Key Extracts of New Companies Bill 2012

Key Definitions:-

Financial Year: - Financial Year, in relation to any company or body corporate, means the period ending on the 31st day of March every year, and where it has been incorporated on or after the 1st day of January of a year, the period ending on the 31st day of March of the following year, in respect whereof financial statement of the company or body corporate is made up.

One Person Company: - One Person Company means a company which has only one person as a member.

Private Company :- Private Company means a company having a minimum paid-up share capital of one lakh rupees or such higher paid-up share capital as may be prescribed, and which by its articles,—

restricts the right to transfer its shares; except in case of One Person Company, limits the number of its

members to two hundred: Provided that where two or more persons hold one or more shares in a company jointly, they shall, for the purposes of this clause, be treated as a single member: Provided further that—

persons who are in the employment of the company; and persons who, having been formerly in the employment of the company,

were members of the company while in that employment and have continued to be members after the employment ceased, shall not be included in the number of members; and

prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any securities of the company.

Small Company:- Small Company means a company, other than a public company,— paid-up share capital of which does not exceed fifty lakh rupees or such

higher amount as may be prescribed which shall not be more than five crore rupees; or

turnover of which as per its last profit and loss account does not exceed two crore rupees or such higher amount as may be prescribed which shall not be more than twenty crore rupees: Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to—

a holding company or a subsidiary company; a company registered under section 8; or a company or body corporate governed by any special Act.

Dormant Company - Where a company is formed and registered under this Act for a future project or to hold an asset or intellectual property and has no significant accounting transaction, such a company or an inactive company may make an application to the Registrar for obtaining the status of a dormant

company. Expert :- Expert includes an engineer, a valuer, a chartered accountant, a company

Secretary, a cost accountant and any other person who has the power or authority to issue a certificate in pursuance of any law for the time being in force.

Serious Fraud Investigation Office: - It means the office referred to in section 211.

Incorporation of Company

A company may be formed for any lawful purpose by— seven or more persons, where the company to be formed is to be a public

company. two or more persons, where the company to be formed is to be a private

company; or one person, where the company to be formed is to be One Person Company

that is to say, a private company, by subscribing their names or his name to a memorandum and complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration:

Provided that the memorandum of One Person Company shall indicate the name of the other person, with his prior written consent in the prescribed form, who shall, in the event of the subscriber’s death or his incapacity to contract become the member of the company and the written consent of such person shall also be filed with the Registrar at the time of incorporation of the One Person Company along with its memorandum and articles:

Provided further that such other person may withdraw his consent in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided also that the member of One Person Company may at any time change the name of such other person by giving notice in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided also that it shall be the duty of the member of One Person Company to intimate the company the change, if any, in the name of the other person nominated by him by indicating in the memorandum or otherwise within such time and in such manner as maybe prescribed, and the company shall intimate the Registrar any such change within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed:. Provided also that any such change in the name of the person shall not be deemed to be an alteration of the memorandum.

A company formed under sub-section (1) may be either— a company limited by shares; or a company limited by guarantee; or an unlimited company

Provision for Conversion of Companies already registered

A company of any class registered under this Act may convert itself as a company of other class under this Act by alteration of memorandum and articles of the company in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.

Where the conversion is required to be done under this section, the Registrar shall on an application made by the company, after satisfying himself that the provisions of this Chapter applicable for registration of companies have been complied with, close the former registration of the company and after registering the documents referred to in sub-section (1), issue a certificate of incorporation in the same manner as its first registration.

The registration of a company under this section shall not affect any debts, liabilities, obligations or contracts incurred or entered into, by or on behalf of the company before conversion and such debts, liabilities, obligations and contracts may be enforced in the manner as if such registration had not been done.

Subsidiary Company not to hold shares in its holding company

No company shall, either by itself or through its nominees, hold any shares in its holding company and no holding company shall allot or transfer its shares to any of its subsidiary companies and any such allotment or transfer of shares of a company to its subsidiary company shall be void: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to a case—

where the subsidiary company holds such shares as the legal representative of a deceased member of the holding company; or

where the subsidiary company holds such shares as a trustee; or where the subsidiary company is a shareholder even before it became as subsidiary

company of the holding company

Provided further that the subsidiary company referred to in the preceding provisoshall have a right to vote at a meeting of the holding company only in respect of the shares held by it as a legal representative or as a trustee.

Registered office

A company shall, on and from the 15th day of its incorporation and at all times thereafter have a registered office capable of receiving and acknowledging all communications and notices as may be addressed to it.

Company is required to furnish to the Registrar verification of its registered office within 30 days of its incorporation in the prescribed manner.

Where a company has changed its name(s) during the last two years, it shall paint or affix or print, along with its name, the former name or names so changed during the last two years.

Notice of change, verified in the manner prescribed, shall be given to the Registrar, within 15 days of the change, who shall record the same.

