatives;Discovery

ᴏ 30

Versolaconoscenzaarcheologicacondivisa-TerzoConvegno,IlSITARnellaRetedellaRicercaItaliana,Rome,Italy,23-24May2013:PresentationofARIADNEprojectbyF.Niccolucci,PIN

ᴏ 70

18thInternationalCongressofClassicalArchaeology,Merida,Spain,13-17May2013(about800participants);ARIADNEpresentedinthesessiononInternationalProjects,AIAC

ᴏ 50

SustainableArchaeology,Xi’an,China,6May2013:Presentation“DigitalDatainarchaeology:longtermpreservationandaccess”,J.Richards,ADS

ᴏ 40

MindtheGap-InternationalSeminar,Siena,22-24April2013:Presentation/disseminationofARIADNEinformation,DAI

ᴏ 60

SymposiumOnderzoekJongeArcheologen,Groningen,Netherlands,12April2013:ARIADNEpresentedandinformationhandedoutto150starting/youngarchaeologists,KNAW-DANS

ᴏ 150

ECLAP2013,2ndInternationalConferenceonInformationTechnologiesforPerformingArts,MediaAccessandEntertainment,Porto,Portugal,10April2013:ARIADNEpresentation:“ValidatingtheDigitalDocumentationofCulturalObjects”,PIN

ᴏ 30


211

CAA2013,Perth,Australia,28March2013:Session“ArchaeologicalInformationModelling”,CSIC-Incipit

● 30

CAA2013,Perth,Australia,26March2013:Presentation“ExpressingTemporalandSubjectiveInformationaboutArchaeological,Entities”,CSIC-Incipit

ᴏ 50

CAA2013,Perth,Australia,25March2013:Workshop“Hands-onArchaeologicalConceptualModelling(HACMod)”,C.Gonzalez-PerezofARIADNEpartnerCSIC-Incipit(Spain)andCharlotteHugofUniversitédeParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne

∆ 15

CAA2013,Perth,Australia,25-28March2013:ARIADNEprojectposter,ADSandDiscovery(350totalparticipants)

ᴏ 60

Arheologijavletu2013-dediščinazajavnost(Archaeologyin2013-HeritageforthePublic),Ljubljana,Slovenia,22March2013:SymposiumontheprogressofarchaeologicalresearchinSlovenia.PresentationofARIADNEbyB.Štular,ZRC-SAZU

● 32

CorpusSignorumImperiiRomani(CSIR)workshop,DAIRome,18February2013:WorkshopwithnationalheadsoftheCSIRtocreateaunifieddigitaldatasetofsculptureandpotentialinclusioninARIADNE,AIACandDAI

ᴏ 15

Total 13,322


212

9 AnnexD:Demonstrators

This Annex documents the demonstrators of innovative capabilities enabled byARIADNE services/tools,models,vocabulariesanddatasetsthataresummarisedinSection4.7.3.

D1-VocabularyMappingDemonstrator

Briefdescription: MappingoffivesubjectvocabulariesofARIADNEdataproviderstotheArt&Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) as a central semantic hub, employingvocabulary mapping tools developed in the project. Exploratory pilotinvolving cross-search over archaeological datasets from different countrieswithsemanticexpansionacrossthevocabulariesindifferentlanguages.

Innovativecapability:

Mappings of local vocabularies to a large, multi-lingual and widely usedvocabularycanprovideausefulmediationhubforcross-searchingmetadataof distributed digital resources. A search on a concept originating fromanyone vocabulary can utilize the mediating structure to route through toconcepts from other vocabularies (which may be expressed in differentlanguages)andretrievetheidentifieddatarecords.

Targetusergroup/s: Subjectexperts,datamanagersandintegrators

Methods/services/tools:

Mappingtools:onlineinteractiveVocabularyMatchingToolandspreadsheet-basedtooldevelopedbyUSW(thetoolsaredescribedinSection4.6.4)

Dataresources&vocabularies:

TermsoffivesubjectvocabulariesemployedbyARIADNEdataprovidersweremappedtotheAATandthesemanticlinkageusedforretrievalexperiments.Thevocabulariesare:aflatlistofmonumenttypesemployedinFastiOnline(in English), terminology for types of archaeological sites owned byMiBAC-ICCU (in Italian), Archeologische complextypen of the Rijksdienst CultureelErfgoed (in Dutch, employed by DANS), terms of DAI’s archaeologicaldictionary(inGerman),andHistoricEngland’sThesaurusofMonumentTypes(inEnglish,employedbyADS).

Demonstrator: ARIADNE data providers employ multiple, partly overlapping localvocabularieswithnoformalsemanticlinksexistingbetweenthem.Asthereisnoscalableapproachformappingbetweenconceptsinanymorethanthreevocabulariesaspinestructureneedstobeemployed. InARIADNEtheArt&Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) of the Getty Research Institute (available asLinkedOpenDatainSKOS)255hasbeenselectedtoprovidethecentralhubtowhichdataprovidershavetomapthetermsofthevocabularieswhichtheyuse for describing their resources. Thus partners have to produce SKOSmapping relationships such as broadMatch or closeMatch between theirvocabularytermsandtheAATconcepts.

ForthisworkUSWdevelopedtoolswhichenablesubjectexpertstoproducethemappingandoutputtheSKOSmappingrelationshipsinJSONformat.Theapplicationofthetoolsandthe“spine”-basedmappingapproachhavebeentested and evaluated in an exploratory pilot. The study demonstratedadvantages of the approach by performing mediated cross-search overarchaeological datasets from different countries with semantic expansion

255GettyVocabulariesasLinkedOpenData,http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/lod/index.html


213

acrossthemultilingualvocabularies.

Partnersinvolved: USW,contributionsbyAIAC,DAI,DANSandMiBAC-ICCU

Documentation: Binding&Tudhope2016;ARIADNE2017g(D15.3);seealsoSection4.6.4.

D2-CoinsDemonstrator

Briefdescription: The pilot application demonstrated the item-level integration process ofinformation about coins from five datasets based on the extended CIDOC-CRManddomain-specificvocabulary(AAT,Nomisma).


Thecoinsdemonstratorconfirmedthatdatasetsofdifferentorigin,language,property,andofheterogeneousinformationcanbesuccessfullyintegratedbyrelying on the CIDOC-CRM. The relative homogeneity of the coin class ofobjects has made the mapping and conversion work relatively easy. Butvalidity of the methodological approach can be assumed for any type ofarchaeologicalobject.

Targetusergroup/s: DevelopersofCIDOC-CRMbasedservicesanddataintegrators


MappingMemoryManager-3M(seeSection4.6.2);blazegraphRDFgraphdatabase


Thefollowingdatasetshavebeenusedinthedemonstrator:

o dFMRÖ-DigitaleFundmünzenderRömischenZeitinÖsterreich(DigitalCoin-findsoftheRomanPeriodinAustria),onlineMySQLdatabase–ÖAWNumismaticResearchGroup;

o MuseiD-ItaliadocumentationofseveralcoinscollectionsofItalianmuseumsintegratedinCulturaItalia–MiBAC-ICCU;

o Asubsetofnumismaticsrecords(1670)fromtheFitzwilliamMuseum(Cambridge)databasepreparedintheCOINSproject(COINS-CombatOn-lineIllegalNumismaticSales,2007-2009,coordinatedbyPIN;seeJarrettetal.2011)

o Coinsdatarecords(630)fromtheSoprintendenzaArcheologicadiRoma(SAR)database–preparedintheCOINSproject;

o Documentationofcoinfinds(517)intheiDAI.fieldresearchdatabaseofthePergamonproject,withdetailedinformationaboutthearchaeologicalcontext–DAI.

o InformationextractedwithNaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP)fromreportsaboutcoins(fromHeslingtonEastExcavationArchive,UK).

Vocabularies:CIDOC-CRM(incl.CRMdigextensionandasmallcoin-specificextensionmodellingcategoricalinformation),Art&ArchitectureThesaurus,Nomismaontology(numismaticsvocabularies)256

Demonstrator: The pilot application demonstrated the process of item-level integration ofthediversecoindatasetsinanenvironmentwhereuserscaneffectivelyqueryandreceivecombinedresultscomingfromthedifferentdatasets.Toenablesuch a search environment four of thedatasetsweremappedwith FORTH-ICS’MappingMemoryManager(3M)totheCIDOC-CRM(andextensions)and

256Nomismaontology,http://nomisma.org/ontology


214

transformed to RDF format. The MuseiD-Italia data was already in CIDOC-CRMRDFform,andthedataextractedwithNLPfromreportsweremappedtoCIDOC-CRMintheextractionandsemanticannotationprocess.Inadditionmapping of terms in dataset records to the Art & Architecture Thesaurus(AAT)andNomismaontology (bothavailableas LinkedData)wasnecessarytoenableintegratedsearchingofthecoinsinformation.ThepilotapplicationemploystheBlazegraphRDFgraphdatabase257andtheuser interface is based on the Metaphacts platform258. The platformimplements the Fundamental Categories and Relationships for intuitivequerying CIDOC-CRM based repositories, described in Tzompanaki & Doerr(2012).Userscanformulatequeriesbyselectingfromsixbasiccategoriesandthe relations between them without the need to be familiar with theunderlyingschema.Theresultsofthequeriesarecomingfromthedifferentdatasets,anditispossibletorefinethesearchwithafacetview.

