Dr bob odyssey 2017

FromMapsandChartstoaVIRTUALWORLD:

APersonalOdysseywithVISIONto

ADVANCEAUSTRALIA

Robert(Bob)WilliamsBACompu)ngStudies(Cartographymajor)-CanberraCAE,MSc(Cartography)–UWisconsin,PhD–UNSW@ADFA

Topographicsurveyor(tradetraining),Cartographerandgeospa)alscien)st

DrBob’sODYSSEYto2017presentedatSSSIVictoriaSummit1September2017

THE FIRST FLEET – 1788 Ø  Vision for a New Town - Sydney

ThefirsttrigonometricalsurveyinVictoriacommencedin1839extendingfromMelbournetotheSouthAustralianborder.Thegeode)csurveywascommencedin1858andwassupervisedbyMrEllery,theGovernmentAstronomer.

1858

In1787,AugustusAltwasappointedSurveyorofLandsforBritain'sproposedpenalcolonyonthenewly-claimedAustraliancon)nent.OnarrivalatPortJackson,AltsupervisedtheFleetconvictsinclearingthegroundfortheestablishmentofthefirstcolonialbuildingsinSydneyCove.Soona[erhisarrivalinNewSouthWalesAugustuslaidoutthese\lementsofAlbion(laterSydney),Parrama\aandTongabby(laterToongabbie),aswellassurveyingearlyland-grantsandcompilingtherecordsofthese.

“A plan of the first farms on the Hawkesbury River” by Augustus Alt, 1794(from The Mapping of Terra Australis by Robert Clancy)

“The plan of the town was drawn, and the ground on which it is hereafter to stand surveyed and marked out. To proceed on a narrow, confined scale in a country of the extensive limits we possess, would be unpardonable. Extent of empire demands grandeur of design. That this has been our view will readily be believed when I tell the reader that the principal street in our projected city will be, when completed agreeable to the plan laid down, 200 feet in breadth, and all the rest of a corresponding proportion. How far this will be accompanied with adequate despatch is another question, as the incredulous among us are sometimes hardy enough to declare that ten times our strength would not be able to finish it in as many years.”

WatkinTenchMarineOfficer

Uponarrival,GovernorPhilipandSurveyor-GeneralAltmusthaveformulatedsuchavisionaryplanforthefuturedevelopmentofthenewtownshipofSydney,asWatkinTenchrelatesin1789:

GovernmentAstronomer

Seemingly everydaywearebeing informedof INNOVATIONbut, I believe that real INNOVATIONonlyoccursasaconsequenceofVISIONandachievementofVISIONaKeradevelopmentprocess.

Thiscanbesomethingofa‘journey’–ANODYSSEY!

It is quite probable that this glass was commissioned prior to Federation

VISION

THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY – Ø  Fortuna Villa - Bendigo

MY ODYSSEY EXPERIENCE ! WhatIhavepersonallybeeninvolvedin,or–IniRaRvesofmyorganisaRons,or–TopicsthatIhaveaninterestin

Indocti discant et ament meminisse periti Videre Parare Est

The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see Winston Churchill

Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Western Port, Victoria, drawn by Survey Section c.1910 and regarded as a prototype for the standard military series

The birth of the Commonwealth of Australia, on the first day of January 1901, was an occasion not only for celebration but also for facing the new responsibilities of nationhood. Among the powers acquired by the Federal Government was that of providing for defence and the need for mapping … …

THE BIRTH OF A NATION – 1901 Ø  Recognizing a Need

1910

A UNIQUE CAPABILITY– 1915 Ø  Formation of the Survey Corps On3July1915,justtenweeksa[ertheAnglo-FrenchlandingsatGallipoliinwhichtheAustralianandNewZealandArmyCorpsplayedaleadingrole,ano)ceintheCommonwealthGaze\epromulgatedthedecisiontoformtheSurveySec)onintoaseparateunitofthepermanentmilitaryforcestobeknownasthe‘SURVEYCORPS’……

1917 - Mapping in the Sinai 1917 - Terrain intelligence Messines, Belgium

1918 - Mapping from aerial photography

BETWEEN WARS – 1933 Ø  Recognizing a Need – A Military Grid

Segment of the 1:63,360 map of Albury (1931 edition, printed in 1933), which was the first military map produced in Australia in which significant use had been made of AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. (National Library of Australia)

1933

During 1933 Australia adopted the transverse Mercator projection and the British modified grid system. The grid was introduced on the Albury map in 1933, primarily to meet the modern demands of the gunner, following a conference of survey and artillery officers held in Melbourne that year … …

Inlate1941FortunawaschosenasthesitefortheAHQCartographicCompany.Theunit’smovementtoFortunawascompletedby11thJune1942.AHQCartographicwasrenamedLandHeadquartersCartographicCompanyduring1942,thenrenamedArmyHeadquartersCartographicCompanyin1946.InOctober1955,inrecogni)onof‘survey’s’na)onalrole,theAHQSurveyRegimentwasestablished.In1973,afurthernamechangeoccurredwithestablishmentoftheArmySurveyRegiment.

G OFFICE, AHQ CARTO COMPANY Once George Lansell’s dressing room.

A STRATEGIC REQUIREMENT– 1942 Ø  A critical national capability TopographicandcartographicunitsexpandedinsizeinsupportofWorldWar2opera)ons.WithJapan’sentryintothewar,securityofkeyelementsbecameimpera)ve.TheDeputyChiefoftheGeneralstaffissuedadirec)vethattheCartographicCompanyshould‘securenorthoftheGreatDividingRange,aloca)onfortheprin)ngandstoringofmapsfortheAustralianMilitaryForces’,amovepresumablyaimedatminimizingthepossibleimpactofanenemya\ackonMelbourne.InJanuarytheunit’scommandervisitedBendigoandselectedarundownmansionnamedFortuna.

ModelledonHughendenManor,HighWycombe,UK

A POST-WAR REQUIREMENT– 1946 Ø  Mapping at Home and Abroad In1947ColonelLawrenceFitzGeralda\endedtwoimportantconferencesinLondon:theCommonwealthSurveyOfficersConferenceinAugust,andaMilitaryMappingandAeronau=calChar=ngConferenceheldimmediatelya[erwards.ItwasprobablythemilitarymappingconferenceinEnglandthatbroughthometoFitzGeraldtheextenttowhichAustraliawasbeingdrawnintothewideningwebofalliancesandagreementsthatcharacterisedtheimmediatepostwarperiod.AtapreviousAnglo-Americanconferenceonmilitarymapandairchartpolicy,heldinOctober1946,thesetwopowersagreedtoeachacceptpar)cularresponsibilityformapproduc)onforhalftheworld.NowBritainwasaskingitsdominionstoacceptafurthersubdivisionofitsshare.AustraliawasinvitedtoaccepttheNetherlandsEastIndiesasanareaofprimaryinterest.UnderthesameschemetheUSwasalsogivenresponsibilityforNewGuinea,asanarrangementthatwasnotmeanttorestrictananywaytheconductofopera)onsAustralia(asthegoverningpower)mightchoosetorunthere. BrigadierL.FitzGerald,OBE

[ANZACDay1978]

… … The expectation that the Australian Survey Corps still had an important contribution to make by completing the map coverage of Australia, requiring in the first place a proper network of triangulation, continued to be an important article of faith that guided certain actions within the corps. It was, for instance, for this reason that, as FitzGerald explained to the Congress of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science held in Adelaide in 1946, considerable interest was being taken in recent developments in the application of radar to surveying.

Strategic direction requiring policy and technological challenges Videre Parare Est – To See is to be Prepared

DEFENCE COOPERATION PROGRAMS Ø  Surveying & Mapping Programs Ø  Spawning technological change

Airborne profile recording 1963

Aerodist distance measurement 1967

Doppler satellite measurement 1974

‘Skai Piksa’ high altitude photography 1973

Laser terrain profiling 1974

Semi-direct compilation (computer assistance) 1973

GPS surveying 1989

v SurveyingandmappinginPapuaNewGuinea1962-1994v Militaryopera)onsinVietnam1965-71

TheDirectorateofSurvey–Armyini)atedObliga)onsandArrangementswithForeignCountriesoveranumberofyearsun)ldis-establishmentofRASvyin1996

• PapuaNewGuinea(Na)onalMappingBureau)-1975

•  Indonesia(DepartmentofDefenceandSecurity)-1980

• Malaysia(DivisionofNa)onalMapping)-1994

• Singapore(MappingUnit)-1979• Vanuatu(DirectorateofLandSurveys)-1994

• SolomonIslands(MinistryofLandsandHousing)-1994

• Fiji(SurveyorGeneral)-1992• KiribaR(DepartmentofLandsandSurveys)-(Dra[only)

• WesternSamoa(DepartmentofLandsandSurveys)-(Dra[only)

• Tonga(MinistryofForeignAffairs)-(Dra[only)

DCP-INDONESIAMANDUAGADING1,2,3,4,5CENDERAWASIH76-81PATTIMURA79-81NUSATIMUR82,83NUSABARAT84

DCP–SWPACIFICVariousopera)onson:v SolomonIslandsv Fiji–Tonga-Naurav Vanuatuv WesternSamoav Tuvalu-Ki)ba)v CookIslands

IBM MINI COMPUTER – IBM 1130

CARL ZEISS JENA STEREO-COMPARATOR

AnalyRcalphotogrammetryComputergeneratedgrids

1960s – A Decade of Radical Change Ø  To meet operational challenges

1969

WILDB8stereo-plo\ers

MulRplexstereo-plo\er

Projectsanaglyphs.

Topographicsurveytradetrainingcoursesplanetabling,chaining,slo\edtemplateassembly,levelling,theodolite&tellurometertraverses&triangula)on,astronomicalsurveying,Mul)plex,WildB8s

1966 - UK Military Map Grid (Clarke 1858) – Australian Map Grid (ANS 66)

1967 – Survey Operation Arnhem Land Ø  Aerodist & Air Profile Recording

SapperBobWilliamsTopographicsurveyor

1970s – A Decade of Vision Ø  ‘Visionaries’ – new capabilities!

RASVYLeadershipArmySurveyRegiment–PNGmapping1973[firstuseofcomputersforoperaRonalmapping]

DesmondO’Connor[AcademicandscienRst]

WaldemarWassermann[Engineerandacademic]

FrankBryant[Photogrammetry&computermapping]

BruceCook[ComputerscienRst]

DavidRhind[UKleader]

GrahameSmith[Academic]

Lecturer: Dr Grahame Smith

Textbook

AI Center Perception Group

+ notesand

articles

1980s

Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute

Grahame Smith left Australia to work at Stanford

Grahame Smith returned to Australia to work at AAII

MikePenny[WREMAPS&LADS]

1977-79

KenLyons[Surveying&AKLIS]

“I would be happy indeed if I could leave this conference feeling that some enthusiasm had been aroused for broadening the concept of cartography away from the relatively simple concept of drawing maps. … When we consider the magnitude of the [environmental] problem, the aspirations of Stockholm, the technological possibilities open to us, and our responsibilities to the poor of the world, I hope that historians will not look back and say that we missed what might be our greatest (perhaps last) opportunity”.

1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Desmond O’Connor Ø  Meeting the Environmental Crisis’

O’Connor ‘championed’ the concept of Terrain Analysis using computers while Director, at the US Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories Research Institute. Before taking up his position at Murdoch University in 1973 Desmond O’Connor was Chief, Environmental Sciences Division, US Army Research Office.

“It is particularly important that Australia develop a capability in this field because large gaps exist in our knowledge of our own environmental and natural resources. … … For the future, I believe that cartographers should be thinking of a broadly defined concept for the operational use of modern sensors, the full range of data processing equipment and methodology, and large scale communication devices receiving input from space, airborne and terrestrial platforms for the purpose of carrying out surveys of the earth’s surface, monitoring the environment, and classifying and compacting the information in environmental data banks so that real-time or near real-time information may be provided when and where it is required”.

cartographers

ProfessorDesmondO’Connor,Founda)onProfessorofEnvironmentalStudies,MurdochUniversitygavetheKeynoteAddresstotheSecondAustralianCartographicConference,Adelaide)tled‘MeeRngtheEnvironmentalCrisis’.O’Connorconcluded:

DIGITIZATION OF STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY

DIGITISATION OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS

DIGITISATION OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS

DISK STORAGE

EDITING OF DIGITIZED DATA

GRAPHICAL VERIFICATION OF DIGITAL DATA

DATA BASE Magnetic Tapes

MAP GENERATION DATA MANIPULATION

FINAL GRAPHIC OUTPUT

1976 - In a Decade of Vision – Frank Bryant, MBE Ø  Computer Mapping Presentation

AUTOMAP 1

ThecontractfortheprojectwasawardedtoaCanadiancompany,SystemhouseLimited

1970s – A Decade of Vision – Computer Mapping

Ø  Future Applications of the Digital Database

3665-III STRICKLAND was the first map published using the AUTOMAP I system. Compilation was by digital photogrammetric methods.

InaddiRontotheproducRonofTopographicMapsRASVYpublishedbrochuresshowingFutureApplica4onsoftheDatabase

“AUTOMAP I initiated automated cartography in Australia and heralded the future for mapping. It engendered such excitement in defence, mapping and academic circles within Australia and overseas that many international and Australian visitors came to the Regiment to study the new system in action”.

Duringtheperiod1977to1979thereweremanyvisitstotheArmySurveyRegimentatBendigo,includingvisitsby

Hon.D.J.Killen,MinisterforDefence;LtGenD.B.Dunstan,ChiefoftheGeneralStaff;MajGenR.A.Grey,ChiefofOperaRons–Army;

LtGenBulrit,DirectorofEducaRonResearch,Thailand;ColE.K.Johnson,MilitaryajacheUSEmbassy

Hon.H.R.Hamer,PremierofVictoriaand5MPs

Prof.Kamecny,UniofHanover;Dr.G.Bervoets,UniofMelbourne;Dr.R.Boyle,UniofSaskatoon;

Dr.Berling,ManagingDirectorofZeissJena;

1977 - In a Decade of Vision – ‘Wally’ Wassermann Ø  A Visionary Education Program 2013 photo

Waldemar(Wally)WassermannwasappointedasSeniorLecturerinCartographyattheCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)oninFebruary1972followingna)onalandinterna)onaladver)sementwhicha\ractedhimfromtheGeode)cResearchIns)tute,Frankfurt,wherehehadbeenengagedintheapplica)onofsatelliteimagerytocomputermapping.HehadworkedpreviouslyinAustraliaastheChiefSurveyoroftheSnowyMountainsAuthority.Hewasresponsibleforsesngupacartographermajorwhichstressedtechniquesofcomputermappingandphotogrammetry.Healsoestablishedaprogramleadingtoathreeyearbachelor’sdegreeinsurveying.

