Dictionary of

Leisure, Traveland Tourism

third edition

Specialist dictionariesDictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6Dictionary of Agriculture 0 7136 7778 3Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7136 7739 2Dictionary of Business 0 7136 7918 2Dictionary of Computing 0 7475 6622 4Dictionary of Economics 0 7136 8203 5Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition 0 7136 7784 8Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7136 8142 XDictionary of Information and Library Management 0 7136 7591 8Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6Dictionary of Media Studies 0 7136 7593 4Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7136 7603 5Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8Dictionary of Politics and Government 0 7475 7220 8Dictionary of Publishing and Printing 0 7136 7589 6Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8Dictionary of Sports Science 0 7136 7785 6

Easier English™ titlesEasier English Basic Dictionary 0 7475 6644 5Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7Easier English Dictionary: Handy Pocket Edition 0 7475 6625 9Easier English Intermediate Dictionary 0 7475 6989 4Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3

Check Your English Vocabulary workbooksAcademic English 0 7475 6691 7Business and Administration 0 7136 7916 6Human Resources 0 7475 6997 5Law 0 7136 7592 6Living in the UK 0 7136 7914 XMedicine 0 7136 7590 XFCE + 0 7475 6981 9IELTS 0 7136 7604 3Phrasal Verbs and Idioms 0 7136 7805 4TOEFL® 0 7475 6984 3TOEIC 0 7136 7508 X

Visit our website for full details of all our books: www.acblack.com

Dictionary of

Leisure, Traveland Tourism

third edition

A & C Black � London

www.acblack.com

Originally published by Peter Collin Publishingas Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management

First published 1994, reprinted 1999Second edition published 2001

This third edition published 2005, reprinted 2006

A & C Black Publishers Ltd38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB

Copyright © P. H. Collin 1994, 2003This edition copyright © A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproducedin any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0212-1

Text Production and ProofreadingHeather Bateman, Emma Harris, Katy McAdam

This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed,sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and recyclable. The logging andmanufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the

country of origin.

Text typeset by A & C BlackPrinted in Spain by Graphycems

Preface

This dictionary aims to provide the basic vocabulary of terms used in theleisure, travel and tourism industries; the fields covered include catering(restaurants and kitchens), hotels and guesthouses, travel, insurance andhealth and safety, together with terms relating to general business, such asaccounts, personnel etc.

For this new edition of the dictionary we have expanded and edited the textto keep pace with changes in the industries. For example, readers will findterms related to food and drink (including different diets and types ofcoffee), ecotourism, extreme sports etc. At the same time, to make thedictionary more useful to students, we give phonetic transcriptions for all theheadwords.

The main words and phrases are defined in simple English and in some casesthe definitions have been expanded by explanatory comments. We also givequotations from specialist magazines and other publications relating to thesubjects. The supplements at the back give additional information.

We are grateful to many people who have contributed to the work, inparticular Joseph Armstrong and Hazel and David Curties who read the textand provided many valuable comments for the first edition. Also, manythanks to Marzena Przeczek for her invaluable contributions to the text.

Pronunciation GuideThe following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the mainwords in the dictionary.

Stress is indicated by a main stress mark ( � ) and a secondary stress mark ( � ) .Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to itsposition in the sentence.

Vowels Consonants

� back b buckɑ� harm d deadɒ stop ð othera type d� jumpaυ how f fareaə hire � goldaυə hour h headɔ� course j yellowɔ annoy k cabe head l leaveeə fair m mixe make n nileυ go ŋ sing�� word p printi� keep r resti happy s saveə about ʃ shop fit t takeə near tʃ changeu annual θ theftu� pool v valueυ book w workυə tour x loch' shut � measure

z zone

AAA

AA /�d�b(ə)l �e/ abbreviation ROAD TRAVELAutomobile AssociationAAA

AAA /�trp(ə)l �e/ abbreviation ROADTRAVEL American Automobile AssociationAA rosette

AA rosette /�e e rəυ |�zet/ noun CATER-ING an award given by the AA to hotels andrestaurants serving high-quality food. AbbrAAR (NOTE: The AA awards an establish-ment between one and five rosettes,depending on the quality of its food andservice.)abattoir

abattoir /��bətwɑ�/ noun a place whereanimals are slaughtered for their meatabbey

abbey /��bi/ noun a Christian religiousestablishment for monks or nuns, consistingof living quarters and other buildingsgrouped round a church

COMMENT: In Great Britain, abbeys wereabolished in the 16th century at the Refor-mation, but some abbey churches remainin use (such as Westminster Abbey); oth-ers became ruins (such as FountainsAbbey); others were converted into privatehouses (such as Lacock Abbey).

aboard

aboard /ə |�bɔ�d/ adverb on a ship � Thepassengers went aboard at 10 p.m. � Whenthe ship docked, customs officers cameaboard to inspect the cargo. � all aboard!everyone come onto the ship, please!above the line

above the line /ə|�b�v ðə �lan/ adjective1. BUSINESS referring to income and expend-iture before tax 2. MARKETING advertisingthat has to be paid for and the cost of whichincludes a commission paid to an advertisingagency. Compare below-the-line advertis-ingaboyeur

aboyeur /��bɔ |���/ noun CATERING theperson in the kitchen at a restaurant whoshouts the order from the waiter to the chefs,and pins the waiter’s written order on a hookrelating to a particular table. Also calledannouncerabroad

abroad /ə|�brɔ�d/ adverb in or to anothercountry � The chairman is abroad on busi-ness. � We are going abroad on holiday.

absenteeismabsenteeism /��bs(ə)n |�ti�z(ə)m/ nounBUSINESS the act of staying away from workfor no good reason

‘…absenteeism has since reduced and nowstands at 1.8%’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

ABTAABTA /��btə/ abbreviation Association ofBritish Travel Agentsabvabv abbreviation BEVERAGES alcohol byvolumeAcademy of Culinary ArtsAcademy of Culinary Arts /ə|�k�dəmiəv �k�ln(ə)ri �ɑ�ts/ noun CATERING anassociation of chefs, restaurant managersand their suppliers, whose aim is to raisestandards in food, cooking and service. AbbrACAaccelerated freeze-dryingaccelerated freeze-drying /ək |

�seləretd �fri�z �draŋ/ noun CATERING amethod of preserving food by heating it for ashort time, then freezing it rapidly and dry-ing it in a vacuum. Abbr AFDacceptaccept /ək |�sept/ verb to take somethingwhich is being offered � ‘All major creditcards accepted.’ � Do you accept payment bycheque?accessaccess /��kses/ noun a way of getting to aplace � The concert hall has access forwheelchairs.accessibilityaccessibility /ək |�ses|�blti/ noun thecondition of a place or a facility, judged bywhether it is easy for people, especially dis-abled people, to reach it or use itaccessibleaccessible /ək |�sesb(ə)l/ adjective 1.easy to enter or to reach 2. suitable or spe-cially adapted for disabled peopleaccessible roomaccessible room /ək|�sesb(ə)l ru�m/noun a room with special facilities for disa-bled peopleaccidentaccident /��ksd(ə)nt/ noun an unpleas-ant event which happens suddenly and harmssomeone’s health � Accidents usually hap-pen when people are tired or not concentrat-ing on what they are doing. � the airline hasa good accident record the airline has hadfew accidents, compared with other airlines� to have an accident to crash, to hit some-thing � He had an accident as he was drivingto the hotel.

Leisure.fm Page 1 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

accident insurance 2accident insuranceaccident insurance /��ksd(ə)nt n |

�ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE insurance that willpay if an accident takes placeaccoladeaccolade /��kəled/ noun an award givento someone as a sign of praise � She receivedthe highest accolade the association couldgive. � Little Gem, ribbon

‘…there are 76 Blue Ribbon winners and 40 win-ners of the Little Gem – the highest accolade forguest accommodation’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

accommodateaccommodate /ə|�kɒmədet/ verb to pro-vide lodging for someone � The hostel canaccommodate groups of up to fifty hikers.

‘…the hall of residence accommodates 198throughout the year with holiday visitors stayingduring vacation periods’ [Caterer & Hotel-keeper]

accommodationaccommodation /ə|�kɒmə|�deʃ(ə)n/noun a place to live � Visitors have difficultyin finding hotel accommodation during thesummer. � They are living in furnishedaccommodation. � The hotel has accommo-dation for fifty guests. (NOTE: There is noplural form in British English, but US Eng-lish also uses accommodations.)

‘…an airline ruling requires airlines to provide afree night’s hotel accommodation for full farepassengers in transit’ [Business Traveller]‘…the airline providing roomy accommodationsat below-average fares’ [Dun’s Business Month]

accommodation provideraccommodation provider /ə|�kɒmə|

�deʃ(ə)n prə|�vadə/ noun a place thatoffers rooms that can be used by tourists orother visitors, e.g. a hotel, guesthouse, B & Bor hostelaccompaniedaccompanied /ə|�k�mp(ə)nid/ adjectiveTRAVEL travelling with an adult passengeraccompanied baggageaccompanied baggage /ə|�k�mp(ə)nid�b�#d$/ noun AIR TRAVEL baggage belong-ing to a passenger who is travelling in thesame planeaccompanied childaccompanied child /ə|�k�mp(ə)nid�tʃald/ noun TRAVEL a child passenger trav-elling with an adultaccompanimentaccompaniment /ə|�k�mp(ə)nimənt/noun CATERING a small helping of foodwhich is served with a dish, e.g. croutonsserved with fish soup or grated Parmesancheese served with minestroneaccompanyaccompany /ə|�k�mp(ə)ni/ verb to gowith somebody or something � They trav-elled to Italy accompanied by their children.� They sent a formal letter of complaint,accompanied by an invoice for damage. � Awhite sauce is served to accompany the fish.accordanceaccordance /ə|�kɔ�d(ə)ns/ noun � inaccordance with in agreement with oraccording to � In accordance with yourinstructions we have deducted 10% to cover

breakages and deposited the balance in yourcurrent account. � I am submitting the claimfor damages in accordance with the adviceof our solicitors.accordinglyaccordingly /ə|�kɔ�dŋli/ adverb in agree-ment with what has been decided � We havereceived your letter and have altered the res-ervations accordingly.according toaccording to /ə|�kɔ�dŋ tu�/ prepositionas somebody says or writes � According tothe leaflet, the tour should leave the centralstation at 10.30. � The air conditioning sys-tem was installed according to the manufac-turer’s instructions.accountaccount /ə|�kaυnt/ noun 1. FINANCE arecord of financial transactions over a periodof time, such as money paid, received, bor-rowed or owed � Please send me youraccount or a detailed or an itemised account.2. BUSINESS (in a shop) an arrangement thata customer has to buy goods and pay forthem at a later date, often the end of themonth � to have an account or a chargeaccount or a credit account with Harrods �Put it on my account or Charge it to myaccount. � to open an account (of acustomer ) to ask a shop to supply goods thatyou will pay for at a later date � to open anaccount, to close an account (of a shop) tostart or to stop supplying a customer oncredit � to stop an account to stop supplyinga customer until he or she has paid what isowed 3. � on account as part of the moneyowed � He deposited £300 on account withthe hotel. 4. BUSINESS a customer who doesa large amount of business with a firm andhas an account � He is one of our largestaccounts. � Our sales force call on their bestaccounts twice a month. 5. � the accounts ofa business, a company’s accounts adetailed record of a company’s financialaffairs � to keep the accounts to write eachsum of money spent or received in theaccount book � annual accounts accountsprepared at the end of a financial year �accounts payable money owed by a com-pany � accounts receivable money owed toa company 6. � to take account of sb or sth,to take sb or sth into account to considersomebody or something when making adecision or calculation � You have to takeaccount of the traffic when working out howlong it will take you to get to the airport. �We took into account the fact that you mightwant to stay an extra night. � verb � toaccount for to be responsible for somethingand able to explain what has happened to itor why it was done � The cleaners have toaccount for all linen in guests’ bedrooms. �

Leisure.fm Page 2 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

3 adaptor plugReps have to account for all their expenses tothe sales manager.accountableaccountable /ə|�kaυntəb(ə)l/ adjectiveresponsible for explaining to somebody whathas happened to something or why it wasdone � The bar steward is accountable to thebeverage manager. (NOTE: You are account-able to someone for something.)accountancyaccountancy /ə |�kaυntənsi/ nounFINANCE the work of an accountant � He isstudying accountancy or He is an account-ancy student. (NOTE: US English usesaccounting in this meaning.)accountantaccountant /ə |�kaυntənt/ noun 1. BUSI-NESS somebody who keeps a company’saccounts � The books are kept by a freelanceaccountant. 2. BUSINESS somebody whoadvises a company on its finances � We sendall our tax queries to our accountant. 3.FINANCE somebody who examines accountsaccount bookaccount book /ə |�kaυnt bυk/ noun BUSI-NESS a book which records sales and pur-chasesaccountingaccounting /ə|�kaυntŋ/ noun FINANCEthe work of recording money paid, received,borrowed or owed

‘…applicants will be professionally qualified andhave a degree in Commerce or Accounting’[Australian Financial Review]

accounting periodaccounting period /ə |�kaυntŋ �pəriəd/noun BUSINESS the period usually coveredby a company’s accountsaccounts departmentaccounts department /ə|�kaυnts d|

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of acompany which deals with money paid,received, borrowed or owedaccounts managementaccounts management /ə|�kaυnts�m�nd$mənt/ noun BUSINESS the manage-ment of a series of customersaccreditationaccreditation /ə |�kred |�teʃ(ə)n/ nounBUSINESS appointment as an agent by a com-panyaccreditedaccredited /ə|�kredtd/ adjective TOUR-ISM appointed by a company such as a hotelchain or a tour operator to act on its behalfacetic acidacetic acid /ə |�si�tk ��sd/ noun CATER-ING an acid that turns wine into vinegar(NOTE: Acetic acid is also used as a pre-servative in food such as pickles.)achievedachieved /ə|�tʃi�vd/ adjective done suc-cessfully

‘…achieved room rates are in excess of $200(£137) off a rack rate of $239–$339’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

acidacid /��sd/ noun a chemical substance thatis able to dissolve metals � Hydrochloricacid is secreted in the stomach and formspart of the gastric juices.

acidityacidity /ə |�sdti/ noun the level of acid in asolution � The alkaline solution may help toreduce acidity.

COMMENT: Acidity and alkalinity are meas-ured according to the pH scale. pH7 isneutral; numbers above show alkalinity,while pH6 and below is acid.

acknowledgeacknowledge /ək |�nɒld$/ verb to tell asender that a letter, package or shipment hasarrived � He has still not acknowledged myletter of the 24th. � We acknowledge receiptof your booking form and deposit.acknowledgmentacknowledgment /ək |�nɒld$mənt/,acknowledgement noun the act ofacknowledging, or something, such as a let-ter, that tells the sender that something hasbeen received � She sent an acknowledgmentof receipt. � They sent a letter of acknowl-edgment.actionaction /��kʃən/ noun 1. the fact of doingsomething 2. � out of action out of order,not working � The extractor fan is out ofaction.Action on Smoking and HealthAction on Smoking and Health/��kʃən ɒn �sməυkŋ ənd �helθ/ noun aninternational organisation which promotesthe rights of non-smokers. Abbr ASHaction-packed holidayaction-packed holiday /��kʃən p�kt�hɒlde/ noun TOURISM a holiday whereyou do a lot of exciting thingsactivityactivity /�k |�tvti/ noun something thatsomeone does to pass time pleasantlyactivity holidayactivity holiday /�k |�tvti �hɒlde/noun TOURISM a planned holiday duringwhich you do interesting or exciting thingssuch as painting, canoeing or rock-climbingactual flying timeactual flying time /��ktʃuəl �flaŋ�tam/ noun the total time that an aircraftspends in the air during a flight, as opposedto its scheduled flight time or time spentwaiting on the groundacuteacute /ə|�kju�t/ adjective MEDICAL referringto pain which is sharp and intense � She hadan acute attack of shingles.adad /�d/ noun MARKETING same as adver-tisement (informal ) � We put an ad in theshop window. � She found her job through anad in the paper.adaptoradaptor /ə |�d�ptə/ noun something whichholds a piece of equipment in a different wayadaptor plugadaptor plug /ə|�d�ptə pl�#/ noun TOUR-ISM a plug which allows a piece of equipmentto be plugged into a different-sized socket �My hair-drier won’t work here in France,because I haven’t brought my adaptor plug.

COMMENT: Adaptor plugs are necessary ifyou need to use electrical equipment incountries with different electrical systems

Leisure.fm Page 3 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

add 4(British hair-driers in France; Americancomputers in Germany, etc.) because thetype of plug is different. Where Britainuses mainly three-pin plugs, in Europemost plugs have two round pins. In theUSA, plugs have two flat pins. To changevoltage (as in the USA, where the voltageis 110V), a transformer will also be neces-sary.

addadd /�d/ verb 1. to put figures together tomake a total � The waiter forgot to add thewine when he made up our bill. 2. to putthings together to make a large group � Weare adding to the restaurant staff. � By build-ing the annexe, they have added thirty roomsto the hotel. � this all adds to the com-pany’s costs this makes the company’s costshigheradded valueadded value /��dd �v�lju�/ noun BUSI-NESS an amount added to the value of a prod-uct or service, which is equal to the differ-ence between its cost and the amountreceived when it is sold. Also called valueaddedadditionaddition /ə |�dʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a person orthing which is added � The management hasstopped all additions to the hotel staff. � TheSpanish-speaking receptionist is the latestaddition to the personnel. 2. � in addition toadded to, as well as � There are twelve regis-tered letters to be sent in addition to thispacket. 3. the act of adding figures to make atotal � You don’t need a calculator to do sim-ple addition.additionaladditional /ə|�dʃ(ə)nəl/ adjectiveincluded as well as what there is already �Additional charges can include telephonecalls, room service, laundry, etc. � Apartfrom the tours listed in the brochure, we havearranged two additional visits to local vine-yards. � Additional duty will have to be paid.additional premiumadditional premium /ə |�dʃ(ə)nəl�pri�miəm/ noun FINANCE a payment madeto cover extra items in an existing insurancepolicyadditiveadditive /��dtv/ noun CATERING a chem-ical substance which is added to food toimprove its appearance, smell or taste, or toprevent it from going bad � The orange juicecontains a number of additives. � Allergicreactions to additives are frequently found inemployees in food processing factories.

COMMENT: Colour additives are added tofood to improve its appearance. Some arenatural organic substances such as saf-fron, carrot juice or caramel, but other col-our additives are synthetic. Other sub-stances are added to food to preventdecay or to keep the food in the right form:these can be emulsifiers, which bind dif-ferent foods together as mixtures in

sauces, for example, and stabilisers,which can keep a sauce semi-liquid andprevent it from separating into solids andliquids. The European Union allows cer-tain additives to be added to food andthese are given E numbers.

add-onadd-on /��d ɒn/ noun TOURISM an extraoptional item, which is listed in the pro-gramme details of a conference or packagetour, but for which an additional charge hasto be paidaddressaddress /ə |�dres/ noun the details givingthe number, street and town where an officeis or where a person lives � address list a listof addresses � verb to write the details of anaddress on an envelope, etc. � a letteraddressed to the tourist information bureau� She addressed the letter or the parcel to thehotel manager. � Please address yourenquiries to the information officer.add upadd up /��d ��p/ verb to put several figurestogether to make a total � to add up a columnof figures � She made a mistake when addingup the bill. � the figures do not add up thetotal given is not correctadd up toadd up to /��d ��p tυ/ verb to make a totalof � The total expenditure adds up to morethan £1,000.adjoiningadjoining /ə|�d$ɔnŋ/ adjective next tosomething, or touching something � There isan adjoining bathroom. � adjoining roomsrooms which are next to each other � Theyasked to be put in adjoining rooms. Compareconnecting roomsadministrationadministration /əd |�mn |�streʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS the organisation, control ormanagement of a companyadministration costsadministration costs /əd |�mn |

�streʃ(ə)n �kɒsts/, administrationexpenses /əd |�mn |�streʃ(ə)n k |�spensz/plural noun BUSINESS the costs of manage-ment, not including production, marketing ordistribution costsadministrativeadministrative /əd |�mnstrətv/ adjec-tive referring to administration � administra-tive details � administrative expenses �administrative staffadmissionadmission /əd |�mʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. TOURISMsame as admittance � free admission onSundays � There is a £1 admission charge. �Admission is free on presentation of thiscard. 2. ENTERTAINMENT somebody who hasvisited a museum � We had 250 admissionslast weekend. 3. the act of saying that some-thing is correct or that something bad reallyhappened � The tour company refunded hisdeposit, with an admission that the brochurewas incorrect. 4. the act of being registeredas a hospital patient

Leisure.fm Page 4 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

5 aerosoladmission charge

admission charge /əd |�mʃ(ə)n tʃɑ�d$/noun ENTERTAINMENT the price to be paidbefore going into a place, e.g. to see an exhi-bition or a sports event. Also called entrychargeadmission fee

admission fee /əd |�mʃ(ə)n fi�/ nounENTERTAINMENT same as entrance feeadmission ticket

admission ticket /əd|�mʃ(ə)n �tkt/noun ENTERTAINMENT same as entranceticketadmit

admit /əd |�mt/ verb 1. to allow someone togo in � Children are not admitted to thebank. � Old age pensioners are admitted athalf price. 2. to say that something is correct3. to say that something bad really happened� The tour operator admitted that the cou-rier had made a mistake. (NOTE: admitting– admitted)admittance

admittance /əd |�mt(ə)ns/ noun the act ofallowing someone to go in � No admittanceexcept on business. � Admittance restrictedto ticket holders only. Also called admis-sion 1adulterated

adulterated /ə |�d�ltəretd/ adjectiveCATERING having had something added to itto increase its weightad valorem

ad valorem /��d və|�lɔ�rəm/ phrase LatinBUSINESS showing that a tax is calculatedaccording to the value of the goods taxed(meaning ‘according to value’) � ad valoremduty � ad valorem tax

COMMENT: Most taxes are ‘ad valorem’;VAT is calculated as a percentage of thecharge made, income tax is a percentageof income earned, etc.

advance

advance /əd |�vɑ�ns/ noun 1. FINANCE asum of money paid as part of a payment to bemade later � Can I have an advance of $50against next month’s salary? 2. � inadvance early, before something happens �To benefit from the low fare price you have topay in advance. � Our prices are fixed inadvance. � If you want to be sure of a seat,you need to book in advance. � adjectivedone before something happens � Advancebookings are 50% higher this year. � Mosttour companies insist on advance paymentwhen a booking is made. � You must giveseven days’ advance notice of changes in theitinerary. � verb 1. to arrange for somethingto happen earlier � The flight departure hasbeen advanced to 9.30 a.m. 2. to move aclock or watch to a later time � When youcross from England to France, you shouldadvance your watch by one hour. � put for-wardAdvance Purchase Excursion

Advance Purchase Excursion /əd|

�vɑ�ns �p��tʃs k |�sk��ʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR

TRAVEL a specially cheap air fare that youmust book a particular length of time beforethe flight and that you can only change orcancel by paying an extra charge. AbbrAPEXadvance reservationadvance reservation /əd|�vɑ�ns �rezə|

�veʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS a booking of a hotelroom made in advance of the guest’s arrivaladventureadventure /əd |�ventʃə/ noun a new, excit-ing and dangerous experienceadventure holidayadventure holiday /əd |�ventʃə �hɒlde/noun TOURISM a holiday where you dosomething exciting or dangerousadventure tourismadventure tourism /əd |�ventʃə�tυərz(ə)m/ noun tourism or travel toplaces where you can have adventure holi-daysadventure traveladventure travel /əd |�ventʃə �tr�v(ə)l/noun a holiday that involves strenuous andoften risky outdoor activities in remote areasadvertadvert /��dv��t/ noun MARKETING same asadvertisement (informal ) � classifiedadvertsadvertiseadvertise /��dvətaz/ verb MARKETING toannounce that something is for sale, that ajob is vacant or that a service is offered � toadvertise for a secretary � to advertise a newproductadvertised touradvertised tour, advertised hotel nounTOURISM a tour or hotel which is detailed ina travel company’s brochureadvertisementadvertisement /əd|�v��tsmənt/ nounMARKETING a notice which shows that some-thing is offered or wanted, especially thatsomething is for sale or that a job is vacant �to put an advertisement in the paper � toanswer an advertisement in the paper Alsocalled adadvertiseradvertiser /��dvətazə/ noun MARKETINGa person or company that advertises � Thecatalogue gives a list of advertisers.advertisingadvertising /��dvətazŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS the business of using advertisements totry to persuade customers to buy a product orserviceadvisoryadvisory /əd |�vaz(ə)ri/ adjective thatgives advice � a hotel advisory service � Heis acting in an advisory capacity.aerogrammeaerogramme /�eərəυ |�#r�m/ noun sameas air letteraeroplaneaeroplane /�eərəplen/ noun AIR TRAVEL amachine that flies in the air carrying passen-gers or cargo. Also called planeaerosolaerosol /�eərəsɒl/ noun 1. tiny particles ofliquid that stay suspended in the atmospherelike a mist � aerosol dispenser a containeror device from which liquid can be sprayed

Leisure.fm Page 5 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

AFD 6in tiny particles 2. a can that sprays out a liq-uid in the form of tiny drops

COMMENT: Commercial aerosols (that is,the metal containers) formerly used CFCsas propellants, but these are believed tobe responsible for the destruction ofozone in the upper atmosphere and havebeen replaced by less destructive agents.

AFD

AFD abbreviation CATERING acceleratedfreeze-dryingaffiliated

affiliated /ə|�flietd/ adjective BUSINESSconnected with or owned by another com-pany � one of our affiliated hotelsaffinity charteraffinity charter /ə |�fnti �tʃɑ�tə/ noun acharter of an aircraft, ship or other means oftransport arranged for an affinity groupaffinity groupaffinity group /ə|�fnti #ru�p/ noun agroup of people who have something incommon, e.g. a special interest, or member-ship of an organisation or an ethnic commu-nityaftaft /ɑ�ft/ adjective, adverb TRAVEL towardsthe back part of a ship or plane � The gamewill be held on the aft recreation deck. � Thedining saloon is aft of the passenger lounge.afternoonafternoon /�ɑ�ftə|�nu�n/ noun the part ofthe day between midday and eveningafternoon teaafternoon tea /�ɑ�ftənu�n �ti�/ nounCATERING a meal taken in the afternoon, usu-ally between 4 and 5 o’clock. � cream tea,high tea, tea

COMMENT: Afternoon tea is usually servedin the hotel lounge (if open to non-resi-dents), or in the residents’ lounge if it isserved only to residents. It will normallyconsist of sandwiches (traditionally withthe crusts removed), small cakes or slicesof cake, pastries and various types of tea.It can also include the cream, scones andjam associated with cream teas.

aftersafters /�ɑ�ftəz/ noun CATERING the dessertcourse (informal) � What do you want forafters? � What’s on the menu for afters?Compare starter (NOTE: Very informal,used often by children, but also humorouslyby adults.)aftertaste

aftertaste /�ɑ�ftətest/ noun a taste left inthe mouth by food or drink after it has beenswallowedageage /ed$/ verb FOOD to store food or a winefor a period of time to enable it to develop adesired flavour or become more tenderagedaged /�ed$d/ adjective stored for a periodof time in order to develop a desired flavouror become more tenderagencyagency /�ed$ənsi/ noun BUSINESS 1. anoffice or job of representing another com-pany in an area � They signed an agencyagreement or an agency contract. 2. an

office or business which arranges things forother companies (NOTE: The plural form isagencies.)agency fare

agency fare /�ed$ənsi feə/ noun TRAVELa special fare offered by a travel agency to itscustomers � American Express’s agencyfares, available to all customers, offer sav-ings of 60 per cent plus.agency staff

agency staff /�ed$ənsi stɑ�f/ noun staffwho are supplied by an agency and who arenot members of the full-time staffagent

agent /�ed$ənt/ noun 1. BUSINESS a per-son or company representing another personor another company in an area � She is thelocal agent for the tour operator. � agent’scommission money, often a percentage ofsales, paid to an agent 2. somebody in chargeof an agencyAGM

AGM /�e d$i� �em/ abbreviation annualgeneral meetingagreed price

agreed price /ə |�#ri�d �pras/ noun BUSI-NESS a price which has been accepted byboth the buyer and selleragreement

agreement /ə|�#ri�mənt/ noun 1. the stateof having the same opinion as somebody else� they are in agreement with our plan theyagree with it 2. a contractagree with

agree with /ə |�#ri� wð/ verb 1. to say thatyou think the same way as somebody else orthat what that person is saying is right � Iagree with James, we should take the earlierflight. 2. � not to agree with someone tomake someone ill � rich food does notagree with me rich food makes me feel illagri-food

agri-food /��#ri fu�d/ adjective referringto industries that are involved in the mass-production, processing and inspection offood made from agricultural productsAI

AI abbreviation HOTELS all-inclusiveaid

aid /ed/ noun 1. help 2. a machine, tool ordrug which helps someone do something �Food processors are useful aids in preparingfood.AIDS

AIDS /edz/ noun a disease of the immunesystem, caused by the HIV virus, which istransmitted through blood or bodily secre-tions, destroys the body’s ability to fightinfections and is usually fatal. Full formAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndromeailment

ailment /�elmənt/ noun MEDICAL an ill-ness, though not generally a very serious one� Many people with skin ailments come tothe spa.aioli

aioli /e |�əυli/ noun FOOD mayonnaise fla-voured with garlic, used especially to gar-nish fish and vegetables

Leisure.fm Page 6 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

7 air milesair

air /eə/ noun a method of travelling or send-ing goods using aircraft � We went by air,rather than by boat. � Over long distances,air travel is quicker than taking the train.air ambulance

air ambulance /�eə ��mbjυləns/ nounMEDICAL a plane or helicopter which acts asan ambulance

‘…unless you are really in the backwoods andthere is no modern equipment locally, the much-vaunted air-ambulance rescue is unlikely tomaterialise. You will only get flown home whenthe assistance company rules local care ‘inade-quate’’ [Wanderlust]

airbridge

airbridge /�eəbrd$/ noun AIR TRAVEL acovered walkway which connects an aircraftwith the terminal building, so that passen-gers can walk onto or off the aircraft easily.Also called finger 3, jetway, jetbridgeAirbus

Airbus /�eəb�s/ tdmk a trademark for alarge passenger jet aircraft manufactured byaerospace companies from different Euro-pean countries working togetherair carrier

air carrier /�eə �k�riə/ noun AIR TRAVEL acompany which sends cargo or passengersby airair-conditioned

air-conditioned /�eə kən|�dʃ(ə)nd/adjective in which the temperature is con-trolled by an air-conditioner � an air-condi-tioned restaurantair-conditioner

air-conditioner /�eə kən |�dʃ(ə)nə/ nouna machine which controls the temperature ina room � How can we turn the air-condi-tioner off?air-conditioning

air-conditioning /�eə kən |�dʃ(ə)nŋ/noun a system of controlling the temperaturein a room, an office or a vehicle and stoppingit becoming too hot � If you hire a car inTexas, make sure it has air-conditioning. � toturn the air-conditioning on to start thecooling � to turn the air-conditioning off tostop the cooling � to turn the air-condition-ing down to make a room warmer � to turnthe air-conditioning up to make a roomcoolerair congestion

air congestion /�eə kən |�d$estʃ(ə)n/noun AIR TRAVEL a situation where too manyaircraft are using the air routes, leading todelays in flight timesaircraft

aircraft /�eəkrɑ�ft/ noun AIR TRAVEL amachine which flies in the air, carrying pas-sengers or cargo � The airline has a fleet often commercial aircraft. � The company isone of the most important American aircraftmanufacturers. (NOTE: There is no pluralform: one aircraft, two aircraft.) � to charteran aircraft to hire an aircraft for a specialpurpose

aircrew

aircrew /�eəkru�/ noun AIR TRAVEL all thepeople who help to fly an aircraft, e.g. thecaptain, copilot and navigator, considered asa groupair-dry

air-dry /�eə dra/ verb CATERING to removemoisture from something by placing it in acurrent of airair fares

air fares /�eə feəz/ plural noun AIR TRAVELthe amount of money charged for travel onaircraftairfield

airfield /�eəfi�ld/ noun AIR TRAVEL a fieldwhere small planes can landair freight

air freight /�eə fret/ noun BUSINESS theshipping of goods in an aircraft � to send ashipment by air freightair hostess

air hostess /�eə �həυsts/ noun AIRTRAVEL same as flight attendantair letter

air letter /�eə �letə/ noun a special sheet ofthin blue paper, which when folded can besent by air without an envelope. Also calledaerogrammeairlift

airlift /�eəlft/ verb AIR TRAVEL to carrysomething or someone by air � The climberswere airlifted to safety.airline

airline /�eəlan/ noun AIR TRAVEL a com-pany which carries passengers or cargo byair � Profits of major airlines have beenaffected by the rise in fuel prices.airline identification code

airline identification code /�eəlan a|

�dentf |�keʃ(ə)n �kəυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL aset of letters which are given to all flightsoperated by an airline, e.g. BA for BritishAirways, LH for Lufthansa, AF for AirFranceairline train

airline train /�eəlan tren/ noun RAILTRAVEL a train which takes passengers to andfrom an airportairlink

airlink /�eəlŋk/ noun AIR TRAVEL a linkbetween two places, using planes or helicop-tersair mail

air mail /�eə mel/ noun a way of sendingletters or parcels by air � to send a packageby air mail � Air-mail charges have risen by15%. � air-mail envelope a very light enve-lope for sending air-mail letters � air-mailsticker a blue sticker with the words ‘by airmail’, which can be stuck to an envelope orpacket to show it is being sent by airairmail

airmail /�eəmel/ verb to send letters orparcels by air � We airmailed the tickets toNew York.air marshal

air marshal /�eə �mɑ�ʃ(ə)l/ noun AIRTRAVEL same as sky marshalair miles

air miles /�eə malz/ plural noun AIRTRAVEL a trademark for a system that givespeople points when they purchase goods or

Leisure.fm Page 7 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

air miss 8services, which they can later use to get freeair travelair miss

air miss /�eə ms/ noun AIR TRAVEL an inci-dent where two aircraft come very close toeach other when in the air, but without caus-ing an accidentairpass

airpass /�eəpɑ�s/ noun AIR TRAVEL a spe-cial ticket, paid for in advance, which allowsunlimited travel by air in a country over alimited period of timeair passenger

air passenger /�eə �p�snd$ə/ noun AIRTRAVEL a passenger travelling in an aircraftairport

airport /�eəpɔ�t/ noun AIR TRAVEL a placewhere planes land and take off � We leavefrom London Airport at 10.00. � O’Hare Air-port is the main airport for Chicago. � air-port hotel a hotel which is very near to anairport, and so is convenient for passengerswho need to leave early in the morning, whoarrive late at night, or who are in transit �Stranded passengers were put up at the air-port hotel at the airline’s expense.airport bus

airport bus /�eəpɔ�t b�s/ noun ROADTRAVEL a bus which takes passengers to andfrom an airportairport code

airport code /�eəpɔ�t kəυd/ noun AIRTRAVEL a set of letters which are used toidentify a particular airport, e.g. LHR forLondon Heathrow or CDG for Charles deGaulleairport tax

airport tax /�eəpɔ�t t�ks/ noun AIRTRAVEL a tax added to the price of an airticket to cover the cost of running an airportairport terminal

airport terminal /�eəpɔ�t �t��mn(ə)l/noun AIR TRAVEL the main building at an air-port where passengers arrive and depart.Also called terminal buildingairport transfer

airport transfer /�eəpɔ�t �tr�nsf��/noun a transport service to take passengersfrom an airport to a hotel, conference centreor other point, or from there back to the air-portairsick

airsick /�eəsk/ adjective MEDICAL feelingsick because of the movement of an aircraftairsickness

airsickness /�eəsknəs/ noun MEDICALsickness caused by the movement of an air-craftairside

airside /�eəsad/ adjective, adverb AIRTRAVEL next to the part of an airport whereaircraft stand � airside lounge a departurelounge near the boarding gate

‘Business class passengers have the use of asmall and quiet airside lounge. There’s an ade-quate supply of orange juice, coffee and newspa-pers’ [Business Traveller]‘…airside, there is an Internet café, where pas-sengers can make use of the Internet and/or see

the latest business news on TV screens’[Airliner World]

airstripairstrip /�eəstrp/ noun AIR TRAVEL a smallrough landing place for aircraft � The planelanded on a jungle airstrip.air taxiair taxi /�eə �t�ksi/ noun a small commer-cial aircraft used for short flights betweenplaces not on a regular airline routeair terminalair terminal /�eə �t��mn(ə)l/ noun AIRTRAVEL a building in a town where passen-gers meet to be taken by bus or train to an air-port outside the townair ticketair ticket /�eə �tkt/ noun AIR TRAVEL aticket to allow a passenger to travel by airairtightairtight /�eətat/ adjective not allowing airto get in or out � The goods are packed inairtight containers.air-traffic controlair-traffic control /�eə �tr�fk kən|

�trəυl/ noun AIR TRAVEL the organisation ofthe movement of aircraft in the air, especiallywhen landing or taking offair-traffic controllerair-traffic controller /�eə �tr�fk kən |

�trəυlə/ noun AIR TRAVEL somebody whoorganises the movement of aircraft in the airAir Travel Organisers’ LicenceAir Travel Organisers’ Licence /�eə�tr�v(ə)l �ɔ�#ənazəz �las(ə)ns/ noun AIRTRAVEL a licence that has to be held by anycompany or person offering package holi-days or charter flights and includes a bond toprotect travellers if the company goes intoliquidation. Abbr ATOLairworthinessairworthiness /�eə |�w��ðinəs/ noun AIRTRAVEL the state of being able and safe to flyaisleaisle /al/ noun TRAVEL (in a train, aircraft,cinema, etc.) a gap between rows of seats,where people may walk � You’re blockingthe aisle and the stewardess can’t get pastwith the drinks trolley.aisle seataisle seat /�al si�t/ noun TRAVEL a seat ina train, plane, etc., next to an aisleà laà la /�� l�/ phrase CATERING a Frenchphrase meaning ‘in the style of’ � à la russein the Russian styleà la carteà la carte /�� l� �kɑ�t/ adjective CATERINGmade of several dishes ordered separatelyfrom a menuà la carte menuà la carte menu /�� l� �kɑ�t �menju�/noun CATERING a menu with many differentdishes at different prices, from which a guestcan choose what to eat � They chose from theà la carte menu.à la modeà la mode /�� l� �mɒd/ adverb US CATER-ING served with ice cream � apple pie à lamodealarmalarm /ə|�lɑ�m/ noun a device which gives aloud warning � verb to frighten somebody �We don’t want to alarm the guests.

Leisure.fm Page 8 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

9 all-inalarm clock

alarm clock /ə|�lɑ�m klɒk/ noun a clockwhich rings a bell to wake you upalcohol

alcohol /��lkəhɒl/ noun BEVERAGES 1. apure colourless liquid which is formed by theaction of yeast on sugar solutions and formspart of drinks such as wine and whisky. Sym-bol C2H5OH 2. a drink made from fermentedor distilled liquid � The restaurant will notserve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.alcohol by volume

alcohol by volume /��lkəhɒl ba�vɒlju�m/ noun BEVERAGES the amount ofalcohol in a drink, shown on the label. Abbrabvalcohol-free

alcohol-free /��lkəhɒl �fri�/ adjectiveBEVERAGES containing no alcohol � alcohol-free lageralcoholic

alcoholic /��lkə|�hɒlk/ adjective BEVER-AGES containing alcohol � Alcoholic drinksare not allowed into some countries.alcoholism

alcoholism /��lkəhɒlz(ə)m/ noun theexcessive drinking of alcohol, whichbecomes addictivealcopop

alcopop /��lkəυpɒp/ noun a drink, manu-factured and sold commercially, that is amixture of a soft drink, e.g. lemonade, andalcoholal dente

al dente /��l dente/ adjective referringespecially to pasta that is cooked just longenough to be still firm and not too softale

ale /el/ noun BEVERAGES British-type beer,especially bitter beer, but not lageralfresco

alfresco /�l |�freskəυ/ adjective, adverb inthe open air � We had an alfresco meal on theterrace overlooking the sea.algae

algae /��ld$i�/ plural noun tiny plants liv-ing in water or in moist conditions, whichcontain chlorophyll and have no stems orroots or leaves � blue-green algae algaefound mainly in fresh water � brown algaebrown seaweedalgaecide

algaecide /��ld$sad/ noun a substanceused to kill algaealien

alien /�eliən/ noun a person who is not acitizen of the countryalight

alight /ə|�lat/ verb to get off a vehicle(formal) � Alight here for the Post Office.alimentary canal

alimentary canal /�l|�ment(ə)ri kə|

�n�l/ noun a tube in the body going from themouth to the anus and including the throat,stomach and intestines, through which foodpasses and is digestedalimentary system

alimentary system /�l|�ment(ə)ri�sstəm/ noun the arrangement of tubes andorgans, including the alimentary canal, sali-vary glands, liver, etc., through which foodpasses and is digested

alimentation

alimentation /��lmen |�teʃ(ə)n/ nounthe act of taking in foodalkali

alkali /��lkəla/ noun a substance that neu-tralises acids and forms salts (NOTE: TheBritish English plural is alkalis, but the USspelling is alkalies.)alkaline

alkaline /��lkəlan/ adjective containingmore alkali than acidalkalinity

alkalinity /��lkə|�lnti/ noun the amountof alkali in something such as soil or water

COMMENT: Alkalinity and acidity are meas-ured according to the pH scale. pH7 isneutral, and pH8 and upwards are alka-line. One of the commonest alkalis iscaustic soda, used to clear blocked drains.

all

all /ɔ�l/ adjective, pronoun everything oreveryone � All (of) the managers attendedthe meeting. � All the guests asked to go onthe tour. � All the rooms are booked for theChristmas period. � The customs officialsasked him to open all his cases. � All trainsstop at Clapham Junction.allergen

allergen /��ləd$ən/ noun a substancewhich produces hypersensitivity

COMMENT: Allergens are usually proteins,and include foods, dust, animal hair, aswell as pollen from flowers. Treatment ofallergies depends on correctly identifyingthe allergen to which the patient is sensi-tive. This is done by patch tests, in whichdrops of different allergens are placed onscratches in the skin. Food allergens dis-covered in this way can be avoided, but itis hard to avoid other common allergenssuch as dust and pollen, and these have tobe treated by a course of desensitisinginjections.

allergenic

allergenic /��lə |�d$enk/ adjective pro-ducing or triggering an allergy � the aller-genic properties of fungal sporesallergic

allergic /ə |�l��d$k/ adjective sufferingfrom an allergy � She is allergic to pollen. �allergic agent a substance that produces anallergic reactionallergic reaction

allergic reaction /ə|�l��d$k ri |��kʃən/noun an effect produced by a substance towhich a person has an allergy, such as sneez-ing or a skin rash � He showed an allergicreaction to strawberries.allergy

allergy /��ləd$i/ noun a sensitivity to par-ticular substances such as pollen or dust,which cause a physical reaction � She has anallergy to household dust.

‘…the parents of a boy with a life-threateningpeanut allergy are moving to France to open hol-iday accommodation for people whose lives areaffected by potentially fatal nut allergies’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

all-in

all-in /�ɔ�l �n/ adjective including every-thing

Leisure.fm Page 9 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

all-inclusive 10all-inclusiveall-inclusive /�ɔ�l n|�klu�sv/ adjectivewhere the price paid includes everything andno further payments will be required � tai-lor-made all-inclusive 16-day trips from£1,600 per personall-in priceall-in price /�ɔ�l n �pras/, all-in rate /�ɔ�ln �ret/ noun BUSINESS a price which coversall the items in a purchase, i.e. the goods,plus delivery, tax, insurance, etc., or all itemsin a tour such as travel, hotel accommodationand meals � The hotel offers an all-in tariffof £550 a week.allocateallocate /��ləket/ verb 1. to share outthings among various people � The partywere allocated rooms in the hotel annexe. 2.to divide something such as a sum of moneyin various ways, and share it out � We allo-cate 10% of revenue to publicity. � $2,500was allocated to furnishing the guests’lounge.allotallot /ə|�lɒt/ verb TOURISM to allocate hotelrooms to a tour operator � The group hasbeen allotted 50 rooms in the hotel. (NOTE:allotting – allotted)allotmentallotment /ə|�lɒtmənt/ noun TOURISM theact of allocating hotel rooms to tour opera-torsallowallow /ə|�laυ/ verb 1. to let someone dosomething � Children are not allowed intothe restaurant. � You are allowed six litres ofduty-free wine. � The company allows allmembers of staff to take six days’ holiday atChristmas. 2. to give someone something �We will allow you a student discount. � Thestore allows a 5% discount to members ofstaff. 3. to accept something legally � toallow a claim or an appealallowableallowable /ə |�laυəb(ə)l/ adjective legallyacceptedallowable expensesallowable expenses /ə|�laυəb(ə)l k |

�spensz/ plural noun BUSINESS businessexpenses that can be claimed against taxallowanceallowance /ə|�laυəns/ noun 1. moneywhich is given for a special reason � travelallowance or travelling allowance � foreigncurrency allowance 2. money removed inthe form of a discount � allowance forexchange loss

‘…most airlines give business class the samebaggage allowance as first class’ [Business Trav-eller]

allowed timeallowed time /ə|�laυd �tam/ noun BUSI-NESS paid time that the management agreesan employee can spend on rest, cleaning ormeals, but not workingallow forallow for /ə|�laυ fɔ�/ verb 1. to give a dis-count for something � to allow for moneypaid in advance � to allow 10% for packing

� gratuities are not allowed for gratuitiesare not included 2. to take something intoaccount when calculating � allow 14 daysfor delivery of the visa calculate that deliv-ery of the visa will take at least 14 daysall-terrain boarding

all-terrain boarding /�ɔ�l tə|�ren�bɔ�dŋ/ noun a form of skateboarding inwhich the rider travels over all types of ter-rain, especially down mountain slopesalmond

almond /�ɑ�mənd/ noun NUTS a sweet nutfrom the almond tree � trout with almonds �an almond cakealmond paste

almond paste /�ɑ�mənd pest/ nounFOOD same as marzipanalongside

alongside /ə |�lɒŋ |�sad/ adverb, preposi-tion beside � The ship berthed alongside thequay or came alongside the quay.alpine

alpine /��lpan/ adjective referring to theAlps � an alpine holiday resort

‘…it appears that rugby and soccer are far, farmore dangerous than Alpine downhill skiing’[Sunday Times]

Alps

Alps /�lps/ plural noun TOURISM a moun-tainous area of Switzerland and North Italy,including parts of Austria, Slovenia andFrance � The number of visitors to the Alpsis increasing each year. � Climbers in theAlps are warned of the danger of ava-lanches.alternative

alternative /ɔ�l |�t��nətv/ noun somethingwhich you do instead of something else �What is the alternative to calling the trip off?� we have no alternative there is nothingelse we can do � adjective able to take theplace of something � They were offered thechoice of two alternative flights. � to findsomeone alternative accommodation tofind someone another hotel roomaltitude

altitude /��lttju�d/ noun height measuredabove the level of the seaaltitude sickness

altitude sickness /��lttju�d �sknəs/noun MEDICAL a condition caused by reducedoxygen in the air above altitudes of 7,000 to8,000 feet (3,600 metres). Symptomsinclude headaches, breathlessness, fatigue,nausea and swelling of the face, hands andfeet. Also called mountain sicknessa.m.

a.m. /�e �em/, A.M. US abbreviation refer-ring to the morning period between midnightand midday � The flight leaves at 9.20 a.m.� We will arrive at 10 a.m. local time. � Ifyou phone before 8 a.m., calls are charged ata cheaper rate.amaretto

amaretto /��mə |�retəυ/ noun an almond-flavoured liqueur from Italyambassador

ambassador /�m|�b�sədə/, ambas-sadress /�m|�b�sədres/ noun somebody

Leisure.fm Page 10 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

11 ampwho represents his or her country in anothercountry. � consul, embassyambience

ambience /��mbiəns/ noun the characterand atmosphere surrounding a place � Thenew landlord has given the pub a friendlyambience.

‘…come and enjoy the ambience of a 16th Cen-tury Elizabethan Manor House’ [Sunday Times]

ambient

ambient /��mbiənt/ adjective surround-ing a person or an objectambient noise

ambient noise /��mbiənt �nɔz/ noungeneral noise which surrounds you, e.g. traf-fic noise, waterfalls, etc.ambient quality standards

ambient quality standards /��mbiənt�kwɒlti �st�ndədz/ plural noun levels ofacceptable clean air which a national bodytries to enforceambient temperature

ambient temperature /��mbiənt�temprtʃə/ noun the temperature of the airin which you live or workamenity

amenity /ə|�mi�nti/ noun a facility forsports or entertainment � The town offersamenities for children. (NOTE: The pluralform is amenities.)