Partnersinvolved: FORTH-ICS(lead),CNR,DAI,ICCU,ÖAW,PIN

Documentation: Felicetti,Gerthetal.2016;ARIADNE2016e(D4.6)

D3-SculpturesDemonstrator

Briefdescription: DAI produced and explored a dataset of semantic data from five differentdatabases basedon theCIDOC-CRMandextensions for describing scientificdata acquisition and archaeological excavation processes. Furthermore thedemonstrator used a bibliographic reference model (FRBRoo) and basicgeographic references.DAI developedaprototypical implementationof thedifferentstandardsforarchaeologicalresearchregardingtime,space,actors,literatureandotherentitiescoveredbydomain-specificvocabulary.Thedataofthedemonstratorisstoredinasemanticdatabase(triplestore)toperformarchaeologically relevant SPARQL queries on the data to showcase thepossibilitiesoftheapproach.


TheapproachdemonstratedtheadvantagesoftheextendedCIDOC-CRMforresearch as queries to answer archaeological questions can be run overvariousintegrateddatasets.AsFRBRandCIDOC-CRMarealigneditcouldalsoshow great advantages for searching related research literature. Theapproachallowstheuser toget literaturehitsbyapplyingquerieswhichgofarbeyondthequerypossibilitiesofmodernliteraturesoftwarewiththesauriandfreetextsearch.



MappingMemoryManager (3M), blazegraph RDF graph database, ArachneOAI-PMHinterface,AgoraXMLinterface,BritishMuseumSPARQLendpoint


Thefollowingdatasetshavebeenusedinthedemonstrator:o GermanArchaeologicalInstitute:Arachne259extractsanddatafromthe

iDAI.fieldinstanceoftheChimtouproject260,

257Blazegraph,https://www.blazegraph.com258Metaphacts,http://www.metaphacts.com259Arachne,thecentralobjectdatabaseoftheGermanArchaeologicalInstituteandtheArchaeological

InstituteoftheUniversityofCologne,http://arachne.uni-koeln.de


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o BritishMuseumLinkedOpenData261,o StoneQuarriesDatabaseoftheOxfordRomanEconomyProject262,

o AthenianAgoraExcavationdatafromtheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens263.

Vocabularies: Extended CIDOC-CRM (incl. CRMarchaeo and CRMsci), theobject-orientedversionofFunctionalRequirementsforBibliographicRecords(FRBRoo)264 for describing bibliographical records and the Basic Geovocabulary265forsimplegeometrydescription.

Demonstrator: The pilot application presents a case of integration of various differentdatasets with different origins (museum catalogue, object database,excavationdatabase,researchresults).Thedataresourcesareprovidedwithdifferent services and interfaces and therefore require a novel strategy forintegration,basedonCIDOC-CRM.ThedataoftheBritishMuseumcouldbeaccesseddirectlyviaitsSPARQLendpointsandintegratedbyusingaSPARQLfederated query; the BritishMuseumhas the data already organised basedonCIDOC-CRM.Arachne’sdatacouldbeexportedviaanOAI-PMHinterface,which provides RDF/XML using CIDOC-CRM. The other data exports weretransformed to XML and imported into FORTH-ICS’ Mapping MemoryManager.The3MeditorwasusedtodescribethedatasetswithCIDOC-CRMandtransformthedata intoRDFformat,whichcouldthenbe imported intotheBlazegraphtriplestorealongwithArachne’striples.

Toenable aunified searchenvironment for all datasets itwasnecessary toharmonize differing CIDOC-CRM mappings. Furthermore the data wasenrichedwith various LinkedOpen Data so that the objects’ attributes usethe same standardised terminology: Wikidata for actors, Getty AAT andWikidata for archaeological terminology, Zenon for literature andiDAI.gazetteer for places. The search interface has been implemented withMetaphacts on top of the Blazegraph triple store and allows accessing thedatainawikisystem.

An object-centric and a sites-based view into the web of archaeologicalLinkedDatahavebeenexplored.Theresearchquestionsintheobject-centricview concerned comparable objects by applying the same parameters. Forexampleoneobject-centric querywas about a fragmentaryheadof a Satyrthat was found in Chimtou. The sites-based view concerned quarries, forexamplequarrieswherewhitemarblewasproduced.Heresearchquestionswere about all possible sculptures from a specific quarry (Pentelli), andliterature that describes objectswhich aremade out of themarble of thatquarry.

260DeutschesArchäologischesInstitut:Simitthus/Chimtou(Tunesien)Projekt,

http://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/33904261BritishMuseum-SemanticWebCollectionOnline,http://collection.britishmuseum.org262OxfordRomanEconomyProject(OxfordUniversity):StoneQuarriesDatabase

http://oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk/databases/stone_quarries_database/263AgoraExcavations,http://agora.ascsa.net264FRBRoomodel,v2.1,February2015,http://www.cidoc-crm.org/frbr_drafts.html265BasicGeo(WGS84lat/long)Vocabulary,https://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/


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Partnersinvolved: DAI,employingBritishMuseumLinkedOpenDataandotherfreelyavailabledatafromtheOxfordUniversityandtheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens.

Documentation: Gerthetal.2016a/b;ARIADNE2016e(D4.6)

D4-WoodenMaterialDemonstrator

Briefdescription: The demonstrator investigated semantic integration and cross-searching ofextracts from archaeological datasets and data derived from applying NLPinformation extraction techniques to the textual content of grey literaturereports.Thedatasetsandreportsconcernedwoodenmaterial,includingfromshipwrecks,withafocusonindicationsoftypesofwoodenmaterial,samplestaken, wooden objects with dating from dendrochronological analysis, etc.The datasets and reports were in different languages (English, Dutch andSwedish).TheCIDOCCRMandGettyAATwereusedtoconnecttheextracteddataset elements andNLP entities,which includeObject, Sample,Material,Place (in some cases), date ranges. The dataset and textual extracts wereexpressed in RDF (Linked Data) which allowed cross-search of the multi-lingualinformation.


The CRM/AAT Linked Data case study demonstrated the feasibility of con-necting information extracted from datasets and grey literature reports indifferent languages and semantic cross-searching of the integratedinformation.ThedemonstratorfeaturedaninnovativeWebapplicationwhichhides the complexity of the underlying semantic framework from the userand allows querying and browsing the information without expertise inSPARQL266; this represents an essential move towards more intuitive userinterfacesforsearchingRDFdatasetsthantheusualSPARQLendpoint.

Targetusergroup/s: DevelopersofCIDOC-CRMbasedservicesanddataintegrators;developersofthesaurus-basedservices


OpenRefine267fordatacleaning;GATE268forNLP;USW’sSTELETO269mapping,extractionandconversiontoolfortabulardata(usedtoconvertthedataandNLPoutcomestoCIDOC-CRM);Virtuosotriplestore;browserbasedSPARQLquerybuilderandusersearch&browseinterfacedevelopedbyUSW


The data resources comprised English and Dutch language archaeologicaldatasets and grey literature reports, together with Swedish reports. ADSprovidedtwoshipwreckdatasets(NewportMedievalShip270,MysteryWreckProject -FlowerofUgie271),andtheDendrochronologyandCruckdatabases

266Clientapplication(querybuilder)onGitHub,https://github.com/cbinding/ARIADNE-data-integration267OpenRefine,http://openrefine.org268GATE(GeneralArchitectureforTextEngineering),https://gate.ac.uk269STELETO,https://github.com/cbinding/STELETO270NewportMedievalShip.N.Nayling(UniversityofWalesTrinityStDavid)andT.Jones(NewportMuseums

andHeritageService),2014.ArchaeologyDataService,http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1020898271MysteryWreckProject(FlowerofUgie).HampshireandWightTrustforMaritimeArchaeology,2012.

ArchaeologyDataService,http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1011899


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oftheVernacularArchitectureGroup(UK)272.DANSfacilitatedanextractfromthe database of the international Digital Collaboratory for Cultural Dendro-chronology (DCCD)273. USW provided information extracted from 25 greyliteraturereportswritteninDutch,EnglishandSwedish.