CorescienRficdiscipline

CartographyProjecRons&transformaRons…Datums&Coordinatesystems…Terrainmodelling…

Datastructures…RepresentaRon&communicaRon

…SpaRal&temporalreasoning…Remotesensorymapping

FoundaRonscienRficdisciplineMathemaRcs

Algebra…Calculus…Trigonometry…Geometry…Topology…Sphericaltrigonometry…

Topology…Graphtheory…Numericalanalysis

EnablingscienRficdisciplineComputerscience

InformaRonscience…Computerscience…Computerprogramming

(ALGOL+Severalotherlanguages)…Computerarchitecture

…Systemsanalysis…OperaRonsresearch…Machine(arRficial)intelligence

Cartography2-MapprojecRonsforGeodesists,

CartographersandGeographers

RemoteSensoryMapping-DigitalPictureProcessing MachineIntelligence–The

ThinkingComputer:MindInsideMajer

1977-79 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø  Projects and Activities

A Unique Course - Remote Sensory Mapping – Assignment 1 Lecturer: Dr Grahame Smith

Assignment1requiredtheuseofLANDSATdataandrequiredthefollowingtasks:² Reduceascene(150scanlinesinlengthand480pixelswide)ofcentralCanberrasensed

on18November1975toanewscene50linesinlengthand160pixelswide.Therearemanymethodsofaccomplishingthisreduc)on,youshouldcarryoutatleasttwo.Includedwithmapoutputsshouldbeadiscussionofthemeritsanddemeritsofyourmethods.

² Usingthresh-holdingtechniquesextractLakeBurleyGriffinfromyourreducedscene.Youshouldproduceamapofthelake,togetherwithanaccountofthemethodsyouusedtogetit.

²  Locatethebridgesandothernon-waterfeaturesofthelake.Producetheseasanoverlayforyourlakemap.

Thephotographicimages(below)didnotbecomeavailableun)llaterinthecourse.TheimageswereprocessedbyDrJohnO’CallaghanatCSIRO.Thus,photographicimageswerenotinexistenceattheRmeoftheactualassignment.Naivetycanbebeneficialinconduc=nginnova=vework.

LANDSAT scene of Canberra Sensed 18 November 1975

CommentBridges XShore *

Fountain in front ofOld Parliament House*

Google Earth 2014

17

Bridges

Shoreline of Lake Burley Griffin

A Unique Course - Attachment to CSIRO during end-of-year break Prototype – Trafficability at Shoalwater Bay

CSIRO TERRAIN PATTERN MAPDigitised by SSGT Bob Williams

1978

SHOALWATER BAY AREA - QUEENSLAND

RASVY TRAFFICABILITY MAP

BecauseIwasintheArmyIwasrequiredtoworkthroughtheacademicbreaks.DuringtheperiodDecember1978–February1979(then)SSGTBobWilliams,amemberoftheRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY),workedincollabora)onwiththeDirectorateofEngineers–Army,theJointExercisePlanningStaff(JEPS),andDrJoeWalkerandhisstaffatCSIRO’sDivisionofLandUseResearchtodigi)zeterrainpa\ernmapscompiledbyCSIROandusingso[warewri\enbyCSIRO’sBruceCooktoformthebasisofTrafficabilityOverprintsfortheShoalwaterBayTrainingMap.AseriesofoverlaysthatshowedGO-NOareasunderarangeofenvironmentalcondi)onsandaseriesofoverlaysthatshowedFIRERISKareaswerecompiledforusebyJEPS(JointExercisePlanningStaff)butthesewereneverpublished.

InMarch1972theNSWGovernmentinvitedCSIROtopar=cipateinajointstudyoflanduseontheSouthCoastoftheState.CSIROwasaskedtoundertakeapilotsurveyofresourcesintheareatoprovidea‘ra=onalbasisforplanningdecisionsonawidevarietyoflanduses’.Thereport=tledLandUseontheSouthCoastofNewSouthWales(1978)includesaChapterbyBruceCookonComputerMethods.

LANDUSEONTHESOUTHCOASTOFNEWSOUTHWALES

TRAFFICABILITYATSHOALWATERBAYJ.WalkerandA.P.Spate,WoodlandEcologyUnit,DivisionofLandUseResearch,CSIRO,

July1976


Visionary – Bruce Cook


TheKeynoteAddresswasgivenbyVincentV.SalomonsonofNASA/GoddardSpaceFlightCenter.HewasProjectScien)stforLandsat4and5(1977-1989).

Dr.Salomonsonhasreceivednumerousrecogni)onsforhisworkandleadership.TheseincludetheGoddardExcep)onalPerformanceAward(1975)forhisworkasChairmanoftheNASASub-disciplinePanelforWaterResources,theNASAExcep)onalScien)ficAchievementMedal(1976)foroutstandingcontribu)onsintheprac)calapplica)onsofremotesensingdatainthewaterresourcesfield.

LANDSAT79-FIRSTAUSTRALASIANLANDSATCONFERENCE

MacquarieUniversity,SydneyMay22-25,1979

DrGrahameSmithandanotherofmylecturers,GeoffHalsey,presentedapaper“Rec=fiedImagesinGeographicInforma=onSystems”attheFirstAustralasianLANDSATConference.

DrJohnO’Callaghan#fromCSIRODivisionofComputerResearch(andwhoprovidedsupportfortheunitRemoteSensoryMapping)madeapresenta)on)tledColourImageProcessingofLANDSATImagery.

#ProfessorJohnO'Callaghanhashadadis)nguishedcareerintheareaofinforma)ontechnologyandhasmadesignificantcontribu)onstoresearchanddevelopmentoninforma)ontechnologysystems.Heisrecognisedasaninterna)onalexpertintheareaofhigh-performancecompu)ng,datamanagementandcommunica)on.

2014photo

A Unique Course featuring interesting symposiums, conferences & visits Attended Conference: LANDSAT 79

Participants in ‘my’ Unique Course visited NASA’s Canberra (Deakin) Office in 1979 and were given presentations on NASA remote sensing activities


In1979,EricTeicholz,DeputyDirectoroftheLaboratoryofComputerGraphics,HarvardUniversityvisitedCSIRO(CommonwealthScien)ficandIndustrialResearchOrganisa)on)andANU(AustralianNa)onalUniversity)inCanberra.Wallyarrangedformycoursememberstoa\endapresenta)onbyTeicholzonHarvardresearchanditsODYSSEYProject.Teicholzalsodescribedaninnova)vehologram)tled“AmericanGraphFlee)ng”.

OdysseyGISisthefirstvectorGISdevelopedbytheHarvardLaboratoryforComputerGraphicsandSpa=alAnalysisinthemid-1970's.TheneedtousecomputerdatabasestostoreandmanipulatelargegeographicfilesemergedinDecember1975asemployeesattheHarvardlaboratorystruggledtorestructureUrbanAtlasfilesfortheCensusBureau.Asaresultofthesestruggles,theHarvardteam,whichwascomprisedofNickChrismanandDenisWhite,createdtheconceptualmodelforODYSSEY;asuiteofprogramsconnectedbyacommonuserinterfaceanddatamanipula=onso`ware.

In1978,GEOFFREYDUTTON(HarvardUniversity)madewhatmaybethefirstthema=cspa=o–temporalhologram,apparentlytheonlyexampleofholographicfour-dimensionalcartographicdisplay.Acylindersixteeninchesindiameter,itshowsthechangesinpopula=onover=measitturns.

Teicholzdemonstratedthehologram)tled“AmericanGraphFlee)ng”attheAustralianAcademyofScience.

A Unique Course which featured interesting symposiums, conferences & visits Attended Seminar: Harvard ‘Odyssey’ at CSIRO


AWORKSHOPONGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSwasheldattheAustralianNa)onalUniversityduring5-7December1979underthejointsponsorshipofHumanGeography,ANUResearchSchoolofPacificStudiesandAppliedGeographyattheCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)on.DrRhind,ReaderinGeography,UniversityofDurham,organizedandledtheprogramaspartofafourmonthvisittoCanberra.

Academicseminarshadpreviouslybeenheldinuniversi)esandatCSIRObutnotopenlypublicized.

Theresponse[totheworkshop]wasoverwhelmingandavailablespaceintheCoombsBuildingwaspackedtocapacity.DrRhindprovedtobemostversa)leandresourcefulwithanappropriatecommentaryonawiderangeoftopicssuchasthepurposesofgeographicaldatahandling;theencoding,valida)onandedi)ngofdata;recentinterna)onaldevelopmentsofhardwareandso[ware;andareviewofavailablepackagesofso[ware.Variousspeakersdeliveredpapersonuserneeds,developmentsoverseas,theArmyAUTOMAPsystem,datamanagementforgovernment,FASTRACKandRESPONSEII,SIDSIMso[wareforintegra)ngspa)aldatabyimages,theapplica)onsofmicro-computers,geographicalaspectsofthe1981Popula)onCensusandtheCSIROSouthCoastLandUseProject.

Personalcomment.Duringhis=meinCanberraIhadseveralmee=ngswithDrRhindandprovidedhimwithsta=s=caldataontheWorldDataBankIIforhisresearch.

DrRhindwentontobecomeCEOofUKOrdnanceSurveyand,later,Vice-ChancellorofCityUniversityLondon.

Cartography(JournaloftheAustralianIns)tuteofCartographers)Volume11,No3,March1980

1979 was an amazing year because the first workshop, open to a general audience , on Geographical Information Systems was held in Canberra.

1979 - In a Decade of Vision – BA Comp Stud (Carto) Ø  Final Project - Special Studies in Computing

DuringmySpecialStudiesinCompu)ngunitatCCAEIdevelopedamapprojec)onandtransforma)onso[warepackageandusedWorldDataBankII.

TheWorldDataBankII,developedbytheUSCIA,isacollec)onofworldmapdata,consis)ngofvectordescrip)onsoflandoutlines,rivers,andpoli)calboundaries.ItwascreatedbytheU.S.governmentinthe1970s.

Thedatawasprovidedbyanofficer,MrJackDoyle,fromtheJointIntelligenceOrganisa)on(JIO)onninemagne)ctapesandmyfirsttaskwastoconvertthedataintoa48bitwordformatforprocessingonaBurroughsB6700computerusingtheALGOLcompu)nglanguage.

Mypackagefeaturedanumberofinnova)vefeatures:theuseofrigoroushalf-anglesphericaltrigonometrytocalculategreatcircles(WallybelievedthataircraKwouldone-dayflyalonggreatcirclepaths);developmentofausercommunica)onsimula)ng‘naturallanguage’and‘smart’,automatedscaleandposi)oningofmaps.

ResultsofmyCCAEstudieswerepublishedandpresentedin1980.Inaddi)onIproducedanumberofradialequidistantplotscenteredonci)esinAustraliaandAsiaforJIOandrewrotetheso[wareforJIOinTEKTRONIXExtendedBasicrunningonaTEKTRONIXcomputerearlyin1980.

ProjecRons,transformaRons,sphericaltrigonometry

Naturallanguageprocessing

InteracRvecommunicaRon

Querylanguages

Recursive&heurisRcalgorithmsInclA*path-findingalgorithm

BurroughsB6700

InformaRonsystems

BeyondElectronicMaps

Towards a CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1980s – A Decade of Innovation Ø  Towards information systems!

Withexperienceandknowledge

American futurist Ben Bova [1989]

Visionary presenters & presentationsAcademic theses, awards, etc

Studies & reviews & scientific reports

Journal publications

Conference & seminar Presentations

Concept papers & initiatives

1980 1985 1990

Automated cartography: the next development

Evolution in cartography: data intelligence

Analysis of the road transportation network

Geographic information: aspects of phenomenology and cognition

Analysis of Geographic Information: A cognitive approach

Enquiry systems for the interrogation of infrastructure in areas of large geographic extent

Who or what is DES? [Disaster Enquiry System]

An overview of a cartographic mapping package

ASTIS: An Information Structuring Approach

Enquiry systems for the interrogation of infrastructure

Automated cartography with navigational applications

Who or what is DES?

YAMPI MISTI

ANU GIS ADFA GIS WIMS

AUTOMAP2

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– DES (Defence Enquiry System)

Ø  Fulfilling a Promise

Typicalobjectrecogni)onenquiriesmighttaketheform:•Whatisthefeature5KMnorth-westofthejunc)onofroadAandroadB?•Givedetailsofthisbuilding(pointedtoonascreen).•Whatisthisfeature(pointedtoonascreen)?

Examplesofthesetypesofqueriesmaytaketheform:•Showabasemapboundedby20OS,25OS,130OEand132OEandhighlightthebores.•LocateandlistdetailsofthenearestairfieldtothetownofKyogle,NSW•PlotallroadsbetweenDubboNSWandBourkeNSWtoadistanceof100KMfromthecentreline

ADEFENCEENQUIRYSYSTEM(DES)LTR.J.Williams

1980

PhototakeninDecember1979of(then)SSGTBobWilliams.MilitarysymbolsproducedusingTektronixPLOT10so`ware.

Abstract “an emergency situation, whether it be military in nature or a natural disaster, often tests the speed of response of sub-units of an organisation. Planning, staffing, coordinating, directing and controlling decisions are required in a limited time frame”.

ObjectrecogniRon.Today’sorthophotomapmaybereplacedbyadigitalimage,perhapssimilartoLANDSATimages,andvariousfeatureshighlightedorclassified.Itmightalsobefeasiblethatdigitalterrestrialcamerasofthefuturecouldbeusedtoiden)fyfeatures(possiblywiththehelpofsymboltablesanddefini)ons).

… a discussion paper on where I thought that the Royal Australian Survey Corps should be heading …

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK

Ø  Fulfilling a Promise The package demonstrates educational and navigational applications and was produced for the semester unit Special Studies in Computing in the course for the award of Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies

An overview of acartographic

mapping packageR.J.Williams

Bachelor of Artsin Computing Studies

(CCAE)AMAIC

CARTOGRAPHYVolume 11 No.3 March 1980

Vision – CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

MAPPACK Communications – Appendix 1 RUN MAPPACK; MAXPROCTIME = 30; MAXIOTIME = 20 #Collect any printout from Print 6 #Running #? *Mappack* Cartographic Mapping Package Types of maps available include …. Atlas Strip map Pre-history mapping Distance to coastline Which would you prefer? ATLAS Enter region - If World type WORLD - - Strip map of type A TO B

DARWIN Enter projection number 0 … Orthographic 1 … Stereographic 2 … Gnomonic 3 … Postel (Azimuthal Equidistant) 4 … Perspective 5 … Mercator 6 … Lambert (Cylindrical Equal Area) 7 … Bonne 8 … Sanson-Flamsteed 9 … Mollweide 3

You may nominate your scale options:You may nominate your … Own scale Computer printout size … A4 size Maximum available size Which would you like? A4 Map scale is 20,000,000 Is oblique aspect required? YES Place centred on? DARWIN Postel Equidistant Projection Enter radial distance in 1000KM (max 20) 5 Map scale is now 1:75,000,000 Are distance range rings required? YES The following options are available Enter YES if required … Geographic data … YES Geographic graticule … YES Nomenclature … NO Legend … YES ***MAPPACK running**

1980 - In a Decade of Innovation– MAPPACK

Ø  Fulfilling a Promise An overview of a cartographic mapping package developed at the Canberra College of Advanced Education


Projections, transformations, spherical trigonometry

Natural language interactive communication

Query languages

Recursive & heuristic algorithms

AutomatedCartography

withNavigationalApplications

R.J.Williams MAIC

Irewrotemymappingso[wareinFORTRAN77foruseonaPDP11/70computer.Icalledmyso[wareMISTI(ManagementInforma)onforTopographicIntelligence)and,asIwasICRAAFChar)ngTroop,focusedontryingtoautomateENROUTEChartbasemapproduc)on.MyvisionwasthatitwouldbepossibletoautomaRcallygenerateenroutechartsalongwithrelaRonaldatabaseaccesstoinformaRoncontainedinRAAFENROUTESUPPLEMENTSandthattherouteshouldbealongagreatcircle.