Commencement of Business

A company having a share capital shall not commence business or exercise any borrowing powers unless a declaration is filed with Registrar by a director verified in the manner as may be prescribed that:

every subscriber to the memorandum has paid the value of shares agreed to be taken by him;

Paid-up capital is not less than Rs. five lakhs in the case of public company and one lakh in case of a private company.

the company has filed with the Registrar the verification of its registered office.

Acceptance of Deposits by Companies

A company may, subject to the passing of a resolution in general meeting and subject to such rules as may be prescribed in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India, accept deposits from its members on such terms and conditions, including the provision of security, if any, or for the repayment of such deposits with interest, as may be agreed upon between the company and its members, subject to the fulfillment of the following conditions, namely:-

issuance of a circular to its members including therein a statement showing the financial position of the company, the credit rating obtained, the total number of depositors and the amount due towards deposits in respect of any previous deposits accepted by the company and such other particulars in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed;

filing a copy of the circular along with such statement with the Registrar within thirty days before the date of issue of the circular;

depositing such sum which shall not be less than fifteen per cent. of the amount of its deposits maturing during a financial year and the financial year next following, and kept in a scheduled bank in a separate bank account to be called as deposit repayment reserve account;

providing such deposit insurance in such manner and to such extent as may be prescribed;

certifying that the company has not committed any default in the repayment of deposits accepted either before or after the commencement of this Act or payment of interest on such deposits; and(f) providing security, if any for the due repayment of the amount of deposit or the interest thereon including the creation of such charge on the property or assets of the company:

Provided that in case where a company does not secure the deposits or secures such deposits partially, then, the deposits shall be termed as ‘‘unsecured deposits’’ and shall be so quoted in every circular, form, advertisement or in any document related to invitation or acceptance of deposits.

Every deposit accepted by a company under sub-section (2) shall be repaid with interest

in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement referred to in that Sub- section.

Where a company fails to repay the deposit or part thereof or any interest thereon under sub-section (3), the depositor concerned may apply to the Tribunal for an order directing the company to pay the sum due or for any loss or damage incurred by him as a result of such non-payment and for such other orders as the Tribunal may deem fit.

The deposit repayment reserve account shall not be used by the company for any purpose other than repayment of deposits.

If a company fails to repay the deposit or part thereof or any interest thereon within the time, the company shall, in addition to the payment of the amount of deposit or part thereof and the interest due, be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one crore rupees but which may extend to ten crore rupees and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to seven years or with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five lakh rupees but which may extend to two crore rupees, or with both.

Accounts of Companies

Corporate Social Responsibility

Every company having net worth of rupees 500 crore or more, or turnover of rupees 1000 crore or more or a net profit of rupees 5 crore or more during any financial year shall constitute a Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of the Board consisting of three or more directors, out of which at least one director shall be an independent director.

The CSR Committee shall formulate and recommend Corporate Social Responsibility Policy which shall indicate the activity or activities to be undertaken by the company as specified in schedule VII and shall also recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred on the CSR activities.

The Board of every company shall ensure that the company spends in every financial year at least 2% of the average net profits of the company made during the three immediately preceding financial years in pursuance of its CSR policy.

Where the company fails to spend such amount, the Board shall in its report specify the reasons for not spending the amount. The approach is to 'comply or explain'.

The company shall give preference to local areas where it operates, for spendingamount earmarked for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities.

Constitution of National Financial Reporting Authority.

The National Financial Reporting Authority shall consist of a chairperson, who shall be a person of eminence and having expertise in accountancy, auditing, finance or law to be appointed by the Central Government and such other members not exceeding fifteen consisting of part-time and full-time members as may be prescribed:

Provided that the terms and conditions and the manner of appointment of the Chairperson and members shall be such as may be prescribed: Provided further that the chairperson and members shall make a declaration to the Central Government in the prescribed form regarding no conflict of interest or lack of independence in respect of his or their appointment: Provided also that the chairperson and members, who are in full-time employment with National Financial Reporting Authority shall not be associated with any audit firm (including related consultancy firms) during the course of their appointment and two years after ceasing to hold such appointment.

Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the National Financial Reporting Authority shall- (a) make recommendations to the Central Government on the formulation and laying down of accounting and auditing policies and standards for adoption by companies or class of companies or their auditors, as the case may be; (b) monitor and enforce the compliance with accounting standards and auditing standards in such manner as may be prescribed; (c) oversee the quality of service of the professions associated with ensuring compliance with such standards, and suggest measures required for improvement in quality of services and such other related matters as may be prescribed; and (d) perform such other functions relating to clauses (a), (b) and (c) as may be

prescribed

The head office of the National Financial Reporting Authority shall be at New Delhiand the National Financial Reporting Authority may, meet at such other places in India as it deems fit.

Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the National Financial Reporting Authority shall—

have the power to investigate, either suo moto or on a reference made to it by the Central Government, for such class of bodies corporate or persons, in such manner as may be prescribed into the matters of professional or other misconduct committed by any member or firm of chartered accountants, registered under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949:Provided that no other institute or body shall initiate or continue any proceedings in such matters of misconduct where the National Financial Reporting Authority hasinitiated an investigation under this section;

have the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:—

discovery and production of books of account and other documents, at such place and at such time as may be specified by the National Financial Reporting Authority;

summoning and enforcing the attendance of persons and examining them on oath;

inspection of any books, registers and other documents of any person.

issuing commissions for examination of witnesses or documents;

where professional or other misconduct is proved, have the power to make order for—

imposing penalty of:-

not less than one lakh rupees, but which may extend to five times of the fees received, in case of individuals; and

not less than ten lakh rupees, but which may extend to ten times of the fees received, in case of firms;

debarring the member or the firm from engaging himself or itself from practice as member of the Institute of Chartered Accountant of India refund to in clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 for a minimum period of six months or for such higher period not exceeding ten years as may be decided by the National Financial Reporting Authority.

Any person aggrieved by any order of the National Financial Reporting Authority issued under clause (c) of sub-section (4), may prefer an appeal before the Appellate Authority constituted under sub-section (6) in such manner as may be prescribed.

Appointment of Auditors

Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, every company shall, at the first annual general meeting, appoint an individual or a firm as an auditor who shall hold office from the conclusion of that meeting till the conclusion of its sixth annual general meeting and thereafter till the conclusion of every sixth meeting and the manner and procedure of selection of auditors by the members of the company at such meeting shall be such as may be prescribed: Provided that the company shall place the matter relating to such appointment for ratification by members at every annual general meeting: Provided further that before such appointment is made, the written consent of the auditor to such appointment, and a certificate from him or it that the appointment, if made, shall be in accordance with the conditions as may be prescribed, shall be obtained from the auditor: Provided also that the certificate shall also indicate whether the auditor satisfies the criteria provided in section 141: Provided also that the company shall inform the auditor concerned of his or its appointment, and also file a notice of such appointment with the Registrar within fifteen days of the meeting in which the auditor is appointed..

No listed company or a company belonging to such class or classes of companies as may be prescribed, shall appoint or re-appoint:-

an individual as auditor for more than one term of five consecutive years; and

an audit firm as auditor for more than two terms of five consecutive years: Provided that:-

an individual auditor who has completed his term under clause (a) shall not be eligible for re-appointment as auditor in the same company for five years from the completion of his term;

an audit firm which has completed its term under clause (b), shall not be eligible for re-appointment as auditor in the same company for five years from the completion of such term: Provided further that as on the date of appointment no audit firm having a common partner or partners to the other audit firm, whose tenure has expired in a company immediately preceding the financial year, shall be appointed as auditor of the same company for a period of five years: Provided also that every company, existing on or before the commencement of this Act which is required to comply with provisions of this sub-section, shall comply with the requirements of this sub-section within three years from the date of commencement of this Act: Provided also that, nothing contained in this sub-section shall prejudice the right of the company to remove an auditor or the right of the auditor to resign from such office of the company.

Subject to the provisions of this Act, members of a company may resolve to Provide that

in the audit firm appointed by it, the auditing partner and his team shall be rotated at such intervals as may be resolved by members; or

the audit shall be conducted by more than one auditor.

The Central Government may, by rules, prescribe the manner in which the companies shall rotate their auditors in pursuance of sub-section (2).

Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in the case of a Government company or any other company owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall, in respect of a financial year, appoint an auditor duly qualified to be appointed as an auditor of companies under this Act, within a period of one hundred and eighty days from the commencement of the financial year, who shall hold office till the conclusion of the annual general meeting. Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the first auditor of a company, other than a Government company, shall be appointed by the Board of Directors within thirty days from the date of registration of the company and in the case of failure of the Board to appoint such auditor, it shall inform the members of the company, who shall within ninety days at an extraordinary general meeting appoint such auditor and such auditor shall hold office till the conclusion of the first annual general meeting.

Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or sub-section (5), in the case of a Government company or any other company owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Central Government, or by any State Government, or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, the first auditor shall be appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India within sixty days from the date of registration of the company and in case the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India does not appoint such auditor within the said period, the Board of Directors of the company shall appoint such auditor within the next thirty days; and in the case of failure of the Board to appoint such auditor within the next thirty days, it shall inform the members of the company who shall appoint such auditor within the sixty days at an extraordinary general meeting, who shall hold office till the conclusion of the first annual general meeting.

Any casual vacancy in the office of an auditor shall:- in the case of a company other than a company whose accounts are subject to

audit by an auditor appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, be filled by the Board of Directors within thirty days, but if such casual vacancy is as a result of the resignation of an auditor, such appointment shall also be approved by the company at a general meeting convened within three months of the recommendation of the Board and he shall hold the office till the conclusion of the next annual general meeting;

in the case of a company whose accounts are subject to audit by an auditor appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, be filled by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India within thirty days: Provided that in case the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India does not fill the vacancy within the said period, the Board of Directors shall fill the vacancy within next thirty days.