‘…rooms are stylish and uncluttered with everyamenity, and service is generally good. Singlesfrom DM310, doubles DM390’ [Business Trav-eller]

amenity centre

amenity centre /ə |�mi�nti �sentə/ nounENTERTAINMENT a building housing variousentertainment facilities, such as a cinema,sports hall, gymnasium, auditorium andswimming poolAmerican

American /ə |�merkən/ adjective relatingto America or to the United StatesAmerican Automobile Association

American Automobile Association/ə|�merkən �ɔ�təməbi�l ə |�səυsieʃ(ə)n/noun ROAD TRAVEL a major motoring organ-isation in the USA. Abbr AAAAmerican breakfast

American breakfast /ə |�merkən�brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfastincluding coffee or tea, cereal, bacon or ham,and toast or wafflesAmerican Express

American Express /ə|�merkən k |

�spres/ noun TRAVEL a company offering atravel service, traveller’s cheques, chargecards, and many other services worldwide �Her American Express traveller’s chequeswere stolen. Abbr Amexamericano

americano /ə|�mer |�kɑ�nəυ/ noun anespresso coffee diluted with hot water andcontaining no milkAmericanos

Americanos /ə|�mer |�kɑ�nəυz/ nounBEVERAGES a cocktail of campari and ver-mouthAmerican plan

American plan /ə|�merkən pl�n/ nounUS HOTELS a hotel charge that includes all

meals as well as the room charge. CompareEuropean planAmerican service

American service /ə|�merkən �s��vs/noun CATERING 1. a style of laying a table, inwhich each guest is given cutlery, a sideplate, a napkin, glasses, and sometimes acoffee cup and saucer 2. a way of servingfood to guests, where the portions of food areplaced on plates in the kitchen ready forservice at table. Compare French serviceAmex

Amex /��meks/ abbreviation AmericanExpress (informal) � She paid by Amex orwith his Amex card.amino acid

amino acid /ə |�mi�nəυ ��sd/ noun achemical compound which is broken downfrom proteins in the digestive system andthen used by the body to form its own protein� Proteins are first broken down into aminoacids.

COMMENT: Amino acids all contain car-bon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, aswell as other elements. Some amino acidsare produced in the body itself, but othershave to be absorbed from food. The eightessential amino acids are: isoleucine, leu-cine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,threonine, tryptophan and valine.

ammonia

ammonia /ə |�məυniə/ noun a gas with astrong smell, which is a compound of nitro-gen and hydrogen and is used to make artifi-cial fertilisers, or in liquid form as a refriger-ant. Symbol NH3

COMMENT: Ammonia is released into theatmosphere from animal dung. It has theeffect of neutralising acid rain but in com-bination with sulphur dioxide it formsammonium sulphate which damages thegreen leaves of plants.

amoeba

amoeba /ə |�mi�bə/ noun a form of animallife, made up of a single cell (NOTE: The plu-ral form is amoebae.The US spelling ofamoeba is ameba.)amoebic

amoebic /ə|�mi�bk/ adjective referring toan amoebaamoebic dysentery

amoebic dysentery /ə |�mi�bk�ds(ə)ntri/ noun MEDICAL a mainly tropicalform of dysentery that is caused by microbesthat enter the body through contaminatedwater or unwashed foodamount

amount /ə|�maυnt/ noun a quantity ofsomething, especially money � amount paid� amount deducted � a small amount ofsugar � The amount owing is not enough tocover our costs. � verb � to amount to tomake a total of � Their debts amount to over£1m.amp

amp /�mp/ noun the quantity of electricityflowing in a current � a 3-amp plug

Leisure.fm Page 11 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

amplifier 12amplifieramplifier /��mplfaə/ noun a machinewhich makes a sound louderAmtrak

Amtrak /��mtr�k/ noun RAIL TRAVEL thenational system of railways in the US, whichoperates passenger services between maincitiesamuseamuse /ə|�mju�z/ verb 1. to make someonelaugh � to amuse yourself to spend timehappily � On the final day of the tour therewill be no organised visits, and members ofthe party will be left to amuse themselves inthe town. 2. to make the time pass pleasantlyfor someoneamuse-bouche

amuse-bouche /ə|�mju�z �bu�ʃ/, amuse-gueule /ə|�mju�z �#��l/ noun CATERING asmall appetiser served before a meal or whilethe customer is looking at the menuamusementamusement /ə |�mju�zmənt/ noun a feel-ing of pleasure caused by something that isfunny or enjoyableamusement arcadeamusement arcade /ə|�mju�zmənt ɑ� |

�ked/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a hall with slotmachines for playing games, etc.amusement parkamusement park /ə |�mju�zmənt pɑ�k/noun ENTERTAINMENT an open-air park withvarious types of entertainment such asroundabouts and shooting galleriesanalyse

analyse /��nəlaz/, analyze verb toexamine in detail � to analyse the accountsof a restaurant � to analyse the marketpotential for golfing holidays � When thefood was analysed it was found to containtraces of bacteria.analysisanalysis /ə |�n�ləss/ noun a detailedexamination and report � job analysis � mar-ket analysis � sales analysis � to carry outan analysis of the market potentialanalystanalyst /��nəlst/ noun somebody whoanalyses � market analyst � systems analystanchoranchor /��ŋkə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS aheavy metal hook dropped to the bottom ofthe sea to hold a ship in one place � The shipwas at anchor. � to drop anchor to let ananchor fall to the bottom of the sea to hold aship steady � verb SHIPS AND BOATS 1. (of aship) to drop anchor 2. to hold with ananchoranchorageanchorage /��ŋkərd$/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a place where ships can anchor safelyanchovyanchovy /��ntʃəvi, �n |�tʃəυvi/ nounSEAFOOD a small fish with a strong, saltytaste, used in dishes such as pizza and saladeniçoiseancient monumentancient monument /�enʃənt�mɒnjυmənt/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a veryold building, especially one which belongsto the state and is open to visitors � The

chapel is an ancient monument and is pro-tected.ancient siteancient site /�enʃənt �sat/ noun TOUR-ISM a place where a town or buildings used tobe, and where there are now only ruins orempty landancillaryancillary /�n |�sləri/ adjective secondaryancillary servicesancillary services /�n |�sləri �s��vsz/plural noun HOTELS services such as clean-ing and porterage in a hotelangel hairangel hair /�end$əl heə/ noun pasta inthe form of long, very fine strandsAngostura bittersAngostura bitters /��ŋ#əstjυərə�btəz/ trademark BEVERAGES a trademarkfor a sharp-tasting liquid, added to gin andother drinks to make them bitter. Also calledbittersanimatoranimator /��nmetə/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT somebody employed to organise enter-tainments or other activities for guests in ahotel or holiday resort or for passengers on ashipaniseanise /� |�ni�s/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a herbthat produces a small aromatic fruit calledaniseed, which is used for flavouringaniseedaniseed /��nsi�d/ noun FOOD the seed ofthe anise plant

COMMENT: Aniseed is much used in con-fectionery, especially in sweets. It is alsothe basis of several alcoholic drinks madein the Mediterranean area, such as pastisin France, ouzo in Greece, or raki in Tur-key.

annexeannexe /��neks/ noun a less importantbuilding attached to a main building � Theparty was put into the hotel annexe.announceannounce /ə|�naυns/ verb to say some-thing officially or in public � The compereannounced the results of the competition. �The pilot announced that there was someturbulence ahead.announcementannouncement /ə|�naυnsmənt/ noun theact of making something known in public �the announcement of the appointment of anew hotel managerannouncerannouncer /ə|�naυnsə/ noun CATERINGsame as aboyeurannual general meetingannual general meeting /��njuəl�d$en(ə)rəl �mi�tŋ/ noun BUSINESS anannual meeting of all the shareholders of acompany, when the company’s financial sit-uation is presented and discussed. AbbrAGM (NOTE: The US English is annualmeeting or annual stockholders’ meet-ing.)annual passannual pass /��njuəl pɑ�s/ noun a passthat entitles a person to use facilities for awhole year

Leisure.fm Page 12 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

13 appetiteAnnual Percentage Rate

Annual Percentage Rate /��njuəl pə|

�sentd$ �ret/ noun BUSINESS the rate ofinterest shown on an annual compoundbasis, including fees and charges. Abbr APRanswer

answer /�ɑ�nsə/ noun something that yousay or write when someone has asked you aquestion � I am writing in answer to your let-ter of October 6th. � My letter got no answeror There was no answer to my letter. � I triedto phone his office but there was no answer.� verb to speak or write words to someonewho has spoken to you or asked you a ques-tion � to answer a letter to write a letter inreply to a letter which you have receivedanteroom

anteroom /��ntiru�m/ noun a room nextto and adjoining a larger room � The discowas held in the anteroom next to the bar.antibiotic

antibiotic /��ntiba |�ɒtk/ MEDICAL adjec-tive stopping the spread of bacteria � noun adrug, e.g. penicillin, that is developed fromliving substances and stops the spread ofmicroorganisms � He was given a course ofantibiotics. � Antibiotics have no use againstvirus diseases.

COMMENT: Penicillin is one of the com-monest antibiotics, together with strepto-mycin, tetracycline, erythromycin andmany others. Although antibiotics arewidely and successfully used, new formsof bacteria have developed which areresistant to them.

anticaking additive

anticaking additive /��nt |�kekŋ��dtv/ noun CATERING an additive addedto food to prevent it becoming solidantimalarial

antimalarial /��ntimə|�leəriəl/ noun,adjective MEDICAL treating or preventingmalaria (NOTE: Antimalarial drugs havenames ending in -oquine: chloroquine.)antioxidant

antioxidant /��nti|�ɒksd(ə)nt/ nounCATERING a substance which makes oxygenless damaging, e.g. in the body or in foods orplasticsantipasto

antipasto /��ntip�stəυ/ noun a foodserved at the beginning of an Italian meal oras a snackantiseptic

antiseptic /��nt |�septk/ MEDICAL adjec-tive preventing harmful microorganismsfrom spreading � She gargled with an anti-septic mouthwash. � noun a substance whichprevents germs growing or spreading � Thenurse painted the wound with antiseptic.antivenene

antivenene /��ntivə |�ni�n/, antivenomserum noun MEDICAL serum which is usedto counteract the poison from snake or insectbitesAOC

AOC abbreviation BEVERAGES appellationd’origine contrôlée

AONB

AONB abbreviation TOURISM Area of Out-standing Natural Beautyaparthotel

aparthotel, apart’hotel noun HOTELSsame as apartment hotel � Amsterdam hasa wide range of apartments and aparthotels.apartment

apartment /ə|�pɑ�tmənt/ noun a set ofrooms in a large building, used as a separateliving unit. Also called flat � apartmentblock a block of flatsapartment hotel

apartment hotel /ə |�pɑ�tmənt �həυtel/noun HOTELS a hotel which is formed of aseries of furnished rooms or suites and whereall normal hotel services are provided,although each suite will have its own kitch-enetteaperitif

aperitif, apéritif noun BEVERAGES an alco-holic drink taken before a meal

COMMENT: The commonest apéritifsserved in Britain are sherry, gin and tonic,whisky, or various martinis; outside Brit-ain, port is drunk as an apéritif.

APEX

APEX /�epeks/ abbreviation Advance Pur-chase ExcursionAPEX fare

APEX fare /�epeks feə/ noun AIR TRAVELa specially cheap air fare that you must booka particular length of time before the flightand that you can only change or cancel bypaying an extra charge

‘…a cheap APEX fare has been introduced for acar and up to five passengers who book 28 daysin advance and return within five days’[Business Traveller]

apologise

apologise /ə|�pɒləd$az/ verb to say youare sorry � We apologise for the delay inunloading baggage. � She apologised forbeing late.apology

apology /ə|�pɒləd$i/ noun a statement inwhich you say you are sorry � to write a let-ter of apology � I enclose a cheque for £10with apologies for the delay in answeringyour letter. � She was very annoyed andasked for an apology from the coach driver.(NOTE: The plural form is apologies.)appellation d’origine contrôlée

appellation d’origine contrôlée /�pə|

�l�siɒn �dɒrd$n kɒn |�trəυle/ noun BEV-ERAGES a French wine classification, indi-cating that the wine comes from a particulararea and is of a particular quality. CompareVDQSappetiser

appetiser /��ptazə/, appetizer nounCATERING a snack taken with drinks before amealappetising

appetising /��ptazŋ/ adjective look-ing, smelling or tasting goodappetite

appetite /��ptat/ noun a need or wish toeat � good appetite interest in eating food �poor appetite lack of interest in eating food

Leisure.fm Page 13 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

apple 14appleapple /��p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT the commonhard, edible fruit of the apple tree Malusdomestica � cider apple an apple used formaking cider

COMMENT: 6,000 apple varieties oncegrew in Britain, and all of them arerecorded in the UK’s National Apple Reg-ister. Recognised apple varieties includeCox’s Orange Pippin, Granny Smith andGolden Delicious (dessert varieties) andBramley’s Seedling (cooking apple).

apple charlotteapple charlotte /��p(ə)l �ʃɑ�lət/ nounDESSERTS a hot dessert made of stewedapples cooked in a case of soft sponge cakeapple crumbleapple crumble /��p(ə)l �kr�mb(ə)l/noun DESSERTS a dessert made of cookedapples covered with a crumble topapple dumplingsapple dumplings /��p(ə)l �d�mplŋz/plural noun DESSERTS pieces of applecooked in doughapple sauceapple sauce /��p(ə)l �sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. sauce made from cookedapples, served with meat, especially pork(NOTE: In US English, apple sauce can beeaten as a dessert, which in British Englishis called stewed apples.)applicantapplicant /��plkənt/ noun somebodywho applies for something � Visa applicantswill have to wait at least two weeks.applicationapplication /��pl|�keʃ(ə)n/ noun an actof asking for something, usually in writing �an application for a visa or a visa applica-tion � an application for a job or a job appli-cationapplication formapplication form /��pl |�keʃ(ə)n �fɔ�m/noun a form which has to be filled in toapply for something � to fill in an applica-tion (form) for a new passport or a passportapplication (form)apply

apply /ə|�pla/ verb 1. to ask for something,usually in writing � to apply for a visa or fora passport � to apply in writing � to apply inperson � to apply for a job to write offeringyour services to an employer � Sixty peopleapplied for jobs in the new restaurant. 2. toaffect or be relevant to someone or some-thing � This clause applies only to travel inAfrica. (NOTE: applying – applied)approvedapproved /ə|�pru�vd/ adjective TOURISMformerly, the lowest grade in the EnglishTourist Board grading systemAPRAPR abbreviation BUSINESS Annual Per-centage Rateaprès-skiaprès-ski /��pre ski�/ adjective takingplace in the evening after a day’s skiingapricot

apricot /�eprkɒt/ noun FRUIT the smallyellow fruit from the deciduous tree Prunusarmeniaca, similar to a small peach, but not

as juicy � You have a choice of marmaladeor apricot jam for breakfast.apron

apron /�eprən/ noun 1. a piece of clothworn over clothes to protect them whenworking � The chef in the carvery wears along white apron. 2. AIR TRAVEL (in an air-port) a piece of tarmac on which planes canbe parked for unloading, waiting, cleaning,etc.

‘…the chances are you’ll be decanted from theplane onto a hot and sticky apron for the furtherstifling bus ride to the cramped terminal’[Business Traveller]‘…much of the apron outside the hangars seemsto be overflow parking area for aircraft awaitingdeparture slots’ [Airliner World]

apron congestion

apron congestion /�eprən kən |

�d$estʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a situationwhere too many planes try to use the apron atan airport, resulting in slower turnroundtimesaquatic

aquatic /ə |�kw�tk/ adjective in wateraquatic sports

aquatic sports /ə |�kw�tk �spɔ�ts/ pluralnoun SPORT activities which take place on orin water, e.g. swimming, water polo or scubadivingarborio

arborio /ɑ� |�bɔ�riəυ/ noun a short-grainedrice used to make risotto and other ItaliandishesArbroath smokie

Arbroath smokie /ɑ� |�brəυθ �sməυki/noun SEAFOOD a small whole haddocksmoked to a brown colour (NOTE: Arbroathsmokies are named after the town ofArbroath in Scotland.)arctic

arctic /�ɑ�ktk/ adjective referring to thearea round the North Pole � Polar bearshibernate during the long arctic winters. �Two arctic explorers have reached the NorthPole. � noun � the Arctic the area round theNorth Pole � The Arctic is home to polarbears. � the High Arctic the most northerlypart of the Arctic

‘…a whole range of pollutants are collected bythe atmosphere over central Europe, and then car-ried by air currents to the High Arctic, where theyfall back to earth in the weather’ [TGO –The Great Outdoors]

area

area /�eəriə/ noun 1. a measurement of thespace taken up by something, calculated bymultiplying the length by the width � Thearea of this restaurant is 3,400 square feet. �We are looking for a shop with a sales areaof about 100 square metres. 2. a region of theworld � The tour will visit one of the mostinaccessible desert areas in the world. 3. adistrict or part of a town � The office is in thecommercial area of the town. � Their factoryis in a very good area for getting to themotorways and airports. 4. part of a country,

Leisure.fm Page 14 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

15 artichokea division for commercial purposes � Hersales area is the North-West. � He finds itdifficult to cover all his area in a week.area code

area code /�eəriə kəυd/ noun a specialtelephone number which is given to a partic-ular area � The area code for central Londonis 020 7.area manager

area manager /�eəriə �m�nd$ə/ noun amanager who is responsible for a part of thecountryArea of Outstanding Natural BeautyArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty/�eəriə əv aυt |�st�ndŋ �n�tʃ(ə)rəl �bju�ti/noun TOURISM a region in England andWales which is not a National Park but whichis considered sufficiently attractive to be pre-served from overdevelopment. Abbr AONBarmarm /ɑ�m/ noun 1. the part of the bodywhich goes from the shoulder to the hand �arm in arm with their arms linked 2. some-thing shaped like an arm, or a piece at theside of a chair to rest your arms on � The but-tons for the music channels are in the arm ofyour seat. � verb to equip with weaponsarmband

armband /�ɑ�mb�nd/ noun a piece ofcloth worn round your arm � The tour leaderwill be wearing a red armband.armchairarmchair /�ɑ�mtʃeə/ noun a chair witharms � Each bedroom is furnished with twoarmchairs and a TV.armed

armed /ɑ�md/ adjective equipped withweapons � Because of the dangerous situa-tion, the party will travel with armed guards.armrest

armrest /�ɑ�mrest/ noun a part of a seatthat you put your arm on � The ashtray andsound buttons are in the armrest. � Pleaseput your armrests into the horizontal posi-tion for landing.aroma

aroma /ə|�rəυmə/ noun a pleasant smell ofsomething you can eat or drink (formal) �the aroma of freshly ground coffeearomaticaromatic /��rə |�m�tk/ adjective having astrong pleasant smell � aromatic herbsherbs with a strong scent which are used togive a particular taste to food, e.g. rosemaryor thymeARRARR abbreviation HOTELS average roomratearr.

arr. abbreviation TRAVEL 1. arrival 2. arrived3. arrivesarrangearrange /ə|�rend$/ verb 1. to put in order� The hotel is arranged as a series of smallbungalows with a central restaurant andswimming pool. � In the guide, the restau-rants are arranged in alphabetical order. �Arrange the invoices in order of their dates.2. to organise � We arranged to have themeeting in their offices. � She arranged for a

car to meet him at the airport. � The courierwill arrange transportation to the airport.(NOTE: You arrange for someone to dosomething; you arrange for something tobe done; or you arrange to do something.)arrangementarrangement /ə|�rend$mənt/ noun theway in which something is organised � Sheis making all the arrangements for her boss’svisit to Spain. � The group complained thatthe arrangements for the trip to the ruinswere not clear.arrivalarrival /ə|�rav(ə)l/ noun 1. the act of com-ing to a place � We announce the arrival offlight AB 987 from Tangiers. Abbr arr. 2. aperson who arrives at a place � The newarrivals were shown to the first-floor lounge.arrival datearrival date /ə|�rav(ə)l det/ noun TRAVELthe day on which a traveller or tour grouparrives at a destination. Also called date ofarrivalarrivalsarrivals /ə |�rav(ə)lz/ noun AIR TRAVEL asection of an airport where the passengersarrivearrivals hallarrivals hall, arrivals lounge noun AIRTRAVEL a hall or lounge where passengerscan be met or can sit and waitarrival without noticearrival without notice /ə |�rav(ə)l�wð υt �nəυts/ noun HOTELS arrival at ahotel without having made an advance book-ingarrivearrive /ə |�rav/ verb to reach a place � Theplane is due to arrive at 12.15. � Theyarrived at the hotel in the middle of the night.arrowrootarrowroot /��rəυru�t/ noun CATERING athickening agent in the form of a white pow-der made from the root of a West Indian plantartart /ɑ�t/ noun 1. an activity in which peoplecreate beautiful or interesting objects orexperiences, e.g. painting, drawing, sculp-ture, music, literature or dance 2. beautiful orinteresting objects, created e.g. by painting,drawing or sculpture � When in Washington,you must not miss the Museum of ModernArt.art galleryart gallery /�ɑ�t �#�ləri/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a museum of paintings, drawings orsculpturesartichokeartichoke /�ɑ�ttʃəυk/ noun VEGETABLES1. � (globe) artichoke a green vegetable likethe flower of a thistle 2. � (Jerusalem) arti-choke a root vegetable like a bumpy potato

COMMENT: Globe artichokes are in fact atype of thistle; the flower heads are cutbefore the flowers open and are boiled;the soft bottom parts of the outer leavesare eaten, often with vinaigrette, and thenthe prickly ‘choke’ in the centre has to beremoved, and the base of the flower(called the ‘heart’) is cut up and eaten with

Leisure.fm Page 15 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

artificial sweetener 16vinaigrette. The ‘heart’ can also be servedby itself as a salad. In a restaurant, theartichoke will be prepared in the kitchenbefore serving, so that the customer caneat it without too much difficulty. Jerusa-lem artichokes are quite different plants,but have a similar taste to globe arti-chokes. The roots are thick and oddly-shaped; they are peeled and boiled likepotatoes, and eaten with butter or othersauces, or made into soup.

artificial sweetener

artificial sweetener /�ɑ�tfʃ(ə)l�swi�t(ə)nə/ noun a synthetic substanceused in place of sugar to sweeten foodarts festival

arts festival /�ɑ�tz �festv(ə)l/ nounENTERTAINMENT a large-scale event in whichperformances, exhibitions and competitionsin music, drama, painting and handicraftstake placeasap

asap /�e es e �pi�, �es�p/, ASAP abbre-viation as soon as possible (informal) � Iwant it done asap.ascorbic acid

ascorbic acid /ə|�skɔ�bk ��sd/ nounCATERING Vitamin C, found in fresh fruitASH

ASH /�ʃ/ abbreviation Action on Smokingand Healthashore

ashore /ə|�ʃɔ�/ adverb SHIPS AND BOATS onland, or onto the land from a ship � Passen-gers can go ashore for a couple of hours tovisit the town.ashtray

ashtray /��ʃtre/ noun a container forputting ash and unsmoked parts of cigarettesand cigars � The table was covered with dirtyplates and the ashtray was full. � In thesmoking compartments, ashtrays are pro-vided in the armrests of the seats.asparagus

asparagus /ə |�sp�rə#əs/ noun VEGETA-BLES a cultivated plant the new shoots ofwhich you eat as a vegetable

COMMENT: Asparagus is a type of fern; thenew shoots appear above the ground inlate spring, and are cut off at ground level.They should be boiled, and then can beeaten hot with melted butter, or cold orwarm with a vinaigrette dressing. Aspara-gus can also be made into soup. In Eng-land, asparagus can be eaten with the fin-gers, dipping the tip of the spear into thedressing, and nibbling them down to thepoint where they stop being tender. Inother countries, asparagus is eaten with aknife and fork.

aspic

aspic /��spk/ noun FOOD 1. jelly madefrom the cooked juices of meat, poultry orfish 2. a form of salad, with small pieces ofcold meat, poultry, eggs or vegetables set infirm aspic jelly in a mouldassign

assign /ə |�san/ verb 1. to give a place tosomeone � He was assigned a room on theground floor. 2. to give someone a job of

work � She was assigned the job of checkingthe bathrooms.assist

assist /ə|�sst/ verb to help somebody �The courier assisted the tourists at the cus-toms checkpoint. (NOTE: You assist some-one in doing something or to do somethingor with something.)assistance

assistance /ə|�sst(ə)ns/ noun help �Handicapped travellers may need assistancewith their baggage.

‘…all travel insurers have an international emer-gency helpline and in serious situations you willbe put through to an assistance company whichwill have a doctor on duty at the end of the line,and normally a local agent to arrange the neces-sary medical treatment’ [Wanderlust]

assistant

assistant /ə|�sst(ə)nt/ noun a person whohelps someone, usually as a jobassistant manager

assistant manager /ə|�sst(ə)nt�m�nd$ə/ noun somebody who helps amanagerassistant waiter

assistant waiter /ə|�sst(ə)nt �wetə/noun CATERING same as commis waiterassisted passage

assisted passage /ə|�sstd �p�sd$/noun a journey for an immigrant to a foreigncountry which is partly paid for by the gov-ernment of that country to encourage immi-grationassurance

assurance, assure, assurer � insureATB

ATB abbreviation AIR TRAVEL automaticticket and boarding passAtkins diet

Atkins diet /��tknz �daət/ noun a planto help people lose weight that suggests thatthey should eat a lot of protein and fat but lit-tle carbohydrateATM

ATM /�e ti� �em/ abbreviation FINANCEautomatic teller machineatmosphere

atmosphere /��tməsfə/ noun the gen-eral feeling at a party or in a place, etc. � Thehotel has a very romantic atmosphere, set onthe banks of a beautiful mountain lake.ATOL

ATOL /��tɒl/ abbreviation Air TravelOrganisers’ Licenceattach

attach /ə|�t�tʃ/ verb to fasten or link some-thing to something else � I am attaching acopy of my previous letter. � Please findattached a copy of my letter of June 24th. �The tables are attached to the floor so theycannot move, even if the sea is rough. � Thebank attaches great importance to the deal.attaché

attaché /ə |�t�ʃe/ noun a junior diplomatwho does special work in an embassy �attaché case a small case for carrying papersand documentsattend

attend /ə|�tend/ verb to be present at anevent � They organised the protest meetingin the kitchen, but only a few of the kitchen

Leisure.fm Page 16 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

17 Automobile Associationstaff attended. � The chairman has asked allmanagers to attend the meeting.attendantattendant /ə|�tendənt/ noun 1. somebodywho is on duty in a public place such as amuseum 2. somebody who is on duty to helpcustomersattend to

attend to /ə|�tend tu�/ verb to give carefulthought to something and deal with it � Themanaging director will attend to your com-plaint personally. � We have brought inexperts to attend to the problem of installingthe new computer.attention

attention /ə |�tenʃən/ noun the act of givingcareful thought to something or dealing withit � Your orders will have our best attention.attractive

attractive /ə|�tr�ktv/ adjective interest-ing and able to stimulate the senses or themind � There are some attractive bargains inweekend breaks. � The attractive sceneryround the lake makes the hotel very popularwith older guests.aubergine

aubergine /�əυbə$i�n/ noun VEGETABLESthe shiny purple-black fruit of the eggplantSolanum melongena, used as a vegetable.Also called eggplant

COMMENT: A native of tropical Asia, it issometimes called by its Indian name ‘brin-jal’. Aubergines are used in Mediterraneancooking, especially stuffed with meat, orcooked with tomatoes in ratatouille and inmoussaka.

audit

audit /�ɔ�dt/ BUSINESS noun an examina-tion of the books and accounts of a company� to carry out the annual audit � verb toexamine the books and accounts of a com-pany � to audit the accounts � The bookshave not yet been audited.auditing

auditing /�ɔ�dtŋ/ noun BUSINESS the actof examining the books and accounts of acompanyauditor

auditor /�ɔ�dtə/ noun somebody whoaudits � The AGM appoints the company’sauditors.

COMMENT: Auditors are appointed by thecompany’s directors and voted by theAGM. In the USA, audited accounts areonly required by corporations which areregistered with the Stock Exchange Com-mission, but in the UK all limited compa-nies must provide audited annualaccounts.

auditorium

auditorium /�ɔ�d |�tɔ�riəm/ noun a largehall in which people can watch or listen tosomething, e.g. a show, concert or lecture(NOTE: The plural form is auditoriums orauditoria.)auditors’ report

auditors’ report /�ɔ�dtəz r |�pɔ�t/ nounBUSINESS a report written by a company’sauditors after they have examined the

accounts of the company, certifying that, inthe opinion of the auditors, the accounts givea ‘true and fair’ view of the company’s finan-cial positionau gratin

au gratin /�əυ �#r�t�n/ CATERING � gratinau jus

au jus /�əυ �ju�/ adjective referring to meatthat is served in its own cooking juicesau naturel

au naturel /�əυ �n�trjυ|�rel/ adv, adjserved simply and plainly, e.g. uncooked orwithout seasoning or saltauto

auto /�ɔ�təυ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same ascarautobahn

autobahn /�ɔ�təυbɑ�n/ noun a motorwayin Germany, Austria and other German-speaking countriesauto insurance

auto insurance /�ɔ�təυ n|�ʃυərəns/noun FINANCE insurance covering a car, itsdriver and othersautomatic

automatic /�ɔ�tə |�m�tk/ adjective work-ing or taking place without any person mak-ing it happen

‘…using the new automatic ticket and boardingpass, travellers carrying hand baggage only willbe allowed to check themselves in for a flightsimply by swiping the card against a magneticreader before boarding. Trials in Switzerlandsuggest the entire checking process for hand bag-gage carriers can be reduced to around 20 sec-onds’ [Business Travel]‘…airlines and airports have been workingtowards automated ticket and boarding passes –called ATB2s – for several years, to avoid theproblem of airport overcrowding which couldbecome worse as European deregulation stimu-lates more air travel. As a result, airlines areaccelerating the installation of ATB2 technol-ogy’ [Times]

automatic landing equipment

automatic landing equipment/�ɔ�təm�tk �landŋ |�kwpmənt/ noun AIRTRAVEL computerised equipment in an air-craft, which allows it to land in bad weatheror when visibility is badautomatic pilot

automatic pilot /�ɔ�təm�tk �palət/noun AIR TRAVEL computerised equipment inan aircraft which allows it to fly withoutintervention from the captainautomatic teller machine

automatic teller machine /�ɔ�təm�tk�telə mə|�ʃi�n/ noun FINANCE same as cashdispenserautomatic ticket and boarding pass

automatic ticket and boarding pass/�ɔ�təm�tk �tkt ənd �bɔ�dŋ �pɑ�s/ nounAIR TRAVEL an electronic ticket, which con-tains information about the passenger andthe reservation on a magnetic strip. AbbrATBAutomobile Association

Automobile Association /�ɔ�təməbi�lə|�səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a majormotoring association in the United King-dom. � RAC

Leisure.fm Page 17 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

autopilot 18autopilotautopilot /�ɔ�təυpalət/ noun TRAVELsame as automatic pilotautumnautumn /�ɔ�təm/ noun the season of theyear between summer and winter � The air-line is offering autumn breaks of two- orthree-night stays in the capital. � Fares tendto go down in the autumn and rise again atChristmas. (NOTE: US English uses fall inthis meaning.)availabilityavailability /ə|�velə |�blti/ noun 1. thefact of being easy to obtain � offer subjectto availability the offer is valid only if thegoods or services are available 2. AIR TRAVELthe number of tickets available for a flight ata certain priceavailableavailable /ə|�veləb(ə)l/ adjective possibleto obtain or buy � available in all branches� item no longer available � items availableto order only � funds which are made avail-able for investment in small businesses �available capital capital which is ready tobe usedavalancheavalanche /��vəlɑ�ntʃ/ noun a heavymass of snow sliding down a mountainsideavalanche seasonavalanche season /��vəlɑ�ntʃ�si�z(ə)n/ noun late spring, when increasingtemperatures make the snow melt on highmountains, and cause avalanchesaverageaverage /��v(ə)rd$/ noun a number cal-culated by adding together several figuresand dividing by the number of figures added� the average for the last three months or thelast three months’ average � adjective in themiddle � average sales per restaurant � theaverage occupancy rates for the last threemonths � the average increase in pricesaverage achieved room rateaverage achieved room rate/��v(ə)rd$ ə |�tʃi�vd �ru�m �ret/ nounHOTELS the average price received for room

sales in a hotel, calculated by dividing thetotal amount charged for all rooms, eachnight, by the number of rooms occupiedavocado

avocado /��və|�kɑ�dəυ/ noun VEGETA-BLES the pear-shaped green fruit of a treeoriginally growing in South and CentralAmerica, but now cultivated in Israel, Spain,the United States and elsewhere

COMMENT: The fruit has a high protein andfat content, making it very nutritious. It isnormally served as an hors d’oeuvre. Thefruit is cut in half and the stone removed.The hollow left by the stone can be filledwith shrimps, etc., or the fruit can beserved with vinaigrette which is pouredinto the hollow (‘avocado vinaigrette’).Avocado made into a puree is called‘guacamole’.

avoid

avoid /ə|�vɔd/ verb to try not to do some-thing, or not to collide with or meet some-body or something � You must avoid travel-ling on Friday evenings. � If you leave before3 p.m. you will avoid the rush hour traffic. �He should try to avoid fatty food. (NOTE: Youavoid something or avoid doing some-thing.)award

award /ə |�wɔ�d/ noun a prize, medal, docu-ment or money that is given to somebody toshow recognition of something good that heor she has done � award-winning havingwon a prize � an award-winning restaurantaway

away /ə|�we/ adverb not here, somewhereelse � The managing director is away onbusiness. � My assistant is away sick.azo dye

azo dye /�ezəυ da/ noun CATERING a sub-stance extracted from coal tar and added tofood to give it colour

COMMENT: Many of the azo dyes (such astartrazine) provoke allergic reactions;some are believed to be carcinogenic.

Leisure.fm Page 18 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Bbabybaby /�bebi/ noun a very young child whois not yet old enough to talk or walkbaby-listening servicebaby-listening service /�bebi�ls(ə)nŋ �s��vs/ noun HOTELS a serviceprovided by a hotel, with a small microphoneto put over a baby’s cot, so that the parentscan hear if the baby cries when they are notin the roombaby-sitbaby-sit /�bebi st/ verb to look after chil-dren while their parents are outbaby-sitterbaby-sitter /�bebi �stə/ noun somebodywho baby-sitsbaby-sitting servicebaby-sitting service /�bebi �stŋ�s��vs/ noun HOTELS a service provided bya hotel, where a baby-sitter comes to thehotel room to look after a baby when the par-ents are out of the roombacillarybacillary /bə |�sləri/ adjective MEDICALreferring to bacilli � bacillary dysenterydysentery caused by the bacillus Shigella incontaminated foodbacillusbacillus /bə|�sləs/ noun MEDICAL a bacte-rium shaped like a rod (NOTE: The pluralform is bacilli.) � Bacillus cereus a micro-organism found in cereals such as ricebackback /b�k/ noun 1. the opposite side to thefront � Write your address on the back of theenvelope. � The conditions of sale areprinted on the back of the invoice. 2. theopposite part to the front � We want two seatsat the back of the plane. � If you sit at theback of the bus, you may feel travel sick. �They complained that they couldn’t see thestage from the back of the stalls. � adjectivereferring to the past � back rent rent owed �The company owes £100,000 in back rent. �verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to drive a car back-wards � He backed into the parking space. �She backed into the car behind. 2. � to backa bill to sign a bill promising to pay it if theperson it is addressed to is not able to do soback cabinback cabin /�b�k �k�bn/ noun AIRTRAVEL a section of seating in the back partof a plane, usually reserved for economyclassbackcountry snowboardingbackcountry snowboarding/�b�kk�ntri �snəυbɔ�dŋ/ noun SPORT

snowboard riding that is done away fromresorts or in specially marked areasbackdatebackdate /b�k |�det/ verb BUSINESS to putan earlier date on a cheque or invoice � Back-date your invoice to April 1st. � The payincrease is backdated to January 1st.back doorback door /�b�k �dɔ�/ noun a door at therear of a buildingbackgroundbackground /�b�k#raυnd/ noun 1. theexperiences, including education and familylife, which someone has had � What is hisbackground or Do you know anything abouthis background? � His background is in thefast-food business. � The company is lookingfor someone with a background of success inthe international hotel field. 2. informationabout a situation � She explained the back-ground of the claim for compensation. � Iknow the contractual situation as it standsnow, but can you fill in the backgrounddetails?backhanderbackhander /�b�k |�h�ndə/ noun a sumof money given secretly and illegally tosomebody to persuade him or her to help you(informal )backlogbacklog /�b�klɒ#/ noun work which haspiled up waiting to be done � The airport istrying to cope with a backlog of flights heldup by fog. � My assistant can’t cope with thebacklog of paperwork.back-of-house servicesback-of-house services /�b�k əv�haυs �s��vsz/ plural noun HOTELS serv-ices that are based in the back part of a hotel,e.g. cleaning and providing supplies for therestaurant and bar. Also called back-of-the-house servicesback-of-the-house staffback-of-the-house staff /�b�k əv�haυs �stɑ�f/ noun HOTELS staff who work inthe back of a hotel, e.g. kitchen staff andcleanersback outback out /�b�k �aυt/ verb 1. to stop beingpart of a deal or agreement � The bankbacked out of the contract. � We had to can-cel the project when our German partnersbacked out. 2. ROAD TRAVEL to drive a carbackwards out of a place � He backed out ofthe garage.

Leisure.fm Page 19 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

backpack 20backpackbackpack /�b�kp�k/ noun a large bagcarried on the back when walking � I’ll haveto take something out of my backpack – it’smuch too heavy. Also called rucksack �verb to go walking, carrying your gear in abackpack � If you backpack, you will becomeaware of how difficult the terrain is.backpackerbackpacker /�b�kp�kə/ noun somebodywho travels, or goes walking, carrying abackpack � We picked up two backpackerswho were hitching a lift into the Rockies.backpackingbackpacking /�b�kp�kŋ/ noun TOUR-ISM the activity of going on long-distancetrips or walks, carrying your clothes andequipment in a backpack � We went back-packing round Greece.back payback pay /�b�k pe/ noun salary whichhas not been paid � I am owed £500 in backpay.back paymentback payment /�b�k �pemənt/ noun apayment that is dueback pocketback pocket /�b�k �pɒkt/ noun a pocketin the back of a pair of trousers � His walletwas stolen from his back pocket.back taxback tax /�b�k t�ks/ noun BUSINESS a taxwhich is owedback-to-back arrangementback-to-back arrangement /�b�k tə�b�k ə|�rend$mənt/ noun HOTELS anarrangement covering travel and hotelaccommodation, organised so that when onegroup arrives they occupy the same rooms asthe previous group, who leave by the sameplaneback upback up /�b�k ��p/ verb 1. to help or sup-port someone or something � He broughtalong a file of documents to back up hisclaim. � The waiter said the manager hadrefused to back him up in his argument withthe customer. 2. to become jammed, becauseof not being able to go forwards � Followingthe accident, traffic backed up along themotorway for several miles. 3. US ROADTRAVEL to make a car go backwards � Canyou back up, please? I want to get out of theparking lot. (NOTE: The British English forthis is simply to back.)backupbackup /�b�k�p/ adjective supporting orhelping � We offer a free backup service tocustomers. � After a series of sales tours byrepresentatives, the sales director sendsbackup letters to all the contacts. � backupcopy a copy of a computer disk to be kept incase the original disk is damaged or lost �noun US AIR TRAVEL a delay in a flightcaused by too much air trafficbaconbacon /�bekən/ noun MEAT salt meat froma pig, which is sliced into thin strips andcooked before serving (NOTE: There is no

plural form: some bacon; a pound of bacon;for a single piece say a rasher.) � baconand eggs fried bacon and fried eggs, usuallyserved at breakfast

COMMENT: There are various types ofbacon: back bacon (which has more meat)and streaky bacon (which has more fat);bacon can be smoked (i.e. cured insmoke) or unsmoked (also called ‘green’in British English). In the United States,bacon is sliced more thinly and cookedmore than in the United Kingdom and iscalled ‘crispy bacon’. Bacon is mainlyeaten at breakfast, but it is often used insandwiches (such as bacon, lettuce andtomato or BLT).

bacteria

bacteria /b�k |�təriə/ plural noun MEDICALsubmicroscopic organisms which help in thedecomposition of organic matter, some ofwhich are permanently present in the intes-tines of animals and can break down food tis-sue, and some of which cause disease (NOTE:The singular form is bacterium.)

COMMENT: Bacteria can be shaped likerods (bacilli), like balls (cocci) or have aspiral form (such as spirochaetes). Bacte-ria, especially bacilli and spirochaetes,can move and reproduce very rapidly.

bacterial

bacterial /b�k |�təriəl/ adjective MEDICALrelating to bacteria or caused by bacteria �bacterial growth the growth of bacteria infood

‘…short-life products which support bacterialgrowth, such as meat, fish, poultry and eggdishes, rice, pasta, mousses and fresh creamproducts’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

bacterial contamination

bacterial contamination /b�k |�təriəlkən |�t�m |�neʃ(ə)n/ noun CATERING thestate of something such as water or food thathas been contaminated by bacteriabactericidal

bactericidal /b�k |�tər |�sadəl/ adjectiveMEDICAL referring to a substance thatdestroys bacteriabactericide

bactericide /b�k |�tərsad/ noun MEDI-CAL a substance that destroys bacteriaBaedeker

Baedeker /�ba |�dekə/ noun a guidebookfor travellersbag

bag /b�#/ noun 1. a soft container made ofplastic, cloth or paper, and used for carryingthings � She brought her lunch in a Harrodsbag. � We gave away 5,000 plastic bags atthe exhibition. 2. a soft case for carryingclothes when travelling � He left his bag inthe cabin. � The porter will carry your bagsto the room.bagel

bagel /�be#(ə)l/ noun BREAD, ETC. a ring-shaped bread roll with a slightly chewy tex-turebaggage

baggage /�b�#d$/ noun TRAVEL suitcasesor bags for carrying clothes when travelling

Leisure.fm Page 20 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

21 baker(NOTE: There is no plural form: to show onesuitcase, etc., you can say a piece of bag-gage. Note also that British English usesluggage more often than baggage.)

COMMENT: Certain items are not allowedonto aircraft, and should not be packed inbaggage. These include ammunition,explosives, radioactive substances, flam-mable liquids, and compressed gases.Battery-driven appliances such as clocksshould be declared when checking in.

baggage allowance

baggage allowance /�b�#d$ ə|�laυəns/noun AIR TRAVEL the weight of baggagewhich an air passenger is allowed to take freewhen travelling. Also called free baggageallowance (NOTE: The baggage allowanceis usually 30kg for first-class or businessclass passengers and 20kg for tourist classpassengers.)baggage cart

baggage cart /�b�#d$ kɑ�t/ noun USsame as luggage trolleybaggage check

baggage check /�b�#d$ tʃek/ noun AIRTRAVEL 1. an examination of passengers’baggage to make sure it contains nothingdangerous or illegal 2. a receipt given to apassenger for baggage which has beenchecked in, and which is usually stapled tothe passenger’s ticket counterfoilbaggage check-in

baggage check-in /�b�#d$ �tʃek n/noun AIR TRAVEL a place where air passen-gers have their bags and suitcases weighedand hand them over to be put on the aircraftbaggage handler

baggage handler /�b�#d$ �h�ndlə/noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who works at anairport, taking baggage off or putting it onplanesbaggage label

baggage label /�b�#d$ �leb(ə)l/ nounTRAVEL a label attached to a piece of bag-gage, with the owner’s name and address onitbaggage lift

baggage lift /�b�#d$ lft/ noun HOTELSsame as luggage liftbaggage lockers

baggage lockers /�b�#d$ �lɒkəz/ plu-ral noun TRAVEL a set of small cupboards,e.g. in an airport or railway station, wherepassengers can leave baggage locked awaysafelybaggage rack

baggage rack /�b�#d$ r�k/ nounHOTELS same as luggage rackbaggage reclaim

baggage reclaim /�b�#d$ �ri�klem/noun TRAVEL same as luggage claimbaggage room

baggage room /�b�#d$ ru�m/ noun USsame as left luggage office (NOTE: TheBritish English is left luggage office.)baggage stand

baggage stand /�b�#d$ st�nd/ nounHOTELS same as luggage stand

baggage ticket

baggage ticket /�b�#d$ �tkt/ noun apiece of paper showing that you have left apiece of baggage with someonebaggage trolley

baggage trolley /�b�#d$ �trɒli/ nounsame as luggage trolleybagna cauda

bagna cauda /�b�njə �kaυdə/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a warm sauce of olive oil, gar-lic and anchovies, served as a dip for rawvegetablesbaguette

baguette /b� |�#et/ noun BREAD, ETC. along loaf of French breadbain-mariebain-marie /�b�n mə|�ri�/ noun CATERINGa pan holding hot water into which anothervessel containing food to be cooked orheated is placed (NOTE: The plural form isbains-marie.)

COMMENT: In a large kitchen, bains-marieare used to keep food hot: items of cookedfood are placed in trays over hot water.

baizebaize /bez/ noun a soft felt cloth, usuallygreen

COMMENT: Baize is used to cover restau-rant tables to prevent the tablecloth fromslipping off, to cover card tables or billiardtables, and to cover the door leading froma kitchen into a dining room to prevent thedoor from banging.

bake

bake /bek/ verb CATERING to cook in anoven � To cook the dish, bake in a hot ovenfor 30 minutes. � Pizzas are baked in a pizzaoven. � to bake blind to cook a pastry casewithout a filling by covering it with paperand weighting it down with dried peasbakedbaked /bekt/ adjective CATERING cookedin an ovenbaked Alaska

baked Alaska /�bekt ə|�l�skə/ nounDESSERTS a dessert made of ice cream cov-ered with meringue, baked in an oven for ashort time to cook the meringue, eatenbefore the ice cream meltsbaked applebaked apple /�bekt ��p(ə)l/ noun DES-SERTS an apple which has been cored andfilled with raisins and brown sugar, thenbaked in an ovenbaked beansbaked beans /�bekt �bi�nz/ plural nounFOOD haricot beans, cooked in a tomatosauce, traditionally baked in the oven withpieces of pork and molasses, and called‘Boston baked beans’, but now more gener-ally available in cansbaked potatobaked potato /�bekt pə|�tetəυ/ nounFOOD a potato cooked ‘in its jacket’, that is,baked in an oven without being peeled, thenserved cut open, with butter or various fill-ings such as cheese, chopped ham, bakedbeans, chilli, etc. Also called jacket potatobakerbaker /�bekə/ noun a person whose job isto make bread and cakes

Leisure.fm Page 21 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

bakery 22bakerybakery /�bekəri/, baker’s shop noun ashop where bread is baked and soldBakewell tartBakewell tart /�bekwel �tɑ�t/ noun DES-SERTS a tart that has a pastry base coveredwith jam and topped with almond-flavouredspongebakingbaking /�bekŋ/ noun a method of cook-ing by placing something such as a bread orcake mixture in an ovenbaking applebaking apple /�bekŋ ��p(ə)l/ nounFRUIT same as cooking applebaking dishbaking dish /�bekŋ dʃ/ noun CATERINGa fireproof dish which can be put in the ovenbaking powderbaking powder /�bekŋ �paυdə/ noun amixture containing sodium bicarbonate,starch and acids that is used to make cakesrise when they are cookedbaking sheetbaking sheet /�bekŋ ʃi�t/, baking tray/�bekŋ tre/ noun a flat sheet of metal forbaking e.g. biscuits onbaking sodabaking soda /�bekŋ �səυdə/ nounsodium bicarbonate, especially when used asa raising agent in cookerybaklavabaklava /b�k |�lɑ�və/ noun DESSERTS aTurkish or Greek dessert made of thin pastryfilled with chopped nuts and covered withhoneybalance brought forwardbalance brought forward, balancecarried forward noun FINANCE a balancewhich is entered in an account at the end of aperiod and is then taken to be the startingpoint of the next periodbalanced dietbalanced diet /�b�lənst �daət/ noun adiet which contains the right quantities ofbasic nutrientsbalance in handbalance in hand /�b�ləns n �h�nd/noun BUSINESS cash held to pay small debtsand running costs. Also called cash in handbalance sheetbalance sheet /�b�ləns ʃi�t/ noun BUSI-NESS a statement of the financial position ofa company at a particular time, such as theend of the financial year or the end of a quar-ter, showing the company’s assets and liabil-ities � The company balance sheet for 2001shows a substantial loss. � The accountanthas prepared the balance sheet for the firsthalf-year.