1982 - In a Decade of Innovation – RAAF en-Route Chart

Ø  Fulfilling a Promise … MISTI (Management Information for Topographic Intelligence) …

1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Oblique aspect mapping Ø  Fulfilling a Promise

Irewrotemymappingso[wareinFORTRAN77forusebytheJointIntelligenceOrganisa)on(JIO)foruseonaHP2100seriescomputer.

Icalledmyso[wareWIMS(WorldInteracRveMappingSoKware).

Vision–World(orWilliams)Interac)veMappingSystemthatcouldautoma)callyextractinforma)onfromaworlddatabasedeterminedbyplacenamesandsearchcriteria.Applica)onswouldincludeproducingbackgroundmapsinnormal,radialandobliquerectangleformatsanywhereintheworld.

… for JIO (Joint Intelligence Organisation)… the year after the Falklands War …

1982-84 - In a Decade of Vision – Ø  Digital Topographic Database and Activities

1982 - Digital Topographic Database – A structured and formatted collection of sets of random accessed files organised into evaluated Military, Geographic and Intelligence Data (MGID) available to meet the needs and requirements of the user – command and control systems, route classification, cross-country going, engineer intelligence data, resources data, meteorological data. - USExchangeOfficerMajorDavidBowen,USAandLtRobertWilliams,RASVY

TechnicalDevelopmentCell,ArmySurveyRegiment

MajorDavidBowenand(then)CaptainJohnCharlandjointlywroteapaper)tledInterac4veComputerCartographyatWestPointfortheFourthAustralianCartographicConference,Hobart1980.MajorBowenpresentedthepaper.

Major John Charland, ICA Conference & AUSTRA CARTO 3, Perth, 1984 v Permit the Transportation Officer to point to a bridge

and have the system return the width, allowable load and structural components of the bridge.

v Permit the Medical Officer to point to all hospitals in an area and have the number of beds currently available.

v Permit the Commander to point to a geographical area and have the system return enemy unit designations, locations, strength and equipment status, and have the system designed to permit data base update so that the information returned is current and accurate.

MajorBowenwasaUSArmyExchangeOfficerfromUSDefenseMappingAgencytoAustraliaandpostedtotheArmySurveyRegiment,Fortuna,Bendigo.Hispreviouspos)ngwasasanAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofGeographyandComputerScience,UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy.Hisreplacement,in1983,wasMajorJohnCharlandwho,also,wasanAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofGeographyandComputerScience,UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy.

MajorBowenhadanMAdegreeinGeographyandMajorCharlandhadanMScinCivilEngineering.

1984

… Army Survey Regiment / Technical Development Cell & US Exchange Officers

1983-AshWednesday.Over100firesstartedonFebruary161983,adayknownasAshWednesday.ThedayisnowoneofAustralia’smostwell-knownbushfireevents.FiressweptacrossVictoriaandSouthAustralia,killing75peopleandcausingwidespreaddamage.BushfiresassevereastheAshWednesdayfiresappeartooccursixtoten)mesacentury.

IwasastaffofficerinCampbellParkOffices,Canberraatthat)me.Oneofmytaskswastoauthorizethedistribu)onofmapsto,notonlyDefence,buttotheciviliancommunityandtoprovideadviceonmaps,etc.OntheMondaya[ernoonIhadarequesttoprovidemapsintheMountBuffaloareainVictoria.Asourstocksinthatareawerelow(VictoriaisnotapriorityareafromaDefenceperspec)ve),ItaskedtheArmySurveyRegimentatBendigotorespondurgently.Theprin)ngpressesranthroughthenightandseveralthousandmapsweredeliverednotlonga[erdawnthenextmorningtotheCFA.OntheWednesdaymorningatworkIreceivedaphonecallwhichwentsomethinglikethis:

1983 - In a Decade of Innovation – Ash Wednesday

Ø  DES re-written - [EM system]

Who or what isDES?

Robert Williams MAICRoyal Australian Survey Corps

CARTOGRAPHYVolume 13 No.3 March 1984

Where'sCockatoo?Ireplied:I'msorry.Canyoutellmeyournameandgivemesomemoreinforma)on?I'mwithavolunteerfirefigh4ngunitandhavebeentoldtogohelpfightfiresthere.HowdoIgetthere?IlookedatmywhiteboardandtoldhimacontactheshouldringtowhichherepliedAlreadytriedthat.Can'tgetthrough.You'renumber6onmylist.Itoldhimtogivemeafewminutes.IwenttoourlibraryandthenIgavehimdirec)onsonhowtogettoCockatoointheDandenongRanges.HethankedmeandthenaskedAndwherearethewaterpointsanddams?Isimplycouldnotanswerthatques)on.ThateveningtheNew'sservicesreportedthedeathsof6fire-fightersatCockatoo.ThepersonIspoketowasnotinthegroupcaughtbythefires-fortunately.However,thatstoryemphasizestheimportanceofroadnetworkandinfrastructureinformaRon.ThatexperiencecausedmetothinkabouthowinfrastructureinformaRoncanberepresentedinrelaRonaldatabasesystems.


1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 7

Ø  Interrogation of Infrastructure

Upun)lnowthemajoreffortbyorganiza)onswhichencodedatacoveringlargegeographicareashasbeeninthedatabasecrea)onphasewithrela)velyli\leeffortontheuse,orinterroga)on,ofthatdata,par)cularlywithrespecttoestablishingenquirysystemsofinfrastructure.Itseemsthatthenextstageindevelopmentofsystemswillbeinspecialistenquirysystems,orexpertsystems–anexpertsystembeingdefinedas“asetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunityorwholeandbeingskilfulandhavingtrainingandknowledgeinsomespecialfield”.Oneimportantapplica)onofanexpertsystemistheinterroga)onofinfrastructurewhichisrequiredforreliefopera)onsfornaturaldisasters,searchandrescueopera)ons,andalsoforrouteplanningandchar)ng.

NaturallanguageinteracRvecommunicaRonComplexdatastructuresLocalandglobalprocessing Knowledgedatabases

Enquiry Systemsfor the

Interrogation ofInfrastructure

R.J.WilliamsUniversity of Wisconsin

Madison

Auto-Carto 7Washington, DC

March 11-14, 1985

AN AUDACIOUS PRESENTATION “I have no doubts that Bob Williams had great ideas ahead of the crowd… Who else would have demonstrated a hierarchical network path algorithm LIVE at AC7 (live on an Apple II of course…) From [email protected] Date Wed, Jan 4, 1995 4:17 AM

DefiniRonofextentanduseofinfrastructure

DeterminaRonofgeographicextentofapplicaRons

PlanningfuncRonsinvesRgatedusingcasestudies

DifferentstylesofcommunicaRon

PredicRonandtacRcalplanningexaminedusingcomplexheurisRc

applicaRons

Thisresearchexaminedthefeasibilityofdevelopingenquirysystemsfortheinterroga)onofinfrastructurethroughareasoflargegeographicextent.Thestudyfocusedtwodis)nctcomponentsofenquirysystems;onedealingwiththeexamina)onofinfrastructureapplica)onsandtheotherdealingwithusercommunica)onmodes.Thefeasibilityofdesigningenquirysystemswasexaminedviatheuseoffourcasestudies;eachonedealingwithadifferenttypeofapplica)onatvaryingdegreesofdetail.Ifthecasestudieswereexaminedoutofcontext,theymightbeviewedasbeingunrelated.Buttheseapparentlydifferenttopicswererelatedinthisresearchthroughtheuseofthescopeofinfrastructureconcepts.

ENQUIRY SYSTEMS FOR THE INTERROGATION

OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN AREAS OF LARGE GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT

Robert John Williams

1985 - In a Decade of Innovation – MSc (Cartography) Ø  Interrogation of Infrastructure in Areas of Large Geographic Extent

Automated Cartography:

The next development

R.J.WilliamsMAIC MASPRS

1986

326a\endedtheAustralianIns)tuteofCartographersconferenceinMelbourne.Interna)onalspeakersincludedProfessorJoelMorrison.Fourbusesofpar)cipantstravelledtoArmySurveyRegimentatBendigoforatouroftheestablishmentincludingAUTOMAP2(themostadvancedsystemofitstypeintheworld.

1986 - In a Decade of Innovation– AIC Conf Melbourne

Ø  Presentations & Site Visit

DEF/MISC/5157EDecember1982

STEREOPLOTTERwithGRAPHICSUPERIMPOSITION

ThecontractfortheprojectwasawardedtoaUScompany,IntergraphCorp

MannedandUnmannedVehicles

603.  ApplicaRons.Perhapsthemostsignificantmilitarybreakthroughrelatedtocomputertechnologyofthefuturewillbetherenderingofintegratedcircuitryinvulnerabletoenemysabotage.This,combinedwithhighspeed,securedatacommunicaRonstothefield,willpermitthetransferofvitalinforma)onabouttheterrainanditseffectsinreal)metothegroundcommandercurrentlyopera)ngonthatterrain.IntervisibilityandmobilitycomputaRonsandrealis)ccomputer-generatedviewswillbecomponentsofthisinforma)on.

603.  Amoreprofoundareaofapplica)onisexpectedinthefieldofairbornenavigaRonsystems.ItwillincludebothmilitaryandcivilianaircraK,parRcularlylow-flyingmannedandunmannedweaponsystems.Inallthesecases,DTMswillaffordreal)meinforma)onabouttheterrainbelowandtheeffectsofdistantterrainontheaircra[whetheritisusingterrainmatchingfornavigaRonormakinguseofnaturalcovertoavoidenemydetec)on.

RoyalAustralianSurveyCorpsDigitalTerrainModelling:AnOverview15April1985

ChristmasIslandEleva)onmodelproducedin1985

MountMacedon,VICEleva)onmodelproducedin1985

1985 - In a Decade of Vision - TECH DEV CELL ASR Ø  Digital Terrain Modelling

TheStrategicandDefenceStudiesCentreorganizedatwo-dayworkshoponGeographicInforma)onSystemsheldon20-21August1987intheCombsBuildingattheAustralianNa)onalUniversity.Thepurposeoftheworkshopwastodiscuss:

v  Thecurrentstateoftheartandthepoten)alofGISinAustralia;v  TherequirementsoftheAustralianDefenceForce(ADF)forGIS;v  ThewaysinwhichtheADFmightmakeop)mumuseofGIS.

Theproceedingsoftheworkshopwerepublishedin1989andincludedaforewordbytheMinisterforDefence,theHonorableKimC.Beazley.

DesmondBallandRossBabbage(eds),GeographicInforma4onSystems:DefenceApplica4ons,Brassey'sAustralia,1989.

1987 - In a Decade of Innovation – ANU GIS Workshop Ø  Geographic Information Systems & Australian Defence Requirements

Theworkshopincludedanumberofimportantpresenta)onsonfuturetrendsanddirec)onsindevelopingna)onalGIScapabili)es.Twopapers(asexamples)were:

v  Apresenta)onandpaperbyKenBurrows)tled“HydrographyandtheManagementofGeographicInforma)onforDefence”.Topicsincludedthenatureofhydrographicinforma)onwithdiscussionofLADS(LaserAirborneDepthSounder),ECDIS(ElectronicChartDisplayandInforma)onSystem),physicalandoceanographicdataandmari)meintelligence.

v  Apresenta)onandpaperbyPerre\,LyonsandMoss)tled“OverviewofLISAc)vi)esinQueensland”.TopicsincludedQueensland’ssatellitecommunica)onsprojectQ-NETandtheREGIS(RegionalGeographicInforma)onSystem)Program;combinethesetopicsaddresseddissemina)onofgeospa)alinforma)oninadistributedenvironment.

“Acomprehensivegeographicinforma4onsystemisvitaltothedevelopmentofana4onaldefencecapabilityandconsequentlythisbookisawelcomecontribuRontothisareaofAustralia’sdefenceeffort.IhopeitwillprovidesRmulusforfurtherresearchanddiscussion”.

SeminarsponsoredbytheDirectorateofIntelligenceHeadquartersADFandtheDepartmentofGeographyandOceanographyUniversityCollegeUNSW

IwaspostedtotheAustralianDefenceForceAcademy(ADFA)in1988and,a[erthesuccessoftheANUworkshop,IdiscussedtheideawithMajorDennisPuniard,HQADF,andtheHeadoftheDepartmentofGeographyandOceanographyofhavingaseminaratADFAwithageneralinvita)ontoDefencepersonnel.

GeographicInforma)onintheDefenceofAustraliaSeminar–28-30June1988.

Theaimoftheseminarwastowidentheawarenessoftheexistenceandapplica)onofgeographicinforma)onsystemsthroughouttheDefenceorganisa)on,andintheAustraliancommunityatlarge.

Addi)onalaimsoftheseminarwasto:v ProvideHQADFwiththenecessaryinputtoallowpolicyandguidancetobedevelopedincludingastrategyforimplemen)nganADFgeographicinforma)onsystem.

v Toupdateusersandprovidersofgeographicinforma)ononresearchanddevelopmentbeingcarriedout.

v Todemonstratestateofthearttechnologyingeographicinforma)onsystems.

1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – ADFA/UNSW Seminar Ø  Geographic Information in the Defence of Australia

1988 - In a Decade of Innovation – AIC Conference

Ø  Analysis of the Road Transportation Network

Withinthescopeofdigitalcartography,theproblemofrouteassessmenthasbeenexaminedpredominatelyfromtheviewpointofvehiclenaviga)on.Sophis)catedsystemshavebeendevelopedtotrackavehicle’srouteanddisplaythisonavisualdisplayunit.Receivinglessanalysishasbeenthatofrouteplanning.

Thispaperconcentratesontherouteplanningcapabilitybyexaminingthestructureofroadandrelatedinforma)onandtechniquestoprocessthatinforma)on.

HierarchicalnetworksHeuris)calgorithmsPlanningfuncRonsinvesRgatedusingcasestudies

Vision–DECISIONMAKINGinReal-Time

AnalysisoftheroadtransportaRonnetwork

R.J.WilliamsMAIC

MASPRS

1988

ConceptandRoleSchemas

WorldViewCategories

CogniRveViewsofGeographicInformaRon

ConceptsofFeature,EnRtyandObject

Geographic Information:

Aspects of Phenomenology and Cognition

R.J.WilliamsUNSW @ Australian

Defence Force Academy

AUTO-CARTO9BalRmore,MDApril2-7,1989

1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – AUTO-CARTO 9 Ø  Geographic Information: Aspects of Phenomenology & Cognition

Vision–TOWARDSINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS

1989 - In a Decade of Innovation – PhD - UNSW Ø  Analysis of Geographic Information: A Cognitive Approach

ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:

A COGNITIVE APPROACH

Robert John Williams1989

The University of New South Wales -

Australian Defence Force Academy GEOGRAPHIC

KNOWLEDGEBASESGEOGRAPHIC

KNOWLEDGERULESEXPERTISEDATABASES

AppleMacintoshII

Theapproachtakeninthisthesishasbeentoinves)gatetherepresenta)onandanalysisofgeographicinforma)onfromphenomenologicalandcogni)veviewpoints.Thisapproachimpliesthatstructuralrela)onshipshavebeeninves)gatedbasedontheiroccurrenceinthe'realworld'andthewayinwhichfeaturesaremanagedandprocessedinthe'realworld'.Thisapproachdiffersfrommostotherresearchwhichessen)allyinves)gatesgeographicdatabasedoncartographicrepresenta)onsoffeatures,therebycommencingwithanabstrac)onandsymbolicrepresenta)onofdata.Thisphenomenologicalandcogni)veapproachhasemphasizedhigh-levelformaliza)onandtheimportanceofknowledgeofgeneralproper)es,significantproper)es,inter-rela)onsandregulari)esof'realworld'geographicdata.Inexpoundingthismethodology,thetheoryhasbeenpresentedinamoreabstractlogicalformthanmostothercontemporaryresearchingeographicdatastructuresandautomatedcartography.

