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Presented at 2008 Missouri Library Association Conference, St. Louis, MO.
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GO GEOSPATIAL!
GIS REFERENCE SERVICES FOR ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Presented by Carol Smith,
Assistant Professor of Library Services,
James C. Kirkpatrick Library
University of Central Missouri
T
TITLE
A/1
B/2 B. I’m a geography, map or data librarian
C/3 C. I keep getting GIS reference questions
D/4 D. I just love maps!
E/5 E. None of the above
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RESPONSES
A. I want to learn more about GIS
WHY ARE YOU ATTENDING THIS SESSION?
TITLE
A/1
B/2 B. Yes, but only once / a handful of times
C/3 C. I occasionally work with GIS
D/4 D. My primary job involves daily work with GIS
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RESPONSES
A. No
HAVE YOU EVER USED GIS BEFORE?
TITLE
A/1
B/2 B. Is currently considering GIS services
C/3 C. Got involved a bit with GIS, but let it slide…
D/4 D. Has no current plans to work with GIS
E/5 E. None of the above
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RESPONSES
A. Currently offers GIS services
MY LIBRARY…
SESSION OVERVIEW
1. What is GIS?2. GIS & Libraries3. Challenges of Offering GIS Services4. Overcoming the Hurdles5. GIS at U. of Central MO6. Recipes for GIS Service Models
1. WHAT IS GIS?LINKS DATA TO LOCATION
Geographic Information System (GIS):
Links data with geographic location and present it visually Let’s you display, explore, query and analyze spatially
referenced data. Supports identification and analysis of trends, patterns
and relationships not easily spotted in textual data. Helps solve complex problems that involve a geographic
component.
T
TABULAR DATA:
SimplyMap screenshot
MAPPED DATA:
SimplyMap screenshot
1. WHAT IS GIS?GIS IS DYNAMIC
Change what appears/doesn’t appear Customize how information displays. Zoom to a specific feature Access details about a particular map feature. Query the database and see the results on a map. Scale of data (detail level) increases as you zoom in. Graphics update as underlying data is added or
modified.
1. WHAT IS GIS?GIS IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY!
Biology: Study the impact of construction plans on a watershed; analyze plant distribution and diversity.
Consumer: Locate ideal home locations based on school districts, shopping, parks, and other criteria.
Business: Forecast sales by store location; determine optimal retail store location; optimize delivery routes; analyze customer demographics.
Criminal Justice: map crime rates and types to identify patterns.
Fire fighting: predict spread of a forest fire using terrain and weather data.
T
2004: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION & TORNADOES
Sinton & Lund (2007). Understanding place : GIS and mapping across the curriculum. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. Page 27.
1. WHAT IS GIS?SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Hardware Computers, either standalone or networked Servers for enterprise-level projects
Software Database management system (DBMS) Applications for data input and manipulation Applications for data querying, analysis and visualization
Data Can be collected independently, obtained from public sources or
purchased commercially. People
People ask the questions! People analyze information! People make decisions! People solve problems!
2. GIS & LIBRARIESWHY SHOULD LIBRARIES CARE?
One of the “20 Things Info Professionals Need to Keep Their Eyes On”.
Maps in digital format are more flexible and powerful. Geospatial data and mapping services will
increasingly replace traditional printed map repositories.
GIS is being rapidly integrated into web environments, and will be embedded in virtually every portable device.
Products like Google Earth, Google & Yahoo maps are popularizing GIS.
Things will become more user-friendly, but librarians must work with the technology now to stay relevant.
2. GIS & LIBRARIESROLE IN GIS SERVICES
Acquisition, organization, access and archiving of geospatial data.
Supports the primary mission of libraries Development of appropriate policies for
collection development. Role to preserve geospatial data GIS training, workshops GIS reference services, research
consultations Neutral territory for GIS research and
education
2. GIS & LIBRARIESIMPLEMENTATION SURVEYS
103 academic libraries in Oregon (2006): 31/103 (30%): some degree of GIS services 15/103 (15%): actively considering GIS 57/103 (55%): no GIS plans
- Gabaldon & Reppling (2006)
138 smaller academic libraries (2005) 22/138 (13%): some degree of GIS services 27/138 (16%): intention to offer GIS 89/138 (64%): no GIS plans
- Kinikin & Hench (2005)
3. CHALLENGES OF GIS SERVICESWHY DON’T MORE OFFER IT?
Hurdles include: Steep learning curve for librarians Challenges of training users Significant effort required to launch GIS services GIS reference consultations are typically longer,
more complex and technical than traditional reference questions
Struggle to attract users Lack of funding
4. . OVERCOMING THE HURDLESLIBRARIAN TRAINING
Model 1: A set of focused electives within an LIS program that lead to a GIS specialization.