COMMENT: The balance sheet shows thestate of a company’s finances at a certaindate; the profit and loss account showsthe movements which have taken placesince the end of the previous accountingperiod. A balance sheet must balance,with the basic equation that assets (i.e.what the company owns, including moneyowed to the company) must equal liabili-ties (i.e. what the company owes to itscreditors) plus capital (i.e. what it owes toits shareholders). A balance sheet can be

drawn up either in the horizontal form, withliabilities and capital on the left-hand sideof the page (in the United States, it is thereverse) or in the vertical form, with assetsat the top of the page, followed by liabili-ties, and capital at the bottom. Most areusually drawn up in the vertical format, asopposed to the more old-fashioned hori-zontal style.

balcony

balcony /�b�lkəni/ noun 1. a small terracejutting out from the upper level of a building� Each room has a balcony overlooking thesea. � Breakfast is served on the balcony. 2.ENTERTAINMENT an upstairs section of theauditorium of a theatre or cinema, above thestalls (NOTE: The plural form is balconies.)ball

ball /bɔ�l/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a formaldanceballoon

balloon /bə |�lu�n/ noun 1. a large roundobject which is inflated 2. CATERING abrandy glass with a wide body tapering to anarrower mouthballooning

ballooning /bə|�lu�nŋ/ noun the sport ofracing large passenger-carrying balloonsballroom

ballroom /�bɔ�lru�m/ noun a large roomfor formal dancesball supper

ball supper /�bɔ�l �s�pə/ noun CATERINGa supper consisting of many light dishes,served as a continuous buffet during a ballbalsamic vinegar

balsamic vinegar /bɒl |�s�mk �vn#ə/noun SAUCES, ETC. thick rich Italian vinegarfrom unfermented grape juice, stored foryears in wooden barrelsbalti

balti /�b�lti/ noun a spicy dish originallyfrom Pakistan that is traditionally served inthe bowl-shaped pan it is cooked inbamboo shoots

bamboo shoots /b�m |�bu� ʃu�t/ pluralnoun VEGETABLES young shoots from thebamboo plant, used in Chinese and Malay-sian cookingbanana

banana /bə|�nɑ�nə/ noun FRUIT the longyellow curved fruit of a large tropical plantbanana split

banana split /bə|�nɑ�nə �splt/ noun adessert made of a banana cut lengthwise andfilled with ice cream, cream and chocolatesauceband

band /b�nd/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a groupof people who play music togetherbandage

bandage /�b�ndd$/ MEDICAL noun apiece of cloth which is wrapped around awound or an injured limb � The waitress hada bandage round her hand. � verb to wrap apiece of cloth around a wound or an injuredlimb � She bandaged his leg � His arm isbandaged up.bandana

bandana /b�n |�d�nə/ noun a long scarfworn tied around your head to stop your hair

Leisure.fm Page 22 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

23 banqueting suitefrom falling over your eyes or into food. �

toqueb. & b.

b. & b., B & B abbreviation HOTELS bed andbreakfastbanger

banger /�b�ŋə/ noun MEAT a sausage(informal)bangers and mash

bangers and mash /�b�ŋəz ənd �m�ʃ/noun FOOD grilled sausages and mashedpotatoesbank

bank /b�ŋk/ noun 1. the edge of a river,canal or lake 2. FINANCE a business whichholds money for its clients, which lendsmoney at interest, and trades generally inmoney � He put all his earnings into hisbank. � I have had a letter from my bank tell-ing me my account is overdrawn. � Paymentwas made by a cheque drawn on a Swissbank. 3. ENTERTAINMENT the money held bythe organiser in a gambling game � verbFINANCE to deposit money into a bank or tohave an account with a bank � He banked thecheque as soon as he received it. � where doyou bank? where do you have a bankaccount? � I bank at or with Barclays.bank account

bank account /�b�ŋk ə|�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE an account which a customer haswith a bank, where the customer can depositand withdraw money � to open a bankaccount � to close a bank account � Howmuch money do you have in your bankaccount? � If you let the balance in yourbank account fall below £100, you have topay bank charges.banker’s order

banker’s order /�b�ŋkəz �ɔ�də/ nounFINANCE same as standing order � He payshis subscription by banker’s order.bank holidaybank holiday /�b�ŋk �hɒlde/ noun apublic holiday when most people do not goto work and the banks are closed

COMMENT: Bank holidays in England andWales are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday,Easter Monday, the first Monday in May(May Day), the last Monday in May(Spring Bank Holiday), the last Monday inAugust (Summer Bank Holiday), Christ-mas Day and Boxing Day (December26th). In Scotland, the first Monday inAugust and January 2nd are also BankHolidays, but Easter Monday and the lastMonday in August are not. In the UnitedStates, New Year’s Day, 21st January(Martin Luther King Day), February 12th(Lincoln’s birthday), the third Monday inFebruary (Washington’s birthday), the lastMonday in May (Memorial Day), July 4th(Independence Day), the first Monday inSeptember (Labor Day), the second Mon-day in October (Columbus Day), 11thNovember (Veterans’ Day), the fourthThursday in November (Thanksgiving)and Christmas Day are public holidays

nationally, although there are other localholidays.

banking

banking /�b�ŋkŋ/ noun BUSINESS thebusiness done by banksbanking account

banking account /�b�ŋkŋ ə|�kaυnt/noun FINANCE same as bank accountbanking hours

banking hours /�b�ŋkŋ �aυəz/ pluralnoun FINANCE the time when a bank is openfor its customers � You cannot get money outof a bank outside banking hours.banking services

banking services /�b�ŋkŋ �s��vsz/plural noun FINANCE the services providedby a bank, e.g. withdrawal of money, cashingcheques and foreign currency exchange �Banking services are available in the depar-ture lounge on the second floor.bank manager

bank manager /�b�ŋk �m�nd$ə/ nounFINANCE somebody in charge of a branch ofa bank � She asked her bank manager for aloan.bank note

bank note /�b�ŋknəυt/, banknote nounFINANCE a piece of printed paper money � Hepulled out a pile of used bank notes. (NOTE:The US English is bill.)bank on

bank on /�b�ŋk ɒn/ verb to be sure thatsomething will happen � He is banking ongetting a loan from his father to set up hisrestaurant. � Do not bank on having fineweather in November.bank statement

bank statement /�b�ŋk �stetmənt/noun FINANCE a written statement from abank showing how much money is in anaccount and what transactions have beenmadebanoffee

banoffee /b� |�nɒfi/ noun a creamy fillingmade from bananas and soft toffee, in a pas-try or biscuit basebanquet

banquet /�b�ŋkwt/ noun CATERING alarge formal dinner for many peoplebanqueting

banqueting /�b�ŋkwtŋ/ noun CATER-ING the work of arranging or giving large for-mal dinnersbanqueting chef

banqueting chef /�b�ŋkwtŋ ʃef/ nounCATERING a chef who specialises in cookingfor formal dinners � He worked as a ban-queting chef in a large London hotel.banqueting manager

banqueting manager, banquets man-ager noun HOTELS somebody in a hotel whois responsible for organising formal func-tionsbanqueting room

banqueting room /�b�ŋkwtŋ ru�m/noun HOTELS a room in a hotel where ban-quets are organisedbanqueting suite

banqueting suite /�b�ŋkwtŋ swi�t/noun a series of rooms where banquets areorganised

Leisure.fm Page 23 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

banquette 24banquettebanquette /�bɒnket/ noun CATERING aseat along a wall in a restaurant � Shall we siton the banquette?

‘…banquette seating secures privacy’[Evening Standard, Business Travel section]

bapbap /b�p/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small roundloaf of white breadbarbar /bɑ�/ noun 1. BARS a place where youcan buy and drink alcohol � The group met inthe bar of the hotel. 2. BARS a long counter ina pub from which drinks are served � Thebar only opens at 6 p.m. � He was sitting atthe bar. 3. CATERING a small shop, servingone special type of foodbarbackbarback /�bɑ�b�k/ noun a person whosejob is to ensure that a bar is kept clean andsupplied with drinksbarbecuebarbecue /�bɑ�bkju�/ CATERING noun 1.food cooked in the open air, over a charcoalfire � Here is a recipe for chicken barbecue.2. a meal or party, where the food is cookedon a barbecue � We held a barbecue fortwenty guests. � They were invited to a bar-becue. 3. a metal holder for charcoal overwhich food is cooked in the open air � Lightthe barbecue at least half an hour before youstart cooking. � verb to cook food over a bar-becue � She was barbecuing sausages forlunch when it started to rain. � Barbecuedspare ribs are on the menu.barbecue saucebarbecue sauce /�bɑ�bkju� �sɔ�s/ nouna spicy sauce containing tomato, chilli andgarlic, used on barbecued meatbarberbarber /�bɑ�bə/ noun somebody who cutsmen’s hair

COMMENT: Traditionally, a barber’s shophas a red and white pole outside, as anadvertisement.

barber’s shopbarber’s shop /�bɑ�bəz ʃɒp/, barbershop /�bɑ�bə ʃɒp/ noun a shop where menhave their hair cutbar chartbar chart /�bɑ� tʃɑ�t/ noun a diagramwhere quantities and values are shown asthick columns of different heights or lengthsbar codebar code /�bɑ� kəυd/ noun BUSINESS asystem of lines printed on a product whichcan be read by a computer to give a referencenumber or price. Also called UniversalProduct Code

COMMENT: Bar codes are found on mostgoods and their packages; the width andposition of the stripes can be recognisedby a bar-code reader and give informationabout the goods, such as price, stockquantities, etc. Many packaged foods,even fresh foods, are bar-coded to allowquicker data capture in the supermarket.

bardbard /bɑ�d/ verb CATERING to put a strip offat or fatty meat, such as a rasher of bacon,

over meat to prevent it from drying out whencookingbareboat charter

bareboat charter /�beəbəυt �tʃɑ�tə/noun SHIPS AND BOATS a system of charter-ing a ship where the owner provides only theship, but not the crew, fuel or insurancebargain

bargain /�bɑ�#n/ noun 1. an agreement onthe price of something � to drive a hardbargain to be a difficult negotiator � tostrike a hard bargain to agree a deal whichis favourable to you � it is a bad bargain itis not worth the price 2. something boughtmore cheaply than usual � That car is a(real) bargain at £500. � verb to discuss theterms of an agreement or sale � You will haveto bargain with the shopkeeper if you want adiscount. � They spent two hours bargainingabout or over the price. (NOTE: You bargainwith someone over or about or for some-thing.)bargain sale

bargain sale /�bɑ�#n �sel/ noun MAR-KETING the sale of all goods in a store atcheap pricesbarley

barley /�bɑ�li/ noun FOOD a common cerealcrop Hordeum sativum, grown in temperateareas

COMMENT: Barley is grown in colder coun-tries; it is used in the production of beerand whisky; it is also used to make Scotchbroth.

barley sugar

barley sugar /�bɑ�li �ʃυ#ə/ noun FOOD asweet made of boiled sugar, originally fla-voured with barleybarley wine

barley wine /�bɑ�li wan/ noun BEVER-AGES a very strong beerbarmaid

barmaid /�bɑ�med/ noun BARS a womanwho serves in a bar � She works as a bar-maid in the local pub.barman

barman /�bɑ�mən/ noun BARS a man whoserves in a bar � The barman didn’t knowhow to make cocktails. (NOTE: The pluralform is barmen.)

COMMENT: In the UK the terms ‘barman’and ‘barmaid’ are not used in job adver-tisements to avoid sex discrimination;‘barperson’ is used instead.

barometer

barometer /bə|�rɒmtə/ noun an instru-ment for measuring atmospheric pressure,and therefore for forecasting the weatherbarometric

barometric /b�rə|�metrk/ adjectivereferring to a barometerbarometric pressure

barometric pressure /�b�rəmetrk�preʃə/ noun atmospheric pressure indicatedby a barometerbarperson

barperson /�bɑ�|�p��s(ə)n/ noun BARS aman or woman who serves in a bar

Leisure.fm Page 24 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

25 bathroom linenbarrel

barrel /�b�rəl/ noun a large round con-tainer for liquids � beer served from the bar-rel � to sell wine by the barrelbarrier creambarrier cream /�b�riə kri�m/ noun acream used to prevent damage to the skinfrom the sunbar servicebar service /�bɑ� �s��vs/ noun 1. servicein a bar 2. a system where the customerorders, pays for and collects a drink or foodfrom a barbar snacks

bar snacks /�bɑ� sn�ks/ plural nounCATERING small items of food available in abar, e.g. pies or sandwichesbar staffbar staff /�bɑ� stɑ�f/ noun BARS peoplewho work in a bar in a hotel or behind a barin a pubbar stoolbar stool /�bɑ� stu�l/ noun BARS a highseat used for sitting at a bar or counterbartender

bartender /�bɑ�tendə/ noun BARS some-body who serves in a barbar trolley

bar trolley /�bɑ� �trɒli/ noun AIR TRAVELsame as drinks trolleybase jumpingbase jumping /�bes �d$�mpŋ/ noun theextreme sport of parachuting from the topsof very tall natural objects or buildingsbasementbasement /�besmənt/ noun an under-ground section of a building � The centralheating boiler is in the basement.basic discount

basic discount /�besk �dskaυnt/ nouna normal discount without extra percentages� We give 25% as a basic discount, but canadd 5% for cash payment.basic pay

basic pay /�besk �pe/, basic salary/�besk �s�ləri/ noun BUSINESS a normalsalary without extra paymentsbasic taxbasic tax /�besk t�ks/ noun BUSINESStax paid at the usual ratebasic wage

basic wage /�besk �wed$/ noun BUSI-NESS normal pay without any extra pay-ments � The basic wage is £110 a week, butyou can expect to earn more than that withovertime.basil

basil /�b�z(ə)l/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a herbOcimum basilicum with strongly scentedleaves, used especially in Italian cuisinebasinbasin /�bes(ə)n/ noun a large bowlbasketbasket /�bɑ�skt/ noun a container madeof thin pieces of wood, wire or fibre woventogether � a basket of applesbasket mealbasket meal /�bɑ�skt mi�l/ noun CATER-ING a simple meal, usually of fried chicken,sausage or scampi, served in a basket withchipsbasmati

basmati /b�z|�mɑ�ti/ noun FOOD a type oflong-grained rice with a special smell andflavour

bassbass /bes/ noun a type of fish that is foundin rivers, lakes and seas and is caught forfoodbastebaste /best/ verb CATERING to pour meltedfat and juices over meat as it is cooking �Don’t forget to baste the chicken two or threetimes while it is roasting.bathbath /bɑ�θ/ noun 1. the process of washingyour whole body � He has a cold bath everyevening. � Baths are 200 francs extra. � bub-ble bath, jacuzzi, Turkish bath � to havea bath, to take a bath to wash the wholebody in a bath 2. same as bathtub � Thechambermaid has not cleaned the bath.(NOTE: The US English is bathtub or tub.)� verb to wash yourself or someone else in abath � She baths twice a day in hot weather.bathebathe /beð/ noun a swim, especially in thesea or in a river � We went for a bathe beforebreakfast. � verb 1. to swim 2. MEDICAL towash something such as a wound carefully 3.US to have a bathbatherbather /�beðə/ noun somebody who isswimming � The beach was crowded withbathers when the shark was sighted.bathingbathing /�beðŋ/ noun the activity ofswimming in the sea, river or a pool � Thebathing is very safe here because the water isshallow.bathing capbathing cap /�beðŋ �k�p/ noun a rub-ber hat worn when swimming to preventyour hair getting wetbathing costumebathing costume /�beðŋ �kɒstju�m/noun SPORT same as swimming costumebath matbath mat /�bɑ�θ m�t/ noun a small mat tostep on as you get out of the bathbath oilbath oil /�bɑ�θ ɔl/ noun scented oil to putin a bathBath OliverBath Oliver /�bɑ�θ �ɒlvə/ noun BREAD,ETC. a kind of round unsweetened biscuit,served with cheesebathrobebathrobe /�bɑ�θrəυb/ noun 1. a loose coatof towelling worn before or after a bath 2.US a man’s dressing gownbathroombathroom /�bɑ�θru�m/ noun 1. a room ina house or hotel with a bath, a washbasin andusually a toilet � room with private bath-room or with its own bathroom hotel roomwith its own bathroom attached 2. a roomcontaining a toilet (said instead of) �Where’s the bathroom? � My daughterwants to go to the bathroom.bathroom fittingsbathroom fittings /�bɑ�θru�m �ftŋz/plural noun fittings in a bathroom, such as ashower, wash basin, bidet, etc.bathroom linenbathroom linen /�bɑ�θru�m �lnən/ nountowels and other cloth articles that are pro-

Leisure.fm Page 25 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

bath salts 26vided in a bathroom � Guests complainedthat there was no fresh bathroom linen.bath saltsbath salts /�bɑ�θ sɔ�lts/ plural nounscented crystals to put in a bathbathtowelbathtowel /�bɑ�θtaυəl/ noun a very largetowel for drying yourself after a bath �Remind me to give you a clean bathtowel.bathtubbathtub /�bɑ�θt�b/ noun especially US alarge container filled with water to wash thewhole body in. Also called bath noun 2, tub(NOTE: The British English term is bath.)batterbatter /�b�tə/ noun FOOD a thin liquid mix-ture of flour, eggs and milk, used e.g. formaking pancakes or toad-in-the-hole, or forcoating fish before fryingbatteredbattered /�b�təd/ adjective CATERINGcovered with batter and cooked � batteredprawnsbatterybattery /�b�t(ə)ri/ noun 1. an object thatfits into a piece of electrical equipment toprovide it with electric energy � My calcula-tor needs a new battery. � The battery hasgiven out so I can’t use my radio. � Mymobile phone has a rechargeable battery. 2.a series of small cages in which thousands ofchickens are keptbattery farmingbattery farming /�b�t(ə)ri �fɑ�mŋ/noun a system of keeping thousands ofchickens in a series of small cages

COMMENT: Battery farming is a method ofegg production which is very energy-effi-cient. It is criticised, however, because ofthe quality of the eggs, the possibility ofdisease and the polluting substances pro-duced, and also on grounds of crueltybecause of the stress caused to the birds.

battery henbattery hen /�b�t(ə)ri hen/ noun achicken which spends its life confined in asmall cagebattle sitebattle site /�b�t(ə)l sat/ noun a placewhere a battle was foughtbaybay /be/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. a fragrantshrub whose leaves are used in cooking 2. alarge rounded inlet in a coast � the Bay ofBiscay � Dublin Bay prawnBBQBBQ abbreviation CATERING barbecuebeachbeach /bi�tʃ/ noun an area of sand or smallstones by the edge of the sea � They spent theafternoon on the beach. � You can hire par-asols on the beach. � There are lifeguards onduty at the beach.beach chaletbeach chalet /�bi�tʃ �ʃ�le/ noun a smallwooden holiday home, near or on a beachbeach hotelbeach hotel /�bi�tʃ həυ |�tel/ noun a hotelthat is on or near a beachbeach hutbeach hut /�bi�tʃ h�t/ noun a smallwooden building on a beach, where you canchange, keep deckchairs, etc.

beach towel

beach towel /�bi�tʃ �taυəl/ noun a largetowel usually used on the beachbeach umbrella

beach umbrella /�bi�tʃ �m |�brelə/ noun alarge coloured umbrella to use on a beachbean

bean /bi�n/ noun VEGETABLES 1. a seed orthe long thin pod of various different plants,cooked and eaten � runner beans � butterbeans 2. a dried seed that is ground and isused in cooking or to make drinks � coffeebeans

COMMENT: Kidney beans must be cookedthoroughly, as undercooked beans cancontain a toxin which causes nausea.

bean curd

bean curd /�bi�n k��d/ noun same as tofubean sprouts

bean sprouts /�bi�n spraυts/ plural nounVEGETABLES shoots of beans, eaten espe-cially in Chinese cookingbear

bear /beə/ noun a large wild animal cov-ered with fur � There are bears near thecampsite in the mountains.

‘…the danger Arctic explorers fear most is thepolar bear’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors]

béarnaise sauce

béarnaise sauce /�beənez �sɔ�s/ nouna savoury sauce for meat, thickened with eggyolk and flavoured with tarragonbeat

beat /bi�t/ verb 1. to win a game againstanother player or team � They have beatentheir rivals into second place in the packageholiday market. 2. � to beat a ban to dosomething which is forbidden by doing itrapidly before the ban is enforced 3. to mixfast � Beat the egg whites in a bowl. (NOTE:beating – beat – has beaten)Beaufort scale

Beaufort scale /�bəυfət skel/ noun ascale from 0 to 12 used to refer to thestrength of wind

COMMENT: The Beaufort scale wasdevised in the 18th century by a Britishadmiral. The descriptions of the winds andtheir speeds in knots are: 0: calm (0knots); 1: light air (2 knots); 2: light breeze(5 knots); 3: gentle breeze (9 knots); 4:moderate breeze (13 knots); 5: freshbreeze (19 knots); 6: strong breeze (24knots); 7: near gale (30 knots); 8: gale (37knots); 9: strong gale (44 knots); 10: storm(52 knots); 11: violent storm (60 knots);12: hurricane (above 60 knots).

Beaujolais

Beaujolais /�bəυ$əle/ noun BEVERAGES alight French red wine from Burgundy whichcan be drunk coolBeaujolais Nouveau

Beaujolais Nouveau /�bəυ$əle nu� |

�vəυ/ noun BEVERAGES Beaujolais winewhich has just been made, sold from Novem-ber onwards of the year in which the grapesare pickedbeauty

beauty /�bju�ti/ noun the quality of beingbeautiful

Leisure.fm Page 26 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

27 beerbeauty parlour

beauty parlour /�bju�ti �pɑ�lə/ noun ashop specialising in women’s appearance.Also called beauty salon, beauty shopbeauty spot

beauty spot /�bju�ti spɒt/ noun a famousbeautiful place � The Lake District has someof the most famous beauty spots in England.béchamel sauce

béchamel sauce /�beʃəmel �sɔ�s/ nouna rich sauce made from milk thickened withbutter and flour and served hotbed

bed /bed/ noun a piece of furniture onwhich you sleepbed, breakfast and evening meal

bed, breakfast and evening meal/�bed �brekfəst ənd �ev(ə)nŋ �mi�l/ nounHOTELS a tariff in a hotel or guesthouse, cov-ering a night’s accommodation, breakfastand a meal taken in the eveningbed and board

bed and board /�bed ən �bɔ�d/ noun ahotel charge that includes all meals as well asthe room chargebed and breakfast

bed and breakfast /�bed ən �brekfəst/noun HOTELS 1. a tariff in a hotel or guest-house, covering a night’s lodging and break-fast � bed and breakfast: £32.00 � I onlywant to have bed and breakfast. 2. a guest-house or private house, offering accommo-dation and breakfast � We got a list of bedand breakfasts or B&Bs from the touristoffice. � abbr B & Bbedclothes

bedclothes /�bedkləυðz/ plural noun thecoverings, e.g. sheets and blankets, on a bedbedcover

bedcover /�bedk�və/ noun a cloth whichcovers a bed during the daytimebedding

bedding /�bedŋ/ noun the items, e.g. amattress, sheets and pillows, that are put ona bed so that somebody can sleep in it � Bed-ding is provided at extra cost. � Visitors arerequested to bring their own bedding.bed linen

bed linen /�bed �lnn/ noun sheets, pil-lowcases or duvet coversbednight

bednight /�bednat/ noun HOTELS onenight’s stay in a hotel, as considered foradministrative purposes

‘…the group is offering regional corporate deals,based on a minimum number of bednights: forexample, 100 bednights would trigger a discountof a minimum of 10%, while over 1,000 bed-nights could mean up to a 45% discount’[Business Traveller]

bedroom

bedroom /�bedru�m/ noun a room with abed, in which someone sleeps � a 42-bed-room hotelbedroomed

bedroomed /�bedru�md/ adjective with aparticular number of bedrooms � a 42-bed-roomed hotelbedside

bedside /�bedsad/ noun a space at theside of a bed � bedside lamp a lamp next toa bed � bedside table a table next to a bed

bedside panelbedside panel /�bedsad �p�n(ə)l/ nounHOTELS an electronic device placed on aguest’s beside table, with controls for heat-ing, lighting, air-conditioning, automaticcurtain pulling, messaging, etc.

‘…hanging the ‘Do Not Disturb’ sign on yourdoor is so 20th century. Now bedside panelswhich allow you to adjust the room environmentfrom the comfort of your bed may eradicate suchhotel inconveniences. At home you have a bed-time routine, but in a strange hotel room you’reconstantly jumping out of bed to draw curtains orturn off lights. Now it’s all in one place’[National Geographic Traveler]

bed-sitting roombed-sitting room /bed |�stŋ ru�m/, bed-sitter /�bedstə/, bed-sit /�bedst/ noun abedroom and living room combinedbedspreadbedspread /�bedspred/ noun a decorativecloth to put over a bedbedsteadbedstead /�bedsted/ noun the solid frameof a bedbed taxbed tax /�bed t�ks/ noun a tax charged peroccupant of a room in a hotel or other touristaccommodationbeefbeef /bi�f/ noun MEAT meat from a cow or abullbeefburgerbeefburger /�bi�fb��#ə/ noun MEAT around, flat cake of minced beef, grilled orfried and usually served in a toasted breadroll. Also called burger, hamburgerbeef olivesbeef olives /�bi�f �ɒlvz/ plural nounFOOD a dish made from thin slices of beef,stuffed and rolledbeefsteakbeefsteak /�bi�fstek/ noun MEAT same assteakbeefsteak tomatobeefsteak tomato /�bi�fstek tə|

�mɑ�təυ/ noun VEGETABLES a large fleshyvariety of tomato suitable for stuffingbeef stir-frybeef stir-fry /�bi�f �st�� �fra/ noun FOODthin strips of beef cooked quickly with vege-tables in hot oilbeef stroganoffbeef stroganoff /�bi�f �strɒ#ənɒf/ nouna dish consisting of thin strips of beef cookedwith onions and mushrooms in a sour creamsaucebeef suetbeef suet /�bi�f �su�t/ noun FOOD suetfrom cattlebeef Wellingtonbeef Wellington /�bi�f �welŋtən/ noun adish consisting of a fillet of beef covered inpâté de foie gras, wrapped in pastry, andbakedbeerbeer /bə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. an alcoholicdrink made from grain and water � She askedroom service for a bottle of beer. � He dranka glass of beer. 2. a glass of beer � Two beers,please. � draught, real ale

COMMENT: In Great Britain, the most pop-ular beers are ‘bitter’ and ‘lager’. ‘Lager’ issold cold, but ‘bitter’ is served slightly

Leisure.fm Page 27 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

beer cellar 28cooler than room temperature. In Australiaand the USA, all beers are served cold.Beer is either served from a bottle (or acan if you are buying it to drink away fromthe place where you bought it), but inpubs, can be served direct from the barrel.This is called ‘draught beer’. In Great Brit-ain, draught beer is sold in a glass mug(with a handle) or in a tall straight glass.Bottled beer is usually served in a goblet(i.e. a glass with a stem).

beer cellarbeer cellar /�bə �selə/ noun BARS a cellarwhere beer is kept or servedbeer festivalbeer festival /�bə �festv(ə)l/ noun 1. afestival to celebrate the making of beer � theMunich Beer Festival 2. an exhibition foradvertising, sampling and selling differenttypes of beerbeer gardenbeer garden /�bə �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun BARSa garden attached to a pub, in which peoplecan sit to have their drinksbeermatbeermat /�bəm�t/ noun a small card-board mat, usually with an advertisement fora brewery on it, placed under a glass to pro-tect a surface in a pub or restaurantbeer pullbeer pull, beer pump handle noun BARSone of a series of tall handles arranged on thebar of a pub, which draw beer up from casksin the cellar when pulled towards the bar-tenderbeetbeet /bi�t/ noun US VEGETABLES same asbeetrootbeetlebeetle /�bi�t(ə)l/ noun an insect with hardcovers that protect its folded wingsbeetrootbeetroot /�bi�tru�t/ noun a vegetable witha dark red root, often eaten cooked as salad,or pickled with vinegar (NOTE: The US termis beet.)

COMMENT: In Russian cuisine, beetroot isthe main ingredient of borscht.

behavebehave /b |�hev/ verb to act � One of thegroup started to behave very strangely.behaviourbehaviour /b |�hevjə/ noun a way ofdoing things � Guests complained about thebehaviour of young men in the bar on Satur-day night. (NOTE: The US spelling is behav-ior.)bellbell /bel/ noun 1. a metal cup-shaped objectwhich makes a ringing sound when hit, or amechanism to make a similar ringing sound2. � to give someone a bell to phone some-one (informal) � I’ll give you a bell whenwe’ve sorted out the details.bellboybellboy /�belbɔ/, bellhop US /�belhɒp/noun HOTELS a messenger boy employed ina hotelbell captainbell captain /�bel �k�ptn/ noun USHOTELS somebody in charge of the messen-gers in a hotel

bellpush

bellpush /�belpυʃ/ noun a button whichrings a bell when pushedbelow-the-line advertising

below-the-line advertising /b |�ləυ ðəlan ��dvətazŋ/ noun MARKETING adver-tising that is not paid for, such as work bystaff manning an exhibition, and for whichno commission is paid to the advertisingagencybenchmarking

benchmarking /�bentʃmɑ�kŋ/ noun theprocess of comparing the performance offirms within an industry against a set ofstandardsBermuda plan

Bermuda plan /bə|�mju�də pl�n/ noun ahotel tariff including accommodation and afull English or an American breakfastberry

berry /�beri/ noun FRUIT a small fleshyseed-bearing fruit of a bush, usually withmany seeds in the same fruit, and the seedsenclosed in a pulp. � blackberry, blueberry,raspberry, strawberry (NOTE: The pluralform is berries.)

COMMENT: Very many berries are used incooking, or can be eaten raw.

berth

berth /b��θ/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS aplace in a harbour where a ship can tie up �There are six ferry berths at Dover. 2.TRAVEL a bed on a ship or a train � verbTRAVEL to tie up at a berth � The ship willberth at Rotterdam on Wednesday.

‘…hire this new ship for the day when it is ber-thed alongside HMS Belfast in the Port of Lon-don from 23–28 June’ [Evening Standard]

best-before date

best-before date /�best b �fɔ� det/noun CATERING a date stamped on the labelof a food product, which is the last date onwhich the product is guaranteed to be ofgood quality. Compare sell-by date, use-by datebest end

best end /�best end/ noun MEAT a cut ofmeat, especially lamb, taken from the neckand formed of a series of chops joinedtogether. � crown roast, rack of lambbest practice

best practice /�best �pr�kts/ noun themost effective and efficient method ofachieving an aim or providing a serviceBest Practice Forum

Best Practice Forum /�best �pr�kts�fɔ�rəm/ noun a system sponsored by theUK government to encourage high standardsof professionalism in the hotel, catering andtourism industriesbetter

better /�betə/ adjective of higher qualitythan something else � This year’s results arebetter than last year’s. � We will shoparound to see if we can get a better price.beurre manié

beurre manié /�b�� �m�nie/ noun FOODa mixture of butter and flour, added at the lastminute to soups or stews to make them

Leisure.fm Page 28 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

29 billionthicken (NOTE: beurre manié comes fromthe French and means ‘kneaded butter’.)beveragebeverage /�bev(ə)rd$/ noun a drink,either alcoholic or non-alcoholicbeverage cyclebeverage cycle /�bev(ə)rd$ �sak(ə)l/noun BUSINESS the cycle by which beveragespass from supplier to hotel or restaurant andthen to the ultimate consumerbeverage managerbeverage manager /�bev(ə)rd$�m�nd$ə/ noun BUSINESS somebody incharge of sales of drinks in a hotelbeverage salesbeverage sales /�bev(ə)rd$ selz/ plu-ral noun BUSINESS the turnover from the saleof drinksbewarebeware /b |�weə/ verb � beware of watchout for � ‘Beware of pickpockets!’BFLBFL abbreviation business facilitated leaseBHABHA abbreviation HOTELS British Hospital-ity Associationbhajibhaji /�bɑ�$i/ noun an Indian food, consist-ing of chopped vegetables in a spicy batter,deep-fried � onion bhajibhindibhindi /�bndi/ noun VEGETABLES okra, asused in Indian cookingB hotelB hotel /�bi� �həυtel/, B tariff hotel /�bi��t�rf �həυtel/ noun HOTELS same as four-star hotel

‘…an increasing number of business travellersfrom the US and Europe are becoming budgetconscious and are spending less on hotel accom-modation and are staying in B tariff hotels. Suchhotels usually have the same service and facilitiesas five-star hotels, except that the rooms may beslightly smaller and the decor may be different’[South China Morning Post]

BHTBHT abbreviation butylated hydroxytolu-enebicarbbicarb /�bakɑ�b/ noun FOOD same assodium bicarbonate (informal)bicarbonate of sodabicarbonate of soda /ba |�kɑ�bənət əv�səυdə/ noun same as sodium bicarbonatebicyclebicycle /�bask(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL avehicle with two wheels, which you ride onand pedal with your feet � Bicycles can behired by the hour or by the day. Also calledpushbikebicycle pathbicycle path, bike path noun ROADTRAVEL a special path for bicycles to ride on,either by the side of a road or as part of thepavementbidetbidet /�bi�de/ noun a small low bath forwashing your buttocks � Each bathroom hasa shower and a bidet.big gamebig game /�b# �#em/ noun large wildanimals which are hunted and killed forsport, e.g. elephants, tigers and lionsbikebike /bak/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same asbicycle (informal )

biker

biker /�bakə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL some-body who rides a motorcycle � A gang ofbikers arrived in the village.biking

biking /�bakŋ/ noun the activity of travel-ling on a bicycle � They went for a bikingholiday in Holland.bilberry

bilberry /�blb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wildberry, which is blue when ripe, eaten rawwith sugar and cream, or cooked in pies andjams � The menu includes bilberry tarts.bi-level suite

bi-level suite /�ba �lev(ə)l �swi�t/ noun ahotel suite that has rooms on two floorsBilharzia

Bilharzia /bl|�hɑ�tsiə/ noun MEDICAL aparasitic worm that enters the patient’sbloodstream and causes bilharziasisbilharziasis

bilharziasis /�blhɑ�|�tsaəss/ noun MED-ICAL a tropical disease caused by parasiticworms in the intestine or bladder (NOTE:Although, strictly speaking, Bilharzia is thename of the fluke, it is also generally usedfor the name of the disease.)

COMMENT: The disease is found in certainparts of Africa, Brazil and China and canbe caught from bathing in rivers and lakes.The larvae of the fluke enter the skinthrough the feet and lodge in the walls ofthe intestine or bladder. They are passedout of the body in stools or urine and returnto water, where they lodge and develop inthe water snail, the secondary host, beforegoing back into humans. Patients sufferfrom fever and anaemia.

bill

bill /bl/ noun 1. a written list of charges tobe paid � The receptionist printed out thebill. � Does the bill include VAT? � The billis made out to Smith Ltd. � He left the hotelwithout paying his bill. 2. a list of charges ina restaurant � Can I have the bill please? �The bill comes to £20 including service. �The waiter has added 10% to the bill forservice. � verb to present a bill to someoneso that it can be paid � The tour operatorsbilled him for the extra items.billiards

billiards /�bliədz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT agame involving hitting balls with a long rodon a smooth table covered with green cloth,the object being to hit a white ball so that itsends a ball of another colour into one of the‘pockets’ at the edge of the table. � pool,snooker � billiard ball a small hard ballused in the game of billiards � billiard rooma room in a hotel or pub with a billiard table� billiard table a table on which billiards isplayedbillion

billion /�bljən/ noun one thousand million(NOTE: In the US billion has always meantone thousand million, but in British Englishit formerly meant one million million, and itis still sometimes used with this meaning.

Leisure.fm Page 29 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

bill of exchange 30With figures it is usually written bn: $5bnsay ‘five billion dollars’.)bill of exchange

bill of exchange /�bl əv ks|�tʃend$/noun FINANCE a document signed by the per-son authorising it, which tells, e.g. a bank topay money unconditionally to a named per-son on a particular date

COMMENT: A bill of exchange is a docu-ment raised by a seller and signed by apurchaser, stating that the purchaseraccepts that he owes the seller money,and promises to pay it at a later date. Theperson raising the bill is the ‘drawer’, theperson who accepts it is the ‘drawee’. Theseller can then sell the bill at a discount toraise cash. This is called a ‘trade bill’. A billcan also be accepted (i.e. guaranteed) bya bank, and in this case it is called a ‘bankbill’.

bill of fare

bill of fare /�bl əv �feə/ noun CATERING amenubin

bin /bn/ noun 1. a large container 2. a sec-tion in a warehouse, store or wine cellar � a32-bin wine list a wine list with 32 sections� bin card a card saying what is stored in thebin, e.g. the type and date of winebinder

binder /�bandə/ noun US FINANCE sameas cover notebinding

binding /�bandŋ/ adjective 1. � this con-tract is binding on both parties both partieshave to do what the contract says 2. the act ofsticking things together � noun a small beltfor attaching boots to skisbinding agent

binding agent /�bandŋ �ed$(ə)nt/noun CATERING an additive which makesprepared food remain in its proper form andnot disintegratebiodegradability

biodegradability /�baəυd#redə |

�blti/ noun the degree to which a material,e.g. packaging, can be decomposed byorganisms such as bacteria or by the effect ofsunlight or the seabiodegradable

biodegradable /�baəυd |�#redəb(ə)l/adjective easily decomposed by organismssuch as bacteria or by the effect of sunlight orthe sea � biodegradable packaging boxes,cartons, bottles, etc., which can be decom-posed by organisms such as bacteria or bythe effect of sunlight or the sea

‘…human sewage is a totally biodegradableproduct, and sea and sunlight will break it downthrough the natural process of oxidation’[Environment Now]COMMENT: Manufacturers are trying toproduce more biodegradable products, asthe effect of non-biodegradable sub-stances (such as PVC) on the environ-ment can be serious.

biodegradation

biodegradation /�baəυde#rə|�deʃ(ə)n/noun the breaking down of a substance bybacteriabiotechnology

biotechnology /�baəυtek |�nɒləd$i/noun the use of technology to manipulateand combine different genetic materials toproduce living organisms with particularcharacteristics � Artificial insemination ofcattle was one of the first examples of bio-technology. � A biotechnology company isdeveloping a range of new pesticides basedon naturally occurring toxins.birdwatcher

birdwatcher /�b��dwɒtʃə/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT somebody who looks at birds forpleasure, or for scientific purposes � Bird-watchers set up hides all round the lake.(NOTE: A fanatical birdwatcher is called atwitcher.)birdwatching

birdwatching /�b��dwɒtʃŋ/ nounENTERTAINMENT the activity of looking atbirds for pleasure, or for scientific purposes� He goes birdwatching every weekend. �She belongs to a birdwatching club.birth certificate

birth certificate /�b��θ sə |�tfkət/ nouna document which shows when and wheresomeone was bornbiryani

biryani /�bri|�jɑ�ni/ noun FOOD in SouthAsian cooking, a dish containing spicy col-oured rice mixed with meat, fish or vegeta-blesbiscotto

biscotto /bs |�kɒtəυ/ noun a hard oblongbiscuit, often containing nutsbiscuit

biscuit /�bskt/ noun FOOD a small hardcake, usually sweetbisque

bisque /bi�sk/ noun FOOD a cream soupmade with shellfish � lobster bisquebistro

bistro /�bi�strəυ/ noun a small restaurantor barbitter

bitter /�btə/ adjective not sweet � Thisaperitif is very bitter. � Marmalade is madefrom bitter oranges. � noun BEVERAGES Brit-ish beer, made bitter by adding hops � Sheasked for a half of bitter. � Two pints of bitter,please.bitter lemon

bitter lemon /�btə �lemən/ noun a fizzynonalcoholic drink flavoured with lemonbitter orange

bitter orange /�btə �ɒrnd$/ noun FRUITsame as Seville orangebitters

bitters /�btəz/ noun BEVERAGES same asAngostura bittersblack

black /bl�k/ adjective of a very dark col-our, the opposite of white � verb BUSINESS toforbid trading in particular goods or withparticular suppliers � Three firms wereblacked by the government. � The union hasblacked the hotel chain.

Leisure.fm Page 30 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

31 blindblack beanblack bean /�bl�k bi�n/ noun a black-seeded soya bean that is fermented for use inEast Asian cookeryblackberryblackberry /�bl�kb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT asmall soft black berry, growing on plantswith long spines, eaten in jams and pies.Also called brambleblackboardblackboard /�bl�kbɔ�d/ noun a board ona wall, which can be written on using whitechalk � Some dishes are not on the menu, butare written on a blackboard.black boxblack box /�bl�k �bɒks/ noun AIR TRAVELsame as flight recorder � After a crash, thefirst thing crash investigators do is to find theplane’s black box.black breadblack bread /�bl�k �bred/ noun a verydark rye bread that is particularly popular inGermany and Slavic countriesblack coffeeblack coffee /�bl�k �kɒfi/ noun BEVER-AGES coffee without milk or creamblackcurrantblackcurrant /bl�k |�k�rənt/ noun FRUITa small round cultivated black berry, eatencooked in jams and pies, used also in makingsoft drinks and liqueurs � blackcurrantyoghurt � a pot of blackcurrant jam � a glassof blackcurrant juice � kirblack economyblack economy /�bl�k |�kɒnəmi/ nounBUSINESS work which is paid for in cash orgoods, but not declared to the tax authoritiesblack-eyed beanblack-eyed bean /�bl�k ad �bi�n/ nouna small beige bean with a black spotBlack ForestBlack Forest /�bl�k �fɒrst/ noun an areaof forest in south-west GermanyBlack Forest gâteauBlack Forest gâteau /�bl�k �fɒrst�#�təυ/ noun DESSERTS a chocolate cakewith cream and cherry filling covered withwhipped cream and chocolate shavingsblack marketblack market /�bl�k �mɑ�kt/ noun a sys-tem for buying and selling goods in a waywhich is not allowed by law, e.g. in a time ofrationing � There is a flourishing black mar-ket in secondhand jeans. � You can buy goldcoins on the black market. � to pay black-market prices to pay high prices to get itemswhich are not easily availableblack oliveblack olive /�bl�k �ɒlv/ noun VEGETA-BLES a ripe oliveblackoutblackout /�bl�kaυt/ noun AIR TRAVEL aday, usually a public holiday, when cheaperfares are not available on flightsblack pepperblack pepper /�bl�k �pepə/ noun darkbrown seasoning made by grinding pepperseeds that have not had their black outer cov-ering removedblack puddingblack pudding /�bl�k �pυdŋ/ nounMEAT a dark sausage made with blood, usu-ally fried in slices and eaten for breakfast

black tie

black tie /�bl�k �ta/ adjective referring toa formal evening banquet or reception atwhich men wear a bow tie and dinner jacket,both usually black � The invitation to thegala performance was marked ‘black tie’. �

white tieblack treacle

black treacle /�bl�k �tri�k(ə)l/ nounFOOD same as treacleblade

blade /bled/ noun 1. the sharp cutting partof a knife 2. SPORT a sharp metal stripattached to a boot to make an ice skate. � roll-erbladesblanch

blanch /blɑ�ntʃ/ verb CATERING to cookvegetables for a short time in boiling water

COMMENT: Vegetables should beblanched before being frozen. They canalso be blanched before frying. Nuts andvegetables can also be blanched toremove their skins.

blancmange

blancmange /blə |�mɒn$/ noun a cold des-sert similar to jelly made with milk, sugar,flavourings and cornflourbland

bland /bl�nd/ adjective referring to foodwhich is not spicy, irritating or acid � blanddiet a diet which contains mainly milk-basedfoods, boiled vegetables and white meatblanket

blanket /�bl�ŋkt/ noun a thick coverwhich you put over you to keep warm � Askthe reception for another blanket if you arecold. � Stewardesses bring round blanketsand pillows on overnight flights.blanquette

blanquette /blɒn |�ket/ noun a dish con-sisting of white meat such as veal cooked ina white sauceblast chiller

blast chiller /�blɑ�st �tʃlə/ noun CATER-ING a machine for chilling food in a blast offreezing air � It is best to use a blast chillerto cool hot food rapidly.blast freezing

blast freezing /�blɑ�st �fri�zŋ/, blastchilling /�blɑ�st �tʃlŋ/ noun CATERING amethod of quick-freezing oddly shapedfood, by subjecting it to a blast of freezing airblend

blend /blend/ noun a mixture, used espe-cially of mixtures of different types of tea �verb to mix things together � Blend togetherthe melted butter and sugar.blender

blender /�blendə/ noun CATERING akitchen device for mixing different fooditems together thoroughlyblind

blind /bland/ noun 1. a covering over awindow � The maid closed the blinds to keepout the sun. 2. � the blind people who can-not see � adjective not able to see � adverbwithout seeing � to taste blind to taste aseries of items, such as cheeses or wines,without being able to see their labels � Thisevening we have 37 wines to taste blind.

Leisure.fm Page 31 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

blind-tasting 32blind-tastingblind-tasting /�blan �testŋ/ nounENTERTAINMENT a party where a series ofitems, such as cheeses or wines, are tastedwithout the tasters being able to see theirlabels � a table with a series of bottles ofsweet wine lined up for the blind-tastingbliniblini /�bli�ni/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small pan-cake made with yeast and buckwheat flour,traditional in Russia and other parts of East-ern Europeblizzardblizzard /�blzəd/ noun a heavy snowstormwith strong windsbloaterbloater /�bləυtə/ noun SEAFOOD a driedwhole salt herringblockblock /blɒk/ noun a group of thingstogether � They booked a block of seats inthe middle of the plane. � verb � to block aroom to keep a room reserved for someonewho has booked it, so as to prevent double-bookingblock bookingblock booking /�blɒk �bυkŋ/ nounHOTELS a reservation in which a series of,e.g. seats or hotel rooms are all booked at thesame timeblood poisoningblood poisoning /�bl�d �pɔz(ə)nŋ/noun MEDICAL a condition in which bacteriaare present in the blood and cause illnessBloody MaryBloody Mary /�bl�di �meəri/, bloodymary noun BEVERAGES a cocktail of vodkaand tomato juice with ice and Worcestersauce, lemon juice, salt and pepperbloombloom /blu�m/ noun 1. a powdery sub-stance on the surface of a fruit such as grapes2. fine hair on the skin of some fruit such aspeaches 3. a flower � the apple trees are infull bloom the apple trees are in flowerblowflyblowfly /�bləυfla/ noun the name for anumber of species of fly, which deposit theireggs in flesh, especially meatblow torchblow torch /�bləυ tɔ�tʃ/ noun CATERING adevice which produces a gas flame used toheat the surface of dishes such as crèmebrûléeBLTBLT /�bi� el �ti�/ abbreviation CATERINGbacon, lettuce and tomato in a sandwichblueberryblueberry /�blu�b(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wildberry, which is dark blue when ripe, eatenraw with sugar and cream, or cooked in piesand jams � a portion of blueberry pie andwhipped cream � Two blueberry muffins andcoffee, please.bluebottlebluebottle /�blu�|�bɒt(ə)l/ noun a two-winged fly, with a shining blue body, whosemaggots live in decomposing meatblue channelblue channel /�blu� �tʃ�n(ə)l/ noun BUSI-NESS the exit from customs through whichyou pass if you are arriving from another EU

country and are not importing goods whichare liable to dutyblue cheeseblue cheese /�blu� �tʃi�z/ noun DAIRY atype of cheese with blue fungus growth in it,e.g. Stilton or Roquefortblue-cheese dressingblue-cheese dressing /�blu� tʃi�z�dresŋ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a dressing forsalad, made of mayonnaise or vinaigrettewith blue cheese in itblue flag beachblue flag beach /�blu� fl�# �bi�tʃ/ nouna beach with sea water that meets the clean-liness requirements of the European Com-missionBlue Ribbon Award

Blue Ribbon Award /�blu� �rbən ə|

�wɔ�d/ noun HOTELS an award given by theRAC to hotels which are committed to highstandards � This year, there are 76 Blue Rib-bon Award winners.BMCBMC abbreviation SPORT British Moun-taineering Councilboardboard /bɔ�d/ noun 1. HOTELS meals at ahotel 2. � to go on board to go onto a ship,plane or train 3. BUSINESS a group of peoplewho run an organisation � The bank has tworepresentatives on the board. � Two direc-tors were removed from the board at theAGM. � board of directors, tourist board� she was asked to join the board she wasasked to become a director � board meetinga meeting of the directors of a company �verb AIR TRAVEL to go onto a ship, plane ortrain � Customs officials boarded the ship inthe harbour. � The party will board buses atthe temple and proceed to the hotel for lunch.board and lodgingboard and lodging /�bɔ�d ən �lɒd$ŋ/noun room and food � Board and lodgingfor three nights comes to £175.00. Alsocalled room and boardboardingboarding /�bɔ�dŋ/ noun TRAVEL the act ofgoing onto a ship, plane or train � Have yourpassport ready before boarding.boarding cardboarding card /�bɔ�dŋ kɑ�d/, boardingpass US /�bɔ�dŋ pɑ�s/ noun AIR TRAVEL acard given to passengers who have checkedin for a flight to allow them to board theplane, or a card given to passengers going onboard a shipboarding houseboarding house /�bɔ�dŋ haυs/ nounTOURISM a small, privately run house whereresidents pay for accommodation and mealsboard of directorsboard of directors /�bɔ�d əv da|

�rektəz/ noun BUSINESS a group of directorselected by the shareholders to run a company

COMMENT: Directors are elected by share-holders at the AGM, though they are usu-ally chosen by the chairman or chief exec-utive. A board will consist of a chairman(who may be non-executive), a chief exec-

Leisure.fm Page 32 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

33 bookutive or managing director, and a series ofspecialist directors in charge of variousactivities of the company (such as afinance director, production director orsales director). The company secretarywill attend board meetings, but need notbe a director. Apart from the executivedirectors, who are in fact employees of thecompany, there may be several non-exec-utive directors, appointed either for theirexpertise and contacts, or as representa-tives of important shareholders such asbanks.

boardroomboardroom /�bɔ�dru�m/ noun a roomwhere the directors of a company meetboastboast /bəυst/ verb to possess something,and be proud of it � The hotel complexboasts an 18-hole golf course.boatboat /bəυt/ noun a small vehicle that peo-ple use for moving on water � rowing boatboatelboatel /bəυ |�tel/ noun a waterside hotelwhere people travelling in boats can stay andmoor themboatingboating /�bəυtŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof going in small boats for pleasure, espe-cially rowing or sailing � a boating holidayon the Norfolk Broads-bodied-bodied /bɒdid/ suffix with a particulartype of bodybodybody /�bɒdi/ noun AIR TRAVEL the main partof an aircraftboilboil /bɔl/ verb CATERING 1. to heat wateruntil it reaches 100°C � You must boil thewater or You must let the water boil beforemaking tea. � They recommend you to boilthe tap water before drinking it. 2. to cooksomething by putting it in boiling water � Doyou want boiled potatoes or chips with yoursteak? � The cabbage has been boiled toolong. � I want my eggs boiled for three min-utes.boil downboil down /�bɔl �daυn/ verb to make a liq-uid mixture thicker by heating it rapidly untilmuch of the liquid turns to steamboiled eggboiled egg /�bɔld �e#/ noun FOOD an eggwhich has been cooked by boiling in waterboiled hockboiled hock /�bɔld �hɒk/ noun MEAT ajoint of ham from the leg of a pigboilerboiler /�bɔlə/ noun CATERING a piece ofkitchen equipment, which heats water formaking hot drinks and also provides steamboiling chickenboiling chicken, boiling fowl nounMEAT a chicken which is older and tougherand needs to be boiled to make it tenderboiling panboiling pan /�bɔlŋ p�n/ noun CATERINGa large container used in a kitchen for boilingfood and making soupboil-in-the-bagboil-in-the-bag /�bɔl n ðə �b�#/ adjec-tive CATERING stored in a sealed plastic bag

and cooked by placing the bag in boilingwater � boil-in-the-bag frozen boeuf bour-guignonboil offboil off /�bɔl �ɒf/ verb to remove liquid,e.g. alcohol, from a mixture by heating themixture rapidly so that the liquid turns tosteamboil overboil over /�bɔl �əυvə/ verb to reach boil-ing point and be so full of bubbles that someliquid spills from the containerbok choybok choy /�bɒk �tʃɔ/ noun VEGETABLES aChinese cabbage with long white stalks andnarrow green leavesbolsterbolster /�bəυlstə/ noun 1. a long thick pil-low, which is as wide as a double bed 2. athick round part of a knife, linking the bladeto the handlebombay mixbombay mix /�bɒmbe �mks/ noun aspiced mixture of fried lentils and other driedfoods, eaten as a snack or appetiserbondbond /bɒnd/ noun FINANCE a piece of papershowing that money has been deposited � topost a bond to deposit money with an organ-isation, as a form of surety � The companywas required to post a bond with ABTA. �verb BUSINESS to deposit money with anorganisation as surety against potentialfuture loss � The travel centre was bondedthrough the Association of British TravelAgents.