1990s – A Decade of Uncertainty Ø  Difficulty in adopting geographic

information systems!

DigitalChartoftheWorld

GlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices

MulR-NaRoniniRaRves

Reviews–Out-sourcing-Projectdelays

1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – POLICY Ø  GIS Strategy Report

In1990theVictorianGovernmentinvitedtheCanadiancompany,TomlinsonAssociatesLtd,ledbyDrRogerTomlinson,toundertakeastudywiththeaimofdevelopingaGISStrategyandanimplementa)onplan.Thereportnotesthat“thevalueofgeographicinforma)onsystemsliesintheirabilitytoconvertgeographicaldatatousefuland)melyinforma)ontodotheirjobs”.Thereportiden)fiesfourkeypointsinthestrategyrecommendedforVictoria:1.  The focus of geographic information system activity must change from DATA to

the INFORMATION NEEDS of government; 2.  Policy direction to implement the strategy must come from the user agencies and

their understanding of the needs of government; 3.  Thorough geographic information system planning and management must be

put in place throughout government if the potential benefits are to be achieved; and

4.  The fundamental long term task is to create a COMMON LOGICAL DATA MODEL FOR VICTORIA.

Thereportrecommends:1.  A core group of CEOs under the lead of the Ministry of Finance should provide policy direction and funding –

VICTORIA GEOGRAPHIC DATA COMMITTEE (VGDC); and 2.  The core group to be supported by a full time coordination unit which is a minimum of four professionals, plus ten

specialists seconded to them from various departments as necessary in a structure of working groups to deal with standards, training and inter-agency liaison – the OFFICE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION COORDINATION (OGIC).

1990 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – COOPERATIVE R&D Ø  DCW – Digital Chart of the World

AprojecttodevelopaDigitalChartoftheWorld(DCW)wasfirstproposedbytheUSDefenseMappingAgency(DMA)inearly1988.TheDCWprojectwasajointR&D(ResearchandDevelopment)ventureinvolvingtheUS,Australia,CanadaandtheUK,anddevelopedinterna)onallyacceptedstandardsfortheexchangeofdigitallybasedmapping,char)ngandgeode)cinforma)on.TheAustralianpartnerintheDCWprojectwastheRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY).TheprojectwasfundedthroughtheNunnAmendmenttothe1987USMilitaryAppropria)onsBill,whichprovidedforthefundingofapprovedcoopera)veR&DprojectswithcertainNATOandnon-NATOcountries.

AUSTRALIANTREATYSERIES1990No.23AGREEMENTBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTOFAUSTRALIAANDTHEGOVERNMENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICACONCERNING

COOPERATIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDIGITALCHARTOFTHEWORLD

StudiesStatementOfWork–Feb1989Ini)alTileDesignStudy-Dec1989Ini)alElevaRonDataStudy–Feb1990Ini)alAeronauRcalInfoStudy–Feb1990VectorProductFormat–March1991

PrototypesDigitalCiResDatabaseDigitalNauRcalChartDigitalTerrainDatabaseDigitalGazejeer

ThisprojectresultedinaTopologically-structured[vector]databaseoftheWorld[producedfromthe1:1,000,000ONC(OperaRonalNavigaRonCharts).FeatureswerecodedusingDMA’sFCS(FeatureCodingScheme).…DATABASESTRUCTURECOMPATIBLEFORUSEINCOMMERCIALGIS

VPFVIEWVector[Smart]Maps

1993 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – MULTI-NATIONAL COOPERATION Ø  Digital Geographic Information Working Group

In1996produc)oncommencedonageneralpurposeproductknownasVMapLevel1.ThepurposeoftheVMapLevel1programistoensuremilitary/defencereadinessforworldwideopera)onswithadigitalgeographicinforma)onproductinastandardformat.Theobjec)veoftheLevel1VMapprogramistoestablishaworldwidemediumresolu)on(1:250,000scaleequivalent)GeographicInforma)onSystemproductandtocompleteworldwidecoverageatmediumresolu)on.VMapLevel1ismanagedbytheVMapCoproducRonWorkingGroup(VaCWG)-PolicyGroup.VMapLevel1willbedistributedon234CD-ROM.ItisbeingcoproducedbyUS,UK,Canada,Germany,France,Italy,Netherlands,Belgium,Denmark,Norway,SpainandGreece.PortugalandTurkeyhaveexpressedinterestincoproduc)on.

Australia(viaDirectorRoyalAustralianSurveyCorps(RASVY))wasinvitedtoa\endDGIWG(DigitalGeographicInformaRonWorkingGroup)asanObserverNa)on.DGIWGisthemul)-na)onalbodyresponsibletothedefenceorganiza)onsofmemberna)onsforcoordinatedadviceandpolicyrecommendaRonsongeospa)alstandardiza)onissues.Itwillmeetcoali)oninteroperabilitychallengesbycrea)ngthestandardsandproceduresrequiredtoenabletheprovision,exchangeanduseofstandardizedgeospa)alinforma)on.DGIWGisthecustodianofDIGEST(DigitalGeographicInformaRonExchangeStandard).DIGESTincludesastructureknownasVRF(VectorRelaRonalFormat)andaFeatureandAjributeCodingCatalog(FACC).

2001Inaddi)ontoworkregardingstandards,DGIWGdevelopsdataproductsincluding:• TerrainAnalysisDatasetsuitableforcross-countrymovementapplica)ons,lineofsightandrangeandbearingcalcula)ons.• TransportandLogisRcsDatasetstosupportlogis)csplanningandmovementofpersonnelandmaterielandincludesroadnetworks,airfacili)es,mari)meportsandnavigablewaterways.• AirInformaRonDatasettoprovideinforma)ononairfields,airspacestructureandotherinforma)ononICAOchartsandEnRouteCharts,etc.• DigitalNauRcalChartcontainingmari)mesignificantfeaturesessen)alforsafemarinenaviga)on.• ToponymicDatasetbeingalistofgeographicplacenamesandassociatedsupport,ora\ribute,informa)on.

STANDARDS&INTEROPRABILITY–MULTI-NATIONALCO-PRODUCTION

FACC10categories50sub-categories270features460ajributes4000ajributevalues

1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – THE ‘BROADER’ COMMUNITY Ø  Visualisation at U Melbourne and Intergraph in Melbourne

ModellingFocusedontheApplicaRonofGIS 1994ProfessorIanBishop(nowanhonoraryProfessorialFellowintheDepartmentofInfrastructureEngineering,SchoolofEngineeringatTheUniversityofMelbourne)in1991asDirectoroftheCentreforGISandModellingfocusedontheapplica)ontoGeographicInforma)onSystems(GIS)tolandscapeplanning,par)cularlyvisualanalysis,andGISbasedvisualsimula)on.

HumeFreeway

INTERGRAPHDespatchManagement

DefenseMappingAgency–Headquarters(DMAHQ)hostedamee)ngforDrR.WilliamsattheirHeadquartersbuildingonMonday21November1994,atwhichtheagencyintroduceditsGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServicesIniRaRve.

UserServices•electronicqueries•catalogues•spa)aldataexper)se•training

InformaRonUsewithcer)fiedapplica)onsandtools

DatasetsandProductsinstandardexchangeformats

onstandardmediaorviastandardtransmissionprotocols

founda)ondatasetsmissionspecificdatasets

TopographyHydrographyBathymetryOceanographyAeronau)calinforma)onPortinfrastructureRoadinfrastructureU)li)es(electricity,fuel)Popula)onGeodesyNaturalresourceinforma)onWeather/climate

GlobalGeospa)alInforma)on

SystemsandPlaxorms

UseraccessibleDataWarehouseInthiscurrent'ageofautoma)on',theUSDefenseMapping

Agency(DMA)istakingposi)vestepstowardsuppor)ngcurrentandfuturemapping,char)ng,geode)c,andimageryrequirementsforproducts,informa)onandservices.DMAiscommi\edtocon)nuallyimproveresponsivenesstoitsusersandtoincreasingitscapabilitytosa)sfyavarietyofan)cipateddigitalinforma)onrequirements.TheseeffortsareembodiedintheGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices(GGIS)ini)a)ve.

TheconceptofGlobalGeospaRalInformaRonandServices(GGIS)isthemostrevolu)onarychangeintheprovisionanduseofgeographicinforma)onformanydecades.Upun)lnow,digitalproductshave,inmostcases,beendigitalrepresenta)onsoftradi)onalproducts,suchasmaps.GGISoffersamanagedevolu)onarypathtoelectronicdistribu)onofinforma)onandservices,aswellaseffec)velyaddressinginteroperabilityissues.Thevision,andtheroadmaptoachieveit,willfacilitatejointinteroperabilityfortheCommand,Control,Communica)onsandIntelligence(C4I)community.

BobbiLencowskipublishedandpresentedthisconceptatanACSMconferenceintheUSAin1995.SheworkedwithCanadianDavidMcKellarindevelopingG2IS.ShewasDMA’sleadscienRstontheDCWProject.DrBobWilliamswasAustralia’sleadspecialist.

MAJORTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE

1994 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – ORIGIN OF GGI&S Ø  Global Geospatial Information & Services Initiative

TheTaskForceconcludedthattheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)shouldTRANSITIONFROMEMPHASISONSTANDARDSCALEMAPANDCHARTPRODUCTIONTOPROVIDINGAREADILYACCESSIBLESOURCEOFDIGITALINFORMATIONWHICHWILLSATISFYMILITARYGEOSPATIAL,MAPPING,CHARTINGANDWEAPONSYSTEMSREQUIREMENTS.

TheTaskForcedeterminedthatavisionisneededtoprovidedigitaldistributeddatabasesofgeospa)altemporalinforma)onasthefounda)onformilitaryinforma)onsystems.

Toimplementthisvision,DoDshould:²  EvolveadistributedheterogeneousInternet-likearchitecture

thatusesthegeopaRaldatabasesasitsfoundaRon²  Changethedefensemappingmissionto:Maintainthe

geospaRaldatabasesandprotectaccessandintegrity²  Ins)tutearequirementsprocessthatpriori)zesusers'

geographicneeds²  Rapidlyacquireaccesstovirtualworldwidedatabasesusingall

availablecommercialsourcesandprac)ces²  Equipandeducatetheendusertolocallyaddvalueandmeet

hisneeds(smartworksta)ons,printers,etc.)

TheChairmanoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardwasDrCraigFields.FieldswaspreviouslyDirectorDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA).Hisvision‘forthefuture’isshownintheabstract(atright)toasymposiumatHarvardUniversityin1977

VISIONARYCONCEPTS–STRATEGICDIRECTION

1977-DrFieldsdiscussedanumberofideasforproducingacomputerizedmapsystemthatwouldbeanimprovementoveran“electronicpaper”systemthatwouldsimplyreplacethefilingcabinetwithmorerapidretrievalofmaps,lookingthesameasever.Theseincludeaninterfacedesignforsuchacomputerizedsystemcalledmapping-by-yourself;avarietyoftechniquesforregainingtheadvantagesofreal-worldexperience,includingdynamicmaps,grounds-eye-viewmaps,self-guidedmoviemaps,andsystem-guidedmoviemaps;approachestomatchinghumancogni)vedistor)onsandhumanancillaryknowledgeandlessonslearnedfrom“commonwisdom”inavarietyofdisciplinesconcernedwiththegraphicdisplayofspa)alinforma)on;andtheneedforproducingintegratedverbalandgraphicmaps.

1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD Ø  [US] Defense Mapping for Future Operations

VISIONARYCONCEPTS–STRATEGICDIRECTION

1995 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DMA & DGIWG Ø  High level endorsement of Littoral Datasets

Withinthe2000sdecadetheknowledgeofourenvironmentshouldbesuchthat:ASpoli=cianswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtonego=ateforna=onaladvantageADOdecisionmakerswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtoformulatepolicymoreeffec=velyADFcommanderswillhavetheinforma=ontheyneedtoachievedominantbaflespaceawarenessADFforceswillhavetheinforma=onthattheyneedtotargetmoreeffec=velyandre-targetmorerapidlyourprecisionweaponsADFaircrewswillhavemoreup-to-dateinforma=ontoallowthemtoflysafelyinaGPS-centricworldADFseamenwillhavemore=melyandaccurateinforma=onastheyventureintounfamiliarwatersAScivilagenciescanrespondmorequicklyanddecisivelywhendisasteroccurs

The25thSteeringCommi\eeMee)ng(November1995)oftheDigitalGeographicInforma)onWorkingGroup(DGIWG)washostedbyGermany'sAmtFürMilitärischesGewesenandheldattheForumHotelintheAlexanderplatzareaofBerlin.Themee)ngwasa\endedbymembersfromBelgium,Canada,Denmark,France,Germany,Italy,Netherlands,Norway,Spain,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStatesandSupremeHeadquartersAlliedPowersEurope;andobserversfromAustralia,Greece,NewZealandandPortugal.Topic-TacRcalLijoralData.TheTac)calLi\oralDataset(orLijoralWarfareDataset)isavalue-richspecialistproductiden)fiedtosupportmissionssuchasamphibiousassault,specialopera)ons,minecountermeasures,shallowwaterASWandlogis)cs-over-the-shore.RequirementshavebeenprovidedbyUSNandUSMCandendorsedbyACSC4IUSMC(MAJGENVanRiper)andvalidatedbyDDMA(MAJGENNuber).Thisproductwillbedesignedtocoverthearea200NMeithersideofthecoastlineandwillincludeMETOC,hydrographicandtopographicdataintheli\oralareas.

1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – US GII MASTER PLAN Ø  Geospatial Information Infrastructure

TheGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure(GII)MasterPlanwiththeVisionas“Ourna=onalsecuritycanbeenhancedbyan“informa=onedge”madepossiblethroughthisnewinfrastructureforgeospa=alinforma=on.THEINFRASTRUCTUREISTHECOLLECTIONOFPEOPLE,DOCTRINE,POLICIES,ARCHITECTURES,STANDARDS,ANDTECHNOLOGIESNECESSARYTOCREATE,MAINTAIN,ANDUTILIZEASHAREDGEOSPATIALFRAMEWORK”.

Framework Information

Framework Services

Interfaces

Imagery-Government-Foreign-Commercial-TAC REC-UAV

Non-imagery-Infrastructure-Aeronautical-Topography-Hydrography-Bathymetry-Oceanography-Geodetic-Gravity/magnetic-Multimedia pubs

Data Acquisition

DII COEInteroperability

Civil, CommercialInteroperability

Common Operational PictureMission Specific Views

Information ApplicationsOther Data

Sources

ValueAdd

Readinessassessment

Mission needs

-National security-Planning-Surveillance-Operations-National defence-Special operations-Obligations

Technical Support

-Tech Info-Dependencies-Priorities-Processes-Sources-Techniques-Models

NeedsAssessment

Requirements Management InformationManagement and

Dissemination

Information Production

Geospatial Information-Standard Products-Foundation Data-Mission Specific Data-Qualified Data-Services

AreaReqt.