Subject to the provisions and the rules made thereunder, a retiring auditor may be re-appointed at an annual general meeting, if—

he is not disqualified for re-appointment; he has not given the company a notice in writing of his unwillingness to be

Re-appointed; and a special resolution has not been passed at that meeting appointing some

other auditor or providing expressly that he shall not be re-appointed. Where at any annual general meeting, no auditor is appointed or re-appointed, the

existing auditor shall continue to be the auditor of the company. Where a company is required to constitute an Audit Committee under section 177,

all appointments, including the filling of a casual vacancy of an auditor under this section shall be made after taking into account the recommendations of such committee.

Nidhis

Nidhi means a company which has been incorporated as a Nidhi with the object of cultivating the habit of thrift and savings amongst its members, receiving deposits from, and lending to, its members only, for their mutual benefit, and which complies with such

rules as are prescribed by the Central Government for regulation of such class of companies.

Save as otherwise expressly provided, the Central Government may, by notification,direct that any of the provisions of this Act shall not apply, or shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations as may be specified in that notification, to any Nidhi or Nidhis of any class or description as may be specified in that notification.

A copy of every notification proposed to be issued under sub-section (2), shall belaid in draft before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in disapproving the issue of the notification or both Houses agree in making any modification in the notification, the notification shall not be issued or, as the case may be, shall be issued only in such modified form as may be agreed upon by both the Houses.

Special Courts

For the speedy trial of offences, the Central Government has been empowered toestablish special courts in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Courtwithin whose jurisdiction the judge is to be appointed.

A Special Court shall consist of a single judge who shall be appointed by the Central Government with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court within whose jurisdiction the judge to be appointed is working.

A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge of a Special Court unless he is, immediately before such appointment, holding office of a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge.

All offences under this Act shall be triable by the Special Court established for the area in which the registered office of the company in relation to which the offence is committed or where there are more special courts than one for such area, by such one of them as may be specified in this behalf by the High Court concerned

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the Special Court may, if it thinks fit, try in a summary way any offence under this Act which is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years. Provided that in the case of any conviction in a summary trial, no sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding one year shall be passed: Provided further that when at the commencement of, or in the course of, a summary trial, it appears to the Special Court that the nature of the case is such that the sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding one year may have to be passed or that it is, for any other reason, undesirable to try the case summarily, the Special Court shall, after hearing the parties, record an order to that effect and thereafter recall any witnesses who may have been examined and proceed to hear or rehear the case in accordance with the procedure for the regular trial.

Companies to furnish information or statistics

The Central Government may, by order, require companies generally, or any class of companies, or any company, to furnish such information or statistics with regard to their or its constitution or working, and within such time, as may be specified in the order.

Every order under sub-section (1) shall be published in the Official Gazette and maybe addressed to companies generally or to any class of companies, in such manner, as theCentral Government may think fit and the date of such publication shall be deemed to be the date on which requirement for information or statistics is made on such companies or class of companies, as the case may be.

For the purpose of satisfying itself that any information or statistics furnished by a company or companies in pursuance of any order is correct and complete, the Central Government may by order require such company or companies to produce such records or documents in its possession or allow inspection thereof by such officer or furnish such further information as that Government may consider necessary.

If any company fails to comply with an order made or knowingly furnishes any information or statistics which is incorrect or incomplete in any material respect, the company shall be punishable with fine which may extend to Rs.25000/-and every officer of the company who is in default, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which shall not be less than Rs.25000/-but which may extend to Rs.3,00,000/- or with both.

Registered Valuers

Where a valuation is required to be made in respect of any property, stocks,shares, debentures, securities or goodwill or any other assets (herein referred to as theassets) or net worth of a company or its liabilities under the provision of this Act, it shall be valued by a person having such qualifications and experience and registered as a valuer in such manner, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed and appointed by the audit committee or in its absence by the Board of Directors of that company.

If a valuer contravenes the provisions of this section or the rules made thereunder,the valuer shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five thousandrupees but which may extend to one lakh rupees:Provided that if the valuer has contravened such provisions with the intention todefraud the company or its members, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year and with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees.

Where a valuer has been convicted under sub-section (3), he shall be liable to— refund the remuneration received by him to the company; and pay for damages to the company or to any other person for loss arising out

of incorrect or misleading statements of particulars made in his report

Cross Border Merger

a foreign company, may with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India, merge into a company registered under this Act or vice versa and the terms and conditions of the

scheme of merger may provide, among other things, for the payment of consideration to the shareholders of the merging company in cash, or in Depository Receipts, or partly in cash and partly in Depository Receipts, as the case may be, as per the scheme to be drawn up for the purpose.

Mediation and Conciliation Panel

The Central Government shall maintain a panel of experts to be called as the Mediation and Conciliation Panel consisting of such number of experts having such qualifications as may be prescribed for mediation between the parties during the pendency of any proceedings before the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal under this Act.

Any of the parties to the proceedings may, at any time during the proceedings before the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, apply to the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be, in such form along with such fees as may be prescribed, for referring the matter pertaining to such proceedings to the Mediation and Conciliation Panel and the Central Government or Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be, shall appoint one or more experts from the panel

The Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal before which any proceeding is pending may, suo motu, refer any matter pertaining to such proceeding to such number of experts from the Mediation and Conciliation Panel as the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be, deems fit.