‘…the company is a fully bonded member ofABTA, which gives you that extra security andfinancial peace of mind. You know your moneyis secure.’ [Travel company brochure]

bonebone /bəυn/ noun one of the solid pieces inthe body, which make up the skeleton � verbto take the bones out of something such as achicken � The rabbit is skinned, boned andthen marinaded. (NOTE: For fish, it is moreusual to say ‘to fillet’ before the fish iscooked, or ‘to debone’ at table.)bonelessboneless /�bəυnləs/ adjective referring tomeat or fish from which the bones have beenremoved in preparation for cooking or eatingbonerboner /�bəυnə/ noun CATERING a kitchentool designed for boning meat or fishboningboning /�bəυnŋ/ noun the action ofremoving the bones from a chicken, rabbit,etc. � the intricate boning of a quailbookbook /bυk/ noun a set of sheets of paperattached together � verb to reserve a place, aseat, a table in a restaurant or a room in ahotel � to book a room in a hotel or a tableat a restaurant or a ticket on a plane � Ibooked a table for 7.45. � He booked a ticketthrough to Cairo. � to book someone into ahotel or onto a flight to order a room or aplane ticket for someone � He was booked

Leisure.fm Page 33 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

booking 34onto the 09.00 flight to Zurich. � the hotel orthe flight or the restaurant is fully bookedor is booked up all the rooms or seats arereserved � The restaurant is booked up overthe Christmas period. � to book someone into register somebody when he or she arrivesat a hotel � to book someone out to dealwith the paperwork when somebody leaves ahotel, e.g. presenting the bill and getting itpaid. � double-bookbooking

booking /�bυkŋ/ noun an arrangement tohave something such as a seat, hotel room ora table in a restaurant kept for you � Hotelbookings have fallen since the end of thetourist season. � to make a booking toreserve a room, a seat, a table, etc. � We triedto make a booking for the week beginningMay 1st, but the hotel was full. � to confirma booking to say that a booking is certainbooking charge

booking charge /�bυkŋ tʃɑ�d$/ nounENTERTAINMENT money paid to an agency fortheir services in addition to the cost of theticket when you buy a ticket through them.Also called booking feebooking clerk

booking clerk /�bυkŋ klɑ�k/ nounENTERTAINMENT somebody who sells ticketsin a booking officebooking code

booking code /�bυkŋ kəυd/ noun AIRTRAVEL same as fare codebooking fee

booking fee /�bυkŋ fi�/ noun same asbooking chargebooking form

booking form /�bυkŋ fɔ�m/ noun a formto be filled in when making a bookingbooking office

booking office /�bυkŋ �ɒfs/ nounENTERTAINMENT an office where you canbook seats at a theatre or tickets for the rail-waybookkeeping

bookkeeping /�bυkki�pŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS the work of keeping the financialrecords of a company or an organisationbooklet

booklet /�bυklət/ noun a small book witha paper coverbook sales

book sales /�bυk selz/ plural noun BUSI-NESS sales as recorded in the sales bookbook up

book up / |�bυk ��p/ verb HOTELS to fill allthe rooms in a hotel, all the tables in a restau-rant or all the seats in a theatrebook value

book value /�bυk �v�lju�/ noun BUSINESSvalue as recorded in the company’s booksbooth

booth /bu�ð/ noun a small place for oneperson, or a small group of people, to standor sitbooze cruise

booze cruise /�bu�z kru�z/ noun a tripacross the English Channel to buy alcoholicdrinks in a country where they cost less thanthey do in the United Kingdom (informal )

boracic acidboracic acid /bə |�r�sk ��sd/, boricacid /�bɔ�rk ��sd/ noun a soluble whitepowder used as a general disinfectant. Sym-bol H3BO3boraxborax /�bɔ�r�ks/ noun a white powderused as a household cleaner and disinfectantBordeauxBordeaux /bɔ� |�dəυ/ noun BEVERAGESwine from the west of France � Some Bor-deaux would be excellent with the venison. �I’ve ordered a bottle of Bordeaux.borderborder /�bɔ�də/ noun a line that marks thepoint where one country or region ends andanother beginsborder crossingborder crossing /�bɔ�də �krɒsŋ/ nounTRAVEL a place on the border between twocountries where people can cross and wherethere are passport controls and customs postsborschtborscht /bɔ�ʃt/ noun FOOD Russian soup,made with beetroot, other vegetables andsmall pieces of meat or sausage. It is eateneither cold or hot, with sour cream.botanical gardensbotanical gardens /bə |�t�nk(ə)l�#ɑ�d(ə)nz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT gardenswhich are set up for scientific study and thedisplay of plants � When you are in HongKong you must visit the botanical gardens.botelbotel /bəυ |�tel/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSsame as boatelbotrytisedbotrytised adjective CATERING made fromgrapes affected by Botrytis, which gives thewine a particularly sweet taste, or speciallymade to resemble this wine, possibly by add-ing sweeteners � botrytised dessert winebottlebottle /�bɒt(ə)l/ noun a container for liq-uids, with a narrow neck, made of glass orplastic � Can I have a bottle of mineralwater, please. � She drank three bottles oflemonade. � He bought his wife a bottle ofperfume in the duty-free shop. � verb 1. toput in bottles 2. CATERING to preserve some-thing by heating it inside a glass jar with asuction cap

COMMENT: Wine bottles have distinctiveshapes. Burgundy, Beaujolais and Loirewines have bottles with tapered necks andwide bodies; Bordeaux wine bottles haveshoulders and straight sides. Germanwine bottles have long tapering necks andtaller, thinner bodies than French bottles.

bottled beerbottled beer /�bɒt(ə)ld �bə/ noun BEVER-AGES beer in a bottle, as opposed to beer in acan, or draught beerbottled waterbottled water /�bɒt(ə)ld �wɔ�tə/ nounBEVERAGES water sold in bottles, as opposedto tap waterbottleneck

bottleneck /�bɒt(ə)lnek/ noun ROADTRAVEL a narrow road where traffic oftengets jammed

Leisure.fm Page 34 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

35 bramble jellybottle opener

bottle opener /�bɒt(ə)l �əυp(ə)nə/ nounBARS a device for opening bottlesbottom line

bottom line /�bɒtəm �lan/ noun FINANCEthe last line in accounts, showing the netprofitbotulism

botulism /�bɒtʃυlz(ə)m/ noun MEDICAL atype of food poisoning caused by badlycanned or preserved food

COMMENT: The symptoms include paraly-sis of the muscles, vomiting and hallucina-tions. Botulism is often fatal.

boudin

boudin /�bu�d�n/ noun MEAT a Frenchsausage similar to black puddingbouillabaisse

bouillabaisse /�bu�jə|�bes/ noun FOODFrench fish soup, flavoured with olive oiland saffronbouldering

bouldering /�bəυldərŋ/ noun SPORTrock climbing that involves undertakingshort and extremely difficult slopesbouncer

bouncer /�baυnsə/ noun somebody at thedoor of a club, whose job it is to prevent non-members or other unwanted guests fromenteringbouncing cheque

bouncing cheque /�baυnsŋ �tʃek/noun FINANCE a cheque that cannot becashed because the person writing it has notenough money in the account to pay it(informal) Also called dud cheque, rubberchequebound for

bound for /�baυnd fɔ�/ adjective goingtowards � a ship bound for Indiabouquet garni

bouquet garni /�bu�ke #ɑ� |�ni�/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a bundle of herbs, used to fla-vour soups and stews, usually formed ofthyme, parsley and bay leavesbourbon

bourbon /�b��bən/ noun US BEVERAGEScorn whisky � She drank a couple of bour-bons or a couple of glasses of bourbon.bourguignonne

bourguignonne /�bɔ�#|�njɒn/ adjectivecooked in a red wine sauce with mushroomsand small whole onions, in a style that origi-nated in the Burgundy region of Franceboutique

boutique /bu� |�ti�k/ noun a small special-ised shop, especially for fashionable clothes,or a section of a department store sellingfashionable clothes � a jeans boutique � aski boutiqueboutique hotel

boutique hotel /bu� |�ti�k �həυtel/ nounHOTELS a usually small, up-market hotel,which has been designed by an interior dec-orator, and is considered very fashionable

‘…having turned vintage properties into bou-tique hotels in the 1990s, smart contemporarydesigners now eye once-neglected motels, trans-forming them into stylish but affordable lodgingsthat stake out the middle ground between fashionand function’ [National Geographic Traveler]

bovine

bovine /�bəυvan/ adjective referring tocattlebovine spongiform encephalopathy

bovine spongiform encephalopathy/�bəυvan �sp�nd$fɔ�m en |�kefə |�lɒpəθi/noun MEDICAL a fatal disease of cattle, affect-ing the nervous system. Abbr BSE

‘BSE first appeared on English dairy farms in1987. By December, 1988, 1,677 cattle had beenslaughtered after contracting the infection. BSEis a new addition to a group of animal virusesknown for about 200 years’ [Guardian]

bow

bow /baυ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS the frontpart of a shipbowl

bowl /bəυl/ noun a wide shallow containerused for holding something such as food orliquids � There was a bowl of fruit in theroom with the compliments of the manage-ment. � She only had a bowl of muesli forbreakfast.box

box /bɒks/ noun 1. a cardboard, wood orplastic container � The goods were sent inthin cardboard boxes. � The watches areprepacked in plastic display boxes. 2.ENTERTAINMENT a special section in a thea-tre, with chairs for two or three spectatorsboxed

boxed /bɒkst/ adjective put in a box, orsold in a boxboxed set

boxed set /�bɒkst �set/ noun a set ofitems sold together in a box � I bought him aboxed set of Beethoven’s symphonies.box file

box file /�bɒks fal/ noun a file for papersmade like a boxbox office

box office /�bɒks �ɒfs/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT an office at a theatre or cinema wheretickets can be boughtbrace

brace /bres/ noun (of game birds) a pair �a brace of pheasant(s) a male and femalebird sold togetherbrace position

brace position /�bres pə |�zʃ(ə)n/ nounAIR TRAVEL a position for an emergency land-ing, where the passenger sits bent forwardwith the hands behind the headbraise

braise /brez/ verb CATERING to cook meator vegetables in a covered pot with very littleliquid � I am going to braise the beef andonions.braised

braised /brezd/ adjective CATERINGcooked in a covered pot with very little liq-uid � braised cabbage � braised beef andonionsbraising steak

braising steak /�brezŋ stek/ nounMEAT good-quality beef suitable for braisingbramble

bramble /�br�mb(ə)l/ noun FRUIT a wildblackberrybramble jelly

bramble jelly /�br�mb(ə)l �d$eli/ nounFOOD jam made with blackberries

Leisure.fm Page 35 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Bramley’s seedling 36Bramley’s seedling

Bramley’s seedling /�br�mli�z �si�dlŋ/noun FRUIT a common variety of cookingapplebran

bran /br�n/ noun FOOD the outside cover-ing of the wheat seed, removed when makingwhite flour, but an important source ofroughage and some vitamin B � Sprinkle aspoonful of bran onto the stew to increase thefibre content.branch

branch /brɑ�ntʃ/ noun BUSINESS a localoffice of a bank or large business, or a localshop forming part of a large chain of shops �The bank or The store has branches in mosttowns in the south of the country. � Theinsurance company has closed its branchesin South America. � He is the manager of ourlocal branch of Tesco. � We have decided toopen a branch office in Chicago. � verb � tobranch out to start a new, but usuallyrelated, type of business � From selling traintickets, the company branched out into pack-age holidays.branch manager

branch manager /�brɑ�ntʃ �m�nd$ə/noun BUSINESS somebody in charge of anoffice of a companybranch office

branch office /�brɑ�ntʃ �ɒfs/ noun a lessimportant office, usually in a different townor country from the main officebrand

brand /br�nd/ noun BUSINESS a well-known make of product, which can be recog-nised by its name or by its design � leadingbrands of drinksbranded

branded /�br�ndd/ adjective displaying abrand namebranded pub

branded pub /�br�ndd �p�b/ noun BARSa pub belonging to a chain, and known by thebrand name of the chainbrand name

brand name /�br�nd nem/ noun BUSI-NESS the name of a particular make of prod-uctbrandy

brandy /�br�ndi/ noun BEVERAGES 1. astrong alcohol distilled from wine 2. a glassof this alcohol � He ordered three brandiesand a port.

COMMENT: Brandy is made in most wine-producing countries, such as Spain andGreece. Brandy from the Bordeaux regionof France is called ‘cognac’; that fromsouth-west France is called ‘Armagnac’.Brandy made in Burgundy is called ‘marcde bourgogne’. In Germany, brandy iscalled ‘Branntwein’.

brandy snap

brandy snap /�br�ndi sn�p/ nounBREAD, ETC. a thin rolled biscuit, flavouredwith gingerbrandy sour

brandy sour /�br�ndi �saυə/ noun BEV-ERAGES a cocktail of brandy, lemon juiceand sugar

brassbrass /brɑ�s/ noun ENTERTAINMENT musi-cal instruments made of brass � a brass bandbrasseriebrasserie /�br�səri/ noun used as a namefor a continental-style cafe � Let’s havelunch at the brasserie next door. (NOTE:Brasserie comes from a French nounmeaning ‘brewery’.)

COMMENT: In France, brasseries belong tobreweries and serve mainly beer, and alsofood. In England, they serve mainly wine.

brat panbrat pan /�br�t p�n/ noun CATERING acooking pan for stewing, braising, poaching,etc., which can be tilted to drain off liquidbrawnbrawn /brɔ�n/ noun MEAT chopped meatfrom the head of an animal, mixed with jellyto form a loafbrazil nutbrazil nut /brə|�zl n�t/ noun NUTS a hardnut with a rough crescent-shaped shell froma tropical treebreadbread /bred/ noun food made from flour,water, a little fat or oil and usually a raisingagent such as yeast or soda, then cooked inan oven

COMMENT: Most British bread is white(made from refined flour), but brownbread, or wholemeal bread, is becomingmore and more popular.

bread and butterbread and butter /�bred ən �b�tə/ nounFOOD slices of bread spread with butterbread and butter puddingbread and butter pudding /�bred ən�b�tə �pυdŋ/ noun DESSERTS a dessertmade from slices of buttered bread withdried fruit and sugar, covered with a mixtureof eggs and milk and baked in the ovenbreadcrumbbreadcrumb /�bredkr�m/ noun a tinypiece of bread, either soft or hardbreadcrumbsbreadcrumbs /�bredkr�mz/ plural nounFOOD dried bread, crushed into powder, usedto cover fish or meat before fryingbreadedbreaded /�bredd/ adjective CATERINGcovered with breadcrumbs before cooking �breaded escalope of vealbreadfruitbreadfruit /�bredfru�t/ noun VEGETABLESthe starchy fruit of a tree grown in the PacificIslands, which is used as a vegetablebread knifebread knife /�bred naf/ noun 1. a largeknife with a serrated edge like a saw, used forcutting slices of bread from a loaf 2. a smallknife put on the bread plate, used for spread-ing butter on pieces of bread and cuttingthembread puddingbread pudding /�bred �pυdŋ/ nounBREAD, ETC. a rich cake made from breadsoaked in milk, mixed with egg, sugar, spicesand dried fruit, and bakedbread rollbread roll /�bred �rəυl/ noun a small loafof bread offered to the guests by the commiswaiter while they are studying the menu

Leisure.fm Page 36 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

37 brinjalbread sauce

bread sauce /�bred �sɔ�s/ noun saucemade from white breadcrumbs, butter andmilk, flavoured with onion, served hot as anaccompaniment to roast chicken or turkeybread stickbread stick /�bred �stk/ noun BREAD,ETC. a long thin cylindrical biscuit, eaten asan appetiserbreak

break /brek/ noun a short space of time,when you can rest � She typed for two hourswithout a break. � verb 1. to fail to carry outthe terms of a contract or a rule � The com-pany has broken the contract or the agree-ment. � to break an engagement to dosomething not to do what has been agreed 2.to stop doing something for a time � tobreak one’s journey to stop travelling andpass some time in one place before going on� They broke their journey in Bombay, beforeflying on to Hong Kong.breakagesbreakages /�brekd$z/ plural noun bro-ken items � Customers are expected to payfor breakages.breakbone fever

breakbone fever /�brekbəυn �fi�və/MEDICAL same as denguebreak down

break down /�brek �daυn/ verb 1. to stopworking because of mechanical failure � Thebaggage carousel has broken down. � Whatdo you do when your lift breaks down? � Thevisitors complained when the central air-conditioning system broke down. 2. BUSI-NESS to show all the items in a total list ofcosts, expenditure � We broke the expendi-ture down into hotel, travel and entertain-ment costs. � Can you break down thisinvoice into travel costs and extras?breakdownbreakdown /�brekdaυn/ noun 1. a situa-tion in which a machine or vehicle stopsworking � We cannot communicate with ourNigerian office because of the breakdown ofthe communications network. � They are try-ing to repair a breakdown in the refrigerat-ing system. 2. a list that shows e.g. the cost ofsomething item by item � Give me a break-down of the travel costs.break evenbreak even /�brek �i�v(ə)n/ verb BUSI-NESS to balance costs and receipts, but notmake a profit � Last year the company onlyjust broke even. � We broke even in our firsttwo months of trading.breakeven point

breakeven point /�brek �i�v(ə)n pɔnt/noun BUSINESS the point at which salescover costs, but do not show a profitbreakfastbreakfast /�brekfəst/ noun CATERING thefirst meal of the day

COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break-fast’ may include cereals, porridge orstewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish(such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau-

sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes ormushrooms and fried bread, followed bytoast and marmalade and tea or coffee.

breakfast barbreakfast bar /�brekfəst bɑ�/ nounCATERING a variety of breakfast foods laidout on a table like a buffet in a hotel or res-taurantbreakfast roombreakfast room /�brekfəst ru�m/ nounHOTELS a special room where breakfast isservedbreastbreast /brest/ noun meat from the chestpart of a bird or animal � breast of chicken �Do you want a wing or a slice of breast?breathebreathe /bri�ð/ verb � to let the winebreathe to take the cork out of a bottle of redwine some time before it is to be drunkbrewbrew /bru�/ noun BEVERAGES liquid whichhas been brewed � verb 1. BARS to make beer2. to make tea (also humorous)brewerybrewery /�bru�əri/ noun BARS a placewhere beer is made � They have been makingbeer in that brewery for many, many years.(NOTE: The plural form is breweries.)brewpubbrewpub /�bru�p�b/ noun a restaurant orbar where the beer is made on the premisesbridgebridge /brd$/ noun 1. a road or path builtover a road or river so that you can walk ordrive from one side to the other 2. SHIPS ANDBOATS the top part of a ship where the cap-tain stands 3. ENTERTAINMENT a type of cardgame for four peoplebridlepathbridlepath /�brad(ə)lpɑ�θ/, bridleway/brad(ə)lwe/ noun a track in the countrywhich can be used by walkers or by peopleon horsebackbriefcasebriefcase /�bri�fkes/ noun a flat case forcarrying papers and documents � He put allthe files into his briefcase.brigadebrigade /br|�#ed/ noun a group of peopleworking together in a kitchen or restaurant

COMMENT: A kitchen brigade will be madeup of the chef de cuisine, sous-chef, vari-ous specialised chefs and commis chefs.A restaurant brigade will be formed of thehead waiter or maître d’hôtel, station wait-ers, wine waiters and assistant or commiswaiters.

brightbright /brat/ adjective clear and sunny �There will be bright intervals during theafternoon.brinebrine /bran/ noun FOOD a solution of saltin water, used for preserving food

COMMENT: Some meat, such as bacon, iscured by soaking in brine; some types ofpickles are preserved by cooking in brine;some foodstuffs are preserved in brine injars.

brinjalbrinjal /�brnð$əl/ noun VEGETABLES anIndian name for aubergine � brinjal pickle

Leisure.fm Page 37 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

brioche 38briochebrioche /�briɒʃ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweetFrench bread roll made from a doughenriched with eggs and butterbrisketbrisket /�brskt/ noun MEAT beef from thebreast of an animalbrislingbrisling /�brzlŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a smallsea fish, like a sardineBritish Hospitality AssociationBritish Hospitality Association/�brtʃ �hɒsp |�t�lti əsəυsi|�eʃ(ə)n/ nounHOTELS an association representing the Brit-ish hotel, restaurant and catering industry.Abbr BHABritish Mountaineering CouncilBritish Mountaineering Council/�brtʃ �maυnt |�nərŋ �kaυns(ə)l/ nounSPORT a British organisation which protectsthe interests of climbers, hill walkers andmountaineers. Abbr BMCBritish Summer TimeBritish Summer Time /�brtʃ �s�mə�tam/ noun the system of putting the clocksforward in Britain one hour in summer toprovide extra daylight in the evening. AbbrBSTBritish Tourist AuthorityBritish Tourist Authority /�brtʃ�tυərst ɔ�|�θɒrti/ noun TOURISM a govern-ment organisation that is responsible for pro-moting tourism to Great Britain from foreigncountries. Abbr BTAbroad beanbroad bean /�brɔ�d �bi�n/ noun VEGETA-BLES a large flat green seed cooked and eatenas a vegetablebroadcastbroadcast /�brɔ�dkɑ�st/ ENTERTAINMENTnoun a radio or television programme � verbto send out a message or programme by radioor television � They broadcast an urgentstorm warning.broccolibroccoli /�brɒkəli/ noun a vegetable thathas a cluster of tight green, purple or whiteflower buds on the end of a broad stalkbrochettebrochette /brɒ |�ʃet/ noun FOOD a smallskewer on which chunks of food, especiallymeat or fish, are grilled and roasted, or foodthat has been cooked on a brochettebrochurebrochure /�brəυʃə/ noun MARKETING apublicity booklet � We sent off for a brochureabout holidays in Greece or about ferry serv-ices. � Call now for our new summer bro-chure.broilbroil /brɔl/ verb especially US CATERINGto grill meatbroilerbroiler /�brɔlə/ noun 1. MEAT a chickenwhich is young and tender and may becooked by grilling 2. US CATERING a pan ortray for grilling food onbrothbroth /brɒθ/ noun FOOD a light soupbrownbrown /braυn/ adjective with a colour likeearth or wood � verb to make somethingbrown � Brown the meat in hot fat.

brown bread

brown bread /�braυn �bred/ noun breadmade from less refined brown flourbrownie

brownie /�braυni/ noun BREAD, ETC. asmall chocolate cakebrown rice

brown rice /�braυn �ras/ noun FOOD ricewhich still has its outer coveringbrown sugar

brown sugar /�braυn �ʃυ#ə/ noun FOODan unrefined or partly refined sugar in largebrown crystals. Also called Demerarasugarbruise

bruise /bru�z/ verb CATERING to crush foodslightly to extract juice from it or bring outits flavourbrunch

brunch /br�ntʃ/ noun CATERING a mealserved in the morning and early afternoon,between about 9.00 and 2.30, which is acombination of breakfast and lunch � Thehotel serves Sunday brunch in the main din-ing room.

COMMENT: Brunch is especially popularon Sundays, when people tend to get uplater than on other days of the week.

bruschetta

bruschetta /brυ |�sketə/ noun Italianbread toasted and drizzled with olive oil,usually served with added garlic andchopped tomatoesBrussels sprout

Brussels sprout /�br�s(ə)lz �spraυt/noun VEGETABLES a small round green edi-ble shoot from a type of cabbage. Also calledsprout

COMMENT: Brussels sprouts are usuallyboiled or steamed and eaten served withbutter.

brut

brut /bru�t/ adjective BEVERAGES a Frenchadjective meaning dry (used only of cham-pagne) Compare secBSE

BSE abbreviation MEDICAL bovine spongi-form encephalopathyBST

BST abbreviation British Summer TimeBTA

BTA abbreviation TOURISM British TouristAuthoritybubble and squeak

bubble and squeak /�b�b(ə)l ən�skwi�k/ noun FOOD a traditional dish ofleftover cabbage, potatoes, meat, etc., friedtogether to make a crisp cakebubble bath

bubble bath /�b�b(ə)l bɑ�θ/ noun 1. abath with liquid soap added to make a massof foam 2. the liquid soap used to put in abathbubbly

bubbly /�b�bli/ noun 1. same as cham-pagne 2. any cheap sparkling white winebucket

bucket /�b�kt/ noun a round plastic ormetal container with an open top and a han-dle � bucket-and-spade holiday a tradi-tional British holiday, where children playon the beach with buckets and spades

Leisure.fm Page 38 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

39 bungee-jumpingbucket shopbucket shop /�b�kt ʃɒp/ noun AIRTRAVEL an unbonded travel agent selling air-line tickets at a discount (informal)buck’s fizzbuck’s fizz /�b�ks �fz/ noun BEVERAGES acold drink of champagne and fresh orangejuice, typically served at breakfastbuckwheatbuckwheat /�b�kwi�t/ noun FOOD a graincrop that is not a member of the grass familyand can be grown on the poorest of soils.When buckwheat is ground into flour, it isused to make pancakes.budgetbudget /�b�d$t/ noun 1. FINANCE a planof expected spending and income, usuallyfor one year � to draw up a budget � We haveagreed the budgets for next year. � advertis-ing budget money that it is planned to spendon advertising 2. � budget price a low price� verb FINANCE to plan probable income andexpenditure � We are budgeting for £10,000of sales next year.budget farebudget fare /�b�d$t feə/ noun TRAVEL afare that is cheaper than usualbudget hotelbudget hotel /�b�d$t �həυtel/ nounHOTELS a cheaper hotel � Whatever happens,the group will retain its 199 budget hotels.budget travelbudget travel /�b�d$t �tr�v(ə)l/ nouncheap travelbuffalo mozzarellabuffalo mozzarella /�b�fələυ �mɒtsə|

�relə/ noun DAIRY a fresh mozzarella cheesemade from a combination of water buffalomilk and cow’s milkbuffalo wingsbuffalo wings /�b�fələυ wŋz/ pluralnoun fried chicken wings, usually served inbarbecue saucebuffetbuffet /�bυfe/ noun CATERING 1. a mealwhere the food is laid out in dishes on atable, and each person helps himself or her-self � The hotel serves a buffet breakfast. 2.a snack bar in a place such as a railway sta-tion or airportbuffet carbuffet car /�bυfe kɑ�/ noun RAIL TRAVEL arailway coach which serves snacks anddrinks which you may take back to your seat.Compare restaurant carbugbug /b�#/ noun a harmful organism, suchas a virus, that causes a disease (informal)built-inbuilt-in /�blt �n/ adjective constructed aspart of a building � Each bedroom has abuilt-in wardrobe.bulbbulb /b�lb/ noun a glass ball which giveselectric light � There’s a light bulb missingin the bedroom.bulgurbulgur /�bυl#ə/ noun FOOD wheat that hasbeen parboiled, dried and cracked into smallpieces. It is a common ingredient in south-western Asian and vegetarian cooking.bulkbulk /b�lk/ noun � in bulk in large amounts

‘…by buying in bulk, companies can obtain hotelrooms at a fraction of the ‘rack’ rate, as well asairline tickets, often business class, below thequoted fare’ [Business Travel]

bulk buyingbulk buying /�b�lk �baŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS the practice of buying large amounts ofgoods at a lower price. Also called bulk pur-chasebulk discountbulk discount /�b�lk �dskaυnt/ noun adiscount given to a purchaser who buys inbulkbulkheadbulkhead /�b�lkhed/ noun TRAVEL aninternal wall in a ship or aircraft

‘…frequent flyers are able to identify theirfavourite place in the aircraft: seats next to cabinbulkheads or alongside exit doors usually offerextra legroom’ [Business Travel]

bulk purchasebulk purchase /�b�lk �p��tʃs/ nounsame as bulk buyingbulletinbulletin /�bυltn/ noun a piece of informa-tion, or a report on a situation � the ship’sdaily news bulletin � bulletin board a boardon which bulletins are pinned upbullyingbullying /�bυliŋ/ noun intimidation andharassment of someone by another memberof staff in a more powerful position � Bully-ing and harassment at work are major prob-lems in the catering industry.bumpingbumping /�b�mpŋ/ noun AIR TRAVEL asituation where someone takes the place ofanother less important person in a restaurantor on a plane (NOTE: If a plane is over-booked, cabin staff may ask passengers ifthey will volunteer to take a later flight inreturn for some financial reward. If no onevolunteers, then non-fare-paying passen-gers will be asked to move, followed by pas-sengers who have paid reduced fares.)bunbun /b�n/ noun BREAD, ETC. a small cakemade of a bread-like dough, usually sweet-ened and flavouredbunchbunch /b�ntʃ/ noun 1. a cluster of thingstied together � She bought a bunch of flowersin the market. 2. a cluster of fruit on the samestem � a bunch of bananas � a bunch ofgrapes (NOTE: The plural form is bunches.)bungalowbungalow /�b�ŋ#ələυ/ noun a house withonly a ground floor � They are staying in abungalow by the sea.bungeebungee /�b�nd$i�/ noun TRAVEL an elasticstrap with a hook at each end, used e.g. forattaching luggage onto a trolley or onto theback of a bicyclebungee-jumpingbungee-jumping /�b�nd$i� �d$�mpŋ/noun SPORT a sport which consists of jump-ing from a high point such as a bridge, whenattached by your ankles to a long elasticcable, so that instead of hitting the ground,you bounce up into the air � I’d like to try

Leisure.fm Page 39 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

bunk 40bungee-jumping, but my girlfriend won’t letme.bunk

bunk /b�ŋk/ noun TRAVEL a bed fixed to awall in a boat, train or aircraftbunk beds

bunk beds /�b�ŋk bedz/ plural noun twobeds, one above the other, usually used forchildren in hotelsbunting

bunting /�b�ntŋ/ noun strings of littleflags, used as decorationbureau de change

bureau de change /�bjυərəυ də �ʃɒn$/noun FINANCE a French noun meaning anoffice where money can be changed into thecurrency of another country (NOTE: The plu-ral form is bureaus or bureaux dechange.)burger

burger /�b��#ə/ noun MEAT same as beef-burger � The children want burgers andfries for lunch.burger bar

burger bar /�b��#ə bɑ�/ noun CATERING asimple restaurant or stall serving burgerseither to eat on the spot or to take awayBurgundy

Burgundy /�b��#əndi/ noun BEVERAGESwine from the Burgundy district in Franceburn

burn /b��n/ verb to cook something toomuch, so that it becomes brown or black �He’s burnt the sausages � I don’t like burnttoast. (NOTE: burning – burnt or burned) �noun MEDICAL an injury to skin and tissuecaused by light, heat, radiation, electricity orchemicals � You should hold that burn undercold water for a few minutes.burrito

burrito /bə|�ri�təυ/ noun FOOD in Mexicancooking, a flour tortilla wrapped round a fill-ing of meat, beans or cheesebus

bus /b�s/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. a largemotor vehicle for carrying passengers � Hegoes to work by bus. � She took the bus to goto her office. 2. same as coach � verb USCATERING to clear away dirty plates, cutlery,etc., from tables in a restaurant � He spentthe summer bussing tables in a downtowngrill. (NOTE: bussing – bussed)busboy

busboy /�b�sbɔ/, busgirl, busser nounUS CATERING an assistant waiter who offersrolls, pours water, clears away dirty platesand cutlery, but does not take the order orserve the food � I asked the busboy for somemore water.business

business /�bzns/ noun 1. the work ofbuying and selling things � business guest ahotel guest who is on a business trip � Busi-ness guests are spending more. � businesstravel travel for business purposes � onbusiness on commercial work � She had togo abroad on business. � The chairman is inHolland on business. 2. a commercial com-pany � He owns a small travel business. �

She runs a mail-order business from herhome. � He set up in business as a tourguide. � business correspondence lettersconcerned with business 3. types of businesstaken as a group � the travel business allcompanies and services dealing with traveland tourism, such as trains, buses, planes,travel agents, hotels, etc. � He’s been in thetravel business for 15 years. � the hotelbusiness the business of running hotelsbusiness addressbusiness address /�bzns ə |�dres/noun the details of number, street and townwhere a company is locatedbusiness cardbusiness card /�bzns kɑ�d/ noun acard showing the name of a businesspersonand the name and address of the company heor she works forbusiness centrebusiness centre /�bzns �sentə/ noun1. the part of a town where the main banks,shops and offices are located 2. a large facil-ity offering business services to businesspeo-ple, especially at an airport, convention cen-tre, railway station, etc., where they mayneed to use the facilities when travellingbusiness classbusiness class /�bzns klɑ�s/ noun AIRTRAVEL a type of airline travel that is lessexpensive than first class and more comfort-able than tourist class, and that may offerbetter and wider seats, special meals, morefree drinks, more choice of newspapers orspecial airport loungesbusiness cyclebusiness cycle /�bzns �sak(ə)l/ nounBUSINESS same as trade cyclebusiness districtbusiness district /�bzns �dstrkt/noun the part of a town where the mainbanks, shops and offices are locatedbusiness expensesbusiness expenses /�bzns k|

�spensz/ plural noun money spent on run-ning a business, not on stock or assetsbusiness facilitated leasebusiness facilitated lease /�bzns fə|

�slətetd �li�s/ noun a type of franchise,where a franchisee takes over an existingfranchise on a short lease, buying the busi-ness with the cash which it generates. AbbrBFLbusiness farebusiness fare /�bzns feə/ noun TRAVELa tariff for business class passengersbusiness hoursbusiness hours /�bzns �aυəz/ pluralnoun the time, usually 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., whena business is openbusiness loungebusiness lounge /�bzns laυnd$/ nounAIR TRAVEL a special lounge for businessclass passengers, with comfortable chairs,coffee bar, etc., but also some business facil-ities such as Internet links, fax machines andsecretarial help � At the airport take refugein a business lounge whatever class you’reflying.

Leisure.fm Page 40 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

41 bylawbusinessman

businessman /�bznsm�n/ noun a manengaged in businessbusinessperson

businessperson /�bzns |�p��s(ə)n/noun a man or woman engaged in business(NOTE: The plural form is businesspeo-ple.)business premises

business premises /�bzns �premsz/plural noun buildings in which the work of abusiness is done. Also called commercialpremisesbusiness services

business services /�bzns �s��vsz/plural noun the various services needed toconduct business, e.g. Internet links, fax,answering service, and secretarial help,offered to businesspeople by a business cen-tre in a hotel or at an airportbusiness tourism

business tourism /�bzns �tυərz(ə)m/noun travel by businesspeople to attend con-ferences and similar functions in foreigncountriesbusiness traveller

business traveller /�bzns �tr�v(ə)lə/noun somebody who travels on businessbusiness trip

business trip /�bzns trp/ noun a jour-ney to discuss business matters with clientsbusinesswoman

businesswoman /�bzns|�wυmən/ nouna woman engaged in businessbus lane

bus lane /�b�s len/ noun ROAD TRAVEL apart of a road where only buses may drivebusman’s holiday

busman’s holiday /�b�smənz �hɒlde/noun a holiday or leisure activity that is sim-ilar to the work someone usually does for alivingbus stop

bus stop /�b�s stɒp/ noun ROAD TRAVEL aplace where buses stop to pick up or droppassengersbusy

busy /�bzi/ adjective occupied in doingsomething, e.g. in working � She is busy pre-paring the annual accounts. � The manageris busy at the moment, but he will be free inabout fifteen minutes. � The busiest time ofyear for stores is the week before Christmas.� Summer is the busy season for hotels. � theline is busy the telephone line is being usedbusy season

busy season /�bzi �si�z(ə)n/ nounHOTELS a period when a hotel or resort isbusybutcher

butcher /�bυtʃə/ noun CATERING some-body who prepares and sells uncooked meatbutcher’s

butcher’s /�bυtʃəz/ noun CATERING a shopwhere uncooked meat is prepared and soldbutchery

butchery /�bυtʃəri/ noun the work ofusing knives or other tools to remove meatfrom an animal’s carcassbutler-style service

butler-style service /�b�tlə stal�s��vs/ adjective, adverb referring to a typeof service in which guests help themselves to

food and beverages which are brought roundby waiters on traysbutterbutter /�b�tə/ noun DAIRY solid yellow fatmade from cream

COMMENT: In a restaurant, butter is servedeither in a small individual dish or as sep-arate portions (sometimes wrapped inmetal foil) which are kept cold in a bed ofice.

butter beanbutter bean /�b�tə bi�n/ noun VEGETA-BLES a large flat cream-coloured bean, driedbefore cookingbutteredbuttered /�b�təd/ adjective CATERING cov-ered with butter � hot buttered toast � but-tered parsnipsbutterflybutterfly /�b�təfla/ verb CATERING to splita piece of food such as meat or fish along itslength, separating it into halves that remainjoinedbuttermilkbuttermilk /�b�təmlk/ noun DAIRY a thinmilk left after butter has been churnedbutternut squashbutternut squash /�b�tən�t �skwɒʃ/noun VEGETABLES a beige-coloured squashthat is shaped like a club and has firm yel-low-orange fleshbutterscotchbutterscotch /�b�təskɒtʃ/ noun DES-SERTS a sweet made from butter and sugarbuttonbutton /�b�t(ə)n/ noun 1. a small objectstitched to clothes for attaching one part ofclothing to another � She asked room serviceif they could sew a button back on for him. 2.a small round object which you press tomake a machine work � a push-button phone� When you get into the lift, press the buttonfor the floor you need. � She pressed the but-ton to call the lift.button mushroombutton mushroom /�b�t(ə)n �m�ʃru�m/noun VEGETABLES a small white mushroomwith a round capbutylated hydroxytoluenebutylated hydroxytoluene/�bju�tletd ha |�drɒksi |�tɒljui�n/ nounFOOD a common additive used in processedfoods containing fat to prevent the fat fromoxidising. Abbr BHTbuyerbuyer /�baə/ noun a person who buyssomething, or whose job is to buy goods fora companybuyer’s marketbuyer’s market /�baəz �mɑ�kt/ nounBUSINESS a market that is good for buyersbecause demand for a product is low andsellers have to charge low pricesbuying forwardbuying forward /�baŋ �fɔ�wəd/ nounFINANCE same as forward buyingbylawbylaw /ba lɔ�/, byelaw, by-law, bye-lawnoun a rule or law made by a local authorityor public body and not by central govern-ment � The bylaws forbid playing ball in thepublic gardens. � According to the local

Leisure.fm Page 41 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

BYO 42bylaws, noise must be limited in the towncentre.

COMMENT: Bylaws must be made by bod-ies which have been authorised by Parlia-ment, before they can become legallyeffective.

BYO

BYO abbreviation BARS bring your ownbypass

bypass /�bapɑ�s/ noun ROAD TRAVEL aroad which goes round a town � verb toavoid a place, especially a busy or congestedplace, by taking a route around it

Leisure.fm Page 42 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

CC

C abbreviation CelsiusCAA

CAA abbreviation AIR TRAVEL Civil Avia-tion Authoritycab

cab /k�b/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL same astaxi � He took a cab to the airport. � Theoffice is only a short cab ride from the rail-way station. � Cab fares are very high inNew York. � black cab a London taxi. � min-icab 2. ROAD TRAVEL a separate compart-ment for a driver in a large vehicle such as atruckcabaret

cabaret /�k�bəre/ noun ENTERTAINMENTentertainment given in a restaurant or clubcabbage

cabbage /�k�bd$/ noun VEGETABLES agreen leafy vegetable with a round heart orhead

COMMENT: Green cabbage is usuallyeaten boiled; red cabbage may be eatencooked or pickled in vinegar; white cab-bage can be shredded to make coleslaw;in Germany and Eastern France, it is pick-led in brine to make ‘sauerkraut’.

cabin

cabin /�k�bn/ noun 1. a wooden hut, usedby hunters or skiers, also the sleeping area ina ski chalet 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a separateroom for a passenger on a ship � She felt sickand went to lie down in her cabin. 3. AIRTRAVEL a separate area for passengers in aplane � Passengers are requested to remainseated until the cabin doors are open. � Thefirst-class cabin is in the front of the plane. 4.AIR TRAVEL a separate area for the pilot of aplane

‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, goodtimekeeping, and flight frequency, are importantinfluences on frequent travellers’ choice of car-rier’ [Business Travel]

cabin attendant

cabin attendant /�k�bn ə|�tendənt/noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who looks afterpassengers on a planecabin baggage

cabin baggage /�k�bn �b�#d$/ nounAIR TRAVEL same as carry-on baggagecabin class

cabin class /�k�bn klɑ�s/ noun TRAVEL aclass of accommodation on some passengerships that is lower than first class and higherthan tourist class

cabin crew

cabin crew /�k�bn kru�/ noun AIRTRAVEL the members of airline staff who dealwith the passengers on a planecabin lights

cabin lights /�k�bn �lats/ plural nounAIR TRAVEL lights in the cabin of a plane �Cabin lights will be dimmed for takeoff.cabin trunk

cabin trunk /�k�bn tr�ŋk/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS a trunk for taking on board a shipcable

cable /�keb(ə)l/ noun a thick rope or wire� The ship was attached to the quay bycables. � The cable snapped and ten passen-gers died when their cable car fell to thefloor of the valley.cable car

cable car /�keb(ə)l kɑ�/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT 1. a vehicle which goes up a mountain,hanging on a wire cable 2. US (in San Fran-cisco) a type of tram which is pulled by ametal cable set in a channel in the roadcable television

cable television /�keb(ə)l �tel|�v$(ə)n/noun ENTERTAINMENT a television system,where pictures are sent by cablecab rank

cab rank /�k�b r�ŋk/ noun ROAD TRAVELsame as taxi rankcacao

cacao /kə|�kaυ/ noun a dried fatty seed thatis the source of cocoa, chocolate and otherfood productscaesar salad

caesar salad /�si�zə �s�ləd/ noun a saladmade with lettuce, croutons, Parmesancheese, and anchovies, with an egg-baseddressingcafe

cafe /�k�fe/, café noun CATERING a smallshop selling food and drinkcafé au lait

café au lait /�k�fe �υ �le/ noun BEVER-AGES coffee with hot milkcafé latte

café latte /�k�fe �l�te/ noun BEVER-AGES same as lattecafé noir

café noir /�k�fe �nwɑ�/ noun BEVERAGEScoffee without milk or creamcafé set

café set /�k�fe set/ noun CATERING apiece of restaurant equipment which heatswater and makes steam, for preparing hotdrinkscafeteria

cafeteria /�k�fə |�təriə/ noun CATERING aself-service restaurant, especially used bythe staff in an office building or factory

Leisure.fm Page 43 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cafeteria manager 44cafeteria managercafeteria manager /�k�fə|�təriə�m�nd$ə/ noun CATERING somebody incharge of a cafeteriacafeteria servicecafeteria service /�k�fə|�təriə �s��vs/noun CATERING a style of serving food,where the customer takes a tray and helpshimself or herself to hot or cold food from abuffet and pays for it at a till as he or sheleaves the buffetcafetièrecafetière /�k�fə|�tjeə/ noun BEVERAGES acoffee pot with a plunger, which is presseddown to trap the coffee grounds at the bot-tom

‘…cafetières are the most elegant method ofserving coffee’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

caffeinatedcaffeinated /�k�fi�netd/ adjective con-taining caffeinecaffeinecaffeine /�k�fi�n/ noun a stimulant foundin coffee, tea and cola nutscaffe lattecaffe latte /�k�fe �l�te/, caffè lattenoun BEVERAGES same as lattecakecake /kek/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet foodmade from flour, sugar, eggs, milk and otheringredients, baked in an oven � Two pieces ofcherry cake, please. � Have another slice ofChristmas cake. � Would you like some choc-olate cake? � celebration cake a specialcake made to celebrate an event, such as abirthday

COMMENT: A cake can be quite large, andis cut into individual slices (as for a wed-ding cake, Christmas cake, birthday cake,etc.); alternatively, small cakes can bemade, each for one person.

cake forkcake fork /�kek fɔ�k/ noun CATERING asmall fork with two of the prongs joinedtogether, used for eating cake or pastries.Also called pastry forkcake knifecake knife /�kek naf/ noun a thick wideknife used for cutting up cakescake shopcake shop /�kek ʃɒp/ noun CATERING ashop which sells mainly cakes and pastries,and sometimes serves tea as wellcake tincake tin /�kek tn/ noun CATERING a tinfor baking or keeping cakes incalamaricalamari /�k�lə|�mɑ�ri/ plural noun SEA-FOOD squid served as food, especially inMediterranean cookerycalamine lotioncalamine lotion /�k�ləman �ləυʃ(ə)n/noun a lotion, based on zinc oxide, whichhelps relieve skin irritation such as thatcaused by sunburncalculatecalculate /�k�lkjυlet/ verb 1. to find theanswer to a problem using numbers � Thebank clerk calculated the rate of exchangefor the dollar. 2. to estimate something suchas an amount or price � I calculate that it willtake us six hours to get to Madrid.

calculationcalculation /�k�lkjυ|�leʃ(ə)n/ noun theanswer to a problem in mathematics �According to my calculations, the hotel willcost us about £1,000.calculatorcalculator /�k�lkjυletə/ noun an elec-tronic machine which works out the answersto problems in mathematics � My pocket cal-culator needs a new battery. � He workedout the discount on his calculator.calendarcalendar /�k�lndə/ noun a book or set ofsheets of paper showing the days and monthsin a year, often illustrated with a series ofpicturescalendar monthcalendar month /�k�lndə m�nθ/ nouna whole month as on a calendar, from the 1stto the 30th or 31stcalendar yearcalendar year /�k�lndə �jə/ noun awhole year from the 1st January to 31stDecembercallcall /kɔ�l/ noun 1. a telephone conversation,or an attempt to get in touch with someoneby telephone � to make a call to dial andspeak to someone on the telephone � to takea call to answer the telephone � to log callsto note all details of telephone calls made 2.a visit to someone’s home or place of work �verb 1. to telephone someone � I’ll call youat your office tomorrow. 2. to phone some-one to wake them up � He asked to be calledat 6.15. 3. � to call at a place to visit a place� The cruise liner calls at Palermo on June14th. � to call for someone to come to findsomeone and take them away � I’ll call foryou at 8.30, so wait for me in the lobby.call boxcall box /�kɔ�l bɒks/ noun an outdoor tel-ephone kioskcalmcalm /kɑ�m/ adjective (of the sea) notrough � The crossing was very calm, so noone was seasick.caloriccaloric /kə|�lɒrk/ adjective referring tocaloriescaloric energycaloric energy /kə|�lɒrk �enəd$i/ nounan amount of energy shown as a number ofcaloriescaloric requirement

caloric requirement /kə|�lɒrk r |

�kwaəmənt/ noun the amount of energyshown in calories that a person needs eachdaycaloriecalorie /�k�ləri/ noun CATERING a unit ofmeasurement of energy in food � The tin ofbeans has 250 calories. (NOTE: The joule isnow more usual; also written cal after fig-ures: 2,500 cal.)