CrisisSupport

Mission Profiles

Commercial sources

Outsourcing

Co-production

GSAATSERAN HYDRO - other

RAAF AIS

ModifiedforAustraliancontext

48

INTRODUCTION

1.InMarch1995,theConceptsandCapabili)esCommi\ee(CCC)endorsedtheCapabilityAnalysisPlan(CAP)whichprovidesabasisfortheplanningandconductofmajorcapabili)esanalyses.TheCAPprovidesforastudyofEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)ontobeundertakenin1996/97.

2.ThestudyistoconcentrateontheADF'sabilitytocollect,maintain,disseminate,access,transferandexchangeenvironmentalandgeographicinforma)ontosupportDefenceofAustralia(DOA)tasksandrelevantnon-DOAtasks.

AIM

3.Acknowledgingwherenecessarythewiderimplica)onsfortheenvironmentalandgeographicinforma)onsystemoutsidetheDOAtasks,theaimoftheEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)onCapabilityStudy(EGICS)is:a.toassesstheextenttowhichcurrentandGovernment-approvedfutureEnvironmentalandGeographicInformaRonCapabilitycansupporttheADFinundertakingtheendorsedDefencerolesandotherstatutoryobligaRons;b.todeterminethemajorcapabilitylimitaRons,inefficienciesandredundanciesintheADFEnvironmentalandGeographicInformaRonCapability;andc.todevelopandassessarangeofbroadopRons,includingbroadcosts,whichredressidenRfiedlimitaRons,inefficienciesandredundancies.

SCOPE

4.WhenconsideringtheDefenceEnvironmentalandGeographicInforma)onCapability,theknowledgeoftheenvironmentandinfrastructureanditsimpactonmilitaryopera)onsisviewedasfundamental.Theenvironmentincludesthenaturalphenomenaoftheland,seaandair,whiletheinfrastructureincludesman-madefeaturesandadministra)vedelinea)ons.

5.EnvironmentalandgeographicinformaRonisusedatalllevelsofoperaRonandisparRcularlyimportantinthefollowingareas:intelligence,surveillanceandreconnaissance;targeRngandweaponsemployment;command,controlandcommunicaRon;navigaRonandguidance;healthandsurvival;andmobilityandmanoeuvre.…………

EGICSwassuspendedinMay1997duetotheinterven4onoftheDefenceReformProgram

1995-97 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DEF. CAPABILITY STUDY Ø  Environmental and Geographic Information Capability Study [EGICS]

1996-97 – Defence Efficiency Review / Defence Reform ProgramOn 15 October 1996, the Minister for Defence established the Defence Efficiency Review (DER) with the goal of setting “Future Directions for the Management of Australia’s Defence”. Initiative 15 of the DER was the “Rationalisation of Military Geographic Information Organisations”. This initiative concluded that “the creation of:

² a central MGI body, ² the consolidation of the MGI Production Establishments under it, and ² the outsourcing of selected MGI functions will lead to more efficient use of MGI resources.

1997 The formation of the Geographic Support Agency was controversial and not supported by key principles. Instead, a “joint” directorate, the Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information (DSMGI), was established firstly in Strategic Command Division and then under the Chief Knowledge Officer.

However, more importantly, it will enable coordinated future planning of MGI capability development and expert MGI advice to other new capability acquisitions”. As a part of the follow on to the DER, the DRP included a number of workshops; one was the Military Geographic Information Defence Reform Plan Workshop. I was invited to give the opening address to the workshop. The objective of the workshop was “to develop and agree on the concept, broad form and function of a DEFENCE GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT AGENCY”.

2000 The Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) was established under a Cabinet Directive on 8 November 2000 by amalgamating the Australian Imagery Organisation and Directorate of Strategic Military Geographic Information (DSMGI), and the Defence Topographic Agency (previously ATSE).

1998 Imagery intelligence had existed since 1964, but until 1998 it was an integrated part of DIO. As the importance of imagery increased, it was decided to create a new agency – the Australian Imagery Office (AIO).

TherecommendedformaRonofa[Joint]GEOGRAPHICSUPPORTAGENCYwasnotagreed!

1997 – In a Decade of Uncertainty – DER / DRP Ø  Defence Efficiency Review & Defence Reform Program

THEGEOSPATIALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE(GII)Vision.TheGIIisproposedasanewenablinginfrastructuretomeettheneedsofthecommunityforgeospa)alinforma)on.Theinfrastructureisthecollec)onofpeople,doctrine,policies,architectures,standards,technologies,andeduca)onandtrainingnecessarytocreate,maintain,andu)liseasharedgeospa)alframework.

Attheturnofthe21stcenturyPolicyandCapabilityprojectdocumentaRonwereinplacefora‘newera’insurveyingandmapping

GEOGRAPHIC&ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE

ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY – Ø  Strategic Guidance in Place for a GII

TheGIIwillprovidegeospa)alinforma)on,productsandserviceswithinanincreasinglyaustere,yetdynamicanddemandingna)onalsecurityenvironment.Thevisionisbasedonconceptswhichwillincreasetheefficiencyandeffec)venessofthecomponentsoftheinfrastructure.TheGII:v  establishesaframeworkforacquiring,producing,

managing,anddissemina)nggeospa)alinforma)on;v  providesthesuppor)ngservicesneededtoensure

informa)oncontentmeetsuserneeds,iseasilyaccessible,andcanreadilybeappliedtosupportmissioninforma)onrequirements;

v  ensuresthesupporRnginfrastructurecomponents(includingdoctrine,policy,training,educaRonandforcestructure)areinplacetoop)misetheuseofthegeospa)alinforma)on,productsandservicesprovided.

MYVISION

ENTERING THE 21st CENTURY – Ø  Future Defence Geospatial Environment Ø  Geospatial Intelligence

Withoutmapsandcharts,civilisaRoncouldnothaveprogressed!WithoutgeospaRalinformaRonandimagery,decisionsupportsystemscannotfuncRon!

FutureDefenceGeospa4alEnvironment–Ø  ACapabilityDevelopmentStrategy

Ø  APresenta4onbyDrBobWilliams-2000

GeographicIntelligence#–Ø  DaretoChange

Ø  APresenta4onbyDrBobWilliams-2002

10 slides follow

Followed by 9 slides on

#Titlefirstusedon5April2001Conceptraisedon23June1994

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  From the current legacy to a Virtual World

2000

2010

2005

2020

SEA 1430 Phase 1 PARARE Phase 1

Project Johnson

JP2064

PARARE Phase 2B

• A Virtual World Intelligent systems

Authority Intelligence

Resource & asset management

Command Support

Surveillance Command

• Knowledge-based systems as an integral part of the C2 capability

PARARE Phase 2A

Project Toposs

• Legacy Repositories of digital data in various forms and formats Warehouses of maps and charts Paper-based libraries, catalogues and directories Limited acquisition and surveying capability • Major capability deficiency

Defence Planning and Operations

ADO MGI ASDI

www

ADO Users

• Geospatial information infrastructure

Source acquisition

Imagery preparation

Data extraction

Product construction

Distribution

Database management

• Single service/agency GIS systems

EGICS

1973

1976 1975

1984

Early digitisation Digital mapping prototype Automap 1

Automap 2

1968 1967

Early analytical photogrammetry Surveying by airborne trilateration techniques

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  An operational architecture to achieve a Geospatial

Information Infrastructure

Other Data Sources

Imagery

Non-imagery

Data Acquisition

Readiness assessment

Common Operational Picture Mission Specific Views

Interoperability

Information Applications

Framework Information

Framework Services

Interfaces

Information Management and Dissemination

Commercial sources

Out-sourcing

Co-production

Geo Support Capability DTA RAN HYDRO - other

RAAF AIS

Information Production

Needs assessment

Area Requirements Crisis Support

Mission Profiles

Requirements Management

Technical assessment

Value Add

Planning and operational needs -National security -Planning -Surveillance -Operations -National defence -Special operations -Obligations

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  The 2005 goal – a Geospatial Information Infrastructure

Scientific Adviser Team • Geomatics (science and technology) • National initiatives • Multi-national initiatives • Interface with academia and industry

Strategic

Operational

Tactical

DIE and C4ISR

Web-based technology

Defence MGI

Agencies

Acquisition Compilation Production Data management

Civilian GI Agencies

ASDI Australian National

Spatial Data Infrastructure

Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment

access Authorised Electronic

Library/Atlas

Archives

User community

Clearinghouse

Coalition Agencies

Training establishments

Deployable MGI Sections

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Improvement of user services

DIGEST

Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard

United States Imagery and

Geospatial Information Service

USIGS

Defense Modeling and

Simulation Office

Scientific Advice

Strategic Operational Tactical

DIE and C4ISR Web-based technology

Defence MGI

Agencies



Authorised Electronic

Library/Atlas Archives

Clearinghouse Coalition Agencies

Training


User community

Help Desk advice •  MC&G S&T topics •  Library services •  Environmental analysis •  Operational analysis •  Modelling and simulation •  et cetera

?

Interoperability via Conformance

Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance Command, control and communications Navigation and guidance Targeting and weapons employment Mobility and manoeuvre Health and survival

Electronic library •  Illustrated atlases •  Infrastructure directories

CD-ROM

Needs assessment

through e-Business

strategies

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Needs assessment

Parare The Next Generation

Defining requirements based on needs and readiness assessment of the scope of Military Activities, activities that are related to:

•  Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance •  Command, control and communications •  Targeting and weapons employment •  Navigation and guidance •  Mobility and manoeuvre •  Health and survival

Environmental Analysis �  Avenues of approach �  Critical link analysis �  Cross-country movement �  Fording analysis �  Intervisibility analysis �  Terrain modelling �  Weapon ballistics

Base Operations �  Facilities management �  Environmental applications �  Range management �  Training management �  Water and food resources �  Medical facilities �  Airfield defence

Intelligence �  Situation Monitoring �  Geographic information �  Target analysis �  Weapon production tracking �  Image management �  Counter terrorism Command Support �  Situation monitoring �  Situation display & briefing �  Simulation

Mission Planning �  Integrated theatre planning �  Invasion planning �  Evacuation planning �  Targeting �  Trajectory modelling �  Missile support

Operational Planning �  Battlefield management �  Battlefield systems �  Division planning �  Landing and beach operations �  Logistics �  Mine warfare �  Simulation �  Special force operations

Navigation �  Air navigation �  Air traffic control �  Land navigation �  Ocean surface navigation �  Ocean subsurface navigation

Onthemoderndaybaelefield,everythingisspa4allyandtemporallyrelatedand,ifyoudon’tunderstandtherela4onships,youwillneverwinthewar!

Are your resolution and accuracy requirements at the:

Strategic level Operational level Tactical level Focal area level Target level

Is your purpose for:

Situation awareness and visualisation Operational planning and rehearsal Precision force Modelling and simulation Operational analysis

Are your activities or applications concerned with:

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Electronic Help Desk

? •  MC&G S&T topics •  Library services •  Environmental analysis •  Operational analysis •  Modelling and simulation •  et cetera

RAN Hydrographic Service DIGEST Product VMap Level 1

- Background Display Dataset (BDD) -

Boundaries Population Transportation Industry Utilities

Hydrography Physiography Elevation Vegetation Data quality


Defence MGI

Agencies






User community



Scientific Advice

Training

Services Products Science and technology topics


2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Electronic Help Desk

? •  MC&G S&T topics •  Library services •  Environmental analysis •  Operational analysis •  Modelling and simulation •  et cetera


Defence MGI

Agencies






User community



Scientific Advice

Training


Scientific Advice



Defence MGI

Agencies






Training


User community

Databases of infrastructure and environmental information

Warehouse / clearinghouse

as maps, charts, publications, reports, etc

as standard digital products, geospatial services, etc distributed via electronic media and networks

as customised operational databases, contingency support packages, etc distributed via electronic media and networks

terrain analysis packages transport and logistics databases littoral operations databases electronic aeronautical publications electronic maritime publications

Decision support systems

Feedback in the form of reports, analyses, and value-added products

User community

e.g.

Palm pads - GPS, GIS & mobile comms

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Development of new products and services

Production Support Capability

Co-production

Commercial sources

Out-sourcing

DTA

RAN HYDRO

RAAF AIS

AODC

DOM

AIO

Analyse current and new capabilities •  Parare •  SEA1430 •  JP2064

Review bilateral and multilateral commitments

Review National Support commitments

Investigate commercial support capabilities

Scientific Advice



Defence MGI

Agencies






Training


User community

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Improvement in availability of foundation geospatial information

2000 – FUTURE GEOSPATIAL ENVIRONMENT Ø  Improvement of management of databases and archives

Defence MGI

Agencies

Archives

0 Strategic Level

1 Operational Level

2 Tactical Level

3 Focal area/urban

4 Facility / target

R E S O L U T I O N

Spatial data model Lineage Currency Datum/s Reference system Positional accuracy Relative accuracy Accreditation

THE DOMAIN OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Measures of

Trust

TERRAIN ENVIRONMENT

1 Physiography 2 Hydrology 3 Hydrography / bathymetry 4 Vegetation/cultivation

1 Atmosphere / weather 2 Climate 3 Astronomy 3 Oceanography 4 Isogonic information

1 Administration/institution 2 Population/habitation 3 Road infrastructure 4 Rail infrastructure 5 Air infrastructure 6 Sea infrastructure

7 Telecommunications 8 Power/fuel 9 Water resources 10 Industry/commerce 11 Health/medical 12 Tourism/recreation

INFRASTRUCTURE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The Geographic Information - data cube

Developmoreadvancedformalmodelsforrepresen4ngthegeographicenvironmentin4meandspaceDeveloptechniquesformaintaining,revisingandmanaginggeospa4alinforma4on

2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø  Operational Information within Command & Control

Cartographically modelled

HIGHER

AUTHORITY

COMMAND

IntelligenceIntelligence

Analysis

Surveillance

Sensor Management

Intelligence Data Collection

ResourcesWeapons Systems

Own Forces

Logistics Systems

CommandSupport

Situation Awareness

Military Response Options

Demography Infrastructure Physiography Environment Imagery

IGIService

ImageryandGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure

GlobalInformaRonGrid

Resource management •  Precision weapon systems •  Fleet and asset management •  Logistics

Command Support •  Situation awareness •  Simulation, planning & rehearsal •  Air space management, spectrum management, etc

Surveillance •  Manned airborne, UAV, satellite •  Comprehensive sensor list •  Expeditionary forces

Intelligence •  Warnings and indicators •  Multi-INT •  All operating levels

Virtual

environment

Ø  Geography

Ø  History

Ø  Environment

Ø  Economy

Ø  Politics

Ø  Facilities

Ø  Resources

Ø  Communications

2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø  A paradigm shift in Mapping

Multiple Depots Maps/Charts Documents Standard Products

Multiple Agencies

Service Users

Defence MGI

Agencies

Defence Planning and Operational needs assessment at Strategic, Operational and Tactical levels

Electronic Briefs and Plans

User community


Scientific and Technical Advice



eBusiness strategy for supply and demand

of geospatial information

EvoluRonfromproducingandsupplyingmapsandchartstomanaginganddisseminaRnggeospaRalinformaRon


Future 3 and 4 dimensional

visualisations

Large and multiple screen

visualisations

Electronic briefs integrated with

telecommunication

Electronic briefs and plans integrated with deployable assets and bridge and cockpit displays

Including integrated navigation systems

EvoluRonfrompaperproducts[anddigitalfacsimilesofpaper-basedproducts]tovisualcommunicaRons

2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø  A paradigm shift in Cartography