The fee and other terms and conditions of experts of the Mediation and Conciliation Panel shall be such as may be prescribed.

The Mediation and Conciliation Panel shall follow such procedure as may be prescribed and dispose of the matter referred to it within a period of three months from the date of such reference and forward its recommendations to the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be.

Any party aggrieved by the recommendation of the Mediation and Conciliation Panel may file objections to the Central Government or the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be.

Establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office

The Central Government shall, by notification, establish an office to be calledthe Serious Fraud Investigation Office to investigate frauds relating to a company.

The Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall be headed by a Director and consist of such number of experts from the following fields to be appointed by the Central Government from amongst persons of ability, integrity and experience in,—

banking; corporate affairs; taxation; forensic audit; capital market;

information technology; law; or such other fields as may be prescribed.

Without prejudice to the provisions of section 210, where the Central Government is of the opinion, that it is necessary to investigate into the affairs of company by the Serious Fraud Investigation Office—

on receipt of a report of the Registrar or inspector under section 208; on intimation of a special resolution passed by a company that its affairs are

required to be investigated; in the public interest; or on request from any Department of the Central Government or a State

Government, the Central Government may, by order, assign the investigation into the affairs of the said company to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office and its Director, may designate such number of inspectors, as he may consider necessary for the purpose of such investigation

Where any case has been assigned by the Central Government to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office for investigation under this Act, no other investigating agency of Central Government or any State Government shall proceed with investigation in such case in respect of any offence under this Act and in case any such investigation has already been initiated, it shall not be proceeded further with and the concerned agency shall transfer the relevant documents and records in respect of such offences under this Act to Serious Fraud Investigation Office.

Class Action Suits

For the first time, a provision has been made for class action suits. It is provided that specified number of member(s), depositor(s) or any class of them, may, if they are of the opinion that the management or control of the affairs of the company are being conducted in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the company or its members or depositors, file an application before the Tribunal on behalf of the members or depositors.

Where the members or depositors seek any damages or compensation or demand any other suitable action from or against an audit firm, the liability shall be of the firm as well as of each partner who was involved in making any improper or misleading statement of particulars in the audit report or who acted in a fraudulent, unlawful or wrongful manner.

The order passed by the Tribunal shall be binding on the company and all its members, depositors and auditors including audit firm or expert or consultant or advisor or any other person associated with the company.

Definition of Fraud

Fraud in relation to affairs of a company or any body corporate, includes

any act, omission, concealment of any fact or abuse of position committed by anyperson or any other person with the connivance in any manner, with intent to deceive,to gain undue advantage from, or to injure the interests of, the company or itsshareholders or its creditors or any other person, whether or not there is any wrongfulgain or wrongful loss.

Prohibition on forward dealings in securities of company by director or key managerial personnel.

No director of a company or any of its key managerial personnel shall buy inthe company, or in its holding, subsidiary or associate company—

a right to call for delivery or a right to make delivery at a specified price andwithin a specified time, of a specified number of relevant shares or a specified amountof relevant debentures; or

a right, as he may elect, to call for delivery or to make delivery at a specifiedprice and within a specified time, of a specified number of relevant shares or a specifiedamount of relevant debentures.

If a director or any key managerial personnel of the company contravenes theprovisions of sub-section (1), such director or key managerial personnel shall be punishablewith imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine which shall not beless than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees, or with both.

Where a director or other key managerial personnel acquires any securities incontravention of sub-section (1), he shall, subject to the provisions contained insub-section (2), be liable to surrender the same to the company and the company shallnot register the securities so acquired in his name in the register, and if they are indematerialised form, it shall inform the depository not to record such acquisition andsuch securities, in both the cases, shall continue to remain in the names of the transferors

Secretarial Standards

The Secretarial Standards has been introduced and provided Statutory recognition. Clause 118(10) reads as: "Every company shall observe Secretarial Standards with respect General and Board Meetings specified by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India constituted under section 3 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 and approved by the Central Government."

Clause 205 casts duty on the Company Secretary to ensure that the company complies with the applicable Secretarial Standards.

National Company Law Tribunal

Composition President :- person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court for five years Judicial Member:- A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judicial Member unless he—

is, or has been, a judge of a High Court; or is, or has been, a District Judge for at least five years; or has, for at least ten years been an advocate of a court

Technical Member:-. A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Technical Member unless he:-

has, for at least fifteen years been a member of the Indian Corporate Law Service or Indian Legal Service out of which at least three years shall be in the pay scale of Joint Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent or above in that service; or

is, or has been in practice as a chartered accountant for at least fifteen years;or is, or has been, in practice as a cost accountant for at least fifteen years; or is, or has been, in practice as a company secretary for at least fifteen years; or is a person of proven ability, integrity and standing having special knowledge

and experience, of not less than fifteen years, in law, industrial finance, industrial management or administration, industrial reconstruction, investment, accountancy, labour matters, or such other disciplines related to management, conduct of affairs, revival, rehabilitation and winding up of companies; or

is, or has been, for at least five years, a presiding officer of a Labour Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal constituted under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

National Company Law Appellate Tribunal

Composition :- Chairperson & such number of Judicial and Technical Members, not exceeding eleven Chairperson:- who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or the Chief Justice of High Court. Judicial Member:- who is or has been a Judge of a High Court or is a Judicial Member of the Tribunal for five years. Technical Member:- shall be a person of proven ability, integrity and standing having special knowledge and experience, of not less than twenty-five years, in law, industrial finance, industrial management or administration, industrial reconstruction, investment, accountancy, labour matters, or such other disciplines related to management, conduct of affairs, revival, rehabilitation and winding up of companies.