Vocabularies: CIDOC-CRM, Getty AAT, other dataset vocabularies used byADS,DANSandSND(mappedtoAAT).

Demonstrator: The research demonstrator allows cross-searching the integrated datawiththe Web application demonstrator. The user can explore the data with astandard internet browser employing a set of interactive controls. It ispossible to search across all datasets (the default) or select a dataset tosearch individually. The demonstrator can perform semantically structuredqueries, free-text queries, or a combination of both. Drop-down lists of alldatasets,AATmaterialsandAATobjecttypesusedinthedataarepopulatedat startup, and a dual slider control is initialized to represent theminimumandmaximumyearsforanyobjectproductiondatespresentinthedata.Thisprovides useful selectable options to assist query formulation. Hierarchicalexpansion has been implemented over the semantic structure of theGettyAAT and results from narrower concepts are included when available. AsemanticconnectionbetweenAAThierarchiesallowsthescientificnamesfortreestobetakenintoaccount.

Partnersinvolved: TheworkwasundertakenbyUSWonthetechnicalside,incollaborationwithDANSandSNDasregardsDutchandSwedisharchaeologicaldatasets,reportsandvocabularies.

Documentation: ARIADNE2017g(D15.3);Dataintegrationcasestudy-clientapplication,https://github.com/cbinding/ARIADNE-data-integration

D5-AnimalRemainsDemonstrator

Briefdescription: DAIproducedandexploredademonstratorwhichintegratedtwodatasetsofanimal remains based on CIDOC-CRM and concepts from vocabularyresources (Encyclopedia of Life, AAT,Wikidata and DAI Zenon). The searchapplicationprovidedusefulresultsforzooarchaeologicalresearchers.


Querying zooarchaeological datasets in different languages with regard toparticular species (i.e. horses) covered in the datasets, referring to relatedliterature(reports,publications),andgenerationofstatisticssuchasnumberofsites/assemblagesforselectedspecies.



MappingMemoryManager (3M), blazegraph RDF graph database, SPARQLqueriesoftheintegrateddatasets

272VernacularArchitectureGroup:DendrochronologyDatabase,2000(updated2016).ArchaeologyData

Service,http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1039454;Cruckdatabase,2003(updated2015).ArchaeologyDataService,http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1031497

273DigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology(DCCD),http://dendro.dans.knaw.nl


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Thefollowingdatasetshavebeenusedinthedemonstrator:o EllenHambleton:AReviewofAnimalBoneEvidencefromSouthern

England,2009(depositedwithADS)274;includesinformationabout108sites,theirdistinctboneassemblages(154),anddetailsofidentifiedspeciesbasedonboneanalysis;bibliographicreferencesofthe108sitereports;

o BeneckeN.etal.:HolozängeschichtederTierweltEuropas(depositedwithIANUS)275;informationaboutanimalremains(wildanddomesticspecies)foundatover8500archaeologicalsitescollected1995-1998fromabout4500publications,includingdetailsabouttheamountofbonesseparatedbyspecies.

Vocabularies:CIDOC-CRM,AATconceptsforsites,EncyclopediaofLifetaxanamesURLs,Wikidataforobjectmeasurements,DAIZenonforbibliographicreferences.

Demonstrator: To allow integration and cross-querying of the large datasets in differentlanguages (English,German)basic elements and relationsweremodelled inCIDOC-CRM. Species names were alignment based on Encyclopedia of Life(EOL)taxanameURLs;astheEOLclassificationtreeisnotavailableinLinkedData format the terms usedwere described in RDF/XML. Furthermore AATconcepts were used for sites and the DAI Zenon database for documentsidentifiers; in addition Wikidata was used for object measurement. Theintegrationofthedatasetsallowedqueryingthedifferentdatasetsbasedonacommon aggregated repository which delivers search results from thedifferent datasets. For example, a species-centric query can show all siteswith reported bone assemblages that contained horse remains. For aresearcherinterestedinthedistributionofaspeciestheliteraturereferencescould be a welcome starting point. Based on SPARQL queries over themapped datasets the application also allows generation of statistics, i.e.numberofsites/assemblagesforselectedspecies.

Partnersinvolved: DAI(demonstrator),DAI-IANUSandADSasdataproviders

Documentation: ARIADNE2016e(D4.6)

D6-DutchSIKB0102LinkedDatademonstrator

Briefdescription: User requirements interviews with archaeologists indicated that they areinterested in archaeological contexts, which means rich informationgenerated in fieldwork. Particularly interesting would be spatio-temporalpatterns between archaeological contexts. In the Netherlands since a fewyearsrichfieldworkinformationisprovidedinXMLdocumentswhichfollowthe SIKB 0102 protocol of the Stichting Infrastructuur KwaliteitsborgingBodembeheer(SIKB)/FoundationInfrastructureforQualityAssuranceofSoilManagement276. The protocol specifieswhichmandatory information aboutexcavations and finds has to be provided for project archives that are

274http://dx.doi.org/10.5284/1000102275http://dx.doi.org/10.13149/001.mcus7z-2276StichtingInfrastructuurKwaliteitsborgingBodembeheer:Protocol0102Archeologie,

http://sikb.nl/datastandaarden/richtlijnen/protocol-0102


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archivedintheE-DepotforDutchArchaeology(managedbyARIADNEpartnerData Archiving and Networked Services - DANS)277. The SIKB 0102 XMLdocuments as such cannot be used for semantic integration. Therefore theresearch group reworked the data model using CIDOC-CRM and CRM-EH,converted thesauri which are being used for the XML documents to SKOS,anddevelopeda tool thatallowsconversionof theXMLdocuments toRDF.FurthermoreaLinkedDatainfrastructurehasbeensetupandpopulatedwiththeRDFdataofanumberofSIKB0102basedprojectdescriptions.


DutcharchaeologicalinstitutesandcompaniesarerequiredbylawtoprovidedocumentationoffieldworkaccordingtotheSIKB0102protocol.Thereforeatool or service which can convert protocol instances to Linked Data andinterlinkthemwouldbehighlywelcome.SuchasolutionmightalsofueltheinterestofthearchaeologicalcommunityinLinkedDataand,consequently,inARIADNE.

Targetusergroup/s: DevelopersofLinkedDataservices,(Dutch)archaeologicalcommunity–experiencedLinkedDatausers


73SIKB0102XMLdocuments fromtheE-Depot forDutchArchaeology(e.g.documentsoftheTwellodeSchakerexcavation).

Vocabularies: SIKB archaeological protocol 0102; CIDOC-CRM, including theEnglish Heritage extension (CRM-EH); Archeologisch Basisregister (ABR)thesauri.


SIKB0102archaeologicalprotocolLinkedDatatranslation278MINoSDataMiningpipeline279

Pilot/demonstrator: The research group developed a Linked Data version of the SIKB 0102protocol (called: pakbon-ld). This version incorporates the set of archaeo-logical concepts and properties of the protocol, but restructured andexpandedtoexploitthegraphstructureoftheLinkedData280.TheversionhasbeenmodelledinCIDOC-CRM,includingtheEnglishHeritageextension(CRM-EH) which contains archaeology-specific concepts and relations. MoreoverArcheologischBasisregister(ABR)thesauri(http://abr.erfgoedthesaurus.nl)ofthe Rijksdienst Cultureel Erfgoed have been prepared for use in thetransformationofSIKB0102XMLdocumentstoPakbonLinkedData.Oncethesefoundationswerecompleted,atool forautomaticconversionofSIKB 0102 XML documents to RDF has been developed; the tool supportsentity alignment, fuzzy reconciliation, and semantic enrichment. With thetool documents from the E-Depot for Dutch Archaeology have beentranslated and stored in a graph database together with the CIDOC-CRM,CRM-EHandABRvocabularies.FurthermoretheresearchteamdevelopedadataminingpipelineMINoS(MINingonSemantics)toidentifypatternsinthe

277E-depotforDutchArchaeology,http://www.edna.nl278Wilcke,X.(VUAmsterdam):LinkedDatatranslationoftheSIKBarchaeologicalprotocol0102(akaPakbon),

https://github.com/wxwilcke/pakbon-ld279Wilcke,X.(VUAmsterdam):MINingOnSemantics-aDataMiningpipelinefortheSemanticWeb,

https://github.com/wxwilcke/MINOS280Wilcke,X.(VUAmsterdam):DutchLinkedArchaeologicalDataCloud,http://pakbon-

ld.spider.d2s.labs.vu.nl/home


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LinkedDatawhichsupportthegenerationofarchaeologicalhypothesis.