Reasoning and advice for situation awareness

and military response options

Geospatial and imagery databases, products and services structured for use in C3ISR systems, smart navigation systems, and facilities / asset management systems

Geospatial reasoning for terrain modelling,

environmental analysis, site selection, sensor management, asset and fleet management, and mission planning and rehearsal

View

View

Gives View

Processing for •  Terrain Visualisation •  Network Analysis

Analysis for •  Mission Planning •  Avenues of Approach

Datasets for •  Terrain Analysis •  Transport & Logistics

e.g. ACTIVITY •  Evacuation planning PURPOSE •  Operational planning and rehearsal

ANALYST viewpoint

DIGO viewpoint

PROJECT and CSS

viewpoint

Gives

Gives

Contingency support plans Operational orders

Military Response Options

Risk assessment

Agency function of acquisition, compilation and

production of geospatial information and imagery products to populate a

geospatial information infrastructure

GII&S Infrastructure

Capability development for operational planning, modelling and simulation, rehearsal and operation

educate

influence

information

knowledge

EvoluRonfrommanualplanningmethodstoanalyRcalgeospaRal&temporalreasoning

EVACUATIONPLANNING

Pre-planned flight path

HAZARDS - REMARKS Wind Curfew 10:00. Can be surprisingly turbulent inside abort point. Stay in center. Crowd control problems.

eGeoBrief

EvoluRonfromstaRcmapgraphicstoelectronicillustratedbriefs;dynamicmodellingandsimulaRon;automatednavigaRon;etc…;etc…







0 Strategic Level

1 Operational Level

2 Tactical Level

3 Focal area/urban

4 Facility / target

Measures of Trust Spatial data model Reference system Lineage Positional accuracy Currency Relative accuracy Datum/s Accreditation

Measures of Trust

IGI Service

Imagery and Geospatial Information Infrastructure

Intelligence community

Operational units

Deployable assets

Profiles

Web portal

EvoluRonfromproductdatabasestoanImageryandGeospaRalInformaRonInfrastructure



– A GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Technologies: •  Photogrammetry •  Remote sensing •  Cartography

INFORMATION PRODUCTION

Imagery analysts Geospatial analysts

GI APPLICATIONS

Areas of application: •  Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance •  Targeting and weapons employment •  Command and control •  Navigation and guidance •  Health and survival •  Mobility and manoeuvre

The Defence Capability Plan: •  enhanced imagery collection •  enhanced geospatial information systems •  improved dissemination systems

POLICY, DOCTRINE & MANAGEMENT DATA ACQUISITION

Information Management and Dissemination

Technologies: •  Geodetic surveying •  Satellite and airborne surveying •  Remote sensing •  Photogrammetry •  Cartography Needs assessment

Readiness assessment

2002 – GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE Ø  A paradigm shift in Surveying

Evolution in geodetic surveying GPS (Global Positioning System) DGPS (Differential GPS) GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)

Long Range Kinematic techniques and applications in real-time

The SRTM used a technique called radar interferometry.

In radar interferometry, two radar images are taken from slightly different locations. The differences between these images allow for the calculation of surface elevation. The result gives digital elevation models of the earth’s surface.

Airborne Digital Sensor LH Systems’ (Leica Helava) ADS40 is the first commercial airborne digital sensor and its broad ground coverage and multispectral image collection are set to combine photogrammetric accuracy and remote sensing insight. Triple image matching can be used for triangulation and DTM generation.

Innovation from industry

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

Fugro’s FLI-MAP system integrates a number of recent innovations including a scanning laser, a solid state Inertial Navigation System, kinematic GPS technology, digital video imagery and custom-built software resulting in an outstanding tool for 3D Corridor Mapping 3D geometry of terrain features with a horizontal and vertical accuracy of 5-10cm.

EvoluRoninsurveyingwhichembracessatellite,airborneandremotesensortechnologies

Airborne Hydrographic Surveying

Bathymetry and oceanography Autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

Hyperspectral satellite imagery

The Laser Airborne Depth Sounder (LADS) provides accurate, high density digital depth and positional data of coastal waters up to 50 metres in depth. Flying at 145 knots, 500 metres above the sea, unhindered by reefs or shallows, LADS surveys the sea floor at a rate in excess of 50 square kilometres an hour.


Image Visualisation

Visualisation technology can now project images for screens as large as IMAX

Remote Sensing Landsat SPOT Multispectral imagery Stereoscopic capability RADARSAT ERS IRS JERS RESURS

Vegetation classification Oceanography Elevation modelling Environmental analysis

Photogrammetry

Analytical tools: • Terrain and river network analysis 3D modelling options

Photogrammetry

Electronic publishing Kiosk-style applications Defence applications

Feature and object geometry and topology

Spatial data organisation and management

Cartography - GIS

Soft-copy photogrammetry: •  triangulation •  orientation •  feature collection •  digital terrain models •  orthophotos •  mosaics •  fly-throughs

EvoluRoninmappingwhichembracesphotogrammetry,remotesensing,andcartographytechnologies

2000s – A Decade of Disarray Ø  A change in world order! Ø  A change in culture! The1990swasa‘decadeofuncertainty’.Significantmul)-na)onalini)a)vesalongwithini)a)vesasshownpreviouslyoccurredand,atthesame)me,therewerereviewsandproject/capabilitydevelopmentdelaysresul)nginlimitedadvancement.Insummary,thetransiRonfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproduc)on(and‘simple’GISapplica)ons)toprovidingdigitalinforma)onthroughaGeospa)alInforma)onInfrastructurehasfailedtooccur.

# 2000-2001 Additional Estimates Hearing 21 February 2001Major Capital Equipment Project Delays or Cost Overruns

AIR 5186 Australian Defence Air Traffic System Slippage 59 months Contract 29 November 1995

Atachancemee)ngwithanAirForceGroupCaptainataQANTASClubIcha\edaboutsomeaeronauRcalinformaRonissues.Ifollowedupwithamee)ngatRAAFAeronau)calInforma)onServices(AIS),VictoriaBarracks,Melbourne.Onetopicwastheimportanceofver)calobstruc)ons(highrisebuildingsandWestGateBridge)andalackofstafftomanageadatabaseknownasaVerRcalObstrucRonsDatabase[VOD]TheRAAFGroupCaptaininanemailinMarchnoted"Iamrapidlylearningaboutstuffcalled'adapta=ondata'(AD);anexpressionIhadnotcomeacrossun)lImovedintomynewjobatRAAFHeadquartersinCanberra.ADistheunderlyingdatathatsitsbehindairtrafficcontrol(ATC),airdefenceand(Ithink)automatedflightmanagementsystems.NumerousRAAFprojectsrequireADandassumethatitwillbeavailablethroughAISorsomeotherill-definedmagicmechanism.

ThemostimmediateproblemconcernstheAustralianDefenceAirTrafficSystem(ADATS)project.ADATShasalongandvexedhistorythatisexacerbatedbythecollapseofATCmanninglevelsthatbeganlastyearandcon)nuesapace.TheADFhasnoop)onbuttoseekamuchcloserrela)onshipwithcivilianATCauthori)esandtheciviliansystem(TAAATS).

2001

2001- In a Decade of Disarray – Aeronautical Info

Ø  Identifying a capability deficiency

2001 – Friday 24 August. I gave briefings to a number of groups in Canberra on my overseas trip and highlighted deficiencies in the air traffic management systems. I introduced my presentation titled AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE with a hypothetical event: an unidentified aircraft was approaching Australia across the Indian Ocean. What action needs to be taken? And when? My event was similar to the USS Vincennes – Iranian Air IR655 incident on July 3, 1988. In my presentation I reported that the databases were not designed to permit analytical processes; such as, does the ‘dot on the screen’ lie on a recognized air route? And does the ‘dot’ appear where a scheduled flight should be?

2001–Thursday7June.IvisitedtheUSNa)onalImageryandMappingAgency(NIMA)atBethesdaMD.Myi)nerarywastoincludediscussiononaeronau)calinforma)onproductsincludingDFLIP(DigitalFlightInforma)onPublica)on).Thismee)ngdidnottakeplaceduetothepresenterbeingawaysick.

Friday8June.Iawokeearly,checkedoutoftheHolidayInnatTyson’sCornerandtookthefirstflightfromWashingtonDCtoBostonpassingrightoverNewYorkandthetowersandthendrovetoafacilityoutsideofBoston.IwasshownaprototypeoftheRAAFAustralianDefenceAirTrafficSystem(ADATS)andthenewUSFAASTARSsystem.LaterthatdayIflewfromBostonLoganAirportonthedirectflighttoLAXthenconnectedtoSydneyandAdelaide–overallaverylongday.IwasdisappointedinboththeRAAFandFAAdemonstra)ons;bothweresomewhatsimplis)ccomputeriza)onofthemanualsystems.

2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø  An original idea

Aeronautical

Intelligence

Dare to change

The key to information superiority An original idea of Dr Bob Williams

August 2001

Presentation made to Defence Imagery & Geospatial Information Organisation (DIGO) staff & RAAF Headquarters staff on Friday 24 August 2001

2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø  A vision and a strategy

2005 2010 2015 2020

National Infrastructure Air & space management

Situation awareness Defence Airspace Management

Air Traffic Control Spectrum management

Intelligence

Geospatial Environment Digital Flight Information

Imagery Intelligence Terrain model

Air & space management: A vision and a strategy


2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø  An information service paradigm


D I G E S T

FACC/VPF DTED

Targeting

Air Traffic Control

Operational planning

Logistics intelligence prototype

Navigation

Digital Flight Information Imagery Intelligence

Terrain Model

Geospatial environment: From a publication paradigm to an information service paradigm

AIS

DIGO

AUSLIG

2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø  A situation awareness paradigm


Defence airspace management: From an information service to a situation awareness paradigm

Air Traffic Control Spectrum Management

Intelligence

D I I

DEFENCE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Air Traffic Management

Intelligence

Surveillance

Strategic Airlift

Sensor management Spectrum management

Air Defence

NATIONAL SPATIAL

DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

ASA

ACA

BOM

DIGO

2001 – AERONAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ø  A National Security paradigm


National Infrastructure: From a situation awareness paradigm to a national security paradigm

Air & Space Management Situation Awareness

D I I

N I I

NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

NATIONAL SPATIAL

DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

September 11, 2001- In a Decade of Disarray – Ø  911 – A change in world order

E I G H T E E N M I N U T E S

OnSeptember11,HowardwasinhisWashingtonhotel,onlyafewblocksfromtheWhiteHouse,whenthe=irstattackhappened.HowardinvokedtheANZUSmilitaryalliancetoAmerica.InOctober2001theinvasionofAfghanistanbegan.ThreespecialforcessquadronsweredeployedininitialoffensiveagainsttheTaliban.

0845 EDT A hijacked passenger jet, American Flight 11, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center 0903 EDT A second hijacked airliner, United Flight 175, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center

Thedaybeforetheattacks,onSept.10,2001,PrimeMinisterJohnHowardmetPresidentGeorgeW.Bushforthe=irsttime.Theyspentfourhourstogether,includingtalksoverlunchattheWhiteHouse,startingwhatbecameastrongpoliticalallianceandpersonalfriendship.“Wedidn’ttalkaboutterrorism,”Howardsaid.“Nobodyknewthisterribleeventwasjustaroundthecorner.”

911– A Terrorist Incident or an Air Traffic Management Problem? By invoking the ANZUS Treaty subsequent activity became a military response

Theterm"newworldorder"hasbeenusedtorefertoanynewperiodofhistoryevidencingadrama)cchangeinworldpoli)calthoughtandthebalanceofpower.Despitevariousinterpreta)onsofthisterm,itisprimarilyassociatedwiththeideologicalno)onofofglobalgovernanceonlyinthesenseofnewcollec)veeffortstoiden)fy,understand,oraddressworldwideproblemsthatgobeyondthecapacityofindividualna)onstosolve.(Wikipedia)

Images of Black Saturday

2000s – A Decade of Disarray Ø  A decade of incidents and events along with organisational change! Ø  Unexpected challenges in capability development & education!

IncidentsandEvents911andAfghanistan

WMDandIraq

NaturaldisastersandBlackSaturday

OrganisaRonalchangeDIGO–Intelligenceagency!!!

Capabilitydevelopmentdelays–fundsareneededforthewaronterrorism

EducaRonandR&Dandconferenceandseminars

2001 Earlyin2001Ihadseveralmee)ngswiththeDirectorDIGO(DefenceImageryandGeospa)alOrganisa)on)aspartofmyroleofprovidingmappingsciencessupporttoDIGO.IprototypedeGeoBriefs(electronicGeographicBriefs#)fortheEastTimor–IndonesiaborderandFreeportMine.IproducedaneGeoBriefforAfghanistanby24October2001fromopen-sourcematerialsaccessedovertheInternet. #thispredatedGooglemapsandWikipedia

InMarch2003Ihadanothermee)ngwiththeDirectorDIGOaspartofmyroleofprovidingmappingsciencessupporttoDIGO.This)methetopicrelatedtotheconductofresearch.Icompiledapresenta)onGEOGRAPHICINFORMATION:DefenceandtheBroaderCommunity.Thepresenta)onincludedOpportuniResundertheCRCforSpaRalInformaRon.

"CRCSI-1"wasestablishedbytheCRCProgram,anAustralianGovernmentIniRaRve,forsevenyearsasanunincorporatedjointventure.ItcommencedoperaRoninJuly2003

2000s- In a Decade of Disarray – Support to DIGO

Ø  eGeoBriefs & R&D

2003

eGeo

Intheearlymorninghoursof20March2003,U.S.Army,U.S.MarineCorpsandcoali)ongroundcombatforcescrossedfromKuwaitintosouthernIraqanda\ackednorthward,beginningthegroundphaseofOPERATIONIRAQIFREEDOM.Bydawnon23March,majorU.S.groundcombatunitshadadvancedmorethan200milesintoIraqandwereapproximately130milesnorthofAnNasiriyah,anadvancehistoricallyunprecedentedforspeedofexecu)onanddepthofpenetra)on,designedtounhingetheIraqis’abilitytomountacoherentdefense.

Therapidadvanceofcoali)ontroopsinthousandsofvehiclesandhundredsofaircra[wasmadepossiblebythedetermined,aggressivesupportofscoresoflogis)cs,medical,andmaintenanceunits,manymovingconstantlytomaintaincontactwiththeirsupportedunits.Onesuchunitwasthe507thMaintenanceCompany,taskedtosupportavitallyimportantasset–aPatriotmissilebajalion.

Atabout0700hours(local)me)on23March2003,whilemovingthroughtheoutskirtsofthecityofAnNasiriyahinsoutheasternIraq,anelementofthe507thMaintenanceCompanywasa\ackedbyIraqimilitaryforcesandirregulars.Therewere33U.S.Soldiersinthe18-vehicleconvoy.

TheIraqiforcesinAnNasiriyahconductedfiercea\acksagainsttheconvoy.

Ofthe33U.S.Soldiersintheconvoy,11werekilledincombatordiedasaresultofinjuries,sevenwerecapturedbyIraqiforces,andtheremaining16Soldierswereabletorejoinfriendlyforces.Ofthe22U.S.Soldierswhosurvived,ninewerewoundedinacRon.