COMMENT: One calorie is the amount ofheat needed to raise the temperature ofone gram of water by one degree Celsius.The calorie is also used as a measure-ment of the energy content of food and to

Leisure.fm Page 44 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

45 cancelshow the caloric requirement or amount ofenergy needed by an average person.The average adult in an office job requiresabout 3,000 calories per day, supplied bycarbohydrates and fats to give energy andproteins to replace tissue. More strenuousphysical work needs more calories. If aperson eats more than the number of cal-ories needed by his energy output or forhis growth, the extra calories are stored inthe body as fat.

calorific

calorific /�k�lə|�rfk/ adjective containingmany calories, and so likely to be fatteningcalorific value

calorific value /�k�lərfk �v�lju�/ nounCATERING the number of calories that a par-ticular amount of a food contains � The tin ofbeans has a calorific value of 250 calories.calzone

calzone /k�l |�zəυni/ noun a semicircularItalian turnover made from pizza dough witha savoury fillingcamcorder

camcorder /�k�mkɔ�də/ noun a portablecine-camera which records video picturesand soundCamembert

Camembert /�k�məmbeə/ noun DAIRY asmall round soft French cheese that has anedible white rind and becomes stronger inflavour and softer in the centre as it ripenscamera

camera /�k�m(ə)rə/ noun a piece ofequipment for taking photographs � Theywent on holiday and forgot to take their cam-era. � Did you remember to put a film in yourcamera? � video cameracamp

camp /k�mp/ noun a place where peoplelive in tents or cabins in the open � verb tospend a holiday in a tent � We camped on thebeach for two nights. � They spent two weekscamping in the Norwegian fiords.campaign

campaign /k�m |�pen/ noun an organisedattempt to achieve somethingcamp bed

camp bed /�k�mp bed/ noun a foldingbedcamper

camper /�k�mpə/ noun somebody whogoes camping � A flash flood washed awaythe campsite and campers had to be rescuedby the emergency services.camper van

camper van /�k�mpə v�n/ noun ROADTRAVEL a motor caravan equipped withbunks, kitchen equipment and furniture, inwhich people can drive around and park tostay overnightcamp fire

camp fire /�k�mp faə/ noun a fire aroundwhich campers sit at nightcampground

campground /�k�mp#raυnd/ noun USTOURISM same as camping sitecamping

camping /�k�mpŋ/ noun TOURISM theactivity of going on holiday with a tent orcaravan � Camping holidays are cheaperthan staying in hotels. � to go camping to

visit a place and stay in a tent � We are goingcamping in Norway.camping sitecamping site /�k�mpŋ sat/, campsite/�k�mpsat/, campingsite noun TOURISMan area specially arranged for camping andcaravans, with marked places for tents andcommunal toilets, washrooms and otherfacilities � There are several well-equippedcampsites near the lake.camping trailercamping trailer /�k�mpŋ �trelə/ nounROAD TRAVEL a vehicle which is towedbehind a car and which unfolds to form a tentcampuscampus /�k�mpəs/ noun the area of landoccupied by a university and the variousbuildings associated with itcampus holidaycampus holiday /�k�mpəs �hɒlde/noun TOURISM a holiday spent in studentaccommodation on a campus, during thevacation when the students are not there

COMMENT: Campus holidays are cheaperthan hotel-based holidays, and often arecentred round an intellectual or artisticactivity (study of drama, watercolour paint-ing) or a sporting activity (rock-climbing,canoeing) which can be organised usingthe campus facilities.

CampylobacterCampylobacter /�k�mpləυ |�b�ktə/noun MEDICAL a bacterium which is a com-mon cause of food poisoning in humans

COMMENT: Campylobacter exists in meat,offal, eggs, unpasteurised milk and shell-fish. It cannot survive temperatures ofover 65°C, so is destroyed by cooking.

CAMRACAMRA /�k�mrə/ abbreviation Campaignfor Real Alecancan1 /k�n/ noun a metal container for foodor drink � a can of orange juice � verbCATERING to preserve food by sealing it inspecial metal containerscancan2 abbreviation 1. cancellation 2. can-celledcanalcanal /kə|�n�l/ noun an artificial waterway� You can take a boat trip round the canalsof Amsterdam. � Holidays on canals arebecoming very popular. � You can go canalcruising right across France.canal boatcanal boat /kə|�n�l bəυt/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a long narrow boat made for goingalong British canalscanapécanapé /�k�nəpe/ noun FOOD a smallpiece of bread or savoury biscuit with a top-ping, served as a snack, especially withdrinkscanc.canc. abbreviation 1. cancellation 2. can-celledcancelcancel /�k�ns(ə)l/ verb 1. to stop some-thing that has been agreed or planned � tocancel an appointment or a meeting � Hecancelled his booking at the last minute. �

Leisure.fm Page 45 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cancellation 46There is no refund if you cancel less thanthree weeks before the date of departure. �The flight was cancelled because theweather was too bad. (NOTE: The BritishEnglish is cancelling – cancelled, but theUS English spelling is canceling – can-celed.) 2. � to cancel a cheque to stop pay-ment of a cheque that you have signedcancellation

cancellation /�k�nsə|�leʃ(ə)n/ noun theact of stopping something that has beenagreed or planned � cancellation of a book-ing or a sailing or a flight Abbr can, canc.cancellation charge

cancellation charge /�k�nsə|�leʃ(ə)n�tʃɑ�d$/ noun a charge which has to be paidby someone who cancels a bookingcancellation clause

cancellation clause /�k�nsə|�leʃ(ə)nklɔ�z/ noun a clause in a contract whichstates the terms on which the contract maybe cancelledcancellation rate

cancellation rate /�k�nsə |�leʃ(ə)n �ret/noun the number of people who cancelbookings, shown as a percentage of all book-ingsc&b

c&b, C&B abbreviation conference & ban-queting � the C&B managerC & B manager

C & B manager /�si� ənd �bi� �m�nd$ə/abbreviation HOTELS conference and ban-queting managercandle

candle /�k�nd(ə)l/ noun a stick of waxwith a string in the centre, which you burn togive light � a birthday cake with twenty-onecandlescandlelight

candlelight /�k�nd(ə)l |�lat/ noun thelight from candles � The wedding guestswant to dine by candlelight.candlelit

candlelit /�k�nd(ə)l |�lt/ adjective lit onlyby candlescandlelit supper

candlelit supper /�k�nd(ə)llt �s�pə/noun CATERING an evening meal lit by can-dles on the tablescandy

candy /�k�ndi/ noun US FOOD 1. a sweetfood, made with sugar � Eating candy is badfor your teeth. (NOTE: There is no pluralform in this meaning.) 2. one piece of thisfood � She bought a box of candies. (NOTE:The plural in this meaning is candies; Brit-ish English for this is sweets.)candyfloss

candyfloss /�k�ndiflɒs/ noun FOODmelted sugar spun to make a fluffy pinkmass, often sold at fairgrounds and open-airentertainments � Stalls at the fair are sellingcold drinks and candyfloss. (NOTE: The USEnglish is cotton candy.)cane sugar

cane sugar /�ken �ʃυ#ə/ noun sucroseobtained from sugar cane or sugar beet

canned

canned /k�nd/ adjective preserved in ametal container � Canned soup is easy toprepare but it doesn’t taste as nice as fresh.canned music

canned music /�k�nd �mju�zk/ nounrecorded music, as played in hotels, restau-rants, shopping malls and supermarketscannelloni

cannelloni /�k�nə|�ləυni/ plural nounFOOD a type of wide tube-shaped pasta,stuffed with a meat, cheese or spinach fillingcanoe

canoe /kə |�nu�/ SPORT noun a boat which ismoved forward by one or more people usingpaddles � She paddled her canoe across thelake. � verb to travel in a canoe � Theycanoed down the river. � We’re going canoe-ing on Sunday.canoeing

canoeing /kə|�nu�ŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of going in a canoe � Canoeing isn’t myfavourite sport – I don’t like falling into coldwater. � Canoeing down the rapids sounds abit too dangerous for me.

‘…the course will include various outdoor activ-ities such as climbing, trekking, canoeing and dryslope skiing’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors]

canoeist

canoeist /kə|�nu�st/ noun SPORT some-body who paddles a canoe � We could see thehelmets of the two canoeists in the distance.can opener

can opener /�k�n �əυp(ə)nə/ noun US atool for opening cans � There’s a can openeron the wall of the kitchen by the telephone.(NOTE: The British English is tin opener.)canopy

canopy /�k�nəpi/ noun 1. a small roofover a platform or balcony � The balcony isprotected by a glass canopy. 2. � (extrac-tion) canopy a wide ventilation system overa kitchen rangecantaloupe

cantaloupe /�k�ntəlu�p/, cantaloupnoun FRUIT a variety of melon with a greenor yellow rough skin and scented orange-yel-low fleshcanteen

canteen /k�n |�ti�n/ noun 1. CATERING aprivate self-service restaurant in an officeblock, factory or similar building 2. a boxcontaining knives, forks and spoons 3. aportable flask for watercanyon

canyon /�k�njən/ noun a deep valley withsteep sides, usually in North America � Ifyou go to the West of the USA, try to visit theGrand Canyon.canyoneering

canyoneering /�k�njə|�nərŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of travelling through can-yons on foot, using skills such as abseiling,swimming, climbing and raftingcanyoning

canyoning /�k�njənŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of climbing into and out of canyons

‘…canyoning: in other words, jumping, scram-bling and abseiling from misty peaks, down sheerrock faces and cascading falls’ [Wanderlust]

Leisure.fm Page 46 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

47 caravanningcapacitycapacity /kə|�p�sti/ noun the amountwhich a container can hold � a capacitycrowd a crowd of people which fills all theseats in a stadiumcapercaper /�kepə/ noun VEGETABLES the flow-erbud of a Mediterranean bush, which ispickled and used in sauces or as a garnish forfish and meatcapitalcapital /�k�pt(ə)l/ noun 1. same as capi-tal city 2. BUSINESS money, property andassets used in a business � a company with£10,000 capital or with a capital of £10,000capital assetscapital assets /�k�pt(ə)l ��sets/ pluralnoun BUSINESS property or machinery that acompany owns and uses in its business, butthat the company does not buy or sell as partof its regular trade. Also called fixed assetscapital breakcapital break /�k�pt(ə)l brek/ nounTOURISM a short holiday in a capital such asParis, Vienna or Romecapital citycapital city /�k�pt(ə)l �sti/ noun themain town in a country, usually where itsgovernment is locatedcapital expenditurecapital expenditure /�k�pt(ə)l k|

�spendtʃə/, capital investment/�k�pt(ə)l n|�vestmənt/, capital outlay/�k�pt(ə)l �aυtle/ noun BUSINESS moneyspent on fixed assets such as property,machines or furniturecapitalise oncapitalise on /�k�pt(ə)laz ɒn/, capi-talize on verb to take advantage of some-thing � Café owners capitalised on the goodweather by putting tables and chairs out onthe pavement.

‘English seaside resorts must capitalize on theirarchitectural heritage if they are to find a niche inthe holiday market of the future’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

caponcapon /�kepɒn/ noun MEAT an ediblecockerel which grows and increases inweight more rapidly than other birds becauseit has been castratedcappuccinocappuccino /�k�pə|�tʃi�nəυ/ noun BEV-ERAGES frothy Italian coffee, with whippedmilk and a sprinkling of powdered chocolatecapsicumcapsicum /�k�pskəm/ noun VEGETA-BLES a group of plants grown for their pod-like fruits, some of which are extremelyspicy and pungent. Others, including the redand green or sweet peppers, are less pungentand are used as vegetables. Also called pep-percapsule hotelcapsule hotel /�k�psju�l həυ |�tel/ nounin Japan, a hotel in which the rooms are lock-able cubiclescaptaincaptain /�k�ptn/ noun 1. SHIPS ANDBOATS somebody in charge of a ship or air-craft � the captain’s table a table in the din-

ing room of a cruise liner, where the captainsits, with the most important passengers 2.US CATERING a chief waiter who is in chargeof a station, and takes the orders from cus-tomerscar

car /kɑ�/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a smallmotor vehicle for carrying people 2. US RAILTRAVEL a railway carriage or wagoncarafe

carafe /kə|�r�f/ noun CATERING a glass jar,for serving wine or water � wines by thecarafe � Can we have a carafe of ordinarywater, please?

COMMENT: Carafes are used for servingordinary table wine or house wine. Winesold in carafes is cheaper than wine in bot-tles; carafe sizes are quarter-litre, half-litreor litre. The carafes are measured andapproved by the licensing authorities. InFrance, carafe wine is served in smalljugs, called ‘pichets’.

carafe wine

carafe wine /kə|�r�f wan/ noun BEVER-AGES the cheapest wine sold in a restaurantor barcarambola

carambola /�k�rəm |�bəυlə/ noun FRUITthe yellow fruit of an Indonesian tropicaltree, which is used in preserves and drinkscaramel

caramel /�k�rəməl/ noun 1. DESSERTS asweet made with sugar and butter 2. FOODburnt sugarcaramel custard

caramel custard /�k�rə|�mel �k�stəd/noun DESSERTS same as crème caramelcaramelise

caramelise /�k�rəməlaz/ verb CATERINGto heat sugar until it becomes browncaramelised

caramelised /�k�rəməlazd/ adjectiveCATERING referring to sugar that is heateduntil it is brown and melted � cheese cakewith caramelised orange and whisky saucecaramel oranges

caramel oranges /�k�r�mel �ɒrnd$z/plural noun DESSERTS slices of orange cov-ered with a sauce of caramelised sugarcaravan

caravan /�k�rəv�n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1.a van with beds, table, washing facilities,etc., which can be towed by a car � We gotstuck behind a caravan on a narrow moun-tain road. (NOTE: The US English for this istrailer.) 2. a group of vehicles or animalstravelling together, especially across a desert� We joined a caravan of lorries going toRomania.caravanette

caravanette /�k�rəv� |�net/ noun a smallcamping vancaravanner

caravanner /�k�rəv�nə/ noun TOURISMsomebody who goes on holiday in a caravancaravanning

caravanning /�k�rəv�nŋ/ noun TOUR-ISM the activity of going on holiday in a car-avan � We had a caravanning holiday in theSouth of France.

Leisure.fm Page 47 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

caravan park 48caravan park

caravan park /�k�rəv�n pɑ�k/ nounTOURISM a type of campground with perma-nently positioned caravans, which are rentedto holidaymakers � We rent a caravan in acaravan park. Also called trailer parkcaravanseraicaravanserai /�k�rə|�v�nsəra/ noun alarge inn with a central courtyard, found insome eastern countries and used by caravanscrossing the desertcarawaycaraway /�k�rəwe/ noun SAUCES, ETC. aherb the seeds of which are used as a flavour-ing in bread and cakescaraway seedcaraway seed /�k�rəwe si�d/ noun thedried ripe fruit of the caraway plant. Use:spice.carbohydratecarbohydrate /�kɑ�bəυ |�hadret/ nounCATERING an organic compound derivedfrom sugar, which is the main ingredient ofmany types of food

COMMENT: Carbohydrates are com-pounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.They are found in particular in sugar andstarch from plants, and provide the bodywith energy. Plants build up valuableorganic substances from simple materials.The most important part of this process,which is called photosynthesis, is the pro-duction of carbohydrates such as sugars,starches and cellulose. They form thelargest part of our food.

carbonade

carbonade /�kɑ�bə |�nɑ�d/ noun a stewmade with beef and onions cooked in beercarbonated

carbonated /�kɑ�bənetd/ adjectivereferring to liquid which has had carbondioxide put into it to make it fizzy � a bottleof carbonated mineral watercarbon dioxide

carbon dioxide /�kɑ�bən da |�ɒksad/noun a colourless gas produced when carbonis burnt with oxygen. Symbol CO2

COMMENT: Carbon dioxide exists naturallyin air and is produced by respiration andby burning or rotting organic matter. Car-bon dioxide is used in solid form (called‘dry ice’) as a means of keeping food cold.It is also used in fizzy drinks and has the Enumber 290.

carcinogencarcinogen /kɑ�|�snəd$ən/ noun a sub-stance which produces cancer

COMMENT: Carcinogens are found in pes-ticides such as DDT, in asbestos, in aro-matic compounds such as benzene, andin radioactive substances, etc.

carcinogeniccarcinogenic /�kɑ�snə|�d$enk/ adjec-tive causing cancercardcard /kɑ�d/ noun 1. a small rectangle ofstiff paper for writing on. � postcard 2.ENTERTAINMENT a rectangle of stiff paperwith a design on it used for playing games �they were playing cards they were playinggames of cards 3. a small piece of stiff paper

with your name and address printed on it � Iasked the waiter for one of their cards. 4.FINANCE a piece of stiff plastic used for pay-ment � Do you want to pay cash or with acard? � key cardcard gamecard game /�kɑ�d #em/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a game played with cardscardholdercardholder /�kɑ�d |�həυldə/ noun FINANCEsomebody who holds a credit card or bankcash cardcard numbercard number /�kɑ�d �n�mbə/ noun thenumber printed on a card, which has to bequoted when making a purchase by phone orwhen getting authorisation for a purchasecard phonecard phone /�kɑ�d fəυn/ noun a publictelephone which works when you insert aphonecardcard readercard reader /�kɑ�d �ri�də/ noun an elec-tronic device which can read information ona magnetic cardcard tablecard table /�kɑ�d �teb(ə)l/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a small table covered with greenbaize cloth, used for playing cards oncareercareer /kə |�rə/ noun a job that you aretrained for, and that you expect to do all yourlife � He made his career in the hotel trade.� She’s hoping to start her career in tourism.career prospectscareer prospects /kə|�rə �prɒspekts/plural noun the possibility of getting pro-moted in your workcar ferrycar ferry /�kɑ� �feri/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a boat which carries vehicles and pas-sengers from one place to another acrosswatercargo

cargo /�kɑ�#əυ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSgoods carried, especially on a shipcargo holdcargo hold /�kɑ�#əυ həυld/ noun the partof the hold in which cargo is carriedcargo shipcargo ship /�kɑ�#əυ ʃp/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a ship which carries only goodscar hirecar hire, car rental noun ROAD TRAVEL thebusiness of lending cars to people for moneycar hire firm

car hire firm /�kɑ� haə �f��m/ noun ROADTRAVEL a company that owns cars and lendsthem to people for money. Also called carrental firmcar hirercar hirer /�kɑ� �harə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL1. somebody who rents a car 2. a companythat owns cars and lends them to people formoney

‘…the check-in counter at its Heathrow rentaldesk has full baggage facilities, so that car hirershanding in their keys can check in at the sametime’ [Business Travel]

Caribbean

Caribbean /k�r |�bi�ən/ noun the sea tothe south of the United States and east ofMexico � We went on a cruise round the

Leisure.fm Page 48 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

49 cartonCaribbean. � Holidays in the Caribbean arevery popular. � adjective referring to thearea and countries near the Caribbean Sea �Caribbean holidays are very popular. � Goatis important in Caribbean food.car insurance

car insurance /�kɑ�r n |�ʃυərəns/ nounFINANCE the business of insuring a car, thedriver and passengers in case of an accident.Also called motor insurancecarnet

carnet /�kɑ�ne/ noun BUSINESS an interna-tional document which allows dutiablegoods to cross several European countries byroad without paying duty until the goodsreach their final destinationcarnival

carnival /�kɑ�nv(ə)l/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a festival, often with music, dancingand eating in the open air � The carnival pro-cession arrived in the main square.carob

carob /�k�rəb/ noun an edible powderwith a taste similar to that of chocolate, madefrom the seeds and pods of an evergreen treecarousel

carousel /�k�rə |�sel/, carrousel US nounAIR TRAVEL a device at an airport consistingof a turning platform or a large circular belt,where the baggage of arriving passengers isplaced by baggage handlers so that the pas-sengers can find it and take it away � Bag-gage from flight AC 123 is on carouselnumber 4.carpaccio

carpaccio /kɑ�|�p�tʃiəυ/ noun MEAT adish of raw beef sliced thinly, moistenedwith olive oil and lemon juice and seasonedcar park

car park /�kɑ� pɑ�k/ noun a public placewhere you can leave a car when you are notusing it (NOTE: In US English, this is a park-ing lot.)carpet

carpet /�kɑ�pt/ noun a woven or knottedcovering for the floor � verb to cover with acarpet � The corridors have been carpeted inbeige.carpeting

carpeting /�kɑ�ptŋ/ noun a coveringmade of carpet, or a wide piece of carpet �The carpeting for the entrance lobby needsto be renewed.car rental firm

car rental firm /�kɑ� �rent(ə)l �f��m/noun ROAD TRAVEL same as car hire firmcarriage

carriage /�k�rd$/ noun 1. RAIL TRAVEL acoach for passengers on a train � She was sit-ting in a first-class carriage, although sheonly had a second-class ticket. 2. BUSINESSthe act of transporting goods from one placeto another, or the cost of doing this � Car-riage is 15% of the total cost.carriageway

carriageway /�k�rd$we/ noun ROADTRAVEL a road for vehicles, especially one ofthe two sides of a motorway � The west-

bound carriageway of the M4 is closed forrepairs.carriercarrier /�k�riə/ noun 1. TRAVEL a companythat transports goods or passengers � Weonly use reputable carriers. � The touralways uses Spanish carriers. 2. BUSINESS avehicle or ship which transports goods �bulk carrier a ship that carries large quanti-ties of loose goods such as corn 3. MEDICALsomebody who carries the bacteria of a dis-ease in their body and who can transmit thedisease to others without showing any signof it themselves 4. MEDICAL an insect whichcarries disease which may infect humans

‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, goodtimekeeping, and flight frequency, are importantinfluences on frequent travellers’ choice of car-rier’ [Business Travel]

carrotcarrot /�k�rət/ noun VEGETABLES a brightorange root vegetable (NOTE: Carrots areeaten boiled, steamed or braised; alsoshredded cold as a salad.)carrot cakecarrot cake /�k�rət kek/ noun a cakemade with finely grated carrots that give it amoist texture and delicate flavourcarrycarry /�k�ri/ verb TRAVEL (of a vehicle) tobe able to contain a particular number of pas-sengers � a ship carrying pilgrims to theMiddle East � The plane was carryingtwenty passengers and five crew.carrycotcarrycot /�k�rikɒt/ noun an open rectan-gular box with handles for carrying a baby in� The baby was asleep in his carrycot.carry-oncarry-on /�k�ri ɒn/ noun a piece of lug-gage small enough to be carried in the cabinof an aircraft � adjective referring to luggagesmall enough to be carried and stowed in thecabin of an aircraftcarry-on baggagecarry-on baggage /�k�ri ɒn �b�#d$/noun AIR TRAVEL baggage which a passengercarries onto a plane. Also called cabin bag-gage, hand luggagecarsickcarsick /�kɑ�sk/ adjective MEDICAL illbecause of the movement of a car � She getscarsick if she has to travel long distances.carsicknesscarsickness /�kɑ�sknəs/ noun MEDICALsickness caused by the movement of a car �All our children are prone to carsickness,which makes long journeys impossible.cartecarte /kɑ�t/ noun CATERING a French nounmeaning menucarte du jourcarte du jour /�kɑ�t du� �jυə/ nounCATERING ‘menu of the day’, a list of specialdishes prepared for the day and not listed inthe printed menucartoncarton /�kɑ�t(ə)n/ noun 1. a thick card-board � a folder made of carton 2. a boxmade of cardboard � a carton of cigarettes

Leisure.fm Page 49 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cartouche 50cartouchecartouche /kɑ� |�tu�ʃ/ noun CATERING around or oval piece of paper that is placed ontop of food while it is being cooked in liquid,e.g. in a casserole, to keep the solid ingredi-ents submergedcarvecarve /kɑ�v/ verb CATERING to cut up meatand poultry at the table or in the kitchen forservice to the table � The course teachespractical skills in carving a chicken, a duck,a smoked salmon, etc.carvercarver /�kɑ�və/ noun 1. CATERING some-body who carves meat, often a special waiterin a restaurant, who carves a joint brought tothe side of a table on a trolley 2. a chair witharms, placed at the head of a dinner table 3.CATERING same as carving knifecarverycarvery /�kɑ�vəri/ noun CATERING a typeof restaurant, where various hot roast meatsare served at a buffetcarving knifecarving knife /�kɑ�vŋ naf/ noun CATER-ING a large sharp knife used for carvingcarving stationcarving station /�kɑ�vŋ �steʃ(ə)n/noun US a large, often heated, platter onwhich a big joint of meat can be carved forserving to guests in a hotel or restaurantcarving trolleycarving trolley /�kɑ�vŋ �trɒli/ nounCATERING a special trolley with a joint ofmeat in a warming dish, and a flat surface forcarving it, which can be wheeled from tableto table in a restaurantcasecase /kes/ noun 1. TRAVEL a box with ahandle for carrying clothes and personalbelongings when travelling � The customsmade him open his case. � She had a smallcase which she carried onto the plane. 2. acardboard or wooden box for packing andcarrying goods 3. MEDICAL a single occur-rence of a disease � There were 12 cases ofbird flu in Vietnam last year. 4. � a case ofwine a cardboard or wooden box containingtwelve bottlescashcash /k�ʃ/ noun 1. money in coins or notes� cash payment payment in cash � cashpurchase purchase made in cash 2. the act ofusing money in coins or notes � ‘cash’, ‘paycash’ words written on a crossed cheque toshow that it can be paid in cash if necessary� to pay cash to pay the complete sum incash � to pay cash down to pay in cashimmediately � cash price, cash terms alower price or terms which apply if the cus-tomer pays cashcash barcash bar /�k�ʃ �bɑ�/ noun BARS a barwhere drinks have to be paid for in cashcash bookcash book /�k�ʃ bυk/ noun a record ofcash spent and receivedcash boxcash box /�k�ʃ bɒks/ noun a metal boxfor keeping cash in

cash budgetcash budget /�k�ʃ �b�d$t/ noun a planof cash income and expenditurecash cardcash card /�k�ʃ kɑ�d/ noun FINANCE aplastic card used to obtain money from acash dispensercash deskcash desk /�k�ʃ desk/ noun BUSINESS aplace in a shop where you pay for the goodsyou wish to buy � Please pay at the cashdesk.cash discountcash discount /�k�ʃ �dskaυnt/ noun adiscount given for payment in cash. Alsocalled discount for cashcash dispensercash dispenser /�k�ʃ d |�spensə/ nounFINANCE a machine which gives out moneywhen a special card is inserted and instruc-tions givencashew nutcashew nut /�k�ʃu� n�t/ noun a smallsweetish nut with a curved shape, often eatensalted as a snack � Bowls of cashew nuts andolives had been put out for the guests.cash flowcash flow /�k�ʃ fləυ/ noun BUSINESS cashwhich comes into a company from sales orthe money which goes out in purchases oroverhead expenditure � the company is suf-fering from cash flow problems cashincome is not coming in fast enough to paythe expenditure going outcash flow forecastcash flow forecast /�k�ʃ fləυ �fɔ�kɑ�st/noun BUSINESS a forecast of when cash willbe received or paid outcash flow statementcash flow statement /�k�ʃ fləυ�stetmənt/ noun BUSINESS a report whichshows cash sales and purchasescashiercashier /k� |�ʃə/ noun 1. somebody whotakes money from customers in a restaurant,hotel or shop � Please pay the cashier. 2.FINANCE somebody who deals with custom-ers’ money in a bankcashier’s recordcashier’s record /�k�ʃəz �rekɔ�ð/ nounBUSINESS a record of transactions kept by acashiercash in handcash in hand /�k�ʃ n �h�nd/ noun BUSI-NESS same as balance in handcash itemscash items /�k�ʃ �atəmz/ plural nounBUSINESS goods sold for cashcashless paymentcashless payment /�k�ʃləs �pemənt/noun FINANCE payment by credit card orchequecash on deliverycash on delivery /�k�ʃ ɒn d |�lv(ə)ri/noun BUSINESS a payment in cash whengoods are delivered. Abbr CODcash registercash register /�k�ʃ �red$stə/ noun amachine which shows and adds up the pricesof items bought, with a drawer for keepingthe cash receivedcash reservescash reserves /�k�ʃ r |�z��vz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS money which a company

Leisure.fm Page 50 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

51 catering staffkeeps in cash deposits or bills in case ofurgent needcash salecash sale /�k�ʃ sel/ noun FINANCE atransaction paid for in cash. Also calledcash transactioncash settlementcash settlement /�k�ʃ �set(ə)lmənt/noun payment of a bill in cashcash transactioncash transaction /�k�ʃ tr�n |�z�kʃən/noun FINANCE same as cash salecash upcash up /�k�ʃ ��p/ verb BUSINESS to countthe money taken in, e.g. a shop or restaurantat the end of the day’s businesscash vouchercash voucher /�k�ʃ �vaυtʃə/ noun apiece of paper which can be exchanged forcash � With every £20 of purchases, the cus-tomer gets a cash voucher to the value of £2.casinocasino /kə|�si�nəυ/ noun a building wherepeople can gamble

COMMENT: In Britain, casinos are strictlyregulated and only a certain number areallowed to operate; the person running acasino has to be licensed to do so. Casi-nos often exist in European spa towns.

caskcask /kɑ�sk/ noun BARS a large barrelcask alecask ale /�kɑ�sk el/ noun BEVERAGESbeer served from wooden barrelscassatacassata /kə|�sɑ�tə/ noun DESSERTS anItalian ice cream with dried or candied fruitin itcasserolecasserole /�k�sərəυl/ noun 1. CATERINGan ovenproof covered dish 2. FOOD foodcooked in a covered dish in the oven �chicken casserole � casserole of lamb � verbCATERING to cook something in a casserole �casseroled harecassettecassette /kə|�set/ noun a plastic case con-taining magnetic tape which can be used forlistening to words or music, or recordingsoundscassouletcassoulet /�k�səle/ noun a French stewof haricot beans cooked in a casserole withmeatcaster sugarcaster sugar /�kɑ�stə �ʃυ#ə/ noun finelyground white sugar, often used in bakingcastlecastle /�kɑ�s(ə)l/ noun a large fortifiedbuilding � The tour includes visits to Wind-sor Castle and Hampton Court Palace.

COMMENT: Note that in Britain the word‘castle’ is usually applied to medievalbuildings, with towers, gatehouses,moats, etc. Windsor Castle is an exampleof this. In France, the word ‘château’, andin Germany, the word ‘Schloss’ can alsobe applied to buildings which in Englishwould be called ‘palaces’ if large (compare‘Blenheim Palace’), or ‘houses’ if small(compare ‘Ham House’).

casualcasual /�k�$uəl/ adjective not permanent,not regular � on a casual basis not as a per-

manent member of staff � We have taken onsome students for the summer period on acasual basis.casual labourcasual labour /�k�$uəl �lebə/ nounworkers who are hired for a short periodcasual staffcasual staff /�k�$uəl stɑ�f/ noun sameas casual labourcasual workcasual work /�k�$uəl w��k/ noun workfor a short periodcasual workercasual worker /�k�$uəl �w��kə/ noun anemployee hired for a short periodcatalogue pricecatalogue price /�k�t(ə)lɒ# pras/ nounBUSINESS same as list pricecatchcatch /k�tʃ/ verb TRAVEL to be in time toget on a bus, train or plane before it leaves �You’ll have to run if you want to catch the10.20 train. � They stayed overnight inDover and caught the 5.30 ferry to Calais.(NOTE: catching – caught)categorycategory /�k�t#(ə)ri/ noun a group ofthings or people with particular characteris-tics in common � Customers will stay in theHotel Select or in another of the same cate-gory.caterercaterer /�ketərə/ noun a person or com-pany supplying food and drink, especiallyfor parties or similar events � The weddingreception has been organised by outsidecaterers.cater forcater for /�ketə fɔ�/ verb to deal with, toprovide for � The store caters mainly foroverseas customers.cateringcatering /�ketərŋ/ noun the business ofsupplying food and drink for parties or simi-lar events � the catering industry, thecatering trade all the people and companieswhose job is catering, considered as a group� the catering arm of the group the part ofthe group which deals with cateringcatering departmentcatering department /�ketərŋ d |

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun the department of a com-pany which deals with cateringcatering managercatering manager /�ketərŋ�m�nd$ə/ noun the manager in charge of acatering servicecatering operationscatering operations /�ketərŋ�ɒpəreʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun the organisationand work of catering as part of a large organ-isationcatering servicecatering service /�ketərŋ �s��vs/noun a service provided by a hotel or restau-rant, offering to supply all the food anddrink, etc., for a private partycatering staffcatering staff /�ketərŋ stɑ�f/ noun staffemployed in the catering industry

‘…basic grade A catering staff are paid IR£5.43(£3.97) an hour’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

Leisure.fm Page 51 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cathedral 52cathedralcathedral /kə|�θi�drəl/ noun a large churchwhich is the seat of a bishop � We went on atour of cathedrals in the Midlands. � You cansee the cathedral tower from miles away. �Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest inEngland.cathedral towncathedral town /kə |�θi�drəl taυn/ noun acity which has a cathedralcatsupcatsup /�k�tsəp/ noun US SAUCES, ETC.tomato sauce, with special seasoningcauliflowercauliflower /�kɒliflaυə/ noun VEGETA-BLES a cabbage-like vegetable with a largewhite flower head, which is eaten (NOTE:There is no plural form when referring to thefood: some cauliflower;They served cauli-flower with the meat.)cauliflower cheesecauliflower cheese /�kɒliflaυə �tʃi�z/noun FOOD a dish made of boiled cauli-flower, covered with a cheese sauce andbaked in the ovencavecave /kev/ noun a large underground holein rock or earthcaveat emptorcaveat emptor /�k�vi�t �emptɔ�/ nounBUSINESS the buyer is personally responsiblefor checking that what he or she buys is ingood order (meaning ‘let the buyer beware’)

‘…the idea that buyers at a car boot sale shouldhave any rights at all is laughable. Even thosewho do not understand Latin know that caveatemptor is the rule’ [The Times]

caverncavern /�k�vən/ noun a very large cave,formed by water that has dissolved limestoneor other rock � Under the castle, they discov-ered a cavern which had been used to hidesmuggled goods.caviarcaviar /�k�viɑ�/, caviare noun FOOD theeggs of a sturgeon, an expensive delicacy �There are several types of caviar, and all arevery expensive. � Red caviar is popular anda little less expensive than black.

COMMENT: Caviar is usually served in asmall pot, on a bed of ice, with lemon; tra-ditionally it is served as an hors d’oeuvre,with chilled vodka. Caviar is black, theeggs are very fine and from the Belugasturgeon; there is a similar, but cheaper,form with larger red eggs.

cayenne peppercayenne pepper /�keen �pepə/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a very hot-tasting red powdermade from ground seeds and pods of theCapsicumCCTVCCTV /�si� si� ti� �vi�/ abbreviation closed-circuit TV � The shoplifters were filmed onCCTV cameras.ceiling fanceiling fan /�si�lŋ f�n/ noun a fanattached to the ceilingcelebratedcelebrated /�selbretd/ adjective veryfamous � Many celebrated chefs haveworked in this hotel. � Bath is celebrated for

its Roman buildings. � You must try some ofour celebrated raisin cakes – they’re a speci-ality of the town.celeriac

celeriac /s |�ler�k/ noun VEGETABLES avegetable with a thick root tasting like cel-ery, often eaten grated as a salad or used tomake a puréecelery

celery /�seləri/ noun VEGETABLES a white-or green-stemmed plant, eaten cooked as avegetable, or more frequently raw as a salad(NOTE: There is no plural form.) � a stick ofcelery a piece of the stem of the celery plant,often served raw with cheesecellar

cellar /�selə/ noun 1. an underground roomor rooms beneath a building � A flight ofstone steps leads down to the cellar. � Wekeep our wine in the cellar. 2. wine stored ina cellar � The restaurant is well known for itscellar.

COMMENT: A cellar should be kept at asteady temperature, to make sure that thewine or beer which is stored in it does notdeteriorate. Wine should be stored at atemperature of about 10°C, and bitter beerat 13°C. Cellars are also converted to formbars or nightclubs.

cellar book

cellar book /�selə bυk/ noun a bookwhich lists the details of the stock of winekept in a cellarcellarman

cellarman /�seləm�n/ noun BARS some-body who looks after beer barrels in a pub orhotelCelsius

Celsius /�selsiəs/ adjective, noun a scaleof temperatures where the freezing and boil-ing points of water are 0° and 100° � Do youuse Celsius or Fahrenheit in the weatherforecasts? � What is 75° Fahrenheit in Cel-sius? Compare Fahrenheit (NOTE: Celsiusis used in many countries, but not in theUnited States, where the Fahrenheit sys-tem is still preferred. It is usually written asa C after the degrees sign: 32°C (say:‘thirty-two degrees Celsius’). Celsius usedto be called centigrade.)

COMMENT: To convert Celsius tempera-tures to Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8 andadd 32. So 20°C is equal to 68°F. To con-vert Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 anddivide by 1.8.

cent

cent /sent/ noun 1. FINANCE a small coin,one hundredth of a dollar or a euro � Thestores are only a 25-cent bus ride away. �They sell oranges at 10 cents each. (NOTE:Cent is usually written c in prices: 25c, butnot when a dollar price is mentioned:$1.25.) 2. � per centcentigrade

centigrade /�sent#red/ noun same asCelsius � Do you use centigrade or Fahren-

Leisure.fm Page 52 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

53 chambermaidheit in the weather forecasts? � What is 75°Fahrenheit in centigrade?centimetre

centimetre /�sentmi�tə/ noun a measureof length equalling 0.39 inches, or one hun-dredth of a metre � The paper is fifteen cen-timetres wide. (NOTE: This is usually writtencm after figures: 260cm. The US spelling iscentimeter.)central

central /�sentrəl/ adjective 1. organisedfrom a centre 2. conveniently placed forshops and other facilities � The hotel ischeap but it’s very central.central air conditioning

central air conditioning /�sentrəl �eəkən |�dʃ(ə)nŋ/ noun an air-conditioningsystem in which cold air is pumped through-out a whole buildingcentral booking system

central booking system /�sentrəl�bυkŋ �sstəm/ noun HOTELS a computer-ised system where bookings can be made atany hotel in a group through a central officecentral heating

central heating /�sentrəl �hi�tŋ/ noun aheating system for a whole building fromone single sourcecentralisation

centralisation /�sentrəla |�zeʃ(ə)n/,centralization noun BUSINESS the organisa-tion of everything from a central pointcentralise

centralise /�sentrəlaz/ verb to organisesomething from a central point � All pur-chasing has been centralised in our mainoffice. � The hotel group benefits from ahighly centralised organisational structure.central post office

central post office /�sentrəl �pəυst�ɒfs/ noun same as main post officecentral purchasing

central purchasing /�sentrəl�p��tʃsŋ/ noun purchasing organised byone main office for all departments orbranchescentral reservations bureau

central reservations bureau /�sentrəl�rezə |�veʃ(ə)n �bjυərəυ/ noun HOTELS amain office that organises reservations forhotels, etc., in many different placescentre

centre /�sentə/ noun 1. the middle part ofsomething � The waiter put the vase of flow-ers in the centre of the table. � There is adance floor in the centre of the room. 2. agroup of buildings for a special purpose 3. animportant town � industrial centre � manu-facturing centre � the centre for the shoeindustry 4. a group of items in an account �a cost centre � a profit centre (NOTE: [allsenses] The US spelling is center.)centrepiece

centrepiece /�sentəpi�s/ noun the mainitem of a display on a table � a decorativebuffet centrepiece of fruit and flowers � Abowl of fruit will be fine as a centrepiece onthe dining table. (NOTE: The US spelling iscenterpiece.)

cereal

cereal /�səriəl/ noun 1. FOOD a grain crop,e.g. wheat, barley or maize 2. � (breakfast)cereal a food made from the seeds of a cerealplant, which is usually eaten at breakfast �He ate a bowl of cereal. � Put milk and sugaron your cereal.

COMMENT: Buffet breakfasts may offer avariety of cereals in small individual pack-ets.

certificate

certificate /sə|�tfket/ noun an officialdocument which proves or shows somethingcertificate of origin

certificate of origin /sə|�tfkət əv�ɒrd$n/ noun BUSINESS a document show-ing where goods were madecertificate of registration

certificate of registration /sə|�tfkətəv �red$ |�streʃ(ə)n/ noun a documentshowing that an item has been registeredceviche

ceviche /se |�vi�ʃ/ noun a Latin Americandish of raw fish or shrimp marinated inlemon or lime juice and served as a type ofsalad with chopped onions and tomatoeschafing dish

chafing dish /�tʃefŋ dʃ/ noun CATER-ING a dish which keeps food hot at the tablechafing lamp

chafing lamp /�tʃefŋ l�mp/ nounCATERING a small alcohol-burning lampwhich is lit under a chafing dish. Also calledflambé lampchain

chain /tʃen/ noun BUSINESS a group ofhotels, restaurants or shops, all belonging tothe same company � a chain of hotels or ahotel chain � the chairman of a large restau-rant chain � She runs a chain of pasta res-taurants.

‘…the two small London catering chains areactively seeking to expand their operations in thecapital’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

chair class

chair class /�tʃeə klɑ�s/ noun a class oftravel on railway trains in which passengersare provided with reclinable seats similar tothose in aircraftchairlift

chairlift /�tʃeəlft/ noun SPORT anarrangement of simple seats attached to amoving cable, to allow skiers to be carried tothe top of a mountainchalet

chalet /�ʃ�le/ noun TOURISM a small holi-day house, usually made of wood � The com-pany offers chalet holidays in Switzerland.chalet hotel

chalet hotel /�ʃ�le həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a very large chalet, run as a hotelchalet maid

chalet maid /�ʃ�le med/ noun HOTELS agirl or older woman who does the cookingand cleaning for guests staying in a chalet ina ski resortchambermaid

chambermaid /�tʃembəmed/ nounHOTELS a girl or older woman who cleanshotel rooms and changes the linen � Put a‘Do not disturb’ sign outside your door if

Leisure.fm Page 53 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

chambré 54you don’t want the chambermaid to wakeyou up. Also called maid 2, room maidchambré

chambré /�ʃɒmbre/ adjective CATERING aFrench adjective meaning at room tempera-ture

COMMENT: Most red wines are best drunkat room temperature, around 20°C andshould be brought up from the cellar wellbefore serving, to allow them to warm upto the temperature of the restaurant.Lighter red wines (such as Beaujolais nou-veau, Gamay, Sancerre rouge) can beserved cool.

champ

champ /tʃ�mp/ noun VEGETABLES an Irishdish of mashed potatoes with milk andspring onions, eaten with melted butterchampagne

champagne /ʃ�m |�pen/ noun BEVER-AGES a sparkling white wine from the north-east of France � They opened a bottle ofchampagne to celebrate the birth of the baby.

COMMENT: Champagne comes from thenorth-eastern part of France, around thetowns of Reims and Epernay. Many othercountries produce sparkling white wine,and some of these are called ‘cham-pagne’, although the use of the name bynon-French producers is no longerallowed. Champagne is normally sweet-ish, but dry champagnes (called ‘brut’) arealso popular. It should be served chilled,usually in tall narrow glasses called‘flutes’. It can also be served in a wide flatglass, called a ‘champagne goblet’. It isserved as an aperitif, and also at importantfunctions, such as birthdays or weddings,where it is used to toast the bride andgroom.

champers

champers /�ʃ�mpəz/ noun BEVERAGESsame as champagne (informal )champignon

champignon /�ʃɒmpi�njɒn/ noun amushroom, especially one cultivated for eat-ingchance sales

chance sales /�tʃɑ�ns �selz/ plural nounCATERING (in a hotel ) sales of food and drinkto non-residentschange

change /tʃend$/ noun 1. money in coinsor small notes � to give someone change for£10 to give someone coins or notes inexchange for a ten-pound note � changemachine a machine that gives small changefor a larger coin or note 2. money which youget back when you have given more than thecorrect price � He gave me the wrongchange. � You paid the £5.75 bill with a £10note, so you should have £4.25 change. �keep the change keep it as a tip, said to wait-ers, etc. 3. TRAVEL the act of getting off onetrain, aircraft or bus and getting onto anotherone to complete your journey � Getting fromRichmond to Islington on the Undergroundinvolves three changes. � verb 1. � to

change a £10 note to give change in smallernotes or coins for a £10 note 2. to give onetype of currency for another � to change£1,000 into dollars � We want to changesome traveller’s cheques. 3. TRAVEL to getoff a train, aircraft or bus and get ontoanother one � We changed trains in Newport.� You have to change twice during the jour-ney. � ‘all change’ an instruction to all thepassengers on a train to get off and get ontoanother one 4. to take off one set of clothesand put on another � After the weddingreception, the bride and groom changed intotheir going-away clothes.changeablechangeable /�tʃend$əb(ə)l/ adjectivechanging often or likely to change soon �The weather is changeable in July.changing of the guardchanging of the guard /�tʃend$ŋ əvðə �#ɑ�d/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a militaryceremony, where one shift of soldiers onguard at an important building is replaced byanother � At 10.30, we’re going to watch thechanging of the guard at Buckingham Pal-ace.changing roomchanging room /�tʃend$ŋ ru�m/ nouna special small room at e.g. a swimmingpool, golf course or sauna, where you changefrom your everyday clothes into sportsclotheschannelchannel /�tʃ�n(ə)l/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a piece of water connecting two seas� the English Channel the sea betweenEngland and FranceChannel-hopChannel-hop /�tʃ�n(ə)l hɒp/ verb tocross the English Channel to mainlandEurope, usually for shopping or sightseeing,and return on the same dayChannel TunnelChannel Tunnel /�tʃ�n(ə)l �t�n(ə)l/noun RAIL TRAVEL a tunnel for trains underthe English Channel, linking England andFrance. Also called ChunnelChantillyChantilly /ʃ�n |�tli/ noun sweetenedwhipped cream that is often flavoured withvanillachapatichapati /tʃə |�p�ti/ noun BREAD, ETC. apiece of flat unleavened Indian bread madefrom cereal flour and watercharcoalcharcoal /�tʃɑ�kəυl/ noun CATERING ablack fuel formed from wood which hasbeen burnt slowly, used as fuel for barbecuesand grillscharcoal grillcharcoal grill /�tʃɑ�kəυl �#rl/ nounCATERING burning charcoal over which ametal rack is placed on which food can becookedcharcoal-grilledcharcoal-grilled /�tʃɑ�kəυl #rld/ adjec-tive CATERING grilled over hot charcoal � acharcoal-grilled tuna steak

Leisure.fm Page 54 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

55 chateaucharcuterie

charcuterie /ʃɑ� |�ku�təri/ noun coldcooked, cured, or processed meat and meatproductsChardonnay

Chardonnay /�ʃɑ�dəne/ noun a drywhite wine made from Chardonnay grapes,which were originally grown in east-centralFrancecharentais

charentais /�ʃ�rənte/ noun FRUIT a typeof melon that is round and has a green stripedskin and dark orange fleshcharge

charge /tʃɑ�d$/ noun 1. � to be in chargeof to manage, to run something � He’s incharge of the booking office. � She’s incharge of the children’s crèche. 2. moneywhich must be paid or the price of a service� to make a small charge for rental � Thereis no charge for service or No charge is madefor service. � a token charge is made forheating a small charge is made which doesnot cover the real costs at all 3. an electriccurrent � verb 1. to ask someone to pay forservices later � to charge a customer forpacking, to charge the packing to the cus-tomer, to charge the customer with thepacking the customer has to pay for packing� to charge something to sth to ask for pay-ment to be put on an account � Can I chargethe restaurant bill to my room number? � Heasked for the hotel bill to be charged to thecompany account. 2. to ask for money to bepaid � to charge £5 for delivery � How muchdoes he charge? � he charges £6 an hour heasks to be paid £6 for an hour’s work

‘…traveller’s cheques cost 1% of their face value– some banks charge more for small amounts’[Sunday Times]

chargeable

chargeable /�tʃɑ�d$əb(ə)l/ adjective �repairs chargeable to the occupier repairswhich are to be paid for by the occupiercharge account

charge account /�tʃɑ�d$ ə |�kaυnt/ nounBUSINESS an arrangement that a customerhas with a store or organisation to buy goodsor services and to pay for them at a later date,usually when an invoice is sent at the end ofthe monthcharge card

charge card /�tʃɑ�d$ kɑ�d/ noun FINANCEa credit card for which a fee is payable, butwhich requires the user to pay off the totalsum charged at the end of each monthchargrill

chargrill /�tʃɑ�#rl/ verb to grill food overcharcoal on a barbecue or to roast it in aridged pan that makes it look as if it has beenbarbecuedchargrilled

chargrilled, char-grilled adjectiveCATERING grilled under or over hot metal, soas to make the meat slightly black � a char-grilled steak

‘…for fish lovers, there is chargrilled swordfish’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

charlottecharlotte /�ʃɑ�lət/ noun DESSERTS a des-sert made with fruit or cream in a thin biscuitor pastry casecharlotte russecharlotte russe /�ʃɑ�lət �ru�s/ noun DES-SERTS a cold dessert of flavoured creaminside a case of thin sponge biscuitschartchart /tʃɑ�t/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS amap of a sea or river, showing the depth ofwater and where rocks and sandbanks arelocated 2. a diagram showing information asa series of e.g. lines or blockschartercharter /�tʃɑ�tə/ noun the act of hiringtransport for a special purpose. � bareboatcharter � boat on charter to Mr Smith aboat which Mr Smith has hired for a voyage� verb to hire for a special purpose � to char-ter a plane or a boat or a buscharteredchartered /�tʃɑ�təd/ adjective hired for aspecial purposeChartered Institute of Environmental HealthChartered Institute of Environmen-tal Health /�tʃɑ�təd �nsttju�t əv n |

�varənment(ə)l �helθ/ noun a Britishorganisation founded in 1883 to promotepublic and environmental health. Abbr CIEH

‘…the proposed European Food Authority (EFA)could be nothing but an expensive layer ofbureaucracy if it is not given real enforcementpowers, the Chartered Institute of EnvironmentalHealth (CIEH) has warned the MEPs. The CIEHbelieves the EFA, scheduled to be launched by2002, should give priority to food-poisoning fig-ures and improve the response to food-poisoningoutbreaks, which it said was poor across the EU’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

charterercharterer /�tʃɑ�tərə/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS somebody who hires a boat or aircraftfor a special purposecharter flightcharter flight /�tʃɑ�tə flat/ noun AIRTRAVEL a flight in an aircraft which has beenhired to carry a particular group of peoplecharteringchartering /�tʃɑ�tərŋ/ noun the act ofhiring for a special purposecharter planecharter plane /�tʃɑ�tə plen/ noun AIRTRAVEL a plane that has been charteredchateauchateau, château noun 1. TOURISM acountry house, manor house or castle inFrance � a tour of the Châteaux of the Loire2. an estate where wine is made, usuallyreferring to the wine-producing estates of theBordeaux region (NOTE: chateau comesfrom the French noun meaning ‘castle’. Theplural form is chateaus or châteaux.) �chateau-bottled bottled on the estate whereit was produced

COMMENT: The word château does notnecessarily imply a top quality wine, asmany appellation contrôlée wines arecalled after the château where they are

Leisure.fm Page 55 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Chateaubriand 56made. The major Bordeaux wines are allcalled after châteaux: Château Latour,Château Lafite, Château Mouton Roth-schild, Château Lynch-Bages, ChâteauBeychevelle, etc.