Model 2: Dual master’s degrees in both LIS and GIS/Geography
Model 3: An LIS degree and a master’s level certificate in GIS
- Wiemar & Reehling (2006)
4. . OVERCOMING THE HURDLESTHE TRAINED GIS LIBRARIAN
Understands:
GIS concepts GIS data structures and models GIS analysis and manipulation techniques Computers and databases Geospatial data sources Understands cartographic metadata
5. GIS SERVICES AT UCMKIRKPATRICK LIBRARY
1. GIS software2005: 15-seat ESRI ArcGIS license2007: 10-seat ArcGIS license & Business
Analyst2008: Campus site license
2. Dedicated hardwareGIS workstationsGIS-enabled classrooms for teaching
3. Trained librarian
4. Services Technical assistance for users Workshops Library web pages for GIS resources Formal reference services Marketing efforts
5. Geospatial Data6. Next Steps
Formal reference/consultation services Spatial data repository GIS user group
~
5. GIS SERVICES AT UCMKIRKPATRICK LIBRARY
5. GIS SERVICES AT UCMGIS RESOURCE PAGES
1. Establish service goals• Basic mapping only?• Analysis and research services?
2. Identify user needs and interests Likely questions Data needs – regional? National? Delivery mode?
3. Determine funding level4. Secure hardware, software and data5. Obtain librarian training6. Plan services, marketing, workshops
6. GIS REFERENCE SERVICE MODELSPLANNING PHASE
6. GIS REFERENCE MODELSRECIPE #1: LOW-COST “ENTRY
MODEL”
1. Hardware Single dedicated computer See www.ala.org/ala/pla/plapubs/technotes/GIS2006.doc
2. Software Open-source solution (next slide)
3. Data Free U.S.G.S., U.S. Census Bureau and state-level data
4. People Self-trained librarian with interest and technical savvy
5. Services Reference support limited to simple queries and mapping
requests Zero to limited user training Perhaps some workshops on Google Earth and Google Map
hacks and mashups
GIS SOFTWARE - FREE/OPEN SOURCE
GIS applications GRASS MapServer MapWindow Quantum GIS OSSIM Others
Data viewers ESRI ArcExplorer TIGER Map Server GoogleEarth, Google Maps, more
6. GIS REFERENCE MODELSRECIPE #2 MODERATE COST
MODEL
1. Hardware One or more dedicated computers, perhaps GPS unit
2. Software Moderately priced solution, such as:
SimplyMap Business Decision or Business Decision Academic Single license ESRI ArcGIS
3. Data Free U.S. Census Bureau data and state-level data Perhaps some acquired datasets.
4. People Part-time GIS librarian, some formal training
5. Services Reference services for basic queries Offer workshops in use of the selected GIS application.
4. OFFERING GIS SERVICESRECIPE #3: THE FULL KAHUNA ($
$$)
1. Hardware Dedicated GIS lab
2. Software ESRI ArcGIS – lab kit (multiple licenses) or site license
3. Data Extensive geospatial data repository Data acquisition on demand
4. People Dedicated, trained GIS librarian
5. Services In-depth GIS reference consultation service GIS analyis and mapping service Suite of GIS training courses GIS user group
WHAT IS ARCGIS DESKTOP?
A commercial suite of related, interacting applications for performing spatial analysis.
Produced by ESRI (www.esri.com) Three primary applications:
ArcMap – for creating, editing and publishing maps that display data
ArcCatalog – for managing data sets ArcToolbox – “functions for geoprocessing tasks
Specialized applications Specialized extension modules (Business Analyst;
Military Analyst, Network Analyst, Spatial Analyst, etc.)
ARCGIS DESKTOP “FLAVORS”
ArcGIS Desktop is available in 3 levels of increasing functionality: ArcView – Comprehensive mapping and
analysis; simple editing and geoprocessing tools. ArcEditor – Adds advanced editing capabilities. ArcInfo – Supports advanced geoprocessing
2004: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION & TORNADOESONE LAST CLICKER QUESTION…
Sinton & Lund (2007). Understanding place : GIS and mapping across the curriculum. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. Page 27.
TITLE
A/1
B/2 B. Tornadoes seek out Republicans.
C/3 C. Tornadoes avoid Democrats .
D/4 D. Republicans like tornadoes.
E/5 E. None of the above
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RESPONSES
A. Democrats avoid tornado territory.
2004: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION & TORNADOES
WRAPUP
GIS has a steep learning curve, but a rich payoff Powerful research tool Rapidly integrating into daily life
GIS also has direct applications for librarianship: Locating a new library Mapping book use and traffic flow patterns Adding dynamic visualization to library catalogs LibraryDecision SnapShot:
http://www.civictechnologies.com/library/snapshot.cfm
REFERENCES
Abram, S. (2008). 20 things informationprofessionals need to keep their eyes on. Information Outlook, 12(3), 39-41.
Sinton, D. S. & Lund, J. J. (2007). Understanding place : GIS and mapping across the curriculum. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
Boss, R.W. (2006). Geographic Information Systems [online paper]. Retrieved September 10, 2008 from www.ala.org/ala//pla/plapubs/technotes/GIS2006.doc
Additional sources listed on Recommended Readings handout.