2003 - In a Decade of Disarray – ‘Story-telling’ Ø  Jessica Lynch – Operation Iraqi Freedom

March 20 2003

TheDARPAUrbanChallengewasheldonNovember3,2007,attheformerGeorgeAFBinVictorville,Calif.Buildingonthesuccessofthe2004and2005GrandChallenges,thiseventrequiredteamstobuildanautonomousvehiclecapableofdrivingintraffic,performingcomplexmaneuverssuchasmerging,passing,parkingandnegoRaRngintersecRons.ThiseventwastrulygroundbreakingasthefirstRmeautonomousvehicleshaveinteractedwithbothmannedandunmannedvehicletrafficinanurbanenvironment.

ThepurposeoftheDARPAGrandChallenge2004istoleverageAmericaningenuitytoacceleratethedevelopmentofautonomousvehicletechnologiesthatcanbeappliedtomilitaryrequirements.Thechallenge:tonavigate200milesofruggedterraininNevada.Noneoftherobotvehiclesfinishedtheroute.

DARPAGRANDCHALLENGE2004

TheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyisanagencyoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefenseresponsibleforthedevelopmentofemergingtechnologiesforusebythemilitary.

Theseconddriverlesscarcompe))onoftheDARPAGrandChallengewasa212km(132mi)off-roadcourse.TheroutetobefollowedbytherobotswassuppliedtotheteamstwohoursbeforethestartasacomputerfilewithGPScoordinates,oneevery72m(237feet)oftheroute,withmorefrequentwaypointsindifficultpatches.Someteamsusedtopographicmapsandaerialimagerytomanuallymapoutandprogramprecisepathandspeedsesngs.

Thewinnerofthe2005DARPAGrandChallengewasStanford’sStanley,withacourseRmeof6hours53minutesand8seconds(6:53:08)withaveragespeedof30.7km/h(19.1mph).

DARPAGRANDCHALLENGE2005

DARPAURBANCHALLENGE2007

2004-07 - In a Decade of Disarray – DARPA

Ø  The DARPA Grand Challenges

AUTONOMOUSVEHICLETECHNOLOGY

Youareinvitedtopar)cipateintheSpa)alDataandGeographicInforma)onSystemWorkshop:Ajointini)a)veoftheDepartmentofPrimeMinister&Cabinet(PM&C),theProtec)veSecurityCoordina)onCentre(PSCC)andGeoscienceAustralia(GA).

TheaimoftheworkshopistoprogressanaRonalpolicyapproachtospaRalinformaRonandmodellingcapabiliRes,idenRfytechnologyrequirementsandarRculateanyimpedimentstomovingforward,drawingonlessonslearnedfromrecentcounterterrorismexercises.Someobjec)ves,intermsofpriorityareasforfuturedevelopment,youmaywishtoconsiderinprepara)onfortheworkshopincludethefollowing:

² Movingthefocusfromdatagathering,anditsimmediateapplica)oninanincidentorexercise,tolongertermplanningandmi)ga)on.Forexample,whataretheareasofhighestvulnerabilityorrisk?Wherecanweconcentratefutureworkinordertobebe\erpreparedforaterroristincident?Howcanwedevelopana)onalcoordinatedframework?² Oncewehavegatheredawiderangeofdatahowdowebestaddvaluetomakeitmorevaluableinaddressingterroristrisk?Todatewehaveusedthesedatainaverylimitedcontexttoaddressincidentresponse.Whatcanwedotoimproveourabilitytomanageourresponse?Howcanwevalue-addthedataina)melymannerinordertomi)gatetheimpactortoreducethepoten)alforanincidentinthefirstplace?² Whattools(technologies,products)needtobedevelopedtoassistincidentresponders,consequencemanagers,andriskmanagerstomakebe\erinformeddecisions?² Howdomakeop)mumuseofourresourcesatalllevels?

2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security

Ø  GIS Workshop SpaRalData&GeographicInformaRonSystemWorkshop,Canberra,28-29April2004

Thistwodayworkshopconsistedofa‘Government’dayandan‘Industry’dayandaddressedtopicsofconcernintheCommonwealthGovernment’soverachinginiRaRve.

SAFEGUARDINGAUSTRALIA

CriRcalInfrastructureSimulatedBombBlast

SimulatedRadiologicalRelease

CounterTerrorismScenarioPresentaRonsbyCommonwealth&StateAgencies

PerthTrainStaRon

•  AhypotheRcalcounter-terrorismandemergencyscenarioincorporaRng:

•  Hazardousloadtransportscenarios•  Heavyvehiclemonitoring(licenced

routes&deviaRons)-(with‘spaRal’telemaRcalarms)

•  Vehiclemovementsinresponsetocircumstances

2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø  GIS Workshop – Gov and Industry Presentations

SKM(SinclairKnightMertz)&GeospaRalReacRveIncidentDatabase[contractforDIGO]

CyraxLaserScan-TelstraDome

2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø  Safeguarding Australia – National Research Priorities

SafeguardingAustraliafromterrorism,crime,invasivediseasesandpests,strengtheningourunderstandingofAustralia’splaceintheregionandtheworld,andsecuringourinfrastructure,parRcularlywithrespecttoourdigitalsystems

PriorityGoals1CriRcalinfrastructure-Protec)ngAustralia’scri)calinfrastructureincludingourfinancial,energy,communica)ons,andtransportsystems.2Understandingourregionandtheworld-EnhancingAustralia’scapacitytointerpretandengagewithitsregionalandglobalenvironmentthroughagreaterunderstandingoflanguages,socie)es,poli)csandcultures.3ProtecRngAustraliafrominvasivediseasesandpests-Counteracttheimpactofinvasivespeciesthroughtheapplica)onofnewtechnologiesandbyintegra)ngapproachesacrossagenciesandjurisdic)ons.4ProtecRngAustraliafromterrorismandcrime-Bypromo)ngahealthyanddiverseresearchanddevelopmentsystemthatan)cipatesthreatsandsupportscorecompetenciesinmodernandrapididen)fica)ontechniques.5TransformaRonaldefencetechnologies-Transformmilitaryopera)onsforthedefenceofAustraliabyprovidingsuperiortechnologies,be\erinforma)onandimprovedwaysofopera)on.

2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø  Safeguarding Australia – Critical Infrastructure

87

CriRcalinfrastructureisthatinfrastructurewhich,ifdestroyed,degradedorrenderedunavailableforanextendedperiod,willsignificantlyimpactonsocialoreconomicwell-beingoraffectnaRonalsecurityordefence.

November 2004

Energy

EventsBuildingsCultureSport

Tourism

GasPetroleum

FuelsElectricity

…

NaRonalIcons

Produc)onStorage

Distribu)onPrimary

Produc)on

FoodSupply Health

HospitalsPublichealthLaboratories

…

Transport

AirRoadRailSea

Intermodal

Comms.

TelecomMediaPostal…

Finance

BankingIns)tu)onTrading

…

Gov.Services

GovernmentPoliceFire

AmbulanceEM

Manufacturing

Heavyind.ChemicalDefence

…

URliRes

WaterPower

Sewerage…

TransportationnetworksLogisticsfacilities

Narcoticsand crime

HomelandSecurity

CIProtecRon

BorderSecurity

Illegalimmigration

BorderSecurity

Peoplesmuggling

BorderSecurity

Illegalfishing

Pandemicdiseases

HomelandSecurity

Health&Medical

Burns and injuries

NaturalDisasters

Fire, floodweather

Earthquake

EnvironmentalDegradaRon

MorethanasimpleGISapplicaRon

2004 - In a Decade of Disarray – National Security Ø  Safeguarding Australia – Command & Control

2005 - In a Decade of Disarray – Safeguarding Australia Ø  Science, Engineering and Technology (SET)

ThePrimeMinisterannouncedtheestablishmentoftheScience,EngineeringandTechnology(SET)Uniton27June2005.StaffweresecondedfromDefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisa)on;theDepartmentofEduca)on,ScienceandTraining;theCSIRO;theAustralianFederalPolice;andtheintelligencecommunity.TheSETUnitdevelopedstronglinkageswiththescien)ficcommunity,tofocusscience,engineeringandtechnologyeffortsinsupportofAustralia’scounter-terrorismneeds.Theunitsurveyedabroadrangeofsecurity,intelligence,lawenforcementandemergencymanagementagenciestodeterminetheircounter-terrorismresearchanddevelopmentneeds,sor)ngthoseneedsintopriorityareasofinterestforfurtherdevelopment.

Day3:SETSummit• TheimportanceofSETtocounter-terrorism• Whatarethena)onalresearchins)tu)ons(CSIRO,DSTO,ANSTO,GA)doingincounter-terrorism&howcanindustryandgovernmentleveragefromit?

TheSETSummithadtechnicalpresenta)onsrangingfromtheprac)cali)esofna)onalIDcardop)onstoblastmodellingandfromcounteringshoulder-launchedmissilestothefuturetrendsinCCTVtechnology.Speakersincluded:TheHonGaryNairnMP,ParliamentarySecretarytothePrimeMinister;DrLynnBooth,DepartmentofPrimeMinister&Cabinet;DrGregSimpson,CoordinatoroftheSecureAustraliaProgram,CSIRO;NeilBryans,DirectorInforma)onSciencesLaboratory,DSTO;DrRonHutchings,CoordinatorNa)onalInterestandCapabilityEnhancement,ANSTO;DrPhilMcFadden,ChiefScien)st,GeoscienceAustralia;MikeRothery,A\orney-General'sDepartment

PACCT(PubliclyfundedAgencies'CollaboraRveCounter-Terrorism)andCIPMA(CriRcalInfrastructureProtecRonModelling&Analysis)programswereestablishedbutceasedaround2007.TherewaslijleeffecRveoutcome–inter-GovernmentagencyacRvityisdifficult!

2005-07 - In a Decade of Disarray – ‘Story-telling’ Ø  Conference Themes & Presentations

GEOSPATIALINTELLIGENCEANDAGEOSPATIALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE:ContemporaryDefenceandSecurityChallenges

SpaRalSciencesInsRtuteBiennialConference2005IncludedasessiononEMERGENCYMANAGEMENT

IncludedasessiononEMERGENCYMANAGEMENT&MODELLINGHAZARDS

GEOGRAPHICINTELLIGENCE:KnowYourWorldThroughStory-Telling

Story:EighteenMinutesStory:JessicaLynch

CHALLENGESEighteenMinutes-ATMKeyissues(fromaspa)almodellingandanalysisperspec)ve)include:

v  Howtobe\ermodelairinfrastructurein3and4dimensionalspace.v  Howtobe\eranalyse,explainandforecastspa)alandtemporalrela)onships

JessicaLynch-Logis4cs

v Howdowebe\ersupport‘situa)onawareness’incommand(decision)supportsystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)routeplanningbothonroadnetworksandcross-country;andvehiclemonitoringandtracking.

v Howdowebe\erprovideinforma)onforon-boardnaviga)onsystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)opera)onal/missionspecificdatabasesforvehicles;andcommunica)onstoupdateandreviseinforma)oninreal-)meandinamul)-securityenvironment.

v Howdoweprovideinforma)onforloca)on-basedsystemsandmobiledevices?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)appropriateinforma)onfor(say)unmanned/autonomousvehiclesandotherpla�orms.

v Howdowebe\ersupporttransporta)onandlogis)cssystems?Func)onalitythatneedsdevelopingincludes(amongstothers)connec)vitywithotherinforma)onsystemssuchasassetmanagementsystems;andRFID(RadioFrequencyIden)fica)on).

2000s - In a Decade of Disarray – Organisational change Ø  GA, DIGO & NSW LPMA A representative sample of

Australian agencies

GeoscienceAustraliacameintobeingin2001whentheAustralianSurveyingandLandInforma)onGroup(AUSLIG)mergedwiththeAustralianGeologicalSurveyOrganisa)on(AGSO).TheformerNATMAP/AUSLIGformsonlyonegroupwithintheagency.

TheDefenceImageryandGeospaRalOrganisaRon(DIGO)wasestablishedon8November2000byamalgama)ngtheAustralianImageryOrganisa)on(AIO),theDirectorateofStrategicMilitaryGeographicInforma)on(DSMGI)andtheDefenceTopographicAgency(DTA).On2December2005DIGOcameundertheprovisionsoftheamendedIntelligenceServicesAct2001.

TheLandandPropertyManagementAuthority(LPMA)wasabolishedundertheNSWGovernmentrestructureannouncedinApril2011anditsformerbusinessdivisionstransferredtonewdepartments.

Therehavebeen7DirectorsatSESBand2level,12+DepuResatSESBand1leveland20+officersatExecuRveLevel2sincetheformaRonofDIGO.NonehavehadnaRonallyrecognisedqualificaRonsinthecoremapping/spaRalsciences.

GeoscienceAustraliahasnothadaCEOnorChiefScienRstwithnaRonallyrecognisedqualificaRonsinthecoremapping/spaRalsciencessinceestablishment.

LOSSOFEXPERTAGENCIES

2010s – A Decade of Further Disarray Ø  The need for vision! “Theyearisnow2020andmostna)onsares)llstrugglingtorespondanybe\ertoincidentsthantheywereatthebeginningofthedecade.Theexcep)onistheTeIkaaMauiOceaniaInfrastructureandEnvironmentalSupportSystem(OIESS)”.……TheTeIkaaMauiOceaniaInfrastructureandEnvironmentalSupportSystemhasbeendesignedto…replayitsopera)onsandtheconferencepar)cipantsof2020cannowwitnesstworecentevents.v LastmonthAirNewZealandflewitslatest‘greenflight’;twelveyearsa[eritsfirstASPIRE-GREENflight.TheflightwastoflyfromLosAngelesdirecttoBrisbane.Becauseoftheairline’sabilitytoadoptnewairtrafficmanagementandnaviga)onconceptsithasbecomeinterna)onallycompe))veon‘long-haul’flights.Unexpectedly,despitemanymeasurestakenovertheprecedingtwodecades,aterroristhastakencontrolofthecockpit-renewingmemoriesoftheNewYork911incident.Instantly,OIESSwasnoRfied.ThesafetyandsecuritystatusoftheincidentweresuchthatkeyNaRonalauthoriReswerenoRfiedimmediatelyandtheaircraKwasconfiguredtoitsautonomousmode.Theplane’sfuturenavigaRonsystemautomaRcallycalculatedanewflightpathtoAuckland’ssecurerunwayandflewitselfandlandedgentlywithprecision.

v A[eralongperiodofdormancytheEgmontVolcanohaseruptedasanexplosiveasherup)on.Fortunatelytheerup)onhasnotbeen‘major’butithasputtheOIESSonalertastheeventhascausedanumberofseriousbushfires.TherainforestpropertyofPukei),locatedbetweenMountTaranaki(Egmont)andPlymouthhasbeenisolatedbyburningtreescrossingroadsprovidingaccessfromthenorthandthesouth.ThelivesofstaffandvisitorstotheinternaRonallyrecognizedgardenandplantcollecRonwereindanger.OIESSdispatcheditsnewautonomousfirevehicletoclearroadsandprepareanexitroute”.

ProceedingsoftheSPATIALSCIENCES&SURVEYINGBIENNIALCONFERENCE2011,Wellington,NewZealand

WelcomeToTeIkaaMauiOIESS2020

VISIONARYCONCEPTS–FUTURESUPPORTSYSTEMS&AUTONOMOUSASSETS

2010s – A Decade of Further Disarray Ø  A decade of incidents and events along with organisational change! Ø  Unexpected challenges in capability development & education! Ø  A LACK OF VISION !