Chateaubriand

Chateaubriand /�ʃ�təυ|�bri�ɒn/ noun athick beefsteak cut from the widest middlepart of the filletchauffeur

chauffeur /�ʃəυfə/ noun ROAD TRAVELsomebody who drives a car for someone �chauffeur-driven car a large car that isdriven by a chauffeurchauffeuse

chauffeuse /ʃəυ |�f��z/ noun ROAD TRAVELa woman who drives a car for someonecheap

cheap /tʃi�p/ adjective, adverb not costinga lot of money � Are there any cheap hotelsin London? � They always stay in the cheap-est hotel possible. � cheap rate a rate whichis not expensive � cheap-rate phone calls �to buy something cheap to buy somethingat a low price � they work out cheaper bythe box these items are cheaper per unit ifyou buy a box of themcheck

check /tʃek/ noun 1. an investigation orexamination � a routine check of the fireequipment 2. US (in a restaurant) a bill 3.US FINANCE same as cheque 4. US same astick � verb to examine something to see if itis satisfactory � Don’t forget to check the billto see if it is correct. � adjective with a pat-tern of small squares � The chef was wearinghis traditional blue check trousers. � TheFrench restaurant had red and white checktablecloths.checkbook

checkbook /�tʃekbυk/ noun US FINANCEsame as cheque bookchecked

checked /tʃekt/ adjective with a pattern ofsmall squares � The chef was wearing histraditional blue checked trousers. � TheFrench restaurant had red and white checkedtablecloths.checked baggage

checked baggage /�tʃekt �b�#d$/noun AIR TRAVEL baggage which has beenweighed at the check-in and passed to theairline to be put onto the aircraftcheck in

check in /�tʃek �n/ verb 1. (at a hotel) toarrive at a hotel and write your name andaddress on a list � He checked in at 12.15. 2.AIR TRAVEL (at an airport) to give in yourticket to show you are ready to take the flight3. � to check baggage in to pass your bag-gage to the airline to have it weighed and puton the aircraft for youcheck-in

check-in /�tʃek n/ noun 1. HOTELS the actof arriving and registering 2. AIR TRAVELsame as check-in desk

check-in counter

check-in counter /�tʃek n �kaυntə/noun AIR TRAVEL a counter where passengerscheck incheck-in desk

check-in desk /�tʃek n �desk/ noun AIRTRAVEL a place where passengers give intheir tickets for a flight � The check-in deskis on the first floor.checking

checking /�tʃekŋ/ noun an examinationor investigation � The inspectors found someproblems during their checking of the build-ing.checking account

checking account /�tʃekŋ ə |�kaυnt/noun US FINANCE a bank account on whichyou can write chequescheck-in procedure

check-in procedure /�tʃek n prə|

�si�d$ə/ noun HOTELS the formalities to bedone when a guest checks in, e.g. allocatinga room, taking the guest’s name and askingthe guest to sign the hotel registercheck-in time

check-in time /�tʃek n �tam/ nounTRAVEL the time at which passengers shouldcheck inchecklist

checklist /�tʃeklst/ noun HOTELS a list ofthings which have to be checked, such asdoors that have to be locked or items of linenthat should be ready in the bathroomcheck out

check out /�tʃek �aυt/ verb (at a hotel) toleave and pay for a room � We will check outbefore breakfast. � Guests tend to check outon Thursdays.checkout

checkout /�tʃekaυt/ noun 1. (in a super-market) a place where you pay for the goodsyou have bought 2. (in a hotel ) the act ofleaving and paying the billcheckout procedure

checkout procedure /�tʃekaυt prə|

�si�d$ə/ noun HOTELS the formalities to bedone when a guest checks out, e.g. present-ing the bill and making sure it is paid andtaking the room key backcheckout time

checkout time /�tʃekaυt tam/ nounHOTELS the time by which you have to leaveyour room � Checkout time is 12.00.checkpoint

checkpoint /�tʃekpɔnt/ noun a placewhere police or other officials stop andcheck people or vehiclescheckroom

checkroom /�tʃekru�m/ noun US a placewhere you leave your coat or baggagecheddar

cheddar /�tʃedə/ noun a hard pale yellowor orange-red cheese with a flavour thatranges from mild to very strong, dependingon its maturitycheers!

cheers! /�tʃəz/ interjection (informal) 1.thank you! 2. (when drinking) good health!cheese

cheese /tʃi�z/ noun DAIRY a solid foodmade from cow’s milk curds, also made fromgoat’s milk and more rarely from ewe’s milk

Leisure.fm Page 56 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

57 chequeand buffalo milk � She ordered a cheeseomelette. � a cheese a whole round cheese

COMMENT: There are many varieties ofboth hard and soft cheese: the BritishCaerphilly, Cheddar, Cheshire andGloucester are all hard cheeses; theFrench Brie and Camembert are soft.Goat’s cheese is almost always soft. In aBritish-style menu, cheese is served at theend of the meal, after the dessert, while inFrench-style menus, the cheese is servedbefore the dessert. A selection of cheeseswill be placed on a cheeseboard, with aknife: the waiter will help each guest to asmall piece of various cheeses as theguest asks for them (see also ‘plateau defromages’). In Britain, cheese is servedwith water biscuits (or other dry crackers)and butter, and possibly celery; in France,cheese will be served with bread, butrarely with butter.

cheese and biscuitscheese and biscuits /�tʃi�z ənd�bskts/ noun CATERING a course in a meal,served after the main course, consisting ofvarious types of cheese and dry or salt bis-cuitscheeseboardcheeseboard /�tʃi�zbɔ�d/ noun CATER-ING 1. a flat piece of wood on which cheeseis served 2. a selection of cheeses served ona cheeseboardcheeseburgercheeseburger /�tʃi�zb��#ə/ noun FOOD ahamburger with melted cheese on topcheesecakecheesecake /�tʃi�zkek/ noun DESSERTSa tart with a sweet pastry base and a cookedcream cheese top, often covered with fruitcheese fonduecheese fondue /�tʃi�z �fɒndu�/ nounFOOD a dish from Switzerland and EasternFrance of melted cheese, wine and kirsch,into which cubes of bread are dipped. Alsocalled fondue bourguignonnecheese knifecheese knife /�tʃi�z naf/ noun a knifewith two points at the end of the blade, usedfor cutting and serving cheesechefchef /ʃef/ noun CATERING 1. somebodywho is in charge of preparing food in a res-taurant � They’ve got a new chef at theKing’s Head, and the food is much better. 2.the name given to various specialised waiters

COMMENT: The executive chef organisesthe running of the kitchen, selectingmenus, tasting dishes and supervising thespecialist chefs working under him. Asous-chef is the assistant to an executivechef: in a large kitchen there might be sev-eral sous-chefs. Each chef de partie willhave one or more commis chefs workingunder him. Each will have a title corre-sponding to the section of the kitchen inwhich he or she works: commis pâtissier,commis garde-manger, etc.

chef de cuisinechef de cuisine /�ʃef də kw|�zi�n/ nounCATERING same as chef

chef de partiechef de partie /�ʃef də pɑ�|�ti�/ nounCATERING the chef in charge of a particularsection of a kitchenchef de rangchef de rang /�ʃef də �rɒŋ/ noun CATER-ING same as station waiterchef d’étagechef d’étage /�ʃef de|�tɑ$/ noun CATER-ING same as floor attendantchef entremétierchef entremétier /�ʃef �entrə |�metie/noun CATERING same as vegetable chefchef garde-mangerchef garde-manger /�ʃef #ɑ�d�mɒŋ$e/ noun CATERING same as larderchefchef pâtissierchef pâtissier /�ʃef pə |�ti�sie/ nounCATERING same as pastry chefchef poissonnierchef poissonnier /�ʃef pw� |�sɒnie/noun CATERING same as fish chefchef potagerchef potager /�ʃef pɒ |�tɑ�$e/ nounCATERING same as soup chefchef restaurateurchef restaurateur /�ʃef �rest(ə)rə |�t��/noun CATERING the chef in charge of the à lacarte menuchef rôtisseurchef rôtisseur /�ʃef �rəti |�s��/ nounCATERING same as roast chefchef saucierchef saucier /�ʃef �sɔ�sie/ noun CATER-ING same as sauce chefchef’s hatchef’s hat /�ʃefs h�t/ noun CATERING atall white hat, traditionally worn by chefs,which indicates who is the main chef, andwhich is also useful in keeping the hair out ofsight. Also called toquechef’s saladchef’s salad /�ʃfes �s�ləd/ noun a tossedgreen salad with added tomatoes, slicedhard-boiled eggs and thin strips of meat andcheesechef’s specialchef’s special /�ʃefs �speʃ(ə)l/ nounCATERING a special dish, sometimes onewhich the chef is famous for, which is listedseparately on the menuchef tournantchef tournant /�ʃef �tɔ�nɒnt/ nounCATERING a chef who is available to work inany of the sections of a kitchen, helping outwhen other chefs are ill or on holidaychef traiteurchef traiteur /�ʃef tre |�t��/ noun CATER-ING the chef in charge of outside functions,such as buffets or meals which are preparedin the kitchen, but served in a different venuechemical toiletchemical toilet /�kemk(ə)l �tɔlət/ nouna toilet where the waste matter is decom-posed by chemicalschequecheque /tʃek/ noun FINANCE 1. a note to abank asking them to pay money from youraccount to the account of the person whosename is written on the note � He wrote out acheque for £10 or a £10 cheque. � You canpay by cash, cheque or credit card. (NOTE:The US spelling is check.) 2. � to cash acheque to exchange a cheque for cash � to

Leisure.fm Page 57 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cheque account 58endorse a cheque to sign a cheque on theback to show that you accept it � to makeout a cheque to someone to write some-one’s name on a cheque � Who shall I makethe cheque out to? � to pay by cheque to payby giving a cheque, and not by using cash ora credit card � to pay a cheque into youraccount to deposit a cheque � to sign acheque to sign on the front of a cheque toshow that you authorise the bank to pay themoney from your account � to stop acheque to ask a bank not to pay a cheque youhave writtencheque account

cheque account /�tʃek ə|�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE same as current accountcheque book

cheque book /�tʃek bυk/ noun FINANCE abooklet of new cheques (NOTE: The USspelling is checkbook.)cheque card

cheque card /�tʃek kɑ�d/, cheque guar-antee card /�tʃek �#�rən |�ti� kɑ�d/ nounFINANCE a plastic card from a bank whichguarantees payment of a cheque up to a par-ticular amount, even if the user has no moneyin his or her accountcherrycherry /�tʃeri/ noun FRUIT a small summerfruit, usually dark red, but also light red oralmost white, growing on a long stalk (NOTE:The plural form is cherries.)cherry piecherry pie /�tʃeri �pa/ noun DESSERTS apie filled with cherriescherry tomatocherry tomato /�tʃeri tə |�mɑ�təυ/ nounVEGETABLES a variety of very small tomatochervilchervil /�tʃ��vl/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a herbused to flavour soupschestnutchestnut /�tʃesn�t/ noun a bright red-brown nut

COMMENT: The sweet chestnut, Castaneasativa, is eaten in sauces with roast meat,is made into sweet purée or eaten hotroasted over charcoal in the street. Thereis another chestnut tree which is commonin Britain, the horse chestnut, Aesculushippocastanum, which has similar brownnuts which are not edible.

chestnut purée

chestnut purée /�tʃesn�t �pjυəre/noun SAUCES, ETC. a purée made of cookedsweet chestnuts, usually with added sugarand vanillachest of drawerschest of drawers /�tʃest əv �drɔ�z/ nouna piece of bedroom furniture made of severalsliding compartmentschezchez /ʃe/ noun meaning ‘at the home orbusiness of’, frequently used in the names ofFrench restaurants, as in ‘Chez Victor’chiantichianti /ki|��nti/ noun BEVERAGES a dryred wine from Tuscany, Italychickenchicken /�tʃkn/ noun MEAT a commonfarm bird that is eaten as food and produces

the eggs that are most commonly used incooking � chicken soup � chicken salad �chicken sandwich � We had roast chicken forlunch.

COMMENT: Chicken is the most widelyused meat in Britain, and also one of thecheapest.

chicken Kievchicken Kiev /�tʃkn �ki�ev/ noun FOODa boned piece of chicken, filled with garlicand butter, which is covered in breadcrumbsand deep-friedchickpeachickpea /�tʃkpi�/ noun VEGETABLES apale yellow seed about the size of a largepea, cooked as a vegetablechicorychicory /�tʃkəri/ noun VEGETABLES a veg-etable with a conical white head of crispleaves, eaten raw as a salad or cooked andserved with a sauce. � endivechief stewardchief steward /�tʃi�f �stju�əd/ nounTRAVEL the most important or most experi-enced steward on a ship or plane. Also calledsenior stewardchiffonchiffon /�ʃfɒn/ adjective CATERING refer-ring to food with a light fluffy texture, usu-ally created by adding whipped egg whitesor gelatinchiffonadechiffonade /�ʃfənɑ�d/ noun VEGETABLESvegetables that have been shredded or finelychopped, often used as a garnish for otherfoodschildchild /tʃald/ noun a young person � Agroup of children were playing on the beach.(NOTE: The plural form is children.)child-friendlychild-friendly /�tʃald �frendli/ adjectiveliking and understanding children and theirspecial needs � It is a child-friendly hotelwith baby-sitting facilities and a children’spool.children’s menuchildren’s menu /�tʃldr(ə)nz �menju�/noun CATERING a special menu for children(NOTE: Children’s menus usually containfast food items, such as hamburgers or hotdogs.)children’s play areachildren’s play area, children’s play-ground noun ENTERTAINMENT an area out-side a pub, hotel or restaurant, or in a towngarden, or inside a ferry, where children canplaychildren’s roomchildren’s room /�tʃldr(ə)nz ru�m/noun BARS a room in a pub, usually awayfrom the bar, where children can eatchild’s portionchild’s portion, children’s portionnoun a small portion of food served in a res-taurant for a childchillchill /tʃl/ verb to make food cold � chilledorange juice

COMMENT: Low temperature retards therate at which food spoils. Pre-cooked

Leisure.fm Page 58 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

59 chocolatefoods should be cooled rapidly down to –3°C and eaten within five days of produc-tion. Certain high-risk chilled foods shouldbe kept below 5°C; these foods includesoft cheese and various pre-cooked prod-ucts. Eggs in shells can be chilled forshort-term storage (i.e. up to one month)at temperatures between –10°C and –16°C. Bread goes stale quickly at chilltemperatures. Potatoes, lettuces andstrawberries must not be chilled at all.

chilled foodchilled food /�tʃld �fu�d/ noun foodwhich has been prepared, then made coldchilled storagechilled storage /�tʃld �stɔ�rd$/ nounCATERING a place where food can be storedat low temperatures � You can re-use thefood if it has been returned to, and kept in,chilled storage at or below 5° C.chillerchiller /�tʃlə/ noun CATERING a machinefor chilling food. � blast chillerchillichilli /�tʃli/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a very hot-tasting pod with seeds in it, available fresh asgreen or red chillis, dried or preserved incans or bottles. Also called chilli pepper(NOTE: The US spelling is chili.)

COMMENT: Chilli is available fresh asgreen or red chillis, dried or preserved incans or bottles. The dried pods are groundto make Cayenne pepper.

chilli con carnechilli con carne /�tʃli kɒn �kɑ�ni/ nounFOOD a Mexican dish of beans, minced beefand chilli saucechilli pepperchilli pepper /�tʃli �pepə/ noun SAUCES,ETC. same as chillichilli saucechilli sauce /�tʃli �sɔ�s/ noun tomatosauce flavoured with chillichillychilly /�tʃli/ adjective quite cold � Youshould pack a warm pullover, as even thesummer evenings can be chilly in the moun-tains.chinachina /�tʃanə/, chinaware noun CATER-ING cups, saucers and other dishes madefrom fine white clay

‘…at his newly opened restaurant, he said that hechose white Italian bone china because ‘plainfood needed a plain backdrop’’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

Chinese gooseberryChinese gooseberry /�tʃani�z�#υzb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT same as kiwi fruitChinese restaurant syndromeChinese restaurant syndrome/�tʃani�z �rest(ə)rɒnt �sndrəυm/ nounMEDICAL an allergic condition that gives peo-ple violent headaches after eating food fla-voured with monosodium glutamate, whichis used in Chinese cooking. � monosodiumglutamatechipchip /tʃp/ noun 1. FOOD a small stick-shaped piece of potato, fried in oil or fat �fried eggs and chips � She had a hamburgerand a portion of chips. 2. US FOOD a thin

slice of potato, fried till crisp and eaten coldas a snack (NOTE: In British English, this iscalled a crisp.) 3. a small piece of some-thingchip & PINchip & PIN /�tʃp ən �pn/ adjective refer-ring to a system in which customers provetheir identity with a four-digit personal iden-tity number rather than a signature whenpaying with a cardchipolata

chipolata /�tʃpə|�lɑ�tə/ noun MEAT asmall thin sausage, usually made of finelyground porkchip shop

chip shop /�tʃp ʃɒp/ noun CATERINGsame as fish-and-chip shopchit

chit /tʃt/ noun a bill for food or drink in aclubchitterlings

chitterlings /�tʃtəlŋz/ plural noun MEATthe small intestines of pigs, used for foodchivechive /tʃav/ noun SAUCES, ETC. an onion-like herb, of which the leaves are used as agarnish or in soups and saladschlorinate

chlorinate /�klɔ�rnet/ verb to disinfector sterilise something with chlorinechlorinationchlorination /�klɔ�r |�neʃ(ə)n/ noun ster-ilisation by adding chlorine � Chlorinationtablets can be added to water to make it safeto drink.

COMMENT: Chlorination is used to kill bac-teria in drinking water, in swimming poolsand sewage farms, and has many indus-trial applications such as sterilisation infood processing.

chlorinatorchlorinator /�klɔ�rnetə/ noun an appa-ratus for adding chlorine to waterchlorinechlorine /�klɔ�ri�n/ noun a powerfulgreenish gas, used to sterilise waterchoc

choc /tʃɒk/ noun FOOD a chocolate(informal )choc-ice

choc-ice /�tʃɒk as/ noun DESSERTS ahard block of ice cream covered with choco-latechocolate

chocolate /�tʃɒklət/ noun 1. DESSERTS apopular sweet food made from the cocoabean � chocolate biscuit, chocolate cake,chocolate ice cream biscuit, cake, or icecream flavoured with chocolate 2. DESSERTSa small sweet made from chocolate � A boxof chocolates was left with the complimentsof the management. � The coffee is servedwith a small plate of chocolate mints. 3. � achocolate-box cottage a typical English cot-tage, with thatched roof and flowers growingall round, as often formerly shown on thelids of chocolate boxes

COMMENT: Good quality dark chocolatecontains a minimum of about 70% cocoasolids, while good quality milk chocolatecontains about 34% cocoa solids.

Leisure.fm Page 59 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

chocolate box 60chocolate box

chocolate box /�tʃɒklət bɒks/ nounCATERING a decorated box in which choco-lates are packedchocolate chip

chocolate chip /�tʃɒklət �tʃp/ nounFOOD a small piece of hard chocolate, used inice cream, biscuits or cakes � mint chocolatechip ice creamchocolate chip cookie

chocolate chip cookie /�tʃɒklət tʃp�kυki/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet biscuitmade with little pieces of hard chocolateinsidechocolatier

chocolatier /�tʃɒklə |�tə/ noun a maker orseller of chocolateschoke

choke /tʃəυk/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL (in acar engine) a valve which reduces the flowof air to the engine, or a knob on the dash-board of a car which activates this valve �You need to pull out the choke to start the car.� This model has an automatic choke. 2.VEGETABLES the central inedible part of aglobe artichoke � verb 1. to block somethingsuch as a pipe � The canal was choked withweeds. 2. to stop breathing properly becausesomething such as a piece of food is block-ing the throat � to choke on something totake something into the windpipe instead ofthe gullet, so that the breathing is interrupted� He choked on a piece of bread or A pieceof bread made him choke.cholera

cholera /�kɒlərə/ noun MEDICAL a seriousbacterial disease spread through food orwater that has been infected by Vibrio chol-erae � A cholera epidemic broke out after theflood.

COMMENT: The infected person suffersdiarrhoea, cramp in the intestines anddehydration. The disease may be fataland vaccination is only effective for a rela-tively short period (no more than sixmonths).

cholera vaccine

cholera vaccine /�kɒlərə �v�ksi�n/noun MEDICAL a vaccine which protects tosome degree against cholerachop

chop /tʃɒp/ noun MEAT same as rib � porkchop � lamb chop � verb to cut somethingroughly into small pieces with a knife orother sharp toolchopped livers

chopped livers /�tʃɒpt �lvəz/ pluralnoun FOOD a Jewish dish, made of cookedchicken livers chopped up into small pieceschopping board

chopping board /�tʃɒpŋ bɔ�d/ nounCATERING a piece of thick wood, used in akitchen to cut up food on. Also called cut-ting boardchopsticks

chopsticks /�tʃɒpstks/ plural nounCATERING a pair of small sticks used in theFar East to eat food or to stir food whencooking � He said he didn’t know how to use

chopsticks and asked for a knife and forkinstead.chorizo

chorizo /tʃə|�ri�zəυ/ noun MEAT a veryspicy Spanish or Mexican pork sausagechoux pastry

choux pastry /�ʃu� �pestri/ noun BREAD,ETC. a soft glossy egg-rich pastry that puffsup into a hollow case when bakedchowder

chowder /�tʃaυdə/ noun US FOOD fishsoup � clam chowder

COMMENT: Chowders are made from ordi-nary white fish or from shellfish such aslobsters or clams. The fish is cooked withvegetables and milk or cream is added tomake a thick soup.

Christian name

Christian name /�krstʃən nem/ nounthe first name or given name, as opposed to asurname or family name � I know his sur-name’s Smith, but what’s his Christianname?Christmas

Christmas /�krsməs/ noun a Christianfestival on December 25th, celebrated as thebirthday of Jesus Christ, when presents aregiven � Have you opened your Christmaspresents yet? � The hotel has special ratesfor Christmas Day.

COMMENT: Special food eaten at Christ-mas time includes Christmas pudding andmince pies (eaten at Christmas lunch ordinner), and Christmas cake, eaten at teatime. Typical decorations for Christmasinclude a Christmas tree with small lights,holly with red berries, and mistletoe.

Christmas cake

Christmas cake /�krsməs kek/ nounFOOD a specially rich fruit cake, decoratedwith icingChristmas Day

Christmas Day /�krsməs �de/ nounDecember 25thChristmas decorations

Christmas decorations /�krsməsdekə |�reʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun colouredpapers, bunting, holly, mistletoe, etc., used todecorate a restaurant or hotel for ChristmasChristmas holidays

Christmas holidays /�krsməs�hɒldez/ plural noun the holiday periodfrom at least December 24th to after January1stChristmas lunch

Christmas lunch /�krsməs �l�ntʃ/ nounCATERING a special lunch menu with turkeyand cranberry sauce, Christmas pudding andmince piesChristmas party

Christmas party /�krsməs �pɑ�ti/ noun1. a party held to celebrate Christmas � Anumber of Christmas parties are alreadybooked. 2. a group of people who are cele-brating ChristmasChristmas pudding

Christmas pudding /�krsməs �pυdŋ/noun DESSERTS a rich fruit pudding, cookedby steaming, served with brandy butter sauce

Leisure.fm Page 60 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

61 claimchronological orderchronological order /�krɒnəlɒd$k(ə)l�ɔ�də/ noun arrangement by the order of thedatesChunnelChunnel /�tʃ�n(ə)l/ noun RAIL TRAVELsame as Channel Tunnelchurchchurch /tʃ��tʃ/ noun a large building forChristian religious ceremonies � The oldestbuilding in the village is St Mary’s Church. �The times of the church services are given onthe board outside. (NOTE: The plural form ischurches.)chutechute /ʃu�t/ noun 1. a slide into water in aswimming pool � The kids screamed as theyslid down the chute into the pool. 2. a slide tosend things down to a lower level � A chutefrom the first floor will speed up the launder-ing process.chutneychutney /�tʃ�tni/ noun SAUCES, ETC. asweet and spicy relish made from fruit,spices, sugar and vinegarciabattaciabatta /tʃə|�b�tə/ noun a flat white Ital-ian bread made with olive oilcidercider /�sadə/ noun BEVERAGES an alco-holic drink made from apple juice � Somer-set and Devon are famous for their cider. �In Brittany, cider is served with pancakes.

COMMENT: Cider is usually naturally fizzy;it can be sweet or dry. Strong traditionalcider is known as ‘scrumpy’, especially insouth-western England.

CIEHCIEH abbreviation Chartered Institute ofEnvironmental Healthcigarcigar /s|�#ɑ�/ noun a tight roll of driedtobacco leaves which you can light andsmoke � He smoked a large cigar after hismeal. � The restaurant offers a wide choiceof Cuban cigars.cinemacinema /�snmə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT atheatre where films are showncinemagoercinemagoer /�snmə|�#əυə/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT somebody who goes to the cinemacinema ticketcinema ticket /�snmə �tkt/ nounENTERTAINMENT a ticket which allows you aseat in a cinemacinnamoncinnamon /�snəmən/ noun SAUCES, ETC.a spice made from the bark of a tropical tree� Add a pinch of ground cinnamon to theapple pie. � Add a cinnamon stick to the hotwine. � Cinnamon toast is a favourite ofAmerican children.

COMMENT: Cinnamon is used to flavoursweet dishes, cakes and drinks.

circlecircle /�s��k(ə)l/ noun ENTERTAINMENT arow of seats above the stalls in a theatre � Wegot tickets for the upper circle.circuscircus /�s��kəs/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT atravelling show, often given under a largetent, with animals, clowns, acrobats, etc. �

We went to the circus last night. � The circusis coming to town for the bank holiday week-end. 2. ROAD TRAVEL a busy roundabout orroad junction in a large town � Oxford Circusis where Oxford Street crosses Regent Street.(NOTE: The plural form is circuses.)citizen

citizen /�stz(ə)n/ noun 1. a person whocomes from a particular country or has thesame right to live there as someone who wasborn there � She became an Irish citizen in1991. � He was born in Germany, but is nowa British citizen. 2. somebody with fullrights as an inhabitant of a country � Shebecame an Irish citizen in 1991. � He wasborn in Germany, but is now a British citi-zen.citric acid

citric acid /�strk ��sd/ noun CATERINGan acid found in citrus fruit such as oranges,lemons and grapefruitcitrus fruit

citrus fruit /�strəs fru�t/ noun FRUIT theedible fruits of evergreen citrus trees, grownthroughout the tropics and subtropics. Themost important are oranges, lemons, grape-fruit and limes. Citrus fruit have thick skins,are very acidic and are an important sourceof Vitamin C.city

city /�sti/ noun 1. a large town � The larg-est cities in Europe are linked by hourlyflights. 2. � the City the old centre of Lon-don, where banks and large companies havetheir main officescity break

city break /�sti brek/ noun TOURISM ashort holiday in a large city usually over aweekend, at a specially low tariff � citybreak operator a travel agent who organisescity breakscity centre

city centre /�sti �sentə/ noun the centreof a city � It’s more convenient to stay incity-centre hotels, but they can be noisy.city hall

city hall /�sti �hɔ�l/ noun a building wherethe administration of a city iscity terminal

city terminal /�sti �t��mn(ə)l/ noun AIRTRAVEL an air terminal in the centre of a largetownCivil Aviation Authority

Civil Aviation Authority /�svl �evi |

�eʃ(ə)n ɔ�|�θɒrəti/ noun AIR TRAVEL a Brit-ish government agency that regulates theoperation of civilian airlines. Abbr CAAcivil law

civil law /�sv(ə)l �lɔ�/ noun the laws relat-ing to arguments between individuals andthe rights of individualsclaim

claim /klem/ noun an official request forsomething, e.g. for money owed to you by aninsurance company � verb to say you ownsomething that has been left behind or lost �No one has claimed the umbrella left in thereception.

Leisure.fm Page 61 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

claim check 62claim check

claim check /�klem tʃek/ noun a tokenused when leaving luggage, one half ofwhich is attached to the luggage and theother half of which the owner keeps andpresents to collect itclaim form

claim form /�klem fɔ�m/ noun FINANCE aform which has to be filled in when makingan insurance claimclaret

claret /�kl�rət/ noun BEVERAGES red winefrom Bordeaux � We had a good bottle ofclaret with our meal.clarify

clarify /�kl�rfa/ verb 1. to make butter orfat clear by gently heating it and removingany impurities 2. to make a liquid clear andpure, usually by filtering itclass

class /klɑ�s/ noun 1. a category or groupinto which things are classified according toquality or price 2. a group of children oradults who go to school or college togetherclassification

classification /�kl�sf |�keʃ(ə)n/ noun away of putting into classes according toquality

COMMENT: The English Tourism Counciluses the following classification symbols:for hotels there are five grades of stars(one star to five stars). For facilitiesoffered by inns, farmhouses, bed andbreakfast accommodation, boardinghouses, etc., there are five grades, shownby diamonds (one diamond to five dia-monds). For facilities offered by self-cater-ing accommodation there are five grades,also shown by one to five stars.

classified ads

classified ads /�kl�sfad ��dz/ pluralnoun MARKETING advertisements listed in anewspaper under special headings, such as‘property to let’ or ‘job vacancies’ � Look inthe classified ads to see if there are any cot-tages to let in Wales. Also called small ads,want adsclassified directory

classified directory /�kl�sfad da |

�rekt(ə)ri/ noun BUSINESS a book which listsbusinesses grouped under various headings,such as ‘computer shops’ or ‘newsagents’classify

classify /�kl�sfa/ verb to put somethinginto classes or categoriesclassy

classy /�klɑ�si/ adjective of good quality(informal) � It’s a really classy joint. � Thisisn’t a very classy restaurant but the food isgood.clean

clean /kli�n/ adjective free from dirt, wasteproducts or unwanted substances � The maidforgot to put clean towels in the bathroom. �verb to remove dirt � When we got into theroom, we found that the bath had not beencleaned properly.cleaner

cleaner /�kli�nə/ noun 1. a machine whichremoves dirt 2. a person who cleans a build-

ing such as a house or an office � The clean-ers didn’t empty my wastepaper basket.cleaning

cleaning /�kli�nŋ/ noun 1. the act of mak-ing something clean � The cleaning of thehouse after the party took hours. � Thecleaning staff come on shift at 5.30. 2.clothes which are going to be sent for dry-cleaning or which have been returned afterdry-cleaning � She ran through the rain toher car with an armful of cleaning.cleanliness

cleanliness /�klenlinəs/ noun the state ordegree of being clean � The inspectors criti-cised the cleanliness of the kitchens. � A per-son of rather doubtful cleanliness appliedfor a job as a waiter.

‘…one member of staff has the job of constantlychecking cleanliness of the serving area’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

clear

clear /klə/ verb to remove dirty plates, cut-lery and glasses from a surface such as atableclearance

clearance /�klərəns/ noun 1. the act ofremoving dirty plates, cutlery and glassesfrom a surface such as a table 2. AIR TRAVELpermission to take offclearance certificate

clearance certificate /�klərəns sə|

�tfkət/ noun BUSINESS a document show-ing that goods have been passed by customsclear profit

clear profit /�klə �prɒft/ noun FINANCEprofit after all expenses have been paid � Wemade $6,000 clear profit on the deal.clementine

clementine /�klemənti�n/ noun anorange-coloured citrus fruit that is a crossbetween a tangerine and a Seville orangeclerical staff

clerical staff /�klerk(ə)l stɑ�f/ nounsame as office staffclerk

clerk US /klɑ�k/ noun somebody whoworks in an officeclient

client /�klaənt/ noun BUSINESS somebodywith whom business is done, or somebodywho pays for a serviceclientele

clientele /�kli�ɒn |�tel/ noun BUSINESS allthe clients of a business, or all the customersof a shopcliff

cliff /klf/ noun a high rock face, usually bythe sea � He went for a walk along the top ofthe cliffs. � Their first view of England wasthe white cliffs of Dover.cliff jumping

cliff jumping /�clf �d$�mpŋ/ noun thesport of jumping from a high point such as acliff into waterclimate

climate /�klamət/ noun the generalweather conditions in a particular place �The South Coast has a very mild climate. �The climate in Central Europe is hot in thesummer and cold and dry in the winter.

Leisure.fm Page 62 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

63 clubclimb

climb /klam/ noun the act of going up �It’s a stiff climb to the top of the hill. � verb1. to go up, over or down something usingarms and legs � to climb a tree 2. SPORT toclimb mountains � She plans to climb thehighest mountains in Scotland. � They wentclimbing in the Alps.climber

climber /�klamə/ noun SPORT somebodywho climbs mountains � The climbers ropedthemselves together and set off up the slope.

‘Machapuchhre, 22,960ft, the Nepalese peak thathas been closed to climbers for nearly half a cen-tury, could be opened up to mountaineers laterthis year’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors]

climbing

climbing /�klamŋ/ noun SPORT same asmountaineering � popular activities suchas mountaineering, climbing, hill walking �Climbing is not a sport for young children. �We had a climbing holiday last Easter. � Shebrought her climbing equipment with her.clingstone

clingstone /�klŋstəυn/ FRUIT � peachclip joint

clip joint /�klp d$ɔnt/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a low-class club or bar, where guestsare charged too much for their drinkscloakroom

cloakroom /�kləυkru�m/ noun 1. a roomwhere people can leave coats and hats whengoing into e.g. a restaurant, theatre ormuseum 2. a public toilet (informal)cloakroom attendant

cloakroom attendant /�kləυkru�m ə|

�tendənt/ noun somebody in charge of acloakroomcloakroom ticket

cloakroom ticket /�kləυkru�m �tkt/noun a ticket to show that you have left yourcoat, hat or bag in a cloakroomcloaks

cloaks /kləυks/ noun same as toilet(informal)clock

clock /klɒk/ noun a machine for telling thetime � bedside clock a clock placed next toa bed � to work right round the clock towork all day longclock golf

clock golf /�klɒk #ɒlf/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a game like golf where you hit the ballinto a central hole from points round a circleclock in

clock in /�klɒk �n/, clock on /�klɒk �ɒn/verb (of a worker ) to record the time of arriv-ing for work by putting a card into a specialtiming machineclocking in

clocking in /�klɒkŋ �n/, clocking on/�klɒkŋ �ɒn/ noun the act of arriving forwork and recording the time on a time-cardclocking out

clocking out /�klɒkŋ �aυt/, clocking off/�klɒkŋ �ɒf/ noun the act of leaving workand recording the time on a time-cardclock out

clock out /�klɒk �aυt/, clock off /�klɒk�ɒf/ verb (of a worker) to record the time ofleaving work by putting a card into a specialtiming machine

clock radioclock radio /�klɒk �rediəυ/ noun a radioand clock combinedcloseclose adjective /kləυs/ � close to very near,almost � The hotel is close to the railway sta-tion. � verb /kləυz/ 1. to stop doing businessfor the day � The office closes at 5.30. � Weclose early on Saturdays. 2. to stop doingbusiness altogether � If this summer is as badas the last one, the hotel may be forced toclose. � he closed his building societyaccount he took all the money out andstopped using the account � to close anaccount 1. to stop supplying a customer oncredit 2. to take all the money out of a bankaccount and ask the bank to remove itclosedclosed /kləυzd/ adjective not open, notdoing business � Most shops in Germany areclosed on Saturday afternoons. � All thebanks are closed on the National Day.closed-circuit TVclosed-circuit TV /�kləυzd �s��kt ti��vi�/ noun a system where a TV picture istransmitted from a camera to receiverswithin a closed circuit. It is used e.g. for sur-veillance in factories, shops and banks, andfor showing pictures of events to people whoare not able to attend the event themselves. �The conference was relayed to the lobby onclosed-circuit TV. � The shoplifters werefilmed on closed-circuit TV cameras. AbbrCCTVclosingclosing /�kləυzŋ/ adjective final, comingat the end � closing date last date � noun theact of shutting a shop, or the fact of beingshutclosing timeclosing time /�kləυzŋ tam/ noun thetime when a shop or office stops work orwhen a pub stops selling alcoholclotted creamclotted cream /�klɒtd �kri�m/ nounDAIRY thick solid cream made from milkwhich has been heated to boiling point, pro-duced especially in the south-west of Eng-landcloudcloud /klaυd/ noun a mass of vapour orsmoke in the air � Do you think it’s going torain? – Yes, look at those grey clouds. � Theplane was flying above the clouds.cloud-cappedcloud-capped /�klaυd k�pt/ adjectivetopped with cloudscloudycloudy /�klaυdi/ adjective 1. covered withclouds � a cloudy sky � The north coast isoften cloudy. 2. not clear, not transparent �My beer looks cloudy.clubclub /kl�b/ noun 1. a group of people whohave the same interest, or a place where thesepeople meet � The members of the old peo-ple’s club went to the seaside for the day. �She has applied to join the sports club. 2. aplace where people can dance to recorded

Leisure.fm Page 63 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

clubbing 64music and that usually has bars and otherfacilitiesclubbing

clubbing /�kl�bŋ/ noun the activity ofgoing to clubs or nightclubsclub class

club class /�kl�b klɑ�s/ noun AIR TRAVELa specially comfortable class of seating on aplane, though not as luxurious as first classclubs

clubs /kl�bz/ plural noun one of the blacksuits in a pack of cards, which has a symbolshaped like a leaf with three parts � She hadthe five of clubs in her hand. (NOTE: Theother black suit is spades; hearts and dia-monds are the red suits.)club sandwich

club sandwich /�kl�b �s�ndwd$/ nounFOOD a sandwich made of three slices ofbread, with a filling of meat, salad, fish, etc.,between them. Also called double-decker 2cm

cm abbreviation centimetrecoach

coach /kəυtʃ/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a largecomfortable bus, operated for long-distancetravellers on a regular route � They took acoach tour of southern Spain. 2. ROADTRAVEL a large comfortable bus, used by agroup of tourists to travel long distances, noton a regular scheduled route, and oftenabroad � The coach driver fell asleep whiledriving. � Coach travel is considerablycheaper than travelling by train. 3. RAILTRAVEL a carriage for passengers on a train �Passengers for Donniford should board thelast two coaches of the train. 4. SPORT some-body who trains someone in a sport � Thehotel has a professional tennis coach availa-ble for lessons.coach class

coach class /�kəυtʃ klɑ�s/ noun US AIRTRAVEL same as economy classcoach party

coach party /�kəυtʃ �pɑ�ti/ noun TOUR-ISM a group of tourists, travelling by coachcoach station

coach station /�kəυtʃ �steʃ(ə)n/ nounROAD TRAVEL the central terminus fromwhich coaches leave, and where coach jour-neys terminate, which usually has a ticketoffice, waiting rooms, refreshments andother facilitiescoach tour

coach tour /�kəυtʃ �tυə/ noun TOURISM atour of various places, in a coachcoach trip

coach trip /�kəυtʃ trp/ noun TOURISM anexcursion by coachcoast

coast /kəυst/ noun the parts of a countrythat are by the sea � The south coast is thewarmest part of the country. � Let’s drivedown to the coast this weekend. � from coastto coast from the sea on one side of a countryto the sea on the other side � He crossed theUSA from coast to coast. � verb 1. ROADTRAVEL to ride in or on a vehicle without

using the engine or the pedals 2. SHIPS ANDBOATS (of a boat) to sail along a coastcoastalcoastal /�kəυst(ə)l/ adjective referring tothe coast � coastal navigation � the coastalresorts of southern Englandcoastal resortcoastal resort /�kəυst(ə)l r|�zɔ�t/ nounTOURISM a holiday town on the coast �Brighton is a popular coastal resort.coasteeringcoasteering /kəυ|�stərŋ/ noun SPORT asport that takes place along a coast and com-bines scrambling, rock climbing, traversing,swimming and cliff jumpingcoastercoaster /�kəυstə/ noun 1. SHIPS ANDBOATS a ship which sails from port to portalong the coast � We sailed round Africa ona small coaster. 2. CATERING a flat dish orsmall mat for standing a bottle or glass on �Here’s a coaster to put your glass on.coastguardcoastguard /�kəυst#ɑ�d/ noun some-body who watches over a stretch of coast,looking out for accidents at sea or illegalactivities such as smuggling � Coastguardsstopped a fishing boat suspected of carryingdrugs.coastlinecoastline /�kəυstlan/ noun the edge ofthe coast � the rocky Cornish coastlinecoatcoat /kəυt/ noun a piece of outdoor cloth-ing which covers the top part of the body �You’ll need to put your winter coat on – it’sjust started to snow. � She was wearing ablack fur coat.coat-hangercoat-hanger /�kəυt �h�ŋə/ noun a pieceof wood, wire or plastic on which you hangclothes in a wardrobe � There were no coat-hangers in the hotel wardrobe.coat-hookcoat-hook /�kəυt hυk/ noun a hook on awall or door for hanging clothes oncobcob /kɒb/ noun BREAD, ETC. a round loaf ofbread � Could you stop at the bakery and buya wholemeal cob?cob nutcob nut /�kɒb n�t/ noun NUTS a largehazelnut � This bag of mixed nuts includescob nuts and walnuts.cocklecockle /�kɒk(ə)l/ noun SEAFOOD a smalledible shellfish with a double shell � Webought some cockles from a stall by the sea-front.cockpitcockpit /�kɒkpt/ noun AIR TRAVEL the for-ward area in an aircraft from where the air-craft is controlled by the pilotcockroachcockroach /�kɒkrəυtʃ/ noun a largebrown or black beetle � In hot damp cli-mates, cockroaches are commonly found inhouses. (NOTE: The plural form is cock-roaches.)

COMMENT: Two types of cockroach arecommon: the oriental cockroach, Blattaorientalis, and the German cockroach,

Leisure.fm Page 64 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

65 coffee barBlatta germanica. Both live in dirty areasof buildings, such as badly cleaned kitch-ens. They can carry Salmonella and Sta-phylococcus.

cocktail

cocktail /�kɒktel/ noun 1. BEVERAGES amixture of alcoholic drinks, containing atleast one spirit, usually served before a meal� A Bloody Mary is a cocktail of vodka andtomato juice. 2. FOOD a mixture of food

COMMENT: Cocktails are mixes of variousalcohols and juices, as opposed to longdrinks (whisky and soda, gin and tonic),where the alcohol is diluted. Most alcoholscan be used as a basis for cocktails: thecommonest are gin (gin and French, ginand Italian), vodka (screwdriver, BloodyMary) and whisky (whisky sour, Manhat-tan).

cocktail bar

cocktail bar /�kɒktel bɑ�/ noun BARS abar where cocktails are servedcocktail lounge

cocktail lounge /�kɒk|�tel laυnd$/ nounBARS a smart lounge bar in a hotelcocktail party

cocktail party /�kɒktel �pɑ�ti/ nounCATERING an evening party where you drinkcocktails or other drinks and eat snacks,before going on to a proper mealcocktail shaker

cocktail shaker /�kɒktel �ʃekə/ nounBARS a metal container into which the barp-erson puts the various ingredients of a cock-tail, which are then shaken vigorouslycocktail snacks

cocktail snacks /�kɒk |�tel sn�ks/ pluralnoun CATERING small items of food such asolives or peanuts, served with drinks beforea mealcocktail stick

cocktail stick /�kɒktel stk/ nounCATERING a little piece of wood used to stickin food such as small sausages to make iteasier to servecocoa

cocoa /�kəυkəυ/ noun 1. FOOD a powdermade from chocolate beans � There’s a tin ofcocoa on the shelf next to the cooker. � Addcocoa powder to icing sugar to make choco-late icing. 2. BEVERAGES a drink made fromthis powder � I’ll warm up some milk tomake some cocoa. � He always has a cup ofcocoa before going to bed.

COMMENT: Cocoa is obtained from beanswhich are the seeds of the Theobromacacao tree and which are contained in ared or green fleshy fruit. The beans con-tain a fat (cocoa butter), which is removedin preparing cocoa for drinking. Cocoabeans are the raw material of chocolate,and extra fat and sugar are added in itspreparation.

cocoa bean

cocoa bean /�kəυkəυ bi�n/ noun thebean-shaped seed of the cacao tree, which isused for making cocoa powder and chocolatecocoa butter

cocoa butter /�kəυkəυ �b�tə/ noun athick oily solid obtained from cocoa beans,

used in making chocolate, cosmetics andsuntan oilscoconut

coconut /�kəυkən�t/ noun NUTS a largenut from a tropical palm tree containing awhite edible pulp � I don’t like biscuits withcoconut in them.coconut milk

coconut milk /�kəυkən�t mlk/ noun 1.liquid inside a coconut 2. a white creamy liq-uid made from coconut pulp, used in Malay-sian and Thai cookingcod

cod /kɒd/ noun SEAFOOD a large white seafish, Gadus morhua � He ordered a plate offried cod and chips. (NOTE: The plural formis cod.) � cod liver oil oil from the livers ofcod, taken as a source of vitamins A and DCOD

COD, c.o.d. abbreviation cash on deliverycode

code /kəυd/ noun 1. a system of numbers,letters or symbols used to represent languageor information � machine-readable codessets of signs or letters, such as bar codes orpostcodes, which can be read by computers2. a set of rulescode of practice

code of practice /�kəυd əv �pr�kts/,code of ethics /�kəυd əv �eθks/ nounBUSINESS rules drawn up by an associationwhich the members must follow when doingbusinesscode-sharing

code-sharing /�kəυd �ʃeərŋ/ noun AIRTRAVEL a system where two or more airlinessell seats for a flight, and identify the flightusing their own two-letter codes, but onlyone of them actually operates the aircraftcoffee

coffee /�kɒfi/ noun BEVERAGES 1. thecrushed beans of the coffee plant Coffea,used to make a hot drink 2. a drink madefrom ground coffee beans or powder, mixedwith hot water � Would you like a cup of cof-fee? � I always take sugar with my coffee. �The doctor told me to avoid tea and coffee.