The results confirmed a strong dependence of the usefulness of patternminingforhypothesisgenerationonthegranularityofknowledgeembodiedindatasetsof LinkedData.Forarchaeologically relevant results fine-grainedsemanticdataisnecessary,i.e.sufficientcomplexityofthestructuralfeatures(i.e. ontologies) as well as specific information, ideally including literal andnumerical values. LinkedData that fulfils these criteriamay allowprovidingrelevantresultsforarchaeologists.

Among the re-useable results of the demonstrator are the available tools:SIKB 0102 protocol translation to Linked Data, MINoS Linked Data miningpipeline.

Partnersinvolved: LeidenUniversityandFreeUniversityAmsterdam

Documentation: ARIADNE2015c(D16.1),ARIADNE2017h(D16.3),andreferencedwebpages

D7-OnlineNLPserviceforautomaticmetadataextractionfromresearchreports

Briefdescription: Un-published reports of fieldwork, specialist analysis and other “greyliterature” are important but traditionally difficult to access resources inarchaeology. There is often little or no metadata available which impedeseffective discovery of this literature. Therefore an automatic metadataextractionwebapplicationhasbeendevelopedwhichidentifiesandclassifiesnamedentitieswithinthearchaeologicalreports.Theresultsarebeingusedtogenerateorenrichresourcediscoverymetadataforthereports.

The web application is being used for the ADS Grey Literature Library, butmaybeadaptedandimplementedbyotherrepositoriesforEnglishlanguagedocuments. In addition to this application a web service API has beencreated.ThisAPIallowsexternaluserssubmitnamedentityrecognition(NER)tasks to an ADS server, which then returns a set of terms, including theircategory and offsets. The API provides a simple HTML interface. Users caninclude the results in their existing data management systems to improvedatasearch&retrieval.


Automatic generation of richmetadata for archaeological reports uploadedbypractitionerstoadigitalarchive,improveddiscoveryofrelevantreports

Targetusergroup/s: Repositories/collectionsof“greyliterature”documents


ADSfocusedondevelopinganeffectiveNERmoduleforthewebapplicationto generate metadata outputs, and concentrated on exploring additionaltechniquesneededtorefinetheseoutputs.NLPtechniquessuchasautomaticsummarisationandtextclusteringwerealsoexplored.Thesetechniquesmaybeusedtoaddadditionalfunctionstothewebapplication.


InordertocreatetheNERmoduleforthewebapplication,trainingdatawasfirstrequiredtotraintheclassifiersused.Thetrainingdatausesannotationtoteachtheclassifierrulesthatapplytoselectedconcepts.Twosetsoftrainingdatawereused.Onewasproducedbyhumanannotators;theotherusingarule-based machine annotator. The training data is simply plain text, withXMLstyletagsaroundtherelevantproperties,andoffsetsoftheentitiesthatwere recorded. Following the creationof the trainingdata, it needed tobeapplied toa classifier.A classifier isamachine learning tool that takesdata


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items and places them into classes resulting in a statisticalmodel,which isused to extract entities from entered text. Two classifierswere tested, theLinearSupportVectorMachine(SVM)ClassifierandtheConditionalRandomField(CRF)algorithm,tocomparetheresultsandseeifoneperformedbetterthan the other, and the CRF classifier was chosen, as it required lesscomputingtimetoproduceresults.

Pilot/demonstrator: Theweb-basedmetadataextractionapplicationhasbeen implementedandtestedon30Englishlanguagedocuments.Thesedocumentswerefull-lengthUK archaeological reports specially selected for this exercise. The reportsvaried from five to 120 pages in length, with a total of 225,475 words,resultinginover5000annotationsforthevariousentities.TheNamedEntityRecognition (NER)module works successfully and produces correct entitiesfortheclassesithasbeentrainedtoidentify.

Archaeological domain experts were asked to read a sample of thedocuments, and were then shown a list of entities extracted from thedocuments using the classifiers. They were then asked how relevant theconcepts, subjects and locations that had been extracted were to thedocuments. This evaluation found that the entities extracted from thedocuments were all terms found in the document. However, there weresomeerroneousentities(spellingmistakes,pluralisations,punctuationmarks)and fromanarchaeologicalmindset some termsextractedwere consideredless important than others. However, from a NLP viewpoint the classifierssuccessfully‘learned’fromthetrainingdata.

Themodelsbuiltbytheclassifierusingnationalgazetteerswerethendirectlyappliedtotheunseendatafromgreyliteraturereports.AsthereiscurrentlynoGoldStandard forarchaeologicalgrey literature,agroupof reports fromtheNorthYorkshireregionwerechosenandmanuallyscored.Thegazetteerswereespeciallyusefulforimprovingextractionperformance,whenappliedtomore unseen corpora. This confirmed there is substantial overlap ofinformationfromvariouscorporawithinthegreyliterature.The web application includes an annotation tool which allows users toproducemoretrainingdatatobettertraintheNERmodule.Thistoolmeansauser can upload a document or text, and then go through the process ofannotating thedocumentby selectingappropriateclasses.This canbeusedto producemore training data, and also provides an intuitive interface foruserstocorrectresultswhichcanthenbeusedbythetrainingclassifier.

Documents can be uploaded and processed on a per-file basis or by usingbatch creation of metadata for multiple files. The quantity of entitiesextracted by the NER module can be too large to effectively manage.Thereforeclusteringtechniqueshavebeenexaminedandimplementedwhichtidy,groupandranktheentitiesoutput.ThefinaloutputoftheNLPisbeingused as discoverymetadata in a prototype implementation. Also amodulehasbeendevelopedtoexporttheselectedmetadatainavarietyofformats.

ThemetadataextractionapplicationisbeingusedfortheADSGreyLiteratureLibrary,butotherinformationmanagementsystemsmaybuildonit(thecodecan be provided to other developers). To support external use of theapplicationawebserviceAPIhasbeenimplemented.TheAPIallowsexternaluserssubmitNERtaskstoanADSserver,whichthenreturnsasetofterms,


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including their category and offsets. The API provides a simple HTMLinterface. Users can include the results in their existing data managementsystemstoimprovedatasearch&retrieval.

Partnersinvolved: ArchaeologyDataService(ADS)

Documentation: ARIADNE2015d(D16.2),ARIADNE2017i(D16.4)Metadataextractionapplication:isbeingusedfortheADSGreyLiteratureLibrary,butmaybeadaptedandimplementedbyotherrepositoriesforEnglishlanguagedocuments(thecodecanbeprovidedtootherdevelopers)OnlineNERserviceAPIinterface:http://ads.ac.uk/nlp/demo.jsf

D8-NLP-basedidentificationofresearchmethodsandprocesses

Briefdescription: Archaeologistsusuallydescribetheresearchmethodologiestheyappliedinasection of the excavation or survey report. NLP techniques have beenemployed to identify and extract description of activities/methods andrelationsbetweenthem.


Detection of described research activities and underlying process modelscould facilitateknowledgesharing, comparisonofapproachesand,possibly,improvetheteam-basedresearchwork.Insteadofcarryingoutthisworkbyhand,nowitcanbepartiallyautomated.

Targetusergroup/s: Developersoftools/services


TextProcessMiner toolusingverbsemantics foractivitiesmininganda rule-based approach for activity relationships detection. Developed in Pythonemploying and evaluating the advantages of different NLP libraries for thepurpose(e.g.NLTK281).


Archaeologicalreports/publicationsVocabularies:ForbuildingadictionaryofverbsforthetextminingVerbNetandWordNethavebeenemployed282.

Demonstrator: The innovative approach has been demonstrated and evaluated in a casestudy on the Villa Magna Project283. The project surveyed and conductedexcavations of a large imperial Roman villa and its estate, and studied thesubsequentlifeofthesite,itsfortificationinlateantiquityandthecreationofamonasteryamongtheruinsinthe10thcentury.Areportontheexcavationsin2009hasbeenusedforthecasestudy(Fentress2010).TheapplicationoftheTextProcessMineridentified34researchactivitiesofwhich30(88%)werecorrectandsuggestedaprocessmodelthatadequatelyreflectedtheresearchprocess. The archaeological research director confirmed the comprehen-siveness of themodel and stated that it “flows like the archaeological siteinvestigationprocess”.Thedirectoralsostatedthatshewouldusethemodelforteachingorfordisseminatingknowledgetonon-specialists,butwouldnotconsider it for knowledge sharingwith other colleagues or for professional

281NLTK-NaturalLanguageToolkit,http://www.nltk.org282VerbNet,https://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/projects/verbnet.html;WordNet,

https://wordnet.princeton.edu283VillaMagnaProject(FentressL.etal.2006-2010),http://www.villa-magna.org


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processguidance.