Term:- The chairperson or a Member of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office as such fora term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, but shall be eligible forre-appointment for another term of five years.A Member of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office as such until he attains,—

in the case of the Chairperson, the age of seventy years; in the case of any other Member, the age of sixty-seven years:

Provided that a person who has not completed fifty years of age shall not be eligiblefor appointment as Member:Provided further that the Member may retain his lien with his parent cadre or Ministryor Department, as the case may be, while holding office as such for a period not exceeding

one year.

Appointment of President ,Chairman & other members of National Company Law Tribunal

The President of the Tribunal and the chairperson and Judicial Members ofthe Appellate Tribunal, shall be appointed after consultation with the Chief Justice of India

The Members of the Tribunal and the Technical Members of the Appellate Tribunal shall be appointed on the recommendation of a Selection Committee consisting of:-

Chief Justice of India or his nominee—Chairperson; a senior Judge of the Supreme Court or a Chief Justice of High Court -Member; Secretary in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs—Member; Secretary in the Ministry of Law and Justice—Member; and Secretary in the Department of Financial Services in the Ministry of Finance-

Member. The Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs shall be the Convener of the Selection

Committee. The Selection Committee shall determine its procedure for recommending persons No appointment of the Members of the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal shall be

invalid merely by reason of any vacancy or any defect in the constitution of the Selection Committee.

Secretarial Audit

Every listed company and a company belonging to other class of companies as may be prescribed shall annex with its Board's report a Secretarial Audit Report, given by a Company Secretary in Practice, in such form as may be prescribed.

It shall be the duty of the company to give all assistance and facilities to the Company Secretary in Practice, for auditing the secretarial and related records of the company.

The Board of Directors, in their report shall explain in full any qualification or observation or other remarks made by the Company Secretary in Practice in his report.

If a company or any officer of the company or the Company Secretary in Practice, contravenes the provisions of this section, the company, every officer of the company or the Company Secretary in Practice, who is in default, shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees

Board & Governance

Appointment & Qualifications of Directors & Board Meeting

Every company shall have a Board of Directors consisting of individuals as directors and shall have:-

a minimum number of three directors in the case of a public company, two directors in the case of a private company, and one director in the case of a One Person Company; and

a maximum of fifteen directors:

Provided that a company may appoint more than fifteen directors after passing a Special Resolution:

Provided further that such class or classes of companies as may be prescribed, shall have at least one woman director.

Every company existing on or before the date of commencement of this Act shall within one year from such commencement comply with the requirements of the provisions.

Every company shall have at least one director who has stayed in India for a total period of not less than one hundred and eighty-two days in the previous calendar year.

Every listed public company shall have at least one-third of the total number of directors as independent directors and the Central Government may prescribe the minimum number of independent directors in case of any class or classes of public companies.

Every company existing on or before the date of commencement of this Act shall, within one year from such commencement or from the date of notification of the rules in this regard as may be applicable, comply with the requirements of the provisions

Independent Directors

. An independent director in relation to a company, means a director other than a

managing director or a whole-time director or a nominee director,:-

who, in the opinion of the Board, is a person of integrity and possesses relevant expertise and experience;

who is or was not a promoter of the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company;

who is not related to promoters or directors in the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company;

who has or had no pecuniary relationship with the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company, or their promoters, or directors, during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year;

none of whose relatives has or had pecuniary relationship or transaction with the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company, or their promoters, or directors, amounting to two per cent. or more of its gross turnover or total income or fifty lakh rupees or such higher amount as may be prescribed, whichever is lower,

during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year;

who, neither himself nor any of his relatives:-

holds or has held the position of a key managerial personnel or is or has been employee of the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which he is proposed to be appointed;

is or has been an employee or proprietor or a partner, in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which he is proposed to be appointed, of—

a firm of auditors or company secretaries in practice or cost auditors of the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company; or

any legal or a consulting firm that has or had any transaction with the company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company amounting to ten per cent. or more of the gross turnover of such firm;

holds together with his relatives two per cent. or more of the total voting power of the company; or

is a Chief Executive or director, by whatever name called, of any nonprofit organisation that receives twenty-five per cent. or more of its receipts from the company, any of its promoters, directors or its holding, subsidiary or associate company or that holds two per cent. or more of the total voting power of the company; or

who possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed.

All listed companies shall have at least one-third of the Board as independentDirectors.

Such other class or classes of public companies as may be prescribed by the Central Government shall also be required to appoint independent directors.