COMMENT: The two main varieties of cof-fee are Arabica and Robusta. The Arabicashrub (Coffea arabica) was originallygrown in the southern parts of the high-lands of Ethiopia, and was later introducedinto south-western Arabia. It represents75% of the world’s total coffee production.Arabica coffee beans are generally con-sidered to produce a higher quality drinkthan those obtained from the Robusta cof-fee plant (Coffea canephora) which origi-nated in West Africa. Robusta coffee hasa stronger and more bitter taste than Ara-bica. The most important area for growingcoffee is South America, especiallyBolivia, Brazil and Colombia, though it isalso grown in Kenya and Indonesia.

coffee bar

coffee bar /�kɒfi bɑ�/ noun CATERING asmall bar serving mainly coffee, non-alco-holic drinks and snacks

Leisure.fm Page 65 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

coffee beans 66coffee beanscoffee beans /�kɒfi bi�nz/ plural nounFOOD small fruit from the coffee tree, whichare dried and roasted to make coffeecoffee breakcoffee break /�kɒfi brek/ noun a shortrest time during work when the employeescan drink coffeecoffee cakecoffee cake /�kɒfi kek/ noun BREAD,ETC. a cake made with coffee flavouringcoffee cupcoffee cup /�kɒfi k�p/ noun a cup for cof-fee

COMMENT: Coffee is served in large cupsat breakfast (when it is usually taken withmilk or cream) and in small cups after ameal. The small coffee cup is called a‘demi-tasse’.

coffee grindercoffee grinder /�kɒfi �#randə/ noun amachine for grinding coffee beans into pow-der for making coffeecoffee groundscoffee grounds /�kɒfi #raυndz/ pluralnoun crushed coffee beans left at the bottomof a cup or coffee jug after the coffee hasbeen servedcoffeehousecoffeehouse /�kɒfihaυs/ noun a placewhere coffee and other refreshments areservedcoffee ice creamcoffee ice cream /�kɒfi as �kri�m/ nounDESSERTS ice cream flavoured with coffeecoffee loungecoffee lounge /�kɒfi laυnd$/ nounCATERING a restaurant which serves coffeeand cakescoffee machinecoffee machine /�kɒfi mə|�ʃi�n/ nounCATERING a machine which provides coffeeand other drinks when a coin is insertedcoffeemakercoffeemaker /�kɒfi|�mekə/ noun a smallpot for making coffee, e.g. a percolator orespresso machinecoffee potcoffee pot /�kɒfi pɒt/ noun CATERING apot in which coffee is made or servedcoffee shopcoffee shop /�kɒfi ʃɒp/ noun HOTELS aless formal restaurant in a hotel, where lightmeals and snacks are served � It will bequicker to have lunch in the coffee shop thanin the main restaurant.coffee spooncoffee spoon /�kɒfi spu�n/ noun a verysmall spoon, used with a small coffee cupcoffee tablecoffee table /�kɒfi �teb(ə)l/ noun a lowtable on which coffee cups are putcognaccognac /�kɒnj�k/ noun BEVERAGESbrandy made in western France � We wereserved an excellent cognac after dinner.coincoin /kɔn/ noun a piece of metal money �He gave me two 50p coins in my change. � Ineed some 10p coins for the telephone.colacola /�kəυlə/ noun 1. FOOD a tree thatcomes originally from West Africa, butwhich is also grown in the West Indies andSouth America. Its nut-like fruit contains

caffeine, and can be chewed or used to makecola drinks. 2. BEVERAGES a fizzy sweetdrink � The kids would like two colas please.coldcold /kəυld/ adjective not warm or hot �The machines work badly in cold weather. �The reception area was so cold that the staffstarted complaining. � The coffee machinealso sells cold drinks.cold buffetcold buffet /�kəυld �bυfe/ noun CATER-ING a buffet with cold dishes to choose fromcold consommécold consommé /�kəυld kɒn|�sɒme/noun FOOD a jelly-like soup, which is servedcoldcold cutscold cuts /�kəυld k�ts/ plural noun USMEAT a plate of slices of cold cooked meatsuch as ham or salamicold packcold pack /�kəυld p�k/ noun the packingand sterilisation of uncooked food in jars ortinscold-pressedcold-pressed /�kəυld prest/ adjectivereferring to high-grade olive oil producedfrom the first pressing of the raw olivescold roomcold room /�kəυld stɔ�/, cold store nounCATERING a room where stores of food arekept cool, so as to prevent the food fromgoing badcold storage

cold storage /�kəυld �stɔ�rd$/ nounCATERING the keeping of food in a cold placeto prevent it from going bad � Return thefood to cold storage.coleslawcoleslaw /�kəυlslɔ�/ noun FOOD a salad ofshredded white cabbage mixed with mayon-naisecoleycoley /�kəυli/ noun SEAFOOD a type of seafishcollarcollar /�kɒlə/ noun MEAT a cut of meat,especially bacon, taken from an animal’sneck � verb CATERING to pickle meat bysoaking it in salt or brine with seasoningsand flavouring ingredients, then rolling,boiling and pressing itcollectcollect /kə|�lekt/ verb 1. to make someonepay money which is owed � to collect a debtto go and make someone pay a debt 2. to takesomeone or something away from a place �A car will come to collect you from the hotelat 8.30. � adjective, adverb US referring toa phone call where the person receiving thecall agrees to pay for it � He called his officecollect.collect callcollect call /kə |�lekt kɔ�l/ noun US sameas reverse-charge callcollegecollege /�kɒld$/ noun a teaching institu-tion for adults and young people � She is tak-ing a course at the catering college. � col-lege of further education a college forstudy after secondary school

Leisure.fm Page 66 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

67 commissionairecolour

colour /�k�lə/ noun the appearance whichan object has in light, e.g. red, blue or yellow(NOTE: The US spelling is color.) � colourfilm, colour TV a film or TV which is notblack and whitecolour coding

colour coding /�k�lə �kəυdŋ/ noun indi-cating different usages by colour

COMMENT: Electric wires are colour codedas red (= live), blue (= neutral) and yellow-green (=earth). It has been suggested thatkitchen knives should be colour-coded toidentify knives used to cut raw meat, fish,vegetables, etc., so as to avoid possiblecontamination.

colouring

colouring /�k�lərŋ/ noun CATERING asubstance which colours a processed food

COMMENT: Colouring additives have Enumbers 100 to 180. Some are naturalpigments, such as riboflavine (E101), car-rot juice (E160) or chlorophyll (E140) andare safe. Others, such as tartrazine(E102) and other azo dyes are suspectedof being carcinogenic. Also suspect is car-amel (E150), which is the most widelyused colouring substance.

come to

come to /�k�m tu�, �k�m �tu�/ verb to addup to a particular amount � The bill comes to£125.comfort

comfort /�k�mfət/ noun conditions thatmake it easy for the body to rest and feelrelaxedcomfortable

comfortable /�k�mf(ə)təb(ə)l/ adjectivesoft and relaxing � There are more comfort-able chairs in the lounge, if you find the din-ing room chairs too hard.comfortably

comfortably /�k�mf(ə)təbli/ adverb in asoft, relaxed or relaxing way � If you’re sit-ting comfortably, I’ll explain to you what thework involves.comfort food

comfort food /�k�mfət fu�d/ nounCATERING simple food, like the food you hadas a child, which makes you feel happy andcontentedcomfort station

comfort station /�k�mfət �steʃ(ə)n/noun US a public toiletcommend

commend /kə |�mend/ verb to say thatsomething or someone is good (formal) �She was highly commended by the judges forher cake decorations. � highly commended,commended former grades in the EnglishTourism Council’s grading system forhotels, bed and breakfasts, and guesthouseaccommodationcommercial

commercial /kə|�m��ʃ(ə)l/ adjectivereferring to business � noun MARKETING anadvertisement on TV or radiocommercial attaché

commercial attaché /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l ə|

�t�ʃe/ noun BUSINESS a diplomat whose

job is to promote the commercial interests ofhis or her countrycommercial directory

commercial directory /kə|�m��ʃ(ə)l da|

�rekt(ə)ri/ noun BUSINESS a book which listsall the businesses and businesspeople in atown. Also called trade directorycommercial district

commercial district /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l�dstrkt/ noun the part of a town whereoffices and shops are situatedcommercial hotel

commercial hotel /kə|�m��ʃ(ə)l həυ |�tel/noun BUSINESS a hotel which specialises inbusiness travellerscommercial load

commercial load /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l �ləυd/noun TRAVEL the amount of goods or numberof passengers which a bus, train or plane hasto carry to make a profitcommercial port

commercial port /kə|�m��ʃ(ə)l �pɔ�t/noun BUSINESS a port which has only goodstrafficcommercial premises

commercial premises /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l�premisz/ plural noun BUSINESS same asbusiness premisescommercial property

commercial property /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l�prɒpəti/ noun buildings used as offices orshopscommercial traveller

commercial traveller /kə |�m��ʃ(ə)l�tr�v(ə)lə/ noun BUSINESS a salespersonwho travels round an area visiting customerson behalf of his or her companycommis

commis /�kɒmi�/ noun an assistant in arestaurant or kitchencommis chef

commis chef /�kɒmi� �ʃef/ noun CATER-ING an assistant chef to a chef de partiecommis de salle

commis de salle /�kɒmi� də �s�l/ nounCATERING an assistant to a chef de rang, help-ing him or her to organise a restaurantcommis saucier

commis saucier /�kɒmi� �sɔ�sie/ nounCATERING an assistant to the chef saucier,helping him or her prepare saucescommission

commission /kə |�mʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS money paid to a salesperson or anagent, usually a percentage of the sales made� She gets 10% commission on everythingshe sells. � he charges 10% commission heasks for 10% of sales as his paymentcommissionable

commissionable /kə |�mʃ(ə)nəb(ə)l/adjective on which commission will be paidto the agentcommission agent

commission agent /kə|�mʃ(ə)n�ed$ənt/ noun an agent who is paid bycommission, not by feecommissionaire

commissionaire /kə |�mʃə |�neə/ nounsomebody, usually in uniform, who stands atthe entrance to a hotel, restaurant or club,and welcomes guests

Leisure.fm Page 67 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

commis waiter 68commis waiter

commis waiter /�kɒmi� �wetə/ nounCATERING a waiter who helps a stationwaiter. Also called assistant waitercommon carrier

common carrier /�kɒmən �k�riə/ nounTRAVEL a firm which carries goods or passen-gers, and which anyone can usecommon ownership

common ownership /�kɒmən�əυnəʃp/ noun BUSINESS a situation wherea business is owned by the employees whowork in itcommon salt

common salt /�kɒmən �sɔ�lt/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a white powder used to makefood, especially meat, fish and vegetables,taste bettercommon thyme

common thyme /�kɒmən tam/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a herb used to flavour variousdishes. Also called French thymecommunicable disease

communicable disease /kə |

�mju�nkəb(ə)l d |�zi�z/ noun MEDICAL a dis-ease which can be passed from one person toanother or from an animal to a personcommunicate

communicate /kə|�mju�nket/ verb topass information to someone � He finds itimpossible to communicate with his staff. �Communicating with head office has beenquicker since we started e-mailing them.communication

communication /kə|�mju�n |�keʃ(ə)n/noun the act of passing information on toother people � Communication with the headoffice has been made easier by e-mail. � toenter into communication with someoneto start discussing something with someone,usually in writing � We have entered intocommunication with the relevant govern-ment department.communication cord

communication cord /kə|�mju�n |

�keʃ(ə)n �kɔ�d/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a wire ina train carriage, which you pull to stop thetrain in an emergencycommunications

communications /kə|�mju�n |

�keʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun a means of contact-ing people or passing messages, e.g. tele-phone and radio � After the flood, all com-munications with the outside world werebroken.commute

commute /kə|�mju�t/ verb to travel towork in town every day � She commutes 70miles a day.commuter

commuter /kə |�mju�tə/ noun somebodywho travels to work every daycommuter flight

commuter flight /kə |�mju�tə flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL a flight between towns used reg-ularly by commuterscommuter train

commuter train /kə|�mju�tə tren/ nounRAIL TRAVEL a train used regularly by com-muters

compactor

compactor /kəm |�p�ktə/ noun same aswaste compactorcompanion

companion /kəm|�p�njən/ noun TRAVELsomebody travelling with a passenger

COMMENT: Some airlines offer special pro-motional fares for a second person travel-ling with a full-fare-paying passenger.

company

company /�k�mp(ə)ni/ noun BUSINESS abusiness or group of people organised to buy,sell or provide a servicecompany booking

company booking, company reserva-tion noun BUSINESS a booking made onbehalf of a company, usually at a discount tothe usual ratecompany discount

company discount /�k�mp(ə)ni�dskaυnt/ noun BUSINESS a discount givento people working for a particular companycompany policy

company policy /�k�mp(ə)ni �pɒlsi/noun BUSINESS the company’s agreed way ofdoing things � It is against company policyto give more than thirty days’ credit. � Com-pany policy is to submit all contracts to thelegal department.compartment

compartment /kəm|�pɑ�tmənt/ nounTRAVEL a section of a train carriage or of aplane, separated from other sections � I hadto go through the business compartment toget to the buffet car.compensate

compensate /�kɒmpənset/ verb to paysomeone for damage or a loss � The airlinerefused to compensate him when his baggagewas lost. (NOTE: You compensate someonefor something.)compensation

compensation /�kɒmpən |�seʃ(ə)n/noun � compensation for damage paymentfor damage done � compensation for loss ofproperty payment to someone whose prop-erty has been stolen or lostcompetitive price

competitive price /kəm |�pettv pras/noun MARKETING a low price aimed to com-pete with a rival productcomplain

complain /kəm |�plen/ verb to say that youare not satisfied � He complained about theprice of meals in the restaurant. � She com-plained that no one spoke English in thehotel. (NOTE: You complain to someoneabout something or that something is nogood.)complaint

complaint /kəm |�plent/ noun 1. anexpression of dissatisfaction about some-thing or someone 2. MEDICAL an illnesscomplaints department

complaints department /kəm |�plentsd |�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of astore or office which deals with complaintsfrom customerscomplaints procedurecomplaints procedure /kəm |�plentsprə|�si�d$ə/ noun BUSINESS a way of pre-

Leisure.fm Page 68 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

69 concessionsenting complaints formally from a customerto managementcomplimentcompliment /�kɒmplmənt/ noun a nicething that you say to someone about theirappearance or about something good theyhave done � verb to tell someone that theyhave done well or look nice � The managercomplimented the staff on their efficientservice. � I would like to compliment the chefon an excellent meal.complimentarycomplimentary /�kɒmpl |�ment(ə)ri/adjective given free � Each guest receives acomplimentary box of chocolates.complimentary roomcomplimentary room/�kɒmplment(ə)ri �ru�m/ noun a hotelroom that a person can stay in without pay-ing, e.g. as a prize in a marketing campaignor as compensation for a complaintcomplimentary ticketcomplimentary ticket/�kɒmplment(ə)ri �tkt/ noun a freeticket, given as a presentcompliments slipcompliments slip /�kɒmplmənts slp/noun BUSINESS a piece of paper with thename and address of the company printed onit, which may be sent with documents orgifts instead of a lettercomplycomply /kəm |�pla/ verb � to comply withto observe a rule or obey an ordercompotecompote /�kɒmpɒt/ noun fruit cooked insugar or syrup, served as a hot or cold dessertcomprehensioncomprehension /�kɒmpr |�henʃən/noun an understanding of how somethingworks

‘…the starter involved a lot of elements in onedish, including the intricate boning of a quail,comprehension of a classical farce, the prepara-tion of a good quality aspic and the neat recon-struction of the quail’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

comprehensivecomprehensive /�kɒmpr|�hensv/adjective including everythingcomprehensive insurancecomprehensive insurance/�kɒmprhensv n |�ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCEan insurance policy that covers you againstall risks which are likely to happencomptrollercomptroller /kən |�trəυlə/ noun HOTELSsomebody who controls the finances in ahotelcompulsorycompulsory /kəm|�p�lsəri/ adjective thatmust be done, taken or complied with � acompulsory injection against choleracomputercomputer /kəm|�pju�tə/ noun an elec-tronic machine that processes and keepsinformation automatically, and that can beused for connecting to the Internet and send-ing e-mails � computer system consisting ofa microprocessor and six terminalscomputerisecomputerise /kəm |�pju�təraz/, compu-terize verb to change something from a

manual system to one using computers �Our booking system has been completelycomputerised.computerisedcomputerised /kəm |�pju�tərazd/, com-puterized adjective worked by computers �a computerised reservation system

‘…independent hotels wishing to attract interna-tional business will be at a disadvantage if theyare not linked to a global computerized bookingsystem’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

computer-linkedcomputer-linked /kəm|�pju�tə lŋkt/adjective linked by computer � All the hotelsin the group use a computer-linked bookingsystem.computer printoutcomputer printout /kəm |�pju�tə�prntaυt/ noun a printed copy of informa-tion from a computer � Our travel agentsprovided each member of the tour with aprintout of flight details and hotel reserva-tions.computer reservation systemcomputer reservation system /kəm |

�pju�tə �rezə|�veʃ(ə)n �sstəm/ nounTRAVEL a system by which e.g. flights orrooms in hotels can be booked from the ter-minal in the travel agent’s office or from anin-flight terminal system direct to a centralbooking computer. Abbr CRS

‘…direct satellite links into ground-based com-puter reservations systems will let you book orchange tickets and hotel rooms from your seat,thanks to today’s ever more sophisticated compu-ter reservations systems – known in the industryas CRS networks – which put travel agents and,increasingly, their customers directly on line tomost of the available airline seats and businesshotel rooms in the world’ [Business Travel]

computer terminalcomputer terminal /kəm |�pju�tə�t��mn(ə)l/ noun a keyboard and screen, bywhich information can be put into a compu-ter or can be called up from a databaseconcentrateconcentrate /�kɒnsəntret/ CATERINGverb to remove water from a liquid or sub-stance so that it becomes thicker and has astronger flavour � noun a food substance orliquid that has been concentrated to make itthicker or stronger in flavourconcernconcern /kən |�s��n/ noun 1. BUSINESS abusiness or company � his business is agoing concern his company is working andmaking a profit � sold as a going concernsold as an actively trading company 2. a wor-ried feeling about a problem � The manage-ment showed no concern at all for the safetyof the guests. � verb to be connected with orto affect somebody or something � The prob-lem does not concern you directly as you arenot involved in running the restaurant.concessionconcession /kən |�seʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. MAR-KETING the right to be the only seller of aproduct in a place � She runs a jewellery

Leisure.fm Page 69 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

concessionaire 70concession in the hotel lobby. 2. TOURISM areduced fare or entrance charge given to par-ticular people such as employees or retiredemployees of the transport company � fullprice: £6.00, concessions: £4.00 3. an allow-anceconcessionaire

concessionaire /kən |�seʃə |�neə/ nounMARKETING somebody who has the right tobe the only seller of a product in a placeconcessionary

concessionary /kən|�seʃ(ə)nəri/ adjec-tive given as a concessionconcessionary fare

concessionary fare /kən |�seʃ(ə)nəri�feə/ noun TRAVEL a reduced fare for partic-ular types of passenger such as employees orretired employees of the transport company� Concessionary rates are offered to OAPsand students.concierge

concierge /�kɒnsi|�eə$/ noun 1. a Frenchnoun meaning a person who guards the doorof a block of flats or offices, and decides whocan come in 2. (in a hotel) a member of staffwho provides special services for guests,such as getting theatre or tour tickets forthem

‘I sometimes think that many of our guests stay atthe hotel as much for the concierge service as forthe rooms’ [The Sunday Times]

condense

condense /kən |�dens/ verb CATERING tomake something, especially a food, denserby removing watercondensed milk

condensed milk /kən |�denst �mlk/noun DAIRY milk that is thickened by evapo-rating most of the water content and thensweetenedcondiment

condiment /�kɒndmənt/ noun CATERINGa seasoning used to give taste to food and putdirectly onto food at the table by the eater,e.g. salt, pepper or mustard (formal) � Couldyou pass the condiments, please. Comparecruet

COMMENT: The commonest condimentsare salt, pepper, mustard, vinegar, pick-les, mayonnaise and tomato sauce. Insome restaurants, they are in pots on thetable, and in self-service restaurants theymay be provided in small sachets.

condition

condition /kən|�dʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a statethat something or someone is in � Snow con-ditions are good. � The meteorological officeforecast poor weather conditions. 2. some-thing that has to be done, especially dutieswhich have to be carried out as part of a con-tract � on condition that provided that �They were granted the lease on conditionthat they paid the legal costs. 3. MEDICAL aparticular illness, injury or disorder � I haveto use strong sunblock because of my skincondition.

conditioning

conditioning /kən |�dʃ(ə)nŋ/ nounCATERING the process of making meat moretender by keeping it for some time at a lowtemperature. � air-conditioningconditions of employment

conditions of employment /kən|

�dʃ(ə)nz əv m |�plɔmənt/, conditions ofservice noun the terms of a contract ofemploymentconditions of sale

conditions of sale /kən |�dʃ(ə)nz əv�sel/ noun the agreed terms under which asale takes placecondominium

condominium /�kɒndə|�mniəm/ noun anindividually owned flat or house within abuilding or an area of land that is ownedjointly by all the residentsconducted tour

conducted tour /kən |�d�ktd �tυə/ nounTOURISM same as guided tourconductor

conductor /kən |�d�ktə/ noun 1. TRAVELsomebody who takes money and gives outtickets on a bus or tram 2. US RAIL TRAVELsomebody in charge of a train (NOTE: TheBritish English is railway guard.)cone

cone /kəυn/ noun FOOD a round tube ofbiscuit, tapering to a point, used for servingice cream � Children like to suck the icecream out of the bottom of a cone. Alsocalled cornetconfectionery

confectionery /kən|�fekʃən(ə)ri/ noun 1.a shop selling sweets and chocolates 2. FOODsweets and chocolates � The bread shop alsosells confectionery.conference

conference /�kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun 1. ameeting of people to discuss problems � tobe in conference to be in a meeting 2. a largemeeting where people who are interested inthe same thing come together � the annualconference of the Electricians’ Union �2,000 people attended the conference ongenetic engineering. 3. AIR TRAVEL an infor-mal agreement between airlines or shippinglines to restrict competition on particularroutes

‘…two thirds of the UK’s 100 or so universitiestake conference business in vacation time and 30have year-round management centres’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

conference and banqueting manager

conference and banqueting man-ager /�kɒnf(ə)rəns ənd �b�ŋkwtŋ�m�nd$ə/ noun HOTELS the manager of thedepartment in a hotel which organises con-ferences and banquets. Abbr C & B man-agerconference centre

conference centre /�kɒnf(ə)rəns�sentə/ noun a series of meeting rooms, withbedrooms, restaurants, etc., built speciallyfor holding large meetings. Also called con-vention centre

Leisure.fm Page 70 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

71 consolidatorconference facilities

conference facilities /�kɒnf(ə)rəns fə|

�sltiz/ plural noun facilities for confer-ences, e.g. large halls, loudspeakers andvideo systems, as well as catering andaccommodation for large numbers of dele-gatesconference organiser

conference organiser /�kɒnf(ə)rəns�ɔ�#ənazə/ noun somebody whose job is toorganise conferencesconference phone

conference phone /�kɒnf(ə)rəns fəυn/noun a telephone so arranged that severalpeople can speak into it from around a tableconference room

conference room /�kɒnf(ə)rəns ru�m/noun a room where small meetings can takeplace. Also called meeting roomconference sales manager

conference sales manager/�kɒnf(ə)rəns �selz �m�nd$ə/ nounHOTELS somebody in charge of organisingconferences held in a hotelconference timetable

conference timetable /�kɒnf(ə)rəns�tamteb(ə)l/ noun a list of speakers orevents at a conferenceconference venue

conference venue /�kɒnf(ə)rəns�venju�/ noun a place where a conference isbeing heldconfiguration

configuration /kən |�f#jə|�reʃ(ə)n/ nounAIR TRAVEL the layout of the seats in an air-craftconfigure

configure /kən |�f#ə/ verb AIR TRAVEL toplan the layout of seats in an aircraft

‘…the economy class was configured 3–4–3 andboth seat pitch and legroom were comfortable’[Business Traveller]

confirm

confirm /kən |�f��m/ noun to make some-thing definite or to tell someone that some-thing is certain to happen � I am writing toconfirm the booking made by telephone. �The dates of the concerts have been con-firmed by the pop group’s tour manager.confirmation

confirmation /�kɒnfə|�meʃən/ noun theact of making something definite � confir-mation of a booking the act of telling some-one that you definitely intend to take a flightor hotel room that you have previouslybooked � he received confirmation fromthe hotel that the deposit had beenreceived he was told by letter or by phonethat the hotel had definitely received thedepositconfit

confit /�kɒnfi/ noun meat such as goose,duck or pork that has been cooked and pre-served in its own fatcongestion

congestion /kən|�d$estʃən/ noun a statein which there are too many people or vehi-cles in the space available and movement isdifficult � Flights have been delayedbecause of congestion at London Airport.

congestion chargecongestion charge /kən |�d$estʃəntʃɑ�d$/ noun a charge that has to be paid bymotorists who wish to drive into an areawhere there is a lot of traffic, e.g. the centreof Londoncongresscongress /�kɒŋ#res/ noun a meeting of agroup of people � the annual congress of thesociety � This year’s party congress will beheld in Blackpool.connectconnect /kə |�nekt/ verb to link one personor thing with another � The hotel is con-nected to a major European hotel chain. �the flight from New York connects with aflight to Athens the plane from New Yorkarrives in time for passengers to catch theplane to Athensconnectingconnecting /kə |�nektŋ/ adjective 1. �connecting rooms rooms which are nextdoor to each other and have a door whichconnects them 2. � connecting flight ortrain a plane or train that passengers will beon time to catch and that will take them totheir next destination � Check at the helicop-ter desk for connecting flights to the city cen-tre. � There are no connecting trains to Hal-ifax after 10.00 p.m.connectionconnection /kə |�nekʃən/ noun 1. TRAVELa plane or train that passengers will be ontime to catch and that will take them to theirnext destination 2. something that joins twothings together or associates one thing withanother 3. � in connection with referring to� I want to speak to the restaurant managerin connection with the service.connectionsconnections /kə|�nekʃ(ə)nz/ plural nounpeople you know � he has connections inthe theatre he has friends or knows peoplewho work in the theatreconserveconserve /�kɒns��v/ noun a food consist-ing of fruit in a thick sugar syrup, like jambut less firmly set and usually containinglarger pieces of fruitconsolidateconsolidate /kən |�sɒldet/ verb 1.TRAVEL to group bookings made in differenttravel agencies together 2. BUSINESS togroup several items from different supplierstogether to make one shipment � The ship-ment to India is being consolidated, and willleave Southampton Docks on Tuesday.consolidationconsolidation /kən |�sɒl |�deʃ(ə)n/ noun1. TRAVEL the grouping together of ticketbookings from different travel agencies 2.BUSINESS the grouping together of itemsfrom different suppliers into one large ship-mentconsolidatorconsolidator /kən |�sɒldetə/ noun AIRTRAVEL a company which groups togetherbookings made by various agencies so as to

Leisure.fm Page 71 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

consommé 72get cheaper group fares on ordinary sched-uled flights

‘…airline consolidators which sell scheduled air-line tickets at greatly reduced prices are basicallyseen by many as the acceptable face of bucketshops’ [The Sunday Times]

consomméconsommé /kɒn |�sɒme/ noun FOOD aclear soup made from meat, poultry, fish orvegetables � Many of the passengers wereill, and could only eat a little chicken con-sommé. � For a change, add some sherry toyour beef consommé.consortiumconsortium /kən|�sɔ�tiəm/ noun HOTELSa group of companies such as independenthotels which work together (NOTE: The plu-ral form is consortia.)constructive dismissalconstructive dismissal /kən |�str�ktvds|�ms(ə)l/ noun a situation where anemployee does not leave his or her job volun-tarily but because of pressure from the man-agementconsulconsul /�kɒnsəl/ noun a representative of acountry in another country, dealing withquestions relating to nationals of his or herown country and issuing visas for foreignerswho wish to enter it � the British Consul inLisbon � ambassadorconsularconsular /�kɒnsjυlə/ adjective referringto a consul � The consular offices are openevery weekday. � consular agent a personwith the duties of a consul in a small foreigntownconsulateconsulate /�kɒnsjυlət/ noun the house oroffice of a consul � There will be a party atthe consulate on National Day. � The consu-late is closed on Sundays. � Members of theconsulate staff visited the accident victims inhospital. � embassy

COMMENT: Consulates deal with adminis-trative details, such as passports andvisas, but also look after their own nation-als when they are in trouble, for instancewhen they lose their money, get arrested,etc.

consul-generalconsul-general /�kɒnsəl �d$en(ə)rəl/noun the main consul, who supervises sev-eral staff, or several consuls, in differentparts of the countryconsumablesconsumables /kən |�sju�məb(ə)lz/ pluralnoun things which are bought and used, suchas stationery, food and drinkconsumeconsume /kən|�sju�m/ verb to use some-thing, especially to eat food � The guestsconsumed over 100 hamburgers.consumer protectionconsumer protection /kən |�sju�mə prə |

�tekʃən/ noun BUSINESS actions that areintended to make sure that people are notcheated by unfair or illegal manufacturers ortraders

consumptionconsumption /kən |�s�mpʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.the act of consuming � The consumption ofalcohol on the premises is not allowed. � notfor human consumption not to be eaten bypeople � The meat was condemned as unfitfor human consumption. 2. the quantity con-sumed � a car with low petrol consumption� The hotel has a heavy consumption of gas.contactcontact /�kɒnt�kt/ noun 1. somebodywhom you know and whom you can ask forhelp or advice � He has many contacts in thecity. � Who is your contact in the Ministry ofTourism? 2. the act of communicating withsomeone � I have lost contact with them Ido not communicate with them any longer �he put me in contact with a good lawyer heintroduced me to a good lawyer � verb towrite to someone or talk to them on the tele-phone � He tried to contact his office byphone. � Can you contact the courier at theairport?container terminalcontainer terminal /kən |�tenə�t��mn(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS an areaof a harbour where container ships areloaded or unloadedcontaminantcontaminant /kən |�t�mnənt/ noun asubstance that contaminates � This is one ofthe contaminants of our drinking water.contaminatecontaminate /kən |�t�mnet/ verb tomake something impure by touching it or byadding something to it � Supplies of drinkingwater were contaminated by refuse from thefactories. � A whole group of tourists fell illafter eating contaminated food.contaminationcontamination /kən |�t�m|�neʃ(ə)n/noun 1. the act of making something impureby touching it or by adding something to it 2.CATERING a state of impurity caused by thepresence of substances that are harmful toliving organisms � We examine items of foodfor damage and possible signs of contamina-tion.contentcontent /�kɒntent/ noun the amount ofsomething which is contained in a substance� These foods have a high starch content. �Dried fruit has a higher sugar content thanfresh fruit.contents insurancecontents insurance /�kɒntents n|

�ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE an insurance policywhich covers damage to or theft of itemskept in a buildingcontinentcontinent /�kɒntnənt/ noun 1. one of theseven large land areas in the world, e.g.Africa or Europe 2. � the Continent (in Brit-ain) the rest of Europe from the point of viewof Great Britain itself, which is an island �on the Continent in Europe � When youdrive on the Continent remember to drive on

Leisure.fm Page 72 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

73 control towerthe right. � to the Continent to Europe �They go to the Continent on holiday eachyear, sometimes to France, sometimes toSwitzerland.continental

continental /�kɒnt |�nent(ə)l/ adjective 1.referring to a continent 2. referring to or typ-ical of Europe excluding the United King-dom � We’ve decided to take a continentalholiday this year.continental breakfast

continental breakfast /�kɒntnent(ə)l�brekfəst/ noun CATERING a light breakfastof coffee, chocolate or tea, with rolls,croissants or breadcontinental climate

continental climate /�kɒntnent(ə)l�klamət/ noun a climate of hot dry sum-mers and very cold winters � Germany has acontinental climate which is quite differentfrom ours in Britain.continental plan

continental plan /�kɒnt |�nent(ə)l pl�n/noun US HOTELS a hotel tariff includingaccommodation and a continental breakfastcontinental quilt

continental quilt /�kɒnt |�nent(ə)lkwlt/ noun same as duvetcontingency plan

contingency plan /kən|�tnd$ənsi pl�n/noun a plan which will be put into action ifsomething happens that no one expects tohappen. Also called emergency plancontingency reserve

contingency reserve /kən|�tnd$ənsi r|

�z��v/ noun money set aside in case it isneeded urgently. Also called emergencyplancontraband

contraband /�kɒntrəb�nd/ noun � con-traband (goods) goods brought into a coun-try illegally, without paying customs dutycontract

contract /�kɒntr�kt/ noun a legal agree-ment between two parties � I asked the oper-ations manager to draw up a contract. � Wesigned the contract last week. � the contractis binding on both parties both parties sign-ing the contract must do what is agreed �under contract bound by the terms of a con-tract � The firm is under contract to deliverthe goods by November.contract caterer

contract caterer /�kɒntr�kt �ketərə/noun CATERING a company that providesfood and drink under the terms of a contractcontract catering

contract catering /�kɒntr�kt �ketərŋ/noun CATERING the work of providing foodand drink under the terms of a contractcontract cleaner

contract cleaner /�kɒntr�kt �kli�nə/noun BUSINESS a company that cleans e.g.offices or public buildings under the terms ofa contractcontract cleaning

contract cleaning /�kɒntr�kt �kli�nŋ/noun the work of cleaning offices, publicbuildings etc., under the terms of a contract

contract lawcontract law /�kɒntr�kt lɔ�/ noun thelaws relating to private agreementscontract of employmentcontract of employment /�kɒntr�ktəv m |�plɔmənt/ noun a contract betweenemployer and employee showing what rightsand duties each of them hascontractorcontractor /kən |�tr�ktə/ noun somebodywho carries out a particular job in accord-ance with a signed agreementcontract ratecontract rate /�kɒntr�kt ret/ noun aspecial rate received by large companieswhich regularly use a particular hotel chaincontract roomscontract rooms /�kɒntr�kt ru�mz/ plu-ral noun rooms which are used regularly bya company and so are available at a dis-counted ratecontracts managercontracts manager /�kɒntr�kts�m�nd$ə/ noun the manager who dealswith the contracts for such things as cateringand cleaningcontrolcontrol /kən |�trəυl/ noun the power to keepsomebody or something in order or to beable to direct them � under control kept incheck � Expenses are kept under tight con-trol. � The police tried to keep the soccerfans under control. � out of control not keptin check � The fans have got out of control.� Planning authorities have allowed thehotel building boom to get out of control. �verb 1. � to control a business to have thepower to decide what a business will do �The business is controlled by a companybased in Luxembourg. � The tour company iscontrolled by its majority shareholder whichis a hotel group. 2. to keep something orsomebody in order or to limit what they areallowed to do � Police tried to control thetourists.control buttoncontrol button /kən|�trəυl �b�t(ə)n/noun a button that switches on a machine ora radio or TV set, or allows you to controlhow the machine operatescontrolled atmosphere packagingcontrolled atmosphere packaging/kən|�trəυld ��tməsfə �p�kd$ŋ/ nounCATERING the packaging of foods in sealedcontainers filled with a mixture of air andother gases, which allows a longer shelf-lifecontrolled temperature storagecontrolled temperature storage /kən |

�trəυld �temprtʃə �stɔ�rd$/ noun CATER-ING the storage of food at temperaturesbetween –1°C and +4°Ccontrollercontroller /kən |�trəυlə/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who controls something, espe-cially the finances of a companycontrol towercontrol tower /kən |�trəυl �taυə/ noun AIRTRAVEL a high building at an airport, whichhouses the radio operators who direct planeson landing or takeoff

Leisure.fm Page 73 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

convenience 74convenienceconvenience /kən |�vi�niəns/ noun � atyour earliest convenience as soon as youfind it possibleconvenience foodconvenience food /kən |�vi�niəns fu�d/noun CATERING food which is prepared andcooked before it is sold, so that it needs onlyheating to be made ready to eatconvenience storeconvenience store /kən|�vi�niəns stɔ�/noun a small store selling food or householdgoods that is open until late at night or even24 hours a dayconvenientconvenient /kən|�vi�niənt/ adjective suit-able, handy � A bank draft is a convenientway of sending money abroad. � Is 9.30 aconvenient time for the meeting?convenientlyconveniently /kən |�vi�niəntli/ adverbhandily � The hotel is conveniently situatednext to the railway station.conventionconvention /kən |�venʃən/ noun 1. a gen-eral meeting of an association or politicalparty � They are holding their annual con-vention in Chicago. 2. a formal agreementbetween several countries � an internationalconvention on human rightsconvention centreconvention centre /kən|�venʃ(ə)n�sentə/ noun same as conference centreconversionconversion /kən |�v��ʃ(ə)n/ noun the actof changing something into something elseconversion priceconversion price /kən |�v��ʃ(ə)n pras/,conversion rate /kən |�v��ʃ(ə)n ret/ nounFINANCE the rate at which a currency ischanged into a foreign currencyconvertconvert /kən |�v��t/ verb FINANCE to changemoney of one country for money of another� We converted our pounds into Swissfrancs.convertibilityconvertibility /kən |�v��tə |�bləti/ nounFINANCE the ability to exchange one currencyfor another easilyconvertibleconvertible /kən |�v��təb(ə)l/ noun ROADTRAVEL a car with a roof that can be foldedback or removed � You can hire a small con-vertible for $100 a day.convertible currencyconvertible currency /kən |�v��təb(ə)l�k�rənsi/ noun FINANCE a currency whichcan easily be exchanged for anothercookcook /kυk/ CATERING noun somebody whoprepares food in a restaurant � He worked asa cook in a pub during the summer. � verb toheat food in order to prepare it for eating �The meat is cooked for six hours in a clayoven.cookbookcookbook /�kυkbυk/ noun same as cook-ery book � I gave her an Indian cookbookfor her birthday. � If you’re not sure howlong to cook turkey, look it up in the cook-book.

cook chillcook chill, cook freeze noun CATERINGmethods of preparing food for preserving,where the food is cooked to a particular tem-perature and then chilled or frozencook-chillcook-chill /�kυk tʃl/ adjective CATERINGreferring to food that is cooked, packagedand refrigerated, and then reheated beforeservingcookedcooked /kυkt/ adjective CATERING heatedto prepare it for eating � The children seemto prefer raw carrots to cooked ones. � Themeat isn’t cooked enough – it’s tough.cooked breakfast

cooked breakfast /�kυkt �brekfəst/noun FOOD a breakfast that includes cookedfood, e.g. bacon, eggs and sausagescooker

cooker /�kυkə/ noun CATERING a devicefor cooking food, which runs on gas, elec-tricity, charcoal, etc. � Each suite has akitchen with a fridge, a dishwasher and asmall gas cooker. Also called stovecookerycookery /�kυk(ə)ri/ noun the act of pre-paring food or a style of preparing food �French provincial cookery � He’s decided togo to cookery classes.cookery bookcookery book /�kυk(ə)ri bυk/ noun abook of recipes, showing how dishes shouldbe prepared � The restaurant sells a cookerybook, written by the chef.cookie

cookie /�kυki/ noun US BREAD, ETC. asmall hard sweet biscuit, made of flour,water, sugar and other flavouringscookingcooking /�kυkŋ/ noun CATERING 1. theact of preparing food, usually by heating �The cooking in this restaurant is first-class. �He does the cooking, while his wife serves inthe restaurant. 2. a particular style of prepar-ing food � The restaurant specialises inFrench provincial cooking. � A wok is usedfor stir-fry cooking.cooking apple

cooking apple /�kυkŋ ��p(ə)l/ nounFRUIT a sour apple which is used for cooking,with sugar. Also called baking applecooking fatcooking fat /�kυkŋ f�t/, cooking oilnoun CATERING refined oil used in frying,roasting, baking, etc.cooking potcooking pot /�kυkŋ pɒt/ noun CATERINGa pot used for cookingcoolcool /ku�l/ adjective quite cold � Winesshould be stored in a cool cellar. � It getscool in the evenings in September. � noun acolder area which is pleasant � After the heatof the square, it is nice to sit in the cool of themonastery garden. � verb to make some-thing cool, or to become cool � It is best touse a blast chiller to cool hot food rapidly.cool boxcool box /�ku�l bɒks/, cool bag nounCATERING an insulated container for keeping

Leisure.fm Page 74 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

75 corporate guestsfood and drink cool, e.g. on a picnic. Alsocalled esky (NOTE: The Australian Englishis esky.)coolercooler /�ku�lə/ noun a device or machinewhich cools � It’s going to be a hot day, soyou had better put the food for the picnic inthe cooler. � A wine cooler will keep whitewine at the right temperature. � The pantryhas a 3-door cooler.copilotcopilot /�kəυpalət/ noun AIR TRAVEL asecond pilot in an aircraft, who helps thecaptain � When the pilot felt ill, his copilottook over the controls.coq au vincoq au vin /�kɒk əυ �v�n/ noun a dish ofchicken cooked in red wine with other ingre-dientscordialcordial /�kɔ�diəl/ noun a fruit drink, espe-cially one that is sold in concentrated formand diluted with watercordon bleucordon bleu /�kɔ�dɒn �bl��/ adjectiveCATERING top-quality, done or working to avery high standard � a cordon bleu chefcorecore /kɔ�/ noun the central part of a fruitsuch as an apple or pear � verb CATERING toremove the core from something such as anapple or pear � Peel and core the applesbefore putting them in the oven.corercorer /�kɔ�rə/ noun a special knife forremoving the core from an apple or otherfruitcoriandercoriander /�kɒri|��ndə/ noun SAUCES,ETC. an aromatic plant whose seeds, greenleaves and roots are used in cookery (NOTE:The US term is cilantro.)corkcork /kɔ�k/ noun BARS a piece of soft barkfrom a cork oak tree, used to close a bottle �She pulled the cork out of the bottle.corkagecorkage /�kɔ�kd$/ noun CATERING a pay-ment made by a customer to a restaurant, forpermission to bring his or her own wine andhave it opened by the wine waiter (NOTE:The US English is cork charge.)corkedcorked /kɔ�kt/ adjective 1. with a cork init 2. BEVERAGES tasting of vinegar, becauseof a dirty or faulty corkcorkscrewcorkscrew /�kɔ�kskru�/ noun BARS adevice for taking corks out of bottles � I’veforgotten the corkscrew – how can we openthe bottle?corkycorky /�kɔ�ki/ adjective BEVERAGES sameas corked 2corncorn /kɔ�n/ noun FOOD maize, a cerealwhich is used to make flour and of which theseeds are also eatencorn cobcorn cob /�kɔ�n kɒb/ noun VEGETABLES awoody stem of maize, to which the seeds areattached

corned beefcorned beef /�kɔ�nd �bi�f/ noun MEATbeef that has been salted and usually cannedcorned beef hashcorned beef hash /�kɔ�nd bi�f �h�ʃ/noun US FOOD a dish made of corned beef,onions and mashed potatoes, cooked in theovencornercorner /�kɔ�nə/ noun a place where twostreets or two walls join � The Post Office ison the corner of the High Street and LondonRoad.corner roomcorner room /�kɔ�nə ru�m/ noun a roomsituated at the corner of a buildingcorner seatcorner seat /�kɔ�nə si�t/ noun a seat inthe cornercorner shopcorner shop /�kɔ�nə ʃɒp/ noun a small,privately owned, general store in a town,often on a street cornercorner tablecorner table /�kɔ�nə �teb(ə)l/ nounCATERING a table in a corner of a restaurant,popular because it is more intimatecornetcornet /�kɔ�nt/ noun FOOD same as conecornflakescornflakes /�kɔ�nfleks/ plural nounFOOD a breakfast cereal, made of flat crisppieces of corn, eaten with milk and sugarcornflourcornflour /�kɔ�nflaυə/, cornstarch US/�kɔ�nstɑ�tʃ/ noun FOOD a powdery flourmade from maize, used to thicken saucesCornish pastyCornish pasty /�kɔ�nʃ �p�sti/ nounFOOD a pie of meat and potatoes wrapped inpastry, a common food in pubscorn oilcorn oil /�kɔ�n ɔl/ noun FOOD an edible oilmade from corncorn on the cobcorn on the cob /�kɔ�n ɒn ðə �kɒb/ nounVEGETABLES a piece of maize, with seeds onit, served hot, with butter and saltcorn syrupcorn syrup /�kɔ�n �srəp/ noun FOOD asweet liquid made from corncorporatecorporate /�kɔ�p(ə)rət/ adjective relatingto a companycorporate cardcorporate card /�kɔ�p(ə)rət kɑ�d/ nounFINANCE a credit card which belongs to acompany, and is used by an individualemployeecorporate cateringcorporate catering /�kɔ�p(ə)rət�ketərŋ/ noun BUSINESS catering for busi-ness guests, organised by a catering com-pany for a large corporationcorporate clientcorporate client /�kɔ�p(ə)rət �klaənt/noun a company that is a client of a hotel,restaurant or airlinecorporate entertainingcorporate entertaining /�kɔ�p(ə)rət�entə|�tenŋ/ noun BUSINESS arrangementsmade by a company to entertain its businessguestscorporate guestscorporate guests /�kɔ�p(ə)rət �#ests/plural noun businesspeople visiting e.g. ahotel

Leisure.fm Page 75 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

corporate hospitality 76corporate hospitality

corporate hospitality /�kɔ�p(ə)rət�hɒsp |�t�lti/ noun free entertainmentoffered by a company to important custom-ers or trading partners, e.g. at major sportingevents � Corporate hospitality is a fast grow-ing sector.corporate rate

corporate rate /�kɔ�p(ə)rət ret/ noun aspecial rate for people travelling on businesscorporate travel

corporate travel /�kɔ�p(ə)rət �tr�v(ə)l/noun TRAVEL travel on business by execu-tives of a large company, paid for and organ-ised by the company

COMMENT: Very large companies mayemploy the services of a single travelagency, and that agency may have anoffice in the company headquarters.

corporation tax

corporation tax /�kɔ�pə |�reʃ(ə)n t�ks/noun BUSINESS a tax on profits made bycompaniescorridor

corridor /�kɒrdɔ�/ noun a long, narrowpassage � The toilets are the second door onthe left at the end of the corridor.cos

cos /kəz/ noun VEGETABLES a type of let-tuce with long stiff dark green leaves. Alsocalled romainecost

cost /kɒst/ noun the amount of moneywhich has to be paid for something � What isthe cost of a first-class ticket to New York? �Travel costs are falling each year. � We can-not afford the cost of two separate rooms. �verb to have a price � How much does thecamera cost? � This cloth costs £10 a metre.cost analysis

cost analysis /�kɒst ə |�n�ləss/ nounBUSINESS an examination in advance of howmuch it will cost to make a new productcost-benefit analysis

cost-benefit analysis /�kɒst �benft ə|

�n�ləss/ noun BUSINESS analysis that com-pares the costs and benefits of different waysof using available resourcescost centre

cost centre /�kɒst �sentə/ noun BUSINESSa group or machine whose costs can be item-ised and to which fixed costs can be allo-catedcosting

costing /�kɒstŋ/ noun BUSINESS the cal-culation of a selling price, based on the costsof making a product � I can’t do the costingfor the banquet until I have all the details ofwhat the client wants.cost plus

cost plus /�kɒst �pl�s/ noun BUSINESS asystem of calculating a price, by taking thecost of production of goods or services andadding a percentage to cover the supplier’soverheads and margin � We are charging forthe work on a cost plus basis.cost price

cost price /�kɒst pras/ noun BUSINESS aselling price that is the same as the pricewhich the seller paid for the item

cotcot /kɒt/ noun a child’s bed with sides. �

carrycotcottage

cottage /�kɒtd$/ noun a little house in thecountrycottage cheese

cottage cheese /�kɒtd$ �tʃi�z/ nounDAIRY mild white cheese formed into softgrains, which is made from skimmed milkand so has a very low fat contentcottage holidaycottage holiday /�kɒtd$ �hɒlde/ nounTOURISM a holiday spent in a small cottage inthe countrycottage piecottage pie /�kɒtd$ pa/ noun FOODminced beef cooked in a dish with a layer ofmashed potatoes on top. Compare shep-herd’s piecottagercottager /�kɒtəd$ə/ noun a holidaymakerwho stays at a small holiday home in thecountry or beside the seacotton candycotton candy /�kɒtən �k�ndi/ noun USFOOD thin threads of melted sugar which arespun in a drum and sold as a mass attached toa stick � stalls at the fair selling cold drinksand cotton candy (NOTE: The British Englishis candyfloss.)couchettecouchette /ku� |�ʃet/ noun RAIL TRAVEL asleeping berth on a train, usually separatedfrom others by a curtain or light partitioncoughcough /kɒf/ noun a sound made whensomebody has an irritation in the throat andair is sent out of the lungs suddenly � Hegave a little cough to attract the waitress’sattention. � She has a bad cough and cannotmake the speech. � verb to send air out of thelungs suddenly because the throat is irritated� The smoke made him cough. � He has acold and keeps on coughing and sneezing.couliscoulis /�ku�li/ noun a thin purée of fruit orvegetables used as a garnishcountercounter /�kaυntə/ noun 1. BUSINESS along flat surface in a shop for displaying andselling goods 2. BARS a similar long flat sur-face in a bar � She sat at the counter to eather breakfast.counter service

counter service /�kaυntə �s��vs/ noun1. the serving of food to people sitting at acounter 2. CATERING same as cafeteriaservicecounter staffcounter staff /�kaυntə stɑ�f/ noun staffwho work behind a countercountrycountry /�k�ntri/ noun 1. an area of landwhich has borders and governs itself � Theinsurance covers drivers driving in the coun-tries of the EU. � Some African countrieshave tourist offices in London. (NOTE: Theplural form is countries.) 2. land which isnot near a town � The tour is mainly in thecountry, but with two nights in the town. �

Leisure.fm Page 76 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

77 couscousRoad travel is difficult in country areas. � upcountry in the interior of a country, usuallyaway from large towns � ‘country style’words attached to various food products,which imply that the food is traditionallymade when in fact it is mass-producedcountry club

country club /�k�ntri �kl�b/ nounENTERTAINMENT a club in the country, usu-ally offering special sports facilities such asgolf, horse riding, etc.country code

country code /�k�ntri kəυd/ noun anumber dialled after the international accesscode and before the area code when makinga call to another countrycountry house hotel

country house hotel /�k�ntri haυs həυ |

�tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel which is in a largehouse in the countrycountry inn

country inn, country pub noun BARS apub in the countrycountry of origin

country of origin /�k�ntri əv �ɒrd$n/noun BUSINESS the country where a productis manufacturedcountry park

country park /�k�ntri pɑ�k/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT an area in the countryside set asidefor the public to visit and enjoycountryside

countryside /�k�ntrisad/ noun the landaway from towns, with fields, woods andfarms � the beautiful English countryside inspring � The countryside is in danger ofbeing covered in new houses. (NOTE: Thereis no plural form.)Countryside and Rights of Way Act

Countryside and Rights of Way Act/�k�ntrisad ənd rats əv �we ��kt/ nounan Act of Parliament passed in 2000, whichregulates access to open countryside, rightsof way on footpaths and bridleways, and thesupervision of Areas of Outstanding NaturalBeautycoupe

coupe /ku�p/ noun 1. CATERING a wide flatglass on a stem, used for serving ice creamand other sweets 2. FOOD ice cream or sor-bet, served in a wide flat dish with a stem,sometimes with cream and sauces 3. CATER-ING a wide flat glass for serving champagne(NOTE: Champagne is more often served intall slim glasses, called ‘flutes’.)coupon ad

coupon ad /�ku�pɒn �d/ noun MARKET-ING an advertisement with a form attached,which is to be cut out and returned to theadvertiser with your name and address forfurther informationcourgette

courgette /kɔ� |�$et/ noun VEGETABLES thefruit of the marrow at a very immature stagein its development, cut when green or yellowin colour and between 10 and 20 cm longcourier

courier /�kυriə/ noun 1. BUSINESS a personor company taking messages or packages

from one place to another by car, motorcycleor aircraft 2. TOURISM somebody who goeswith a party of tourists to guide them on apackage tour � The courier met us at the air-port.courier service

courier service /�kυriə �s��vs/ noun 1.a service provided by a person or companytaking messages and packages from oneplace to another by car, motorcycle or air-craft 2. a service which provides a guide togo with a party of tourists to guide them on apackage tourcourse

course /kɔ�s/ noun 1. CATERING one partof a meal � a five-course meal � maincourse 2. a series of lessons � She attendeda course for junior hotel managers. � Thehotel offers weekend courses in watercolourpainting.