Partnersinvolved: CSIC-IncipitandAIACincollaborationwithresearchers/developersofUniversitéParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne/CentredeRechercheenInformatique

Documentation: Epureetal.2015;Gonzalez-Perezetal.2016;ARIADNE2017j(D17.1,section5.2:ArchaeologicalMethodology-CSIC)

D9-ISO/IEC24744basedmethodscomponentdatabase(CSIC-Incipit)

Briefdescription: CSIC-Incipit employed the ISO/IEC 24744 Metamodel for DevelopmentMethodologies to formally describe archaeological activities and methodsextracted from fieldwork and laboratory reports of ARIADNE partners. AnISO/IEC24744compliantdatabaseofmethodcomponentdescriptionsinXMLformathasbeenproduced.Furthermore,workisunderwaytopossiblyofferthe collection through ARIADNE to enable developers building a MethodsComponentComposerservice/application.


Capture, formalised description and re-use of methods components ofarchaeological practices from a shared database, possibly with a methodscomponentcomposer.

Targetusergroup/s: Archaeologists


TextProcessMiner(NLPtool)ISO/IEC24744standard(MetamodelforDevelopmentMethodologies)

ISO/IEC24744compliantdatabasepopulatedwiththeresultsfrommanualandNLP-assistedprocessingofmethodologyreports


Archaeologicalmethodologyreports;>220individualmethodcomponentsandmultipleassociations,eachmethodcomponentalsotracedbacktothesourcefromwhereithasbeen“mined”

Demonstrator: CSIC-Incipit applied a Situational Methods Engineering (SME) approach bywhich informal methodological knowledge contained in fieldwork andlaboratory reports of ARIADNE partners were extracted and formalised asdiscrete components, stored into a database, and linked to othercomponents. NLP techniques have been used to assist in the informationextraction and formalisation process. The resulting repository has allowedobtaining variations of established methodologies to cater for differentproject situations or combining different methodologies. The researcherspropose thedevelopmentof a toolset for SME in archaeologywhichwouldcomprise of tools for repository creation, population and usage. Work isunder way to possibly offer the methods collection through ARIADNE toenable developers building a Methods Component Composer service/application.

Partnersinvolved: CSIC-Incipit(lead),AIAC,ArheoVest,Discovery,MNM-NÖK

Documentation: Gonzalez-Perezetal.2016;ARIADNE2017j(D17.1,section5.2:Archaeo-logicalMethodology-CSIC)


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D10-Interactive3DWebvieweroftheADSdigitalarchive

Briefdescription: Implementation of the 3DHOP interactive Web presentation solution forhigh-resolution 3D models on the digital archive of the Archaeology DataService.


Inthepasttenyearsalargenumberof3Dmodelshavebeencreatedforthedocumentation and reconstruction of cultural heritage. However, themanagement, accessibility anduseof suchmodelson theweb for researchanddisseminationhavebeenfarfromoptimal.3DHOPprovidesaneffectiveenvironmentforallkindsofusers,includingthosewhoareunfamiliarwith3Dtechnologies.

Targetusergroup/s: Researchersandotherusersofdigitalarchivesprovidingaccessto3Dmodels


3DHOP (3DHeritageOnline Presenter) is an open source software packagefor the creation of interactive Web presentations of high-resolution 3Dmodelsofculturalheritageobjects.3DHOPprovidesaseriesofready-to-usetemplatesforthepresentationandemploysmulti-resolutionencodingfortheefficientstreamingofthemodels.The3Dvisualisationcanalsointerconnectwith othermultimedia. Thanks to itsmodular nature and a declarative-likesetup, 3DHOP is easy to learn, configure, and customize at different levels,depending on the programming skills of the user. 3DHOP is written inJavaScript and uses the SpiderGL 3D graphics library, which employs theWebGL subset of HTML5, implementing plugin-free 3D rendering on manywebbrowsers.284

Dataresources: High-resolution3Dmodelsdepositedinadigitalarchive

Pilot/demonstrator: ADS have implemented a 3D viewer for accessing and exploring 3Dmodelsdeposited in their digital archive. The viewer extends the web-basedbrowsing functionality of the ADS project archives by enabling users tobrowse 3D geometry directly. The greater ambition is to provide aninteractive 3D web-based working environment for the management,visualisationandanalysisofarchaeologicaldata.Thiswouldincludedifferentlayers of archaeological stratigraphy, e.g. 3D metric reproductions of theexcavationprocess,andtheinterpretationsmadebydifferentscholarsofthesamecontext.

Partnersinvolved: ADSandCNR-ISTI

Documentation: ADS3DViewerwebpage285;Galeazzi2015;Galeazzietal.2016

D11-ARIADNEVisualMediaService–innovativeusecases

Briefdescription: TheARIADNEVisualMediaService286providesasetofproductiveweb-basedservicesthatsupportthreetypesofmedia:high-resolutionimages,ReflectionTransformationImages(RTI)and3Dmodels.

Innovative Enabling more effective publication, visualisation and exploration of high-

284SpiderGL,http://spidergl.org;WebGL(WebGraphicsLibrary),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL285ADS3DViewerwebpage,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/research/3D_Viewer286ARIADNEVisualMediaService,http://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu


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capability: resolution visualmediaon theWeb. Innovativeuse casesof the service forexample aremedia-rich research publications comprising of the papers andunderlyingdata(evidence)presentedasRTI imagesor3Dmodels.This isanincreasingly pressing need of digital humanities projects, archives and e-journals.Toolsandservicesthatenablethisarenowavailable.

Targetusergroup/s: Researchers,digitalarchives,virtualmuseums,e-journals


The Visual Media Service is based on WebGL, SpiderGL and 3DHOP (3DHeritage Online Presenter); for the 3D service in addition toWebGL also aJavascript implementationof theNexusmulti-resolution framework isbeingemployed287. The main platform at the base of the ARIADNE Visual MediaServiceis3DHOP,anopensourcesolutiondevelopedbyCNR-ISTI(Potenzianietal.2015).Acontentpublisherwhousestheserviceisaskedonlytofillasmallformandtouploadtherawvisualmediafile;allprocessingtotransformthedatainaweb-compliantandefficient format isdone remotelybyadedicatedserver.For each media type, automatic conversion to a multi-resolutionrepresentation is supported, enabling data compression, progresssivetransmission and view-dependent rendering in a web-browser. Contentpublisherscanconfigurethestyleofthewebpageandnavigationparadigm.Also additional tools have been made available, for example for creatingsectionsandfortakingpoint-to-pointmeasurements.

Dataresources: Mediafilesoftheserviceusers

Demonstrators: Among the users of the basic 3DHOP service for example is Zamani, theAfricanCulturalHeritageand LandscapeDatabase. Zamanihasdocumentedwith 3D models cultural heritage sites in different African countries288. Aresearch-focused use case of the service is the repository of the GermanexcellenceclusterprojectTOPOI(TheFormationandTransformationofSpaceand Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations)289. The research platform has beenlaunched in spring 2016 and serves thepublicationof citable researchdatasuch as high-resolution images and 3D models. This implemented solutionconfirms the solid status of the open access/source services and toolsprovidedbyCNR-ISTI.

Partnersinvolved: CNR-ISTI(technologyprovider)External partner/users: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, ExcellenzclusterTOPOI,Prof.Dr.GerdGrasshoff(coordinator)andTOPOIresearchersTOPOIresearchplatform/repository,http://repository.edition-topoi.org

Documentation: Technicaldocumentation:ARIADNE2017d(D13.4)

287NEXUSMultiresolutionVisualization,http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/nexus/288ZamaniProject,http://zamaniproject.org289TOPOIproject,http://www.edition-topoi.org


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D12-ARIADNELandscapeServices–innovativeusecases

Briefdescription: The ARIADNE Landscape Services290 are productiveweb-based services thatsupportgeneration/composing,managementandpublicationoflarge,multi-resolution 3D interactive terrain datasets (i.e. <20 cm imagery resolution).Userscancreateinteractivecontainersforonlinepresentationoflandscapes,includingadvancedilluminationmodels,employrichannotationfeaturesforHTML5 multimedia content, and offer access on desktop and mobilebrowsers.


Theservicesenablemoreeffectivegeneration,publication,visualisationandexploration of archaeological and other cultural heritage landscapereconstructionsinvirtualarchaeologyprojects.Thecloud-basedapproachofthe services and taskmanagement offer great flexibility in terms of accesspolicies and collaborative online work of professionals in landscapereconstructionprojects.

Targetusergroup/s: Researchers/researchprojects


The LandscapeServicesbuildonand leverageopen source frameworksandtoolkits such as GDAL291, OpenSceneGraph292, OSGjs293, and ownCloud294.Data management is performed through a cloud service, allowing fine-grained access control on input/output data, with specific focus on inputdigitalterrainandelevationmodels(DTMs/DEMs),imageryandshapefiles.