Nominee director nominated by any financial institution, or in pursuance of any agreement, or appointed by any government to represent its shareholding shall not be deemed to be an independent director.

An independent director shall not be entitled to any remuneration other than sitting fee, reimbursement of expenses for participation in the Board and other meetings and profit related commission as may be approved by the members

An Independent director shall not be entitled to any stock option Only an independent director can be appointed as alternate director to an

independent director.

Number of directorships.

No person, after the commencement of this Act, shall hold office as a director, including any alternate directorship, in more than twenty companies at the same time. Provided that the maximum number of public companies in which a person can be appointed as a director shall not exceed ten.

Number of Directors

Minimum: Public company -3 Private -2, One Person Company-1. Maximum: limit increased to 15 from 12. More directors can be added by passing of special resolution without getting the approval of Central Government

Appointment of Key Managerial Personnel

Every company belonging to such class or classes of companies as may be prescribed shall have the following whole-time key managerial personnel:-

managing director, or Chief Executive Officer or manager and in their absence, a whole-time director;

company secretary; and Chief Financial Officer :

Provided that an individual shall not be appointed or reappointed as the chairperson of the company, in pursuance of the articles of the company, as well as the managing director or Chief Executive Officer of the company at the same time after the date of commencement of this Act unless

the articles of such a company provide otherwise; or the company does not carry multiple businesses:

Provided further that nothing contained in the first proviso shall apply to such class of companies engaged in multiple businesses and which has appointed one or more Chief Executive Officers for each such business as may be notified by the Central Government.

Every whole-time key managerial personnel of a company shall be appointed by means of a resolution of the Board containing the terms and conditions of the appointment including the remuneration.

A whole-time key managerial personnel shall not hold office in more than one company except in its subsidiary company at the same time: Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall disentitle a key managerial personnel from being a director of any company with the permission of the Board: Provided further that whole-time key managerial personnel holding office in more than one company at the same time on the date of commencement of this Act, shall, within a period of six months from such commencement, choose one company, in which he wishes to continue to hold the office of key managerial personnel: Provided also that a company may appoint or employ a person as its managing director, if he is the managing director or manager of one, and of not more than one, other company and such appointment or employment is made or approved by a resolution passed at a meeting of the Board with the consent of all the directors present

at the meeting and of which meeting, and of the resolution to be moved thereat, specific notice has been given to all the directors then in India.

If the office of any whole-time key managerial personnel is vacated, the resulting vacancy shall be filled-up by the Board at a meeting of the Board within a period of six months from the date of such vacancy.

If a company contravenes the provisions of this section, the company shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees and every director and key managerial personnel of the company who is in default shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees and where the contravention is a continuing one, with a further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees for every day after the first during which the contravention continues.

Person other than retiring director

If a person other than retiring director stands for directorship but fails to get appointed, he or the member intending to propose him as a director, as the case may be, shall be refunded the sum deposited by him, if he gets more than twenty five per cent of total valid votes

Quorum for the Meeting

Unless the articles of the company provide for a larger number,— in case of a public company,— five members personally present if the number of members as on the

date of meeting is not more than one thousand; fifteen members personally present if the number of members as on the

date of meeting is more than one thousand but up to five thousand; thirty members personally present if the number of members as on the

date of the meeting exceeds five thousand; in the case of a private company, two members personally present, shall be

the quorum for a meeting of the company.

If the quorum is not present within half-an-hour from the time appointed for holding a meeting of the company:-

the meeting shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place, or to such other date and such other time and place as the Board may determine; or

the meeting, if called by requisitionists under section 100, shall stand cancelled:

Provided that in case of an adjourned meeting or of a change of day, time or place of meeting, the company shall give not less than three days notice to the members either individually or by publishing an advertisement in the newspapers (one in English and one in vernacular language) which is in circulation at the place where the registered office of the company is situated.

If at the adjourned meeting also, a quorum is not present within half-an-hour from the time appointed for holding meeting, the members present shall be the quorum.

Participation of directors through video-conferencing

Participation of directors at Board Meetings has been permitted through videoconferencing or other electronic means, provided such participation is capable of

recording and recognizing. Also, the recording and storing of the proceedings of such meetings should be carried out . The Central Government may however, by notification, specify such matters which shall not be dealt with in the meeting through video-conferencing and such other electronic means as may be prescribed.

Nomination and Remuneration Committee and Stakeholders Relationship Committee

The Board of Directors of every listed company and such other class or classes of companies, as may be prescribed shall constitute the Nomination and Remuneration Committee consisting of three or more non-executive directors out of which not less than one-half shall be independent directors: Provided that the chairperson of the company (whether executive or non-executive) may be appointed as a member of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee but shall not chair such Committee.

The Nomination and Remuneration Committee shall identify persons who are qualified to become directors and who may be appointed in senior management in accordance with the criteria laid down, recommend to the Board their appointment and removal and shall carry out evaluation of every director’s performance.

The Nomination and Remuneration Committee shall formulate the criteria for determining qualifications, positive attributes and independence of a director and recommend to the Board a policy, relating to the remuneration for the directors, key managerial personnel and other employees.