RECALL-FRIDAY15SEPTEMBER1995TheDepartmentofDefenseshouldtransitionfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproductiontoprovidingareadilyaccessiblesourceofdigitalinformationwhichwillsatisfymilitarygeospatial,mapping,chartingandweaponsystemsrequirements.

ReportoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardTaskForceonDefenseMappingforFutureOperaRons-CraigFieldsChairman

AirIncidents Earthquakes

TerroristIncidents

ANDACHANGEINCULTUREFROMANENGINEERINGCULTURETOA‘SOFTSCIENCE/INTELLIGENCECULTURE

Thebeginningofthisdecadewitnessedanarrayofnaturalandman-madeeventsthatseriouslychallengedmanyna)ons’abili)estopredict,respond,recoverandprogressfromtheeffectsoftragicevents.

ICELAND’SEYJAFJALLAJÖKULLVOLCANICERUPTIONHAITI’SANDCHRISTCHURCH’SEARTHQUAKESQUEENSLAND’S,NEWSOUTHWALES’ANDVICTORIA’SFLOODSWESTERNAUSTRALIA’SFIRESJAPAN’SEARTHQUAKESANDTSUNAMISHENNENG1GROUNDINGONTHEGREATBARRIERREEFCONTAINERSHIPRENAGROUNDEDONASTROLABEREEF,NEWZEALANDAndNEPAL

Theerup)onoftheEyja�allajökullvolcanoon14April2010affectedtheeconomic,poli)calandculturalac)vi)esinEuropeandacrosstheworld.Therewasextensiveairtraveldisrup)oncausedbytheclosureofairspaceovermanycountries

On3April2010,ShenNeng1wastransi)ngfromGladstone,QueenslandtoChinacarryingacargoof65,000tonnesofcoal.Sheranagroundaround70kilometresoffGreatKeppelIslandinarestrictedareawhichformspartoftheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark

EVERYINCIDENT&EVERYEVENTHAPPENSSOMEWHEREATSOMETIME

2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Incidents & Events Ø  Volcanoes – Earthquakes – Floods – Fires – Tsunamis – Marine Navigation

Withanelectronictabletinhand,Le))aA.LongdemonstratedappstheagencyhasdevelopedincludingtheDisasterAtlas,whichprovidesasuiteofapplica)onsdesignedtosupportfirstresponders,allowingthemtoswaphardcopyatlasesforonlineversions.ThisimprovementallowsNGAtoproducemorethan6,000pagesanhour,providinginstantaneous,refresheddatathroughthehurricanedisasterefforts.Previously,thenormwasprin)ng200pagesanhour.

ThedirectoralsodemonstratedtheAeronauRcalKneepadapp,acollec)onofairportandflightchartdatathatallowspilotstoreplacepoundsofhard-copyreferenceswithdigitalformat,enablinginstantupdatesratherthanstaRc28-dayuseofthecurrentproduct.Thismovetoall-digitalproduc)onwillsavetheagencymillionsinprin)ngcosts.Thisappbeginsbetates)ngwiththeU.S.AirForceAirMobilityCommandOct.17,Longsaid.

16-19OCTOBER2011

ScannedcopiesofSTANDARDAERONAUTICALCHARTS

2011 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Ø  US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency [NGA]

STANDARDMAPS–ANNOTATEDIMAGERY–SIMPLEGISPRODUCTS

2015 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Incidents - NEPAL Ø  NGA Public Website to Support Nepal Earthquake Relief Efforts MONDAY,20MARCH2015

MARCH8,2014LOST:MH370

JULY17,2014SHOTDOWN:MH17

DECEMBER28,2014WE’VELOSTANOTHERONE:AirAsiaQZ8501

MARCH24,2015SIXMINUTESTODISASTER:Germanwings4U9525

ATERRORISTINCIDENTORANAIRTRAFFICMANAGEMENTPROBLEM?

2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Air Incidents Ø  Planes – Highjacked – Lost – Hot Down – Crashed 2014–2014–2014–2015

RAAFcrewonboardOrioninsearchformissingMH370PostedSat22Mar2014,07:30amAEDT

Primary source

Paper maps and charts

& WWII technology

2014 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Air Incidents - Lost Ø  MH370 Saturday,March8Flighttakesoff:MalaysiaAirlinesflightMH370departsat12:41a.m.local)meonSaturday,andisduetolandinBeijingat6:30a.m.onthesameday.Theflightwascarrying227passengersand12crewmembers,Thepassengersareofatleast12differentna)onali)es;allcrewon-boardareMalaysians

AirServices

AMSA

MalaysiaAirlinesplanemissingUpdatedWed12Mar2014,11:49amAEDT

These images should be considered a NATIONAL EMBARRASSMENT

LOST in AUSTRALIAN AIRSPACE

2015 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – 6 Minutes to Disaster Ø  4U9525 DAY 1: TUESDAY MARCH 24 9.01am GMT (10.01am local time) Germanwings Flight 4U9525 takes off from Barcelona, Spain, and is expected to land in Dusseldorf, Germany, 90 minutes later. It is carrying 150 people - 144 passengers and six crew

9.20 9.25 9.30 9.35 9.40

9.40am Radar picks up the last trace of the plane at 6,175ft, around the same height as the top of the peaks in the French Alps 9.41am The plane hits the mountain at 430mph and smashes into pieces no bigger than a small car. There is thought to be a first impact, with the plane skimming the terrain before hurtling into a ravine

Andreas Lubitz presses the button which sets the autopilot on a descent from 38,000ft to 100ft - the lowest possible. The button can only be pressed voluntarily.

9.31am

French air traffic controllers issue the DETRESFA distress signal after seeing the dramatic drop in altitude and failing to get a response from Lubitz. The plane is treated as a priority for a forced landing

9.35am

DETRESFA (DISTRESS PHASE) [ICAO]- The code word used to designate an emergency phase wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.

9.27am The plane reaches its cruising altitude of 38,000ft as it approaches southern France

7July2005-LondonThe7July2005Londonbombings,o[enreferredtoas7/7,wereaseriesofcoordinatedterroristsuicidebomba\acksinCentralLondonwhichtargetedciviliansusingthepublictransportsystemduringthemorningrushhourkilling56people.

12October2002-BaliThe2002BalibombingsoccurredinthetouristdistrictofKutaontheIndonesianislandofBali.Thea\ackkilled202peopleincluding88Australians,38Indonesiansandpeoplefrommorethan20na)ons.

23October2002-MoscowTheMoscowtheaterhostagecrisis,alsoknownasthe2002Nord-Ostsiege,wastheseizureofthecrowdedDubrovkaTheaterby40to50armedChechenmilitants.

9September2004-JakartaThe2004AustralianembassybombingtookplaceinJakarta,Indonesia.AustralianPrimeMinisterJohnHowardexpressedhisuferdismayatthiseventandForeignMinisterAlexanderDownersaidthiswasaimedattheAustralianEmbassyandthattheinves)gatorssuspicionsturntoJemaahIslamiah..

11March2004-MadridThedevasta)ngterrora\acksinMadridsaw10bombsexplodeonfourtrainsinthreesta)onsduringthebusymorningrushhourkilling192peopleandwoundingmorethan1,200.

11July2006-MumbaiTheMumbaitrainbombings.AstringofpowerfulbombsrippedthroughavitalspineofMumbai’scommutertrainsystemduringtheeveningrushhouronTuesday,killingnearly200people,bringingIndia’sfinancialcapitaltoastands)ll.

26-29November2008-Mumbai10membersofanIslamicmilitantorganisa)onbasedinPakistan,carriedoutaseriesof12coordinatedshoo)ngandbombinga\ackslas)ngfourdaysacrossMumbai.Thea\ackswhichdrewwidespreadglobalcondemna)onkilled164peopleandwoundedatleast308.

13November2015-ParisThea\acksinParisbygunmenandsuicidebombershitaconcerthall,amajorstadium,restaurantsandbars,almostsimultaneously-andle[130peopledeadandhundredswounded.

22March2016ThreecoordinatedbombingsoccurredinBrussels:twoattheairportinZaventemandoneatMaalbeekmetrosta)on.Atleast35vic)msand3suicidebomberswerekilledand300peoplewereinjured.

TheParisajacksweredescribedbyPresidentFrancoisHollandeasan"actofwar"organisedbytheIslamicState(IS)militantgroup.

2002-16 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – National Security Ø  Critical Infrastructure (selected incidents)

2014 - In a Decade of Further Disarray – [US] Federal GIS Ø  .

Letitia A. Long (Director, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) In conversation with Jack Dangermond

“IamheretodaytosharewithyouhowNGAistransformingfromatradi=onalproductprovider—sta=cmaps,charts,analy=cproducts—intoadynamiccontentandservicesprovider.NGAfacesanumberofchallengesIwouldliketotakeamomenttosharewithyou.Forindustry,weneedyourhelpindevelopingthesecri=calcapabili=es:•Automatedproduc=onofstandardmapsandchartsfortheMapoftheWorld.•Technologysolu=onsthatgiveaccesstotheMapoftheWorldinremoteenvironmentswithlimitedbandwidth.•Andafast-edi=ngcapabilitysowecanrapidlyupdateourdigitalmapdatainacrisis”.

QuesRonfromLisaJenkins,Architect,WebInfrastructureLiaison,SystemManagerGISCoordinator,InternalConsultant,U.S.EnvironmentalProtecRonAgency

Howmuchinforma=onisavailabletothegeneralpublic?Ifsomethingweretohappenlikea911whatwouldyouwantthegeneralpublictodo?

LeRRaLongreplied:AsanintelligenceagencyourmissionisintheNa=onalSecurityarena.Wehavea“space”inthehumanitarianassistance,disasterreliefandrecoveryarena.Attherequestofaleadagencywecanuseourcapabili=esandagroupoffolkstomakesomeinforma=onavailable;forthepublicNO.

Q&A

FRIDAY15SEPTEMBER1995TheDepartmentofDefenseshouldtransitionfromemphasisonstandardscalemapandchartproductiontoprovidingareadilyaccessiblesourceofdigitalinformationwhichwillsatisfymilitarygeospatial,mapping,chartingandweaponsystemsrequirements.

ReportoftheUSDefenseScienceBoardTaskForceonDefenseMappingforFutureOperaRons-CraigFieldsChairman

10-11FEBRUARY2014

Ms.LongearnedaBachelorofScienceinElectricalEngineeringfromVirginiaTechandaMasterofScienceinMechanicalEngineeringfromtheCatholicUniversityofAmerica

WalterE.WashingtonConven)onCenter,Washington,DC

GoogleMapsusessphericaldevelopmentofellipsoidalcoordinates.TheMAPublisherPseudo-MercatorcoordinatesystemisbasedontheWGS84ellipsoidandaprojec)oncalled"pseudo-mercator"whichmathemaRcallytreatsWGS84asasphereandthenappliestheMercatorprojec)onequa)ons.Pseudo-Mercatorisnotarecognisedgeode)csystem.

ThismessageoutlinestherisksassociatedwiththeuseofWebMercator[MAPublisher]applica)onsforUSDoDandGEOINTusercommunityopera)ons.TheNGAGeoma)csOfficehasassessedtheuseofWebMercatorandothernon-WGS84spa)alreferencesystemsmaycausegeo-loca)on/geo-coordinateerrorsupto40,000meters.Thiserroneousgeospa)alposi)oninginforma)onposesanunacceptablerisktoglobalsafetyofnavigaRonacRviRes,anddepartmentofdefense,intelligencecommunity,andalliedpartnersystems,missions,andoperaRonsthatrequireaccurateandpreciseposiRoningandnavigaRoninformaRon.TheNGAGeoma)csOfficeremindsthecommunitytouseDoDapprovedWorldGeode)cSystem1984(WGS84)applica)onsforallmissioncri)calac)vi)es”.

[US]NaRonalGeospaRal-IntelligenceAgencyAdvisoryNoRceon"WebMercator"October01,2014

2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Google Maps Ø  A question of ‘fit for use’

Fromacartographicmapdesignperspec)veGoogleMapsarepoor.ThemostsignificantissuewithGoogleMapsthoughconcernsthecoordinatesystem.

WARNINGREGARDINGUSEOFGOOGLEMAPS

2013

Head,VisionImplementaRonTeamMaryM.IrvinBAinbiologyfromBostonCollege.MasterofSciencedegreeintechnologymanagementfromtheUniversityofMarylandUniversityCollege

2015NeilOrmeUniversityofSydneyBA,AsianStudiesCanberraCollegeofAdvancedEduca)onGradDipinAppliedEconomics

2014MariaFernandezMariaisagraduateoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolAdvancedManagementProgram.

2008CliveLinesMelbourneUniversitywithanhonoursdegreeinFrenchlanguageandliterature.

2010-ChrisEkinsS&TAdvisorGII&StoDIGO/AGOandDefenceGIProjectsBPhysicsLeedsUniversity

NGAInnoVisionDirectorBertBeaulieuBSinForestryfromtheUniversityofMassachuse\s,twoyearsofgraduatestudiesinTreePhysiologyattheUniversityofMinnesota,andanMBAfromVirginiaTech

2010HelenOwensDirectorCapabilityCoordinatorforGeospa)alInforma)on.MonashUniversitywithaBachelorofBusiness

DirectorsDefenceImagery&GeospaRalOrganisaRon(DIGO)/AGO

2010s - In a Decade of Further Disarray – Domain Experts Ø  The Question of Formal Qualification & Expertise

WHEREARETHEDOMAINEXPERTS?

Arepresenta)veselec)on

The 1960s The Early Days …

The 1970s A Decade of Vision …

The 1980s A Decade of Innovation…

The 1990s A Decade of Uncertainty…

The 2000s A Decade of Disarray…

The 2010s Further Disarray…

Dr Bob’s Odyssey and Vision – Experience ! Topographic Surveyor - Cartographer

Seminar/workshopGISandAutomatedcartography-1991Amemorablemoment–Duringmypresenta=ononTechniquesinStructuringDigitalGeographicDataIwastalkingaboutspa=alrela=onsandnotedthat“atessella=onshouldbeinfinitelyrecursivelydecomposableintosimilarpafernsofsmallersize”.

My VISION A Virtual World and an Intelligent [Artificial] Cartographer]

AtthatpointaSergeantstoodupandsaid‘DoctorBob!”[saidwiththeinflec=onbyFozzieBearonTheMuppetsTVshowwhenaddressingDrBobinthemedicalparodyskit“Ve=narian’sHospital”.]

CHALLENGESANDVISION

60M

100M

350M

MeeRngAnEnvironmentalCrisisBrisbaneRiverValleytotheDarling

Amonitoredandcontrolledwatermanagementsystemusingsolarandwindpowerforfloodmi)ga)onand

distribu)onacrosstheGreatDividingRange

Modelling and Simulation Of

Visionary Water Management Systems

205M

It’s time for imagination and innovation!

An Experimental Prototype Facility

KNOWYOURWORLD

VirtualWorldHolograms

VirtualAdvisersAvatars

WELCOMETOACOMET

Photo:ESA

The European Space Agency's Rosetta mission

THE ROSETTA MISSION November 12, 2014

Thisisabigstepforhumancivilisation.OurambitiousRosettamissionhassecuredanotherplaceinthehistorybooksWe'veturnedsciencePictionintosciencefacttoday

The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see.

Winston Churchill

Indoc4discantetamentmeminisseperi4

VidereParareEst ToSeeistobePrepared

HeretheUnlearnedMayLearnandtheLearnedMayReflectonWhatTheyKnewBefore

Career

Dr bob odyssey 2017