Theservicesoffertheuserdifferentoptionstocontrolformat,resolutionanddissemination segment, and then takes care ofmulti-resolution, geometry/texture compression and more. A gallery service allows the producer tocontrol,updateordeleteprojects.TheWebGLbasedfront-end295 foronlinedissemination provides features such as pagedmulti-resolution on desktopand mobile browsers for efficient streaming, camera and point-of-viewmanagement,multi-texturingandsphericalpanoramas.

Dataresources: Dataoftheserviceusers

Demonstrators: Landscape Services were employed in temporary (short-term) datasetgenerationandinlong-term/permanentpublicationof3Dlandscapesforthecreationofinteractivemodelcontainersonline.

Among the recent use cases are the Katuns project (Montenegro) and theValle Calore project (Italy). In the Katuns cultural landscape project theservices were employed by the Historical Institute of Montenegro atPodgorica, with support by CNR-ITABC. The Virtual Museum of the UpperCalore Valley is a project on cultural traditions of the Hirpinia region(Campania, Southern Italy).Here amodel of theValle Calore area supportsusers in exploring a geographic platformwithHTML5 annotations includingtext, images and videos related to themainhistorical episodesof the area.

290ARIADNElandscapeservices,http://landscape.ariadne-infrastructure.eu291GDAL-GeospatialDataAbstractionLibrary,http://www.gdal.org292OpenSceneGraphisanopensource3Dgraphicstoolkit,http://www.openscenegraph.com293OSGjsisaWebGL(WebGraphicsLibrary)frameworkbasedonOpenSceneGraphconcepts,http://osgjs.org294ownCloud,http://www.owncloud.org295VHLab3Dsceneslab:ATONFront-End:http://osiris.itabc.cnr.it/scenebaker/index.php/projects/aton/


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The Virtual Museum allows travelling in time and space, learning abouthistory and culture of the territory, guided by protagonists of a twenty-centuryhistorytodiscoversecretsoftheHirpinialandscape.

Partnersinvolved: CNR-ITABC(serviceprovider)Externalpartner/users:

KATUNProject:HistoricalInstituteofMontenegroatPodgorica,Montenegro,http://katun.me

ValleCaloreproject:ProvinceofAvellinoandPoloMusealedellaCampania,Italy,http://www.archeovirtual.it/index.php/valle-calore/

Documentation: Technicaldocumentation:ARIADNE2017d(D13.4)


228

10 References: Organisations, projects and content/data

resources

Thislistofreferencesincludesorganisations,projectsandcontent/dataresourcesmentionedinthereportandafewadditionsourcesonrelatedtopics.

10.1 Research(e-)infrastructureorganisationsandprojects

Majororganisations&projects(selected,notincludingdomaine-infrastructures):

EGI.eu-InternationalGrid&CloudInfrastructureforResearch,http://www.egi.eu

e-IRG-e-InfrastructuresReflectionGroup,http://www.e-irg.eu

ESFRI-EuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures,http://ec.europa.eu/research/esfri/

ESFRI-StR-ESFRI-SupporttoReinforcetheEuropeanStrategyForumforResearchInfrastructures(ESFRI),http://www.esfri.eu

EUDAT-EuropeanDataInfrastructure(FP7,10/2011-9/2014;H2020,3/2015-2/2018),http://www.eudat.eu

EuropeanCommission,DGResearch&Innovation,Infrastructures,https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/

GÉANT-Europeanresearchandeducationnetworkingcollaboration,http://www.geant.net

OpenAIRE-OpenAccessInfrastructureforResearchinEurope,https://www.openaire.eu

PRACE-PartnershipforAdvancedComputinginEurope,http://www.prace-project.eu

RAMIRI-RealisingandManagingInternationalResearchInfrastructures1+2projects(11/2008-10/2012),http://www.ramiri.eu

RItrain-ResearchInfrastructuresTrainingProgramme(EU,H2020,9/2015-8/2019),http://ritrain.eu

Observatories/registries:

E·nventory-TheEuropeane-InfrastructuresObservatory(FP7-RI,CSA,2010-2012),http://www.enventory.eu

MERIL-MappingoftheEuropeanResearchInfrastructureLandscape,http://portal.meril.eu

RICH2020-EuropeanNetworkofNationalContactPointsforResearchInfrastructuresinHorizon2020(formerlyEuroRIs-Net),http://www.rich2020.eu

RICH2020-ObservatoryofResearchInfrastructures’Network(providesinformationaboutResearchInfrastructuresandRIsupportprojects),http://observatory.rich2020.eu

Repositories/registries:

COAR-ConfederationofOpenAccessRepositories,http://www.coar-repositories.org

OpenDOAR-DirectoryofOpenAccessRepositories,http://www.opendoar.org

re3data-RegistryofResearchDataRepositories,http://www.re3data.org

ROAR-RegistryofOpenAccessRepositories,http://roar.eprints.org


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10.2 Archaeology&heritageorganisations

AarhusUniversity,SchoolofCultureandSociety,Denmark,http://cas.au.dk/en/

AlexandriaArchiveInstitute(USA,providesthearchaeologicaldatapublicationplatformOpenContext),http://alexandriaarchive.org

AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens,Greece,http://ascsa.net

ArchaeologicalInstituteofLuxembourg,http://www.ial.be

ArchaeologicalInstituteoftheAndalusianHeritage,Spain,http://www.iaph.es

ArchéologiedelaFranceInformations,France,http://adlfi.revues.org

Archivesnationalesd’outre-mer,France,http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/anom/en/

ArchiviodelloStatoItaliano,Italy,http://acs.beniculturali.it

ArkéoTopia,France,http://www.arkeotopia.org

BritishSchoolatAthens,http://www.bsa.ac.uk

CAAInternational,http://caa-international.org/about/history/

CentreforDoctoralTraininginScienceandEngineeringinArtsHeritageandArchaeology(SEAHA),UK,http://www.seaha-cdt.ac.uk

CentreNationaldeRechercheenArchéologie–CNRA,Algeria,http://cnra.dz

CentroNacionaldeInvestigaciónsobrelaEvoluciónHumana(CENIEH)/NationalResearchCentreonHumanEvolution(CENIEH),Burgos,Spain,http://www.cenieh.es/en

ConsortiumMémoiredesArchéologuesetdesSitesArchéologiques(MASA),http://masa.hypotheses.org

DGUF-DeutscheGesellschaftfürUr-undFrühgeschichtee.V.,http://www.dguf.de

DigitalAntiquity(USA,providesthetDARdigitalarchive);https://www.digitalantiquity.org

Directorate-GeneralforCulturalHeritage,Lisbon,Portugal,http://www.patrimoniocultural.pt/en/

ÉcolefrançaisedeRome(sectionarchaeology),Italy,http://www.efrome.it/fr/la-recherche/archeologie.html

EnglishHeritage,UK,http://www.english-heritage.org.uk

EuropeanArchaeologicalCouncil(EAC),http://european-archaeological-council.org

EuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists(EAA),http://e-a-a.org

FornleifastofnunÍslands/TheInstituteofArchaeology,Reykjavík,Iceland,http://www.instarch.is

ForumonInformationStandardsinHeritage(FISH),UK,http://fishforum.weebly.com

FRANTIQ-Fédérationetressourcessurl’Antiquité,l’InstitutdesscienceshumainesetsocialesduCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,http://frantiq.mom.fr

FrenchschoolinMadrid/CasadiVelasquez(sectionancientandmediaevalstudies),Spain,https://www.casadevelazquez.org

HeritageCouncil,Ireland,http://www.heritagecouncil.ie

HeritageMalta(nationalagencyforculturalheritage),Malta,http://heritagemalta.org


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ICCROM-InternationalCenterfortheStudyofthePreservationandRestorationofCulturalProperty,http://www.iccrom.org

InstitutNationalduPatrimoine,Tunesia,http://www.inp.rnrt.tn

InstituteNationaldesSciencedel’ArcheologieetduPatrimoine–INSAP,Marocco,http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/44-culture-et-recherches/patrimoine/413-institut-national-des-sciences-de-larcheologie-et-du-patrimoine

InstituteofCulturalHeritage(IBC),RegioneEmiliaRomagna,Italy,http://ibc.regione.emilia-romagna.it/en

IsraelAntiquitiesAuthority,Israel,http://www.antiquities.org.il

Maisondel’OrientetdelaMéditerranée,UniversitéLyon2,CNRS,France,http://www.mom.fr

NationalInstituteofAnthropologyandHistory–INAH,Mexico,http://www.inah.gob.mx/en/

NorwegianDirectorateforCulturalHeritage,Norway,http://www.riksantikvaren.no/en/

RijksdienstCultureelErfgoed,Netherlands,http://culturalheritageagency.nl/en

SlovakAcademyofSciences,InstituteofArchaeology,Slovakia,http://www.sav.sk/?lang=en&charset=ascii&doc=org-ins&institute_no=2