The Nomination and Remuneration Committee shall, while formulating the policy under sub-section (3) ensure that—

the level and composition of remuneration is reasonable and sufficient to attract, retain and motivate directors of the quality required to run the company successfully;

relationship of remuneration to performance is clear and meets appropriate performance benchmarks; and

remuneration to directors, key managerial personnel and senior management involves a balance between fixed and incentive pay reflecting short and long-term performance objectives appropriate to the working of the company and its goals: Provided that such policy shall be disclosed in the Board's report.

The Board of Directors of a company which consists of more than one thousand shareholders, debenture-holders, deposit-holders and any other security holders at any

time during a financial year shall constitute a Stakeholders Relationship Committee consisting of a chairperson who shall be a non-executive director and such other members as may be decided by the Board.

The Stakeholders Relationship Committee shall consider and resolve the grievances of security holders of the company.

The chairperson of each of the committees constituted under this section or, in his absence, any other member of the committee authorized by him in this behalf shall attend the general meetings of the company.

Resignation of director

A director may resign from his office by giving notice in writing. The Board shall, on receipt of such notice, intimate the Registrar and also place such resignation in the subsequent general meeting of the company. The director shall also forward a copy of resignation along with detailed reasons for the resignation to the Registrar.

The notice shall become effective from the date on which the notice is received by the company or the date, if any, specified by the director in the notice, whichever is later.

If all the directors of a company resign from their office or vacate their office, the promoter or in his absence the Central Government shall appoint the required number of directors to hold office till the directors are appointed by the company in General Meeting.

Share Capital & Debenture

Every member of a company limited by shares and holding any preference share capital therein shall, in respect of such capital, have a right to vote only on resolutions placed before the company which directly affects the rights attached to his preference shares and, any resolution for the winding up of the company or for the repayment or reduction of its equity or preference share capital and his voting right on a poll shall be in proportion to his share in the paid-up preference share capital of the company: Provided that the proportion of the voting rights of equity shareholders to the voting rights of the preference shareholders shall be in the same proportion as the paid-up capital in respect of the equity shares bears to the paid-up capital in respect of the preference shares: Provided further that where the dividend in respect of a class of preference shares has not been paid for a period of two years or more, such class of preference shareholders shall have a right to vote on all the resolutions placed before the company.

A company may, if so authorized by its articles, pay dividends in proportion to theamount paid-up on each share.

Security Premium Account may also be applied for the purchase of its own shares or other securities

Except (Issue of sweat equity shares), a company shall not issue shares at a discount. Any share issued by a company at a discounted price shall be void.

No company limited by shares shall, after the commencement of this Act, issueany preference shares which are irredeemable.

A company limited by shares may, if so authorized by its articles, issue preferenceshares which are liable to be redeemed within a period not exceeding twenty years from the date of their issue subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.Provided that a company may issue preference shares for a period exceeding twenty

years for infrastructure projects, subject to the redemption of such percentage of shares as may be prescribed on an annual basis at the option of such preferential shareholders: Provided further that—

no such shares shall be redeemed except out of the profits of the company which would otherwise be available for dividend or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purposes of such redemption;

no such shares shall be redeemed unless they are fully paid; where such shares are proposed to be redeemed out of the profits of the

company, there shall, out of such profits, be transferred, a sum equal to the nominal amount of the shares to be redeemed, to a reserve, to be called the Capital Redemption Reserve Account, and the provisions of this Act relating to reduction of share capital of a company shall, except as provided in this section, apply as if the Capital Redemption Reserve Account were paid-up share capital of the company; and

in case of such class of companies, as may be prescribed and whose financial statement comply with the accounting standards prescribed for such class of companies under section 133, the premium, if any, payable on redemption shall be provided for out of the profits of the company, before the shares are redeemed: Provided also that premium, if any, payable on redemption of any preference shares issued on or before the commencement of this Act by any such company shall be provided for out of the profits of the company or out of the company’s securities premium account, before such shares are redeemed. in a case not falling under sub-clause (i) above, the premium, if any, payable on redemption shall be provided for out of the profits of the company or out of the

Company’s securities premium account, before such shares are redeemed. Where a company is not in a position to redeem any preference shares or to pay

dividend, if any, on such shares in accordance with the terms of issue (such shares hereinafter referred to as unredeemed preference shares), it may, with the consent of the holders of three-fourths in value of such preference shares and with the approval of the Tribunal on a petition made by it in this behalf, issue further redeemable preference shares equal to the amount due, including the dividend thereon, in respect of the unredeemed preference shares, and on the issue of such further redeemable preference shares, the unredeemed preference shares shall be deemed to have been redeemed:

Every company shall deliver debenture certificate within six months of allotment. Reduction of share capital to be made subject to confirmation by the Tribunal.

The Tribunal on receiving an application for reduction of share capital, shall givenotice to the Central Government, Registrar and to the SEBI and consider therepresentations received in this behalf.

By- Ankur Mathur Semi Qualified CA, B.Com (H)