SocietyforLibyanStudies,London,UK,http://www.societyforlibyanstudies.org

SoprintendenzaSpecialeperilColosseo(SSCol),IlMuseoNazionaleRomanoel’AreaArcheologicadiRoma,Italy,http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en

UniversidaddeJaén,InstitutoUniversitariodeInvestigaciónenArqueologíaIbérica,Spain,http://www.ujaen.es/centros/caai/inicio.html

UniversitàdiSiena,DipartimentodiArcheologiaeStoriadelleArti,Italy,http://www.archeoarti.unisi.it

UniversityofOslo,MuseumofCulturalHistory,http://www.khm.uio.no/english/

10.3 Archaeology&heritageprojects

3D-ICONS–3DDigitisationofIconsofEuropeanArchitecturalandArchaeologicalHeritage(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2012-1/2015),http://www.3dicons-project.eu

ACCORD-ArchaeologyCommunityCo-ProductionofResearchData(involvedcitizensinthecreationof3Dobjectsofheritageobjects),https://accordproject.wordpress.com

AncientLives(crowdsourcingproject,transcriptionofEgyptianpapyri),http://ancientlives.org

ARCHES-ArchaeologicalResourcesinCulturalHeritage:aEuropeanStandard(EUCultureProgramme,6/2012-5/2014),http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/arches/

ArcLand-ArchaeoLandscapesEurope(EU,CultureProgramme,9/2010-8/2015,focus:surveyingtechniquessuchasaerialphotography,satelliteimagery,LiDARandothers),http://www.archaeolandscapes.eu

CARARE-ConnectingArchaeologyandArchitectureinEuropeana(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2010-1/2013),http://www.carare.eu

CENDARI-CollaborativeEuropeanDigitalArchiveInfrastructure(EU,FP7,2/2012-1/2016),http://www.cendari.eu


231

CLARIN-CommonLanguageResourcesandTechnologyInitiative/Infrastructure(ERIC),http://www.clarin.eu

CLAROS-Theworldofartonthesemanticweb,http://www.clarosnet.org

COINS-CombatOn-lineIllegalNumismaticSales(2007-2009,coordinatedbyPINVastLab),http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/85192_en.html

CulturaItalia(MiBACT),http://www.culturaitalia.it

CulturalHeritageCountsforEurope(EU,CultureProgramme,7/2013-6/2015),http://blogs.encatc.org/culturalheritagecountsforeurope/

cyberNABO-NorthAtlanticCyberinfrastructureProject,http://www.cybernabo.org

DARIAH-DigitalResearchInfrastructurefortheArtsandHumanities(ERIC),https://www.dariah.eu

DARIAH-EGIDARIAHCC(EGI-Engageproject,4/2015-9/2017),https://wiki.egi.eu/wiki/CC-DARIAH

DARIAH-HumanitiesatScale(HaS-DARIAH)project(H2020,9/2015-8/2017),http://www.dariah.eu

DARIAH-VirtualCompetencyCentres(VCCs):http://dariah.eu/activities.html

DCH-RP-DigitalCulturalHeritageRoadmapforPreservation-OpenScienceInfrastructureforDigitalCulturalHeritagein2020(FP7,10/2012-9/2014),http://www.dch-rp.eu

DigitalIndexofNorthAmericanArchaeology(DINAA),http://ux.opencontext.org/archaeology-site-data/

DISCO-DiscoveringtheArchaeologistsofEurope(EU,LeonardodaVinciII,2006-8;LifelongLearningProgramme,2012-14),http://www.discovering-archaeologists.eu

EAGLE-EuropeanaNetworkofAncientGreekandLatinEpigraphy(EU,ICT-PSP,4/2013-3/2016),http://www.eagle-network.eu

EHRI-EuropeanHolocaustResearchInfrastructure(FP7,10/2010-3/2015;H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.ehri-project.eu

E-RIHS-EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience(ESFRIRoadmapentry2016,expectedpreparatoryphase2017-2019),http://www.e-rihs.eu

EuropeanaCloud–eCloud(EU,ICT-PSP,2/2013-1/2016),http://pro.europeana.eu/web/europeana-cloud

EuropeanaResearch-LiberatingCulturalHeritageforUseinResearch,http://research.europeana.eu

FAIMS-FederatedArchaeologicalInformationManagementSystemsProject(Australia,ledbyMacquarieUniversity),https://www.fedarch.org

FlowofAncientMetalAcrossEurasia–FLAME(UniversityofOxford,ResearchLaboratoryforArchaeologyandtheHistoryofArt,ERC-fundedproject),http://flame.arch.ox.ac.uk

HeritageToGather(involvedcitizensinthecreationof3Dobjectsofheritageobjects),http://heritagetogether.org

IANUS-ResearchDataCentreforArchaeologyandClassicalStudiesinGermany(coordinatedbytheGermanArchaeologicalInstitute),http://www.ianus-fdz.de

IPERION-CH-IntegratedPlatformfortheEuropeanResearchInfrastructureonCulturalHeritage,(H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.iperionch.eu

JPI-CulturalHeritage-JointProgrammingInitiativeonCulturalHeritageandGlobalChange(initiativeofEuropeanministriesandculturalheritageagencies,supportedbytheFP7EnvironmentandERA-Netprogrammes),http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu


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LoCloud(EU,ICT-PSP,3/2013-2/2016),supportedsmallandmedium-sizedinstitutionstomakedigitalcontentavailabletoEuropeana,employingcloudservicesforthedataaggregation,http://www.locloud.eu

MicroPasts(crowdsourcingproject,transcriptionofmuseumobjectcardswhichdocumentBronzeAgemetalartefacts),http://micropasts.org

NEARCH-NewwaysofEngagingaudiences,ActivatingsocietalrelationsandRenewingpracticesinCulturalHeritage(EU,CultureProgramme,2013-2018),http://www.nearch.eu

NeDIMAH-NetworkforDigitalMethodsintheArtsandHumanities(EuropeanScienceFoundation,ResearchNetworkingProgramme,5/2011-4/2015),http://www.nedimah.eu

Nomisma(collaborativeprojectonlinkingnumismaticsdata),http://nomisma.org

OpenAIRE-OpenAccessInfrastructureforResearchinEurope(current:OpenAIRE2020,1/2015-7/2018),http://www.openaire.eu

PARTHENOS-PoolingActivities,ResourcesandToolsforHeritageE-researchNetworking,OptimizationandSynergies(H2020,5/2015-4/2019),http://www.parthenos-project.eu

Pelagios(collaborationofover40organisations/projectsinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesforlinkingcontenttoancientplacesbasedgazetteers),http://commons.pelagios.org

PeriodO-Periods,Organized(UniversityofTexasatAustin),http://perio.do

SENESCHAL-SemanticEnrichmentEnablingSustainabilityofArchaeologicalLinks(UK,AHRC-fundedproject,2013-2014),http://hypermedia.research.southwales.ac.uk/kos/seneschal/

SKOPE-SynthesizedKnowledgeofPastEnvironments(WashingtonStateUniversity),onlinedataintegrationtool,http://www.envirecon.org

UrCrowdsource(crowdsourcingproject,transcriptionoffieldnotes,letters,reports,etc.),http://urcrowdsource.org

10.4 Archaeology&heritagedataresourcesandservices

3D-ICONSIreland(Discovery),http://www.3dicons.ie

AGOnline-ArchaeologyinGreeceOnline,http://www.chronique.efa.gr

AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens,digitalcollections,http://ascsa.net

ARACHNE-IDAI.objectsdatabase(GermanArchaeologicalInstitute),http://arachne.uni-koeln.de

ArchaeobotanicalDatabaseoftheCzechRepublic–CZAD(ARUP-CAS/InstituteofArchaeologyattheCzechAcademyofSciences),http://www.arup.cas.cz/czad/?l=en

ArchaeologicalMapofBulgaria(NIAM-BAS):AISAKBsystem,http://www.naim-bas.com/akb/

ArchaeologicalMapoftheCzechRepublic(ARUP-CASetal.),http://www.archeologickamapa.cz

ArchaeologicalSurveyofIreland(NationalMonumentsService),http://www.archaeology.ie

ArchaeologyDataService-ADS(UniversityofYork,UK),http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk

ArchéologiedelaFranceInformations(publishesinformationaboutarchaeologicalresearchworkconductedinFrance),http://adlfi.revues.org

Archeozoom(Inrap),http://www.inrap.fr/archeozoom

ArheoVestfieldsurveys,http://arheovest.com/fildsurvey.html


233

ARIADNE-CollectionofculturalperiodsinthePeriodOsystem,http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p0qhb66

ARIADNE-DatasetCatalogueModel(ACDM)supportwebsite,http://support.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

ARIADNE-Portal:http://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

ARIADNE-ReferenceModel(extendedCIDOC-CRM),http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Resources/Ariadne-Reference-Model

ARIADNE-Registry:http://registry.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

ARIADNE-Services:http://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/services

ARIADNE-Services:LandscapeServices(CNR-ITABC),http://landscape.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

ARIADNE-Services:VisualMediaService(CNR-ISTI),http://visual.ariadne-infrastructure.eu

ARKAS-ArheološkikatasterSlovenije(ZRC-SAZU),http://arkas.zrc-sazu.si

ArSol-ArchivesduSol/SoilArchives(UniversitédeTours,LaboratoireArchéologieetTerritoires,CNRS),http://arsol.univ-tours.fr

Artefacts-OnlineEncyclopediaofArchaeologicalSmallFinds(Maisondel’OrientetdelaMéditerranée,UniversitéLyon2,CNRS),http://artefacts.mom.fr

BritishMuseum-SemanticWebCollectionOnline,http://collection.britishmuseum.org

CHARM-CulturalHeritageAbstractReferenceModel(CSIC-Incipit,Spain),http://www.charminfo.org

CIDOC-ConceptualReferenceModel(CIDOC-CRM),http://www.cidoc-crm.org

ConML(conceptualmodellinglanguagespecificallyforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;CSIC-Incipit,Spain),http://www.conml.org

CorinthianMatters:AresourceforthestudyofCorinthia,Greece(mangedbyMessiahCollege,USA),https://corinthianmatters.com

CorpusSignorumImperiiRomani,hostedbyOxfordUniversity’sClassicalArtResearchCentre,http://www.corpussignorum.org

CulturaItalia(MiBAC-ICCU,Italy):Dati,http://dati.culturaitalia.it

DARMC-DigitalAtlasofRomanandMedievalCivilizations(HarvardUniversity,USA),http://darmc.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do

dFMRÖ-DigitaleFundmünzenderRömischenZeitinÖsterreich/DigitalCoin-findsoftheRomanPeriodinAustria(ÖAW,NumismaticResearchGroup),http://www.oeaw.ac.at/antike/index.php?id=358

DigitalCollaboratoryforCulturalDendrochronology–DCCD(KNAW-DANS),http://dendro.dans.knaw.nl

DigitalRepositoryofIreland,http://dri.ie

DOLIA-DocumentationdeL’Inrap(Inrap),http://multimedia.inrap.fr/Dolia/p-17038-Accueil.htm

E-depotforDutcharchaeology(partoftheDANS-EASYarchivingsystem,KNAW-DANS),http://www.edna.nl

Europeana-Thegatewaytodigitalcontentofarchives,librariesandmuseumacrossEurope,http://www.europeana.eu

FastiOnline(AIAC,Italy),http://www.fastionline.org


234

FranzhausenKokorondatabase(ÖAW-OREA;informationaboutLateBronzeAgegravesandtheirfindssuchasbonesandpottery),http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/franzhausen-kokoron2/

GenBank(includesover11,000recordsofancientDNAofhumans,animals,plants,bacteria,etc.),http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/

GettyResearchInstitute:Vocabularies(LinkedOpenData),http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/lod/index.html

HeritageData-LinkedDataVocabulariesforCulturalHeritage(UKthesauri),http://www.heritagedata.org

OASIS-OnlineAccesstotheIndexofArchaeologicalInvestigations(UK),http://oasis.ac.uk

Canmoredatabase(HistoricEnvironmentScotland),providesaccesstoinformationfor300,000historicplacesinScotland),https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/canmore-database/

HungarianNationalMuseum-ArchaeologyDatabase,http://archeodatabase.hnm.hu/en

Imagesd’archéologie/Iconothèque(Inrap),http://www.images-archeologie.fr

IrishStoneAxeProject(DiscoveryProgramme),http://www.irishstoneaxeproject.org

LeoSwanAerialPhotography(Discovery),https://lswanaerial.locloudhosting.net

OpenICCD(IstitutoCentraleperilCatalogoelaDocumentazione,Italy),http://www.catalogo.beniculturali.it/opendata

MAGIS-MediterraneanArchaeologyGIS(DePauwUniversity,USA),adatabaseofsurveysintheMediterraneansince1980,http://cgma.depauw.edu/MAGIS

MAPPA(UniversityPisa,Italy),opendatarepository,http://mappaproject.arch.unipi.it/?lang=en

MappingDeath(Discovery),http://www.mappingdeathdb.ie

MEDEAplatform(onlinedatabaseforthevoluntaryrecordingofmetal-detectorfindsinFlanders),https://www.vondsten.be

Nomisma(numismaticsdatasetsandontology),http://nomisma.org

OpenContext(AlexandriaArchiveInstitute,USA),archaeologicaldatapublicationplatform,http://opencontext.org

PACTOLS(Peuples,Anthroponymes,Chronologie,Toponymes,Œuvres,LieuxetSujets),multi-lingualthesaurus,http://pactols.frantiq.fr/opentheso/

PANGAEA-DataPublisherforEarth&EnvironmentalScience(includesover3200datasetsconcerning“archaeology”),http://www.pangaea.de

PeriodO-Periods,Organized(providesasystemforpublishingculturalperiods),http://perio.do

PICOthesaurus(MiBAC-ICCU,Italy),http://purl.org/pico/thesaurus_4.2.0.skos.xml

Pleiades(community-builtgazetteerandgraphofancientplaces),http://pleiades.stoa.org

PortableAntiquitiesScheme(BritishMuseum),https://finds.org.uk

Propylaeum-DOK(HeidelbergUniversityLibrary,Germany),https://www.propylaeum.de

SEAD-TheStrategicEnvironmentalArchaeologyDatabase(UniversityofUmea),Sweden,http://www.sead.se

SIGECWeb(MiBAC-ICCU),Italiancatalogueofheritageobjects,http://www.catalogo.beniculturali.it


235

SITAR-SistemaInformativoTerritorialeArcheologicodiRoma,http://www.archeositarproject.it

SITAVR-SistemainformativoterritorialearcheologicodiVerona,DipartimentoTeSISediInformaticadiVerona),http://www.dtesis.univr.it/?ent=progetto&lang=en&id=4237

STARCRepository(CyprusInstitute),contains2Dand3Darchaeologicaldata,http://public.cyi.ac.cy/starcRepo/

SwedishArchaeologicalGISmaterial(SND),http://snd.gu.se/en/search-and-order-data/gis-data

SwedishNationalDataService–SND(UniversityofGothenburg),http://snd.gu.se

SwedishRockArtResearchArchives(SND),https://snd.gu.se/en/catalogue/study/595

tDAR-TheDigitalArchaeologicalRecord(DigitalAntiquity,USA),digitalarchive,http://www.tdar.org

TOPOI(TheFormationandTransformationofSpaceandKnowledgeinAncientCivilizations),collections,http://repository.edition-topoi.org

UK_Material_Pool(ÖAW-OREA,informationaboutLateBronzeAgeurnfieldculture[UK]settlementsinAustria),http://www.oeaw.ac.at/praehist/projekte/bronzezeit/ukpool/index.html

WODAN-ArchaeologicalWood&CharcoalDatabase(DiscoveryProgramme,Ireland),http://www.wodancharcoal.ie

Zamani-TheAfricanCulturalHeritageandLandscapeDatabase(UniversityofCapeTown,GeomaticsDivision),http://zamaniproject.org

ZBIVA-ArchaeologicaldatabaseofEarlyMedievalsitesintheSouth-EasternAlps(ZRC-SAZU),http://zbiva.zrc-sazu.si

ZENON/iDAI.bibliography(DAI),onlineindexofbibliographicresourcesoftheDAIinstitutionsworldwide,http://zenon.dainst.org


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11 References:Literature

Thislistofreferencesincludesallreferencedliteratureandaselectionofadditionliteratureontopicscoveredinthereport.Forthereferencedprojectdeliverablesthelinksarenotgivenasalldeliverablesareavailableontheprojectwebsiteat:http://www.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/Resources.

ADS-ArchaeologyDataService&DigitalAntiquity:GuidestoGoodPractice,http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk

ADS-ArchaeologyDataService(2013):FelixSchäferfromIANUSvisitsADS.In:SoundBytesfromtheADS,weblog,17June2013,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/blog/2013/06/felix-schafer-from-ianus-visits-ads/

ADS-ArchaeologyDataService(2015):ADS/InternetArchaeologyAnnualReport,1August2014–31July2015,http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/about/annualReports

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Data & Analytics

Ariadne: Final Report on Project Impact