COMMENT: A meal may have severalcourses: the first course (or starter),which can be soup or pâté or othersavoury food; the main course, with meator fish, served with vegetables; and thesweet course (or dessert) with puddings,pies, ice cream, etc. Sometimes a mealcan have four courses, with a separatefish course as well as a meat course.More elaborate meals, such as banquetsor gastronomic meals, can have five ormore courses, with cheese being servedas a separate course.

court

court /kɔ�t/ noun SPORT an area where agame of tennis or squash, etc., is played �The tennis courts are behind the hotel.court bouillon

court bouillon /�kɔ�t �bu�jɒn/ nounFOOD a liquid used for poaching fish, madewith water flavoured with vegetables, herbsand wine or vinegarcourteous

courteous /�k��tiəs/ adjective very polite� I found the hotel staff particularly courte-ous.courtesy

courtesy /�k��təsi/ noun politeness � Thehotel staff showed us every courtesy. � bycourtesy of with the kind permission of �courtesy bus, car, coach a bus, car or coachthat transports guests from the airport to ahotel, a car park, etc., free of chargecourtesy phone

courtesy phone /�k��təsi fəυn/ nounHOTELS a free telephone service, usually forcalling rooms within a hotel, for contacting aspecial service such as a central hotel reser-vation system or for calling a taxicourtyard

courtyard /�kɔ�tjɑ�d/ noun a small yardsurrounded by buildings � The hotel is builtround a courtyard with fountains and palmtrees. � There is a paved courtyard behindthe restaurant.couscous

couscous /�ku�sku�s/ noun FOOD 1.wheat flour in the form of granules which are

Leisure.fm Page 77 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cover 78cooked by steaming 2. a North African dishof meat and vegetables stewed in a spicysauce, served with steamed semolinacover

cover /�k�və/ noun 1. � under cover undera roof, not in the open air � If it rains the buf-fet will be served under cover. 2. � to ask foradditional cover to ask an insurance com-pany to increase the amount for which youare insured � to operate without adequatecover to operate without being protected byinsurance 3. CATERING (in a restaurant) aplace for a customer at a restaurant table,with the cutlery and glasses already set out �a dinner for sixty covers � He bought a fifty-cover restaurant. � verb 1. � to cover a riskto insure against a risk � The insurance cov-ers fire, theft and loss of work. � to be fullycovered to have insurance against all risks �the damage was covered by the insurancethe insurance company paid for the damage2. BUSINESS to have enough money to pay, orto ask for security against a loan which youare making 3. BUSINESS to earn enoughmoney to pay for costs, expenses etc. � Wedo not make enough sales to cover theexpense of running the shop. � Breakevenpoint is reached when sales cover all costs.

‘…we’re doing 700–800 covers a week’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

cover charge

cover charge /�k�və tʃɑ�d$/ nounCATERING a charge in addition to the chargefor foodcovered market

covered market /�k�vəd �mɑ�kt/ nounENTERTAINMENT a market which is not in theopen air, but with stalls or small shops in aspecial buildingcovering letter

covering letter /�k�vərŋ �letə/ noun aletter sent with documents to say why theyare being sentcover note

cover note /�k�və nəυt/ noun a letterfrom an insurance company giving details ofan insurance policy and confirming that thepolicy exists (NOTE: The US English for thisis binder.)crab

crab /kr�b/ noun 1. SEAFOOD an edibleten-footed crustacean with large pincers,which walks sideways � She ordered a crabsandwich. 2. same as crabmeatcrab apple

crab apple /�kr�b ��p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT abitter wild apple used to make crab applejellycrabmeat

crabmeat /�kr�bmi�t/ noun the flesh of acrab used as foodcrab stick

crab stick /�kr�b stk/ noun a stick-shaped piece of processed fish that has beenflavoured and coloured to resemble crab-meat

cracker

cracker /�kr�kə/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. adry unsweetened biscuit � After the maincourse they served cheese and crackers. 2. �(Christmas) cracker a colourful paper tubewhich makes a little bang when it is pulled,given at Christmas parties � We had mincepies and pulled crackers. � What did you getin your cracker? – A paper hat and a puzzle.

COMMENT: Christmas crackers have littlepresents inside them; usually folded paperhats, small plastic toys and ‘mottoes’(pieces of paper with bad jokes written onthem).

cradle

cradle /�kred(ə)l/ noun CATERING a typeof basket with handles for holding a bottle ofvintage red wine, so that the wine can beserved without holding the bottle upright andthe sediment is not disturbedcraft food

craft food /�krɑ�ft fu�d/ noun food that iscarefully prepared from high-quality ingre-dients, as opposed to fast foodcramped

cramped /kr�mpt/ adjective too small ortoo close together � On some aircraft, theseating in tourist class can be very cramped.cranberry

cranberry /�kr�nb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT awild red berry, used to make a sharp sweetsauce � She drank a glass of cranberry juice.cranberry sauce

cranberry sauce /�kr�nb(ə)ri sɔ�s/noun SAUCES, ETC. a sharp sweet red sauce,eaten with meat, in particular turkeycrash

crash /kr�ʃ/ noun 1. TRAVEL an accident ina car, bus, coach, plane or train � The carwas damaged in the crash. � The plane crashkilled all the passengers or All the passen-gers were killed in the plane crash. 2. afinancial collapse � 250 travellers lost alltheir money in the crash of the tour company.� verb 1. to hit something and be damaged �The plane crashed into the mountain. � Thetruck crashed into the post office. 2. to col-lapse financially � The tour companycrashed with debts of over £1 million. � Twogroups of tourists were stranded when thetravel group crashed.crayfish

crayfish /�krefʃ/ noun SEAFOOD a kindof freshwater crustacean like a small lobster(NOTE: The plural form is crayfish. The USEnglish spelling is crawfish.)cream

cream /kri�m/ noun 1. DAIRY the rich fatpart of milk 2. MEDICAL a medicinal oily sub-stance, used to rub on the skin � verb CATER-ING to mix ingredients together until theyform a smooth mixturecream cake

cream cake /�kri�m �kek/ noun BREAD,ETC. any cake or pastry filled with whippedcream

Leisure.fm Page 78 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

79 crêpe suzettecream cheese

cream cheese /�kri�m �tʃi�z/ noun DAIRYa soft smooth cheese which can be spreadeasilycream cheese and chives

cream cheese and chives /�kri�mtʃi�z ən �tʃavz/ noun FOOD chives,chopped and mixed with cream cheese toform a spreadcream cracker

cream cracker /�kri�m �kr�kə/ noun acrisp savoury biscuit usually eaten withcheesecreamed potatoes

creamed potatoes /�kri�ms pə|�tetəυ/plural noun FOOD same as mashed pota-toescreamer

creamer /�kri�mə/ noun a cream substi-tute, used especially in coffee or teacream horn

cream horn /�kri�m �hɔ�n/ noun BREAD,ETC. a cone of puff pastry filled withwhipped creamcream of asparagus soup

cream of asparagus soup /�kri�m əv ə|

�sp�rə#əs �su�p/ noun FOOD asparagussoup with milk or cream addedcream of mushroom soup

cream of mushroom soup /�kri�m əv�m�ʃru�m �su�p/ noun FOOD mushroomsoup with milk or cream addedcream tea

cream tea /�kri�m �ti�/ noun CATERINGafternoon tea, served with scones, thickcream and jamcrèche

crèche /kreʃ/ noun a place where smallchildren can be left by their parents, to belooked after by qualified staff � The ship hasa crèche for children over two years old.credit

credit /�kredt/ noun 1. BUSINESS the timegiven to a customer before he or she has topay � to give someone six months’ credit � tosell on good credit terms � he has exceededhis credit limit he has borrowed moremoney than he is allowed to � to open a lineof credit or a credit line to make creditavailable to someone � on credit withoutpaying immediately � We buy everything onsixty days’ credit. � The company exists oncredit from its suppliers. 2. FINANCE moneyreceived by a person or company andrecorded in the accounts � account in creditan account where more money has beenreceived than is owedcredit account

credit account /�kredt ə|�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE an account that a customer has witha shop which allows him or her to buy goodsand pay for them later � to open a creditaccountcredit agency

credit agency /�kredt �ed$ənsi/, creditbureau /�kredt �bjυərəυ/ noun FINANCE acompany which reports on the creditworthi-ness of customers to show whether theyshould be allowed credit

credit balancecredit balance /�kredt �b�ləns/ nounFINANCE a balance in an account, showingthat more money has been received than isowed by a person or company � The accounthas a credit balance of £1,000.credit cardcredit card /�kredt kɑ�d/ noun FINANCE aplastic card which allows you to borrowmoney and to buy goods without paying forthem immediatelycredit card salecredit card sale /�kredt kɑ�d �sel/noun FINANCE a transaction paid for by creditcardcredit entrycredit entry /�kredt �entri/ nounFINANCE an entry on the credit side of anaccountcredit facilitiescredit facilities /�kredt fə |�sltiz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS an arrangement with a bankor supplier to have credit so as to buy goodscredit freezecredit freeze /�kredt fri�z/, creditsqueeze /�kredt skwi�z/ noun FINANCE aperiod when lending by banks is restrictedby the governmentcredit limitcredit limit /�kredt �lmt/ noun FINANCEa fixed amount which is the most a customercan owe on creditcredit notecredit note /�kredt nəυt/ noun FINANCE anote showing that money is owed to a cus-tomer � The company sent the wrong orderand so had to issue a credit note.credit ratingcredit rating /�kredt �retŋ/ nounFINANCE the amount which a credit agencyfeels a customer should be allowed to borrowcrèmecrème /krem/ noun DAIRY a French nounmeaning creamcrème brûléecrème brûlée /�krem �bru�le/ noun DES-SERTS a dessert of egg custard with a toppingof caramelised sugarcrème caramelcrème caramel /�krem �k�rə |�mel/ nounDESSERTS a dessert of egg custard toppedwith a thin sauce of browned sugar. It is usu-ally served turned upside down onto theserving plate, though sometimes served inthe bowl in which it is cooked. Also calledcaramel custardcrème fraîchecrème fraîche /�krem �freʃ/ noun DAIRYa form of slightly sour cream which keepswellcreolecreole /kri|�ɒl/ adjective FOOD referring tofood cooked in the spicy highly flavouredway associated with the French Creole peo-ple of New Orleans, usually with tomatoes,hot peppers, onions and ricecrêpecrêpe /krep/ noun FOOD a thin pancakeusually served rolled up or folded with a fill-ingcrêpe suzettecrêpe suzette /�krep su� |�zet/ noun apancake prepared with orange sauce and

Leisure.fm Page 79 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

cress 80flambéed with an orange-flavoured liqueuror brandycress

cress /kres/ noun VEGETABLES a plantwhose seedlings are used for salads, espe-cially together with seedlings of mustard �The sandwiches were served with a garnishof mustard and cress. � We had egg and cresssandwiches. � mustard and cress, water-cresscrew

crew /kru�/ noun TRAVEL a group of peoplewho work on a plane, ship, etc. � The shipcarries a crew of 250. � verb to form thecrew for a boat, plane, etc. � Fully-crewedyacht charters are also available.crew rest seat

crew rest seat /�kru� �rest �si�t/ noun AIRTRAVEL a seat on an aircraft for the use of amember of the crew during a long flightcrime prevention

crime prevention /�kram pr|�venʃ(ə)n/noun actions to stop crime being committed,e.g. fitting burglar alarms and window lockscrisp

crisp /krsp/ adjective hard, able to be bro-ken into pieces and making a noise when youbite it � These biscuits are not crisp anymore, they have gone soft. � noun FOOD athin slice of potato, fried till crisp and eatencold as a snack � We always take packets ofcrisps with us on picnics. (NOTE: The USEnglish is potato chip.)crispy bacon

crispy bacon /�krspi �bekən/ nounMEAT thin slices of bacon, fried or grilleduntil they are hard and crispcritic

critic /�krtk/ noun ENTERTAINMENT some-body who examines something and com-ments on it, especially somebody who writescomments on new plays, films or restaurantsfor a newspaper � The restaurant waspraised by all the critics. � She has been therestaurant critic of the ‘Standard’ for the lasttwenty years.criticise

criticise /�krtsaz/, criticize verb tomake an unfavourable comment about some-one or something, or to say that something orsomeone is wrong or is working badly, etc. �The manager criticised the receptionist fornot being polite to the guests. � The design ofthe new restaurant has been criticised.criticism

criticism /�krtsz(ə)m/ noun an unfa-vourable commentcrockery

crockery /�krɒkəri/ noun plates, cups andsaucers, etc.croissant

croissant /�kw�sɒŋ/ noun BREAD, ETC. arolled pastry, made in the shape of a crescentmoon, often served at breakfastcroissanterie

croissanterie /�kw�sɒntəri/ nounCATERING a snack bar serving hot croissantswith various fillings

croquet

croquet /�krəυki/ noun ENTERTAINMENT alawn game played with hoops, balls and mal-lets � Let’s have a game of croquet while theweather is fine. � The hotel has a swimmingpool, and offers croquet and tennis.

COMMENT: Croquet is a game for two tofour players who try to hit a ball through aseries of small metal hoops using a longmallet, and finish by hitting a stake; shotsare taken in turn, but bonus shots areearned by hitting the ball through the hoopor by hitting an opponent’s ball with yourown.

croquet lawncroquet lawn /�krəυki lɔ�n/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a special lawn set out with hoopsfor playing croquetcroquette

croquette /krɒ |�ket/ noun FOOD a smallball or cake of mashed potato, minced meat,vegetables or fish, covered with bread-crumbs and fried � Steak is served with cro-quette potatoes.cross

cross /krɒs/ verb to go across � Concordetook only three hours to cross the Atlantic. �To get to the bank, you turn left and cross thestreet at the post office.cross-cross- /krɒs/ prefix across � cross-harbourferry servicescross-channel

cross-channel /�krɒs �tʃ�n(ə)l/ adjec-tive across the English Channelcross-channel ferrycross-channel ferry /�krɒs �tʃ�n(ə)l�feri/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a ferry whichtakes passengers or vehicles between Eng-land and Francecross-channel services

cross-channel services /�krɒs�tʃ�n(ə)l �s��vsz/ plural noun SHIPS ANDBOATS ferry, hovercraft or hydrofoil servicesacross the English Channelcross-contamination

cross-contamination /�krɒs kən |�t�m|

�neʃ(ə)n/ noun CATERING contaminationfrom one type of food to another and backagain � Cover and store fresh and raw foodsseparately to avoid the risk of cross-contam-ination.cross-country

cross-country /�krɒs �k�ntri/ adjectiveacross the country, not necessarily followingpathscross-country skiingcross-country skiing /�krɒs �k�ntri�ski�ŋ/ noun SPORT skiing for long dis-tances following marked tracks across coun-try, as opposed to downhill skiing. Alsocalled XC skiingcrossed chequecrossed cheque /�krɒst �tʃek/ nounFINANCE a cheque with two lines across itshowing that it can only be deposited at abank and not exchanged for cashcrossed line

crossed line /�krɒst �lan/ noun a situa-tion when two telephone conversations getmixed

Leisure.fm Page 80 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

81 Crustaceacrossing

crossing /�krɒsŋ/ noun the act of goingacross water � The crossing was roughbecause of the storm. � We had a good cross-ing, and sat on the deck most of the time.cross-training

cross-training /�krɒs �trenŋ/ nountraining in the work of several differentdepartments of an organisationcroutoncrouton /�kru�tɒn/, croûton noun BREAD,ETC. a small piece of fried or toasted bread,served with soup or as part of a saladcrowd

crowd /kraυd/ noun a mass of people �Crowds of people were queuing to get intothe exhibition. � If you travel early, you willavoid the crowds of Christmas shoppers.crowded

crowded /�kraυdd/ adjective 1. withmany people � The Oxford Street shops arealways crowded in the week before Christ-mas. � The airport was crowded with holi-daymakers. 2. busy � We have a crowdeditinerary.

‘…recent snow shortages have meant that areaswhich have had good snow have become espe-cially crowded’ [Sunday Times]

crown

crown /kraυn/ noun 1. a gold and jewelledheaddress for a king, queen, emperor, etc. �The crown of St Wenceslas is in Praguecathedral. 2. (rating system) an indicator ofquality � The hotel rates three crowns in theguide. 3. the monarchy � the Crown Jewelsjewels belonging to the British monarch,which are on display in the Tower of London

COMMENT: The rating system formerlyused by the English Tourism Council forthe facilities offered by hotels, bed andbreakfasts and boarding houses wasshown by crowns.

crown cap

crown cap /�kraυn k�p/ noun BARS ametal bottle cap with a soft liningcrown roast

crown roast /�kraυn rəυst/ noun MEAT adish of lamb, formed of two pieces of bestend of neck, tied together to form a shapelike a crownCRS

CRS abbreviation TRAVEL computer reser-vation systemcru

cru /kru�/ noun BEVERAGES used to refer toa classified or named vineyard, or an appel-lation contrôlée wine from that vineyard(NOTE: cru comes from the French nounmeaning ‘growth’.)cruditéscrudités /�kru�dte/ plural noun smallpieces of raw vegetables e.g. carrots andcucumber, eaten as an appetiser or snack,often with a dipcruet

cruet /�kru�t/ noun CATERING a set of con-tainers for salt, pepper, mustard, etc., whichis put on the table, or kept on a special stand� Can you pass me the cruet, please? Com-pare condiment

cruisecruise /kru�z/ noun TOURISM a holidayconsisting of a long journey in a ship, stop-ping at different places � They went on awinter cruise to the Caribbean. � The cruisetakes us round the Mediterranean. � verb 1.SHIPS AND BOATS to sail from place to placefor pleasure � They spent May cruising in theAegean. � The ship cruised from island toisland. 2. to go along at a regular speedcruise holidaycruise holiday /�kru�z �hɒlde/ noun aholiday that is spent taking a cruisecruise linecruise line /�kru�z lan/ noun a companyoffering cruises in large luxurious linerscruise linercruise liner /�kru�z �lanə/, cruise ship/�kru�z �ʃp/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a shipwhich takes holidaymakers on cruisescruisercruiser /�kru�zə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS asmall motorboat, with cabins, which goes onrivers or lakescruising altitudecruising altitude /�kru�zŋ ��lttju�d/noun AIR TRAVEL the usual height at which aplane is flyingcrumbcrumb /kr�m/ noun a small piece that hasbroken off some dry food such as bread, cakeor biscuits � After the meal, the waitersbrushed the crumbs from the table. � Thetable was covered with crumbs. (NOTE: Toshow different types of crumbs, you cansay breadcrumbs, cake crumbs, etc.)crumb downcrumb down /�kr�m daυn/ verb toremove crumbs from the tablecloth betweencourses

COMMENT: Crumbing down can be donewith a special brush, but is often done byflicking or wiping the table with the servicecloth.

crumblecrumble /�kr�mbəl/ noun DESSERTS adessert made of fruit covered with a cakemixture of flour, fat and sugarcrumpetcrumpet /�kr�mpt/ noun a flat bun withsmall holes in its surface that is eaten toastedwith buttercrushcrush /kr�ʃ/ verb to reduce fruit or vegeta-bles to juice and pulp by pressing � nounBEVERAGES a drink containing the juice fromcrushed fruitcrushed icecrushed ice /�kr�ʃt �as/ noun CATERINGice which has been broken into very smallpieces, used to cool dishes set out on a serv-ing tablecrustcrust /kr�st/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. the hardouter part of a loaf of bread or of a roll or ofa slice of bread � a plate of cucumber sand-wiches with the crusts cut off 2. FOOD thepastry top of a pie � The crust of the pie hadsagged in the middle.CrustaceaCrustacea /kr�s |�teʃə/ noun a class ofanimals which have hard shells which are

Leisure.fm Page 81 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

crustacean 82shed periodically as the animals grow, e.g.crabs or lobsterscrustacean

crustacean /kr� |�steʃ(ə)n/ noun SEA-FOOD an animal with a hard shell, usually liv-ing in the sea, e.g. a lobster, crab or shrimp �The crayfish is a freshwater crustacean.crusty loaf

crusty loaf /�kr�sti �ləυf/ noun BREAD,ETC. a loaf with a particularly hard crustcryogenic freezing

cryogenic freezing /�kraəd$enk�fri�zŋ/ noun freezing to very low tempera-turescrystallised fruit

crystallised fruit /�krstəlazd �fru�t/noun FOOD fruit that has been preserved bysoaking in a strong sugar solutionCSQ

CSQ abbreviation customer service ques-tionnairecubic measure

cubic measure /�kju�bk �me$ə/ nounvolume in cubic feet or metres, calculated bymultiplying height, width and lengthcucumber

cucumber /�kju�k�mbə/ noun VEGETA-BLES a long cylindrical green vegetable usedin salads or for pickling

COMMENT: Cucumber is usually slicedthinly, and can be used to make sand-wiches. It is also used with mint andyoghurt to make tsatsiki.

cuisine

cuisine /kw|�zi�n/ noun a style of cooking� Chinese cuisine is very different fromEuropean. � The hotel restaurant servesLebanese cuisine. (NOTE: cuisine comesfrom the French noun meaning ‘kitchen’.)culinary

culinary /�k�ln(ə)ri/ adjective referring tocooking � I’m no culinary expert but I lovegood food. � Master of Culinary Arts

‘…the college wishes to appoint a chef/managerto lead its small catering team in providing a highquality service to students and staff. Good culi-nary skills and a financially aware approach tobusiness are essential’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

cultural

cultural /�k�ltʃər(ə)l/ adjective relating tothe works of art produced by a particularnation or group of people or to their customsand traditional way of lifecultural travel

cultural travel /�k�ltʃər(ə)l �tr�v(ə)l/noun travel for the purpose of seeing worksof art or learning about the traditions andway of life of other nationsculture

culture /�k�ltʃə/ noun 1. the traditionalcustoms and way of life of a people or group2. artistic and intellectual activitiescumin

cumin /�kju�mn/ noun the seeds of a plantof the carrot family used as a spicecup

cup /k�p/ noun a container for drinking hotliquids, always with a saucer � I would like acup of tea, please. � She drank two cups ofcoffee. � Tea is 50p a cup.

cupboardcupboard /�k�bəd/ noun a large piece offurniture with shelves and doors, or analcove in a wall with shelves and doorscup cakescup cakes /�k�p keks/ plural nounBREAD, ETC. little individual cakes baked inspecial paper cupscurdcurd /k��d/ noun DAIRY the solid substanceformed when milk coagulates, which is usedfor making cheese. Compare wheycurd cheesecurd cheese /�k��d tʃi�z/ noun US DAIRYsame as cottage cheesecurdlecurdle /�k��d(ə)l/ verb CATERING to makefood, especially milk products, go sourcurdscurds /k��dz/ plural noun DAIRY same ascurdcurecure /kjυə/ verb CATERING to preserve fishor meat by salting or smoking � noun MEDI-CAL a particular way of making someonewell or of stopping an illness � Some doctorsbelieve that acupuncture is a good cure forarthritis.

COMMENT: Meat is cured by keeping it inbrine or dry salt for some time; both saltingand smoking have a dehydrating effect onthe meat, preventing the reproduction andgrowth of microorganisms harmful tohumans.

cured hamcured ham /�kjυərd �h�m/ noun MEATham which has been soaked in salt water andthen smokedcurrantcurrant /�k�rənt/ noun FRUIT a small driedblack grape � fruit cake with currants, sul-tanas and raisins in it � blackcurrant, red-currant

COMMENT: Currants are smaller andblacker than raisins or sultanas; they areall forms of dried grapes.

currant buncurrant bun /�k�rənt b�n/ noun BREAD,ETC. a bun with currants in itcurrencycurrency /�k�rənsi/ noun FINANCE moneyin coins and notes which is used in a partic-ular country (NOTE: Currency has no pluralwhen it refers to the money of one country:He was arrested trying to take currency outof the country.)

‘…the strong dollar’s inflationary impact onEuropean economies, as national governmentsstruggle to support their sinking currencies andpush up interest rates’ [Duns Business Month]‘…today’s wide daily variations in exchangerates show the instability of a system based on asingle currency, namely the dollar’ [Economist]

currency convertercurrency converter /�k�rənsi kən|

�v��tə/ a table or computer program thatenables you to calculate what the value of asum of money in one currency would be inanother currencycurrency notecurrency note /�k�rənsi nəυt/ nounFINANCE a bank note

Leisure.fm Page 82 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

83 customs barriercurrent

current /�k�rənt/ noun a flow of water orelectricity � adjective relating to the presenttime � current rate of exchange today’srate of exchangecurrent account

current account /�k�rənt ə|�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE an account in a bank from which thecustomer can withdraw money when he orshe wants by writing cheques � to pay moneyinto a current account Also called chequeaccountcurrent assets

current assets /�k�rənt ��sets/ pluralnoun BUSINESS assets used by a company inits ordinary work, such as materials, finishedgoods, cash, monies due etc., and which areheld for a short time onlycurrent liabilities

current liabilities /�k�rənt laə |�bltiz/plural noun BUSINESS debts that a companyhas to pay within the next accounting periodcurrent price

current price /�k�rənt �pras/ noun theprice that is being charged nowcurriculum vitae

curriculum vitae /kə|�rkjυləm �vi�ta/noun BUSINESS a summary of a person’scareer showing details of education andwork experience � Candidates should send aletter of application with a curriculum vitaeto the human resources manager. Abbr CV(NOTE: The plural form is curriculumsvitae or curricula vitae. The US English isrésumé.)curriedcurried /�k�rd/ adjective CATERINGserved with a curry sauce � a plate of curriedlamb and rice � curried prawnscurrycurry /�k�ri/ noun FOOD an Indian foodprepared with spices � We ordered a lambcurry. � I want chicken curry and rice.curry paste

curry paste /�k�ri pest/, curry powder/�k�ri �paυdə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a hotspicy paste or powder, used to make Indiandishescurtain

curtain /�k��tən/ noun a long piece ofmaterial hanging by hooks from a pole, cov-ering a window or door � Can you close thecurtains, please? � verb � to curtain off toseparate with a curtain � The end of the din-ing room is curtained off to form a privatemeeting room. � to draw the curtains 1. toopen the curtains 2. to close the curtains �Draw the curtains – it’s getting cold.custard

custard /�k�stəd/ noun SAUCES, ETC. asweet yellow sauce made with milk andpowder of cornflour and vanillacustard apple

custard apple /�k�stəd ��p(ə)l/ nounFRUIT the sweet pulpy fruit of a tree grown inthe West Indiescustody

custody /�k�stədi/ noun the state of beinglooked after, kept or detained by somebody �The jewels were in the custody of the man-

ager, and he had placed them in the hotelsafe. � The hijacker was taken into policecustody on landing.custom

custom /�k�stəm/ noun 1. BUSINESS theuse of a restaurant, hotel, bar or shop by reg-ular customers � to lose someone’s customto do something which makes a regular cus-tomer go to another restaurant, shop, etc. 2.something that people usually do, or havedone for a long time � It’s an old Greek cus-tom to smash plates at the end of a meal.custom-built

custom-built /�k�stəm blt/, custom-made /�k�stəm �med/ adjective made spe-cially for one customer � He drives a cus-tom-built Rolls Royce.customer

customer /�k�stəmə/ noun BUSINESS aperson or company that buys goods or serv-ices � The shop was full of customers. � Canyou serve this customer first, please? � He isa regular customer of ours.customer appeal

customer appeal /�k�stəmər ə|�pi�l/noun BUSINESS something which attractscustomers to a productcustomer care agent

customer care agent /�k�stəmə �keə�ed$ənt/ noun a person whose job is to lookafter customers and ensure that they receivesatisfactory servicecustomer service department

customer service department/�k�stəmə �s��vs d |�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSI-NESS a department which deals with custom-ers and their complaints and orderscustomised

customised /�k�stəmazd/ adjectivespecifically designed to meet the specialrequirements of a person or groupcustoms

customs /�k�stəmz/ noun BUSINESS agovernment department which organises thecollection of taxes on imports � plural nounan office of this department at a port, airportor national border � He was stopped by cus-toms. � Her car was searched by customs. �to go through customs to pass through thearea of a port or airport where customs offi-cials examine goods � to take somethingthrough customs to carry something illegalthrough the customs area without declaringit � the crates had to go through a customsexamination the crates had to be examinedby customs officialsCustoms and Excise

Customs and Excise /�k�stəmz ən�eksaz/ noun BUSINESS a governmentdepartment which deals with taxes onimports, with taxes on products such as alco-hol produced in the country, and also withValue Added Taxcustoms barrier

customs barrier /�k�stəmz �b�riə/noun customs duty intended to preventimports

Leisure.fm Page 83 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

customs duty 84customs dutycustoms duty /�k�stəmz �dju�ti/ nounBUSINESS a tax paid on goods brought into ortaken out of a country. Also called importdutycustoms entry pointcustoms entry point /�k�stəmz �entripɔnt/ noun BUSINESS a place at a borderbetween two countries or at an airport orport, where goods are declared to customscustoms examinationcustoms examination /�k�stəmz # |

�z�mneʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS an exami-nation of goods or baggage by customs offi-cialscustoms officercustoms officer /�k�stəmz �ɒfsə/, cus-toms official /�k�stəmz ə |�fʃ(ə)l/ nounsomebody who works for the customscustoms unioncustoms union /�k�stəmz �ju�njən/noun BUSINESS an agreement between sev-eral countries that goods can travel betweenthem without paying duty, while goods fromother countries have to pay special dutiescutcut /k�t/ verb 1. to remove pieces fromsomething, or divide it into pieces, with aknife � He cut off two slices of ham. 2. todamage the skin with something sharp � Shecut her hand opening the can. 3. to makelower � They have cut the prices of tours. �to cut down on cigarettes or on expenses toreduce the number of cigarettes you smokeor the amount of money you spendcut incut in /�k�t �n/ verb CATERING to mix fatinto flour using a metal bladecutlerycutlery /�k�tləri/ noun knives, forks andspoons � Can you put the cutlery out on thetables, please. � Airlines say that passengersoften steal pieces of cutlery.

cutlet

cutlet /�k�tlət/ noun FOOD a flat cake ofminced meat or fish, covered with bread-crumbs and fried � a veal cutletcut of meat

cut of meat /�k�t əv �mi�t/ noun MEAT apiece of meat cut in a special way from alarger piececut-price

cut-price /�k�t �pras/ adjective MARKET-ING sold at a cheaper price than usual � cut-price goods � cut-price petrolcutting board

cutting board /�k�tŋ bɔ�d/ noun CATER-ING same as chopping boardcvs

cvs abbreviation CATERING coverscyclamate

cyclamate /�sakləmet/ noun CATERINGa sweetening substance used instead ofsugar, believed to be carcinogenic andbanned in the USA, UK and elsewhere as afood additivecycle

cycle /�sak(ə)l/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVELsame as bicycle 2. a period during whichsomething works or develops and thenreturns to its starting point � verb to travel ona bicyclecycle hire

cycle hire /�sak(ə)l �haə/ noun the rentalof a bicycle for a period, paid for at a partic-ular rate per hour, per half-day, per day or perweekcycle path

cycle path /�sak(ə)l pɑ�θ/ noun a specialpath for cyclists � There are thousands ofcycle paths in Holland.cycling

cycling /�saklŋ/ noun the activity of rid-ing on a bicycle � to go on a cycling holidaycyclist

cyclist /�saklst/ noun somebody whorides a bicycle � The police told the crowdsto stand back as the cyclists were passing.

Leisure.fm Page 84 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Dd

d abbreviation TRAVEL departsdaily

daily /�deli/ adjective happening every day� a daily flight to Washington a flightwhich goes to Washington every day at thesame time � a daily newspaper, a daily anewspaper that is produced every daydaily room rate

daily room rate /�deli �ru�m �ret/ nounHOTELS the rate that is charged for staying ina hotel room for one day or nightdaiquiri

daiquiri /�dak(ə)ri/ noun an iced cocktailmade from rum, lemon or lime juice, andsugar or syrupdairy

dairy /�deəri/ noun a room or buildingwhere butter and cheese are made � adjec-tive 1. relating to or containing milk or milkproducts 2. relating to those foods, includingmilk products, eggs, fish and vegetables, thatJewish dietary law allows on occasions whenmilk is consumeddairy produce

dairy produce /�deəri �prɒdju�s/, dairyproducts noun DAIRY foods prepared frommilk, including milk itself, cream, yoghurt,butter, cheese, etc.damage

damage /�d�md$/ noun 1. the breakingor physical spoiling of something � to sufferdamage to be harmed � to cause damage toharm something � The fire caused damageestimated at £100,000. 2. � to bring anaction for damages against someone totake someone to court and claim damages �verb to break or partially destroy something� stock which has been damaged by water �The storm damaged the telephone lines.damages

damages /�d�md$z/ plural noun moneyclaimed as compensation for harm done � toclaim £1,000 in damages � to be liable fordamages � to pay £25,000 in damagesdamage survey

damage survey /�d�md$ �s��ve/ nouna report on damage donedamson

damson /�d�mzən/ noun FRUIT a smallpurple plum, or the tree which bears this fruitdance

dance /dɑ�ns/ noun ENTERTAINMENT anevening entertainment where people danceto music � There is a 21st birthday dance atthe hotel this evening. � verb ENTERTAIN-MENT to move in time to music � restaurant

licensed for music and dancing a restaurantthat has a special permit allowing music tobe played for customers to dance todance banddance band /�dɑ�ns b�nd/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a band which plays music fordancesdance floor

dance floor /�dɑ�ns flɔ�/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a specially polished floor for danc-ing ondangerousdangerous /�dend$ərəs/ adjective likelyto cause injury or damage � Tourists arewarned that it is dangerous to go out aloneat night.Danish pastryDanish pastry /�denʃ �pestri/, Danish/�denʃ/ noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet pastrycake with jam or fruit folded in itdark chocolate

dark chocolate /dɑ�k �tʃɒklət/ nounchocolate that has no added milk and isdarker and less sweet than milk chocolatedashdash /d�ʃ/ noun a small quantity of some-thing added to something else, so as toimprove its flavourdate

date /det/ noun 1. numbers indicating theday, month and year � I have received yourletter of yesterday’s date. � The dates of theexhibition have been changed. 2. FRUIT thesmall sweet brown fruit of the date palm, astaple food of many people in the MiddleEast � verb to put a date on a document �The cheque was dated March 24th. � Youforgot to date the cheque. � to date a chequeforward to put a future date on a chequedate code

date code /�det kəυd/ noun signs ornumbers which indicate a sell-by datedate codingdate coding /�det �kəυdŋ/ noun the actof putting a sell-by date on a productdate of arrival

date of arrival /�det əv ə |�rav(ə)l/ nounTRAVEL same as arrival datedate of birth

date of birth /�det əv �b��θ/ noun thedate on which someone was born � Pleasewrite your date and place of birth on the reg-istration form.date stamp

date stamp /�det st�mp/ noun a devicewith rubber figures which can be moved,used for marking the date on documents orfor marking the sell-by date on goods

Leisure.fm Page 85 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

dauphinois 86dauphinois

dauphinois /�dəυfŋ |�wɔ/ adjectiveCATERING thinly sliced and baked in milk orcream, sometimes with garlic or cheesedawn

dawn /dɔ�n/ noun the beginning of a day,when the sun rises � We set off for the pyra-mids at dawn, so you’ll have to get up veryearly.day

day /de/ noun 1. a period of 24 hours � aten-day tour of southern Spain � There arethirty days in June. � The first day of themonth is a public holiday. � three clear daysthree whole working days � You will get arefund only if you give ten clear days’ noticeof cancelling. � Allow four clear days for thecheque to be paid into the bank. 2. the periodfrom morning to night 3. the work periodfrom morning to night � she took two daysoff she did not come to work for two days �he works three days on, two days off heworks for three days, then has two days’ hol-iday � to work an eight-hour day to spendeight hours at work each daydaylight

daylight /�delat/ noun the light of dayDaylight Saving Time

Daylight Saving Time /�delat �sevŋtam/ noun a system of putting the clocksforward one hour in summer to provide extradaylight in the evening. Abbr DST. Alsocalled Summer Timedaypack

daypack /�dep�k/ noun a small rucksackor bag for carrying things needed during thedayday rate

day rate /�de ret/ noun HOTELS a tarifffor using a hotel room during the dayday release

day release /�de r |�li�s/ noun BUSINESSan arrangement where a company allows anemployee to go to college to study for one ortwo days each week � She is attending a dayrelease course for hotel managers.day return ticket

day return ticket /�de r|�t��n �tkt/noun TRAVEL a ticket available at a lowerprice if you go and come back on the samedayday room

day room /�de ru�m/ noun a communalroom for use during the day rather than theeveningday shift

day shift /�de ʃft/ noun a shift workedfrom early morning to late afternoon � Thereare 150 men on the day shift.day trip

day trip /�de trp/ noun TOURISM a tour orexcursion which leaves in the morning andreturns the same eveningday tripper

day tripper /�de �trpə/ noun TOURISMsomebody who goes on a day tripdB

dB abbreviation decibelDB & B

DB & B, DBB abbreviation HOTELS dinner,bed and breakfast

deaddead /ded/ adjective 1. not alive any more� Six people were dead as a result of theaccident. 2. not working � the line wentdead the telephone line suddenly stoppedworking � dead loss total loss � The car waswritten off as a dead loss.dead seasondead season /�ded �si�z(ə)n/ noun TOUR-ISM the time of year when there are few tour-ists aboutdeardear /də/ adjective 1. costing a lot ofmoney � Clothes are very dear in the market,but carpets are cheap. 2. a word used whenstarting a letter � Dear Sir, Dear Madamaddressing a man or woman whom you donot know, or addressing a company � DearSirs addressing a company � Dear MrSmith, Dear Mrs Smith, Dear Miss Smithaddressing a man or woman whom youknow � Dear James, Dear Julia addressinga friend or a person you do business withdebitdebit /�debt/ noun BUSINESS an entry inaccounts showing a debt or an expense.Compare credit � verb � to debit anaccount to charge an account with a cost �Her account was debited with the sum of£25.debit balancedebit balance /�debt �b�ləns/ nounBUSINESS a balance in an account, showingthat the company owes more money than ithas receiveddebit carddebit card /�debt kɑ�d/ noun FINANCE aplastic card, similar to a credit card, butwhich debits the holder’s account immedi-ately through an EPOS systemdebonedebone /di� |�bəυn/ verb CATERING to takethe bones out of meat or fish � The waitershould be able to debone a grilled sole at thetable.decafdecaf, decaff (informal ) noun a decaffein-ated drink, especially coffee � adjective BEV-ERAGES same as decaffeinateddecaffeinateddecaffeinated /di� |�k�fnetd/ adjectiveBEVERAGES from which the caffeine hasbeen removed � decaffeinated coffee �decaffeinated teadecantdecant /d|�k�nt/ verb CATERING 1. to pourvintage wine from a bottle into another con-tainer, so as to remove the sediment � Thesommelier has practical skill in decantingport or a Bordeaux. 2. to put jam, marma-lade, pickle, etc., from large jars into smallserving dishes for each tabledecanterdecanter /d|�k�ntə/ noun CATERING 1. anopen glass bottle into which wine isdecanted, and from which the wine is served2. a glass bottle with a glass stopper, inwhich drinks such as whisky, port or sherrymay be stored for a time

Leisure.fm Page 86 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

87 deep fryerdecibel

decibel /�desbel/ noun a unit used tomeasure the intensity of sound � People liv-ing near the airport complained that thenoise of aircraft overhead was well over thedecibel limit. � The noise readings of 90–95decibels are considered excessive. Abbr dB

COMMENT: Any sound above the 85 dBlevel can affect your hearing, especially ifit continues for a time. An average conver-sation is about 60 dB, a motorcycle is 88dB and a jet plane flying overhead is 130dB.

decimal

decimal /�desm(ə)l/ noun a number in asystem based on ten � Three-quarters is 0.75in decimals.decimal point

decimal point /�desm(ə)l �pɔnt/ noun adot which indicates the division between awhole unit and its smaller parts, as in 4.25deckdeck /dek/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a flatfloor in a ship � lower decks the decksbelow the main deck 2. ROAD TRAVEL a flooron a busdeckchair

deckchair /�dektʃeə/ noun a long foldingchair, made of canvas and wood, used to siton out of doors � She spent the afternoon sit-ting in a deckchair trying to do a crossword.deckchair attendant

deckchair attendant /�dektʃeə ə|

�tendənt/ noun somebody who is in chargeof deckchairs for hire in a park or on a beach,making sure that the chairs are kept cleanand dry, and collecting money from peoplewho hire themdeck plan

deck plan /�dek pl�n/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a plan displayed in a ship, showingthe various decks and what can be found onthem � Look on the deck plan to find wherethe coffee lounge is.deck quoits

deck quoits /�dek kɔts/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a game played on the deck of aship, in which players throw rings, trying tohook them over posts set in the deckdeclaration

declaration /�deklə |�reʃ(ə)n/ noun anofficial statementdeclare

declare /d|�kleə/ verb to make an officialstatement � to declare goods to customs tostate that you are importing goods which areliable to customs duty � The customs offi-cials asked him if he had anything to declare.� Go through the green channel if you havenothing to declare.declinedecline /d |�klan/ noun the fact of goingdownwards or becoming less � a welcomedecline in the number of cases of pollution �Tourist visits have gone into a sharp decline.� verb 1. to refuse something such as an invi-tation � He declined to come to lunch. 2. tobecome less in numbers or amount � Visitorfigures declined sharply over the last year.

‘…half-way through the two-week tour he saidthat an American hotel had declined his cardalthough he had not breached the limit’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

decorate

decorate /�dekəret/ verb 1. to paint aroom or a building or to put new wallpaper ina room 2. to cover something with pretty orcolourful things to make it look attractive orto celebrate an occasion � The streets weredecorated with bunting for the music festi-val. 3. CATERING to put coloured icing on acake � Christmas cakes are decorated withholly leaves and berries.decorations

decorations /�dekə|�reʃ(ə)nz/ pluralnoun flags, lights and other ornaments usedto make a place look prettier to celebrate anoccasion � The restaurant staff came in earlyto put up Christmas decorations.dedicated

dedicated /�dedketd/ adjective setaside for a special purpose � dedicatedBusiness class lounge a lounge set aside forBusiness class passengers only

‘…the best conference hotels provide a dedicatedmember of staff for each conference to liaise withthe organizer and ensure the event proceedssmoothly’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

dedicated line

dedicated line /�dedketd �lan/ noun atelephone line used only for a particular pur-posededuct

deduct /d |�d�kt/ verb to remove moneyfrom a total � The hotel deducted £3 from theroom price. � She deducted a sum to coverbreakages. � After deducting costs the grossmargin is only 23%.deductible

deductible /d |�d�ktb(ə)l/ adjective pos-sible to deduct � some travelling expensesare not tax-deductible tax has to be paid onthose expensesdeduction

deduction /d |�d�kʃən/ noun the act ofremoving money from a total, or the moneyremoved � Net salary is salary after deduc-tion of tax and social security payments.deep-fat fryer

deep-fat fryer /�di�p f�t �fraə/ nounCATERING same as deep fryerdeep-freeze

deep-freeze /�di�p fri�z/ CATERING noun apowerful refrigerator for freezing food andkeeping it frozen � I’ll put the chicken in thedeep-freeze until next week. � verb to freezefood and keep it frozen � We deep-freeze alot of the vegetables from our garden. � Hebought some deep-frozen shrimps.deep-fried

deep-fried /�di�p �frad/ adjective CATER-ING cooked in deep oil or fatdeep-fry

deep-fry /�di�p fra/ verb CATERING tocook food in a deep pan of boiling oil or fatdeep fryer

deep fryer /�di�p �fraə/ noun an electricalappliance for deep-frying food. Also calleddeep-fat fryer

Leisure.fm Page 87 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

deep pan pizza 88deep pan pizzadeep pan pizza /�di�p p�n �pi�tsə/ nounFOOD an American-style pizza with a thickerbase and more ingredients than usualdeep-vein thrombosisdeep-vein thrombosis /�di�p venθrɒm |�bəυss/ noun MEDICAL coagulatedblood in the deep veins of a leg or the pelvis.Abbr DVT. Also called economy classsyndrome

COMMENT: Deep-vein thrombosis canaffect air travellers who have not enoughleg room in economy class during long-haul flights because airlines have reducedthe space between seats. Passengers arerecommended to walk up and down theaisle at least once every hour during along flight.

defreezedefreeze /di� |�fri�z/ verb CATERING to thawfrozen fooddefrostdefrost /di� |�frɒst/ verb 1. to remove icewhich has formed inside a refrigerator orfreezer 2. CATERING to thaw frozen food � Alarge turkey will take 24 hours to defrost.deglazedeglaze /di� |�#lez/ verb CATERING to dis-solve fragments remaining in a frying orroasting pan by heating them and adding aliquid so as to make a saucedehydratedehydrate /�di�ha|�dret/ verb 1. CATER-ING to remove water from something in orderto preserve it � If you want to use dehydratedmushrooms, you must soak them in water forsome time. 2. to lose water � After two dayswithout food or drink, he became severelydehydrated.

COMMENT: Food can be dehydrated bydrying in the sun (as in the case of driedfruit), or by passing through various indus-trial processes, such as freeze-drying.Water is more essential than food for ahuman being’s survival. During the day, ifa person drinks less liquid than is passedout of the body in urine and sweat, he orshe will begin to dehydrate.

dehydrated milkdehydrated milk /�di�hadretd �mlk/noun DAIRY milk that has been dried andreduced to a powder. Also called dried milkdehydrationdehydration /�di�ha|�dreʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.CATERING the removal of water from some-thing in order to preserve it 2. loss of water �After a long tennis match in blistering heatboth players were suffering from dehydra-tion.delaydelay /d|�le/ noun the interval between thetime at which something was planned to hap-pen and the later time at which it actuallyhappens � There was a delay of thirty min-utes before the flight left or The flight leftafter a thirty-minute delay. � We are sorryfor the delay in replying to your letter. � verb1. to make someone late � She was delayedbecause her taxi had an accident. 2. to put

something off until later � The company hasdelayed payment of all invoices.delegatedelegate noun /�del#ət/ somebody whois attending a conference or meeting as a rep-resentative of an organisation � The dele-gates all wear name badges. � conferencedelegate a person attending a conference �We are expecting the first of the conferencedelegates to arrive this evening. � verb/�delə#et/ to pass authority or responsibil-ity on to someone else � The manager findsit difficult to delegate. � She delegated thejob of checking the keys to the junior recep-tion clerk.Delhi bellyDelhi belly /�deli �beli/ noun MEDICALdiarrhoea which affects people travelling inforeign countries as a result of eatingunwashed fruit or drinking water which hasnot been boiled (humorous)delideli /�deli/ noun same as delicatessen(informal) � We got some bagels from thedeli opposite the hotel.delicacydelicacy /�delkəsi/ noun a delicious butrare thing to eat � They served all sorts ofdelicacies at the Chinese banquet.delicatessendelicatessen /�delkə|�tes(ə)n/ noun ashop selling cold meats and imported or spe-cialised food products, and usually alsosandwiches and snacks � We bought somesalad and pies at the delicatessen.deliciousdelicious /d |�lʃəs/ adjective tasting verygood � Italian ice cream is delicious. � CanI have another piece of that delicious cake?delivery timedelivery time /d |�lv(ə)ri tam/ noun thenumber of days before something will bedeliveredde luxede luxe /�d �l�ks/ adjective very expensiveor of very high quality � a de luxe tour ofIndia � The airline offers first-class passen-gers a bag of de luxe toiletries. (NOTE: deluxe was formerly the highest grade in theEnglish Tourism Council grading system foraccommodation.)demanddemand /d |�mɑ�nd/ noun 1. the act of ask-ing for something 2. BUSINESS the need forgoods or services at a particular price �There was an active demand for interpretersduring the trade fair. � to meet a demand, tofill a demand, to keep up with demand tosupply what is needed � The factory had toincrease production to meet the extrademand. � The office cleaning company can-not keep up with the demand for its services.� there is not much demand for this itemnot many people want to buy it � this bookis in great demand, there is a greatdemand for this book many people want tobuy it � verb to ask firmly for something �

Leisure.fm Page 88 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

89 dessertShe demanded a refund. � The suppliers aredemanding immediate payment of their out-standing invoices.Demerara sugarDemerara sugar /�deməreərə �ʃυ#ə/noun FOOD same as brown sugardemi chef de rangdemi chef de rang /�demi ʃef də �rɒŋ/noun CATERING the deputy to a chef de rangdemi-pensiondemi-pension /�demi �penʃən/ nounHOTELS same as half boarddemi-tassedemi-tasse /�demi t�s/ noun a small cof-fee cupdenguedengue /�deŋ#i/ noun MEDICAL a tropicaldisease caused by an arbovirus, transmittedby mosquitoes, where the patient develops ahigh fever, pains in the joints, headache andrash. Also called breakbone feverdenominationdenomination /d |�nɒm|�neʃ(ə)n/ nounFINANCE a unit of money on a coin, bank noteor stamp � coins of all denominations �small denomination notes � The bankrefused to accept low denomination coins.densitydensity /�densti/ noun the number of peo-ple per unit of areadep.dep. abbreviation TRAVEL departsdepartdepart /d |�pɑ�t/ verb to leave � The planedeparts from Paris at 11.15.departmentdepartment /d |�pɑ�tmənt/ noun 1. a spe-cialised section of a large company � Writeto the complaints department about the serv-ice in the hotels on the tour. 2. a section of alarge store selling one type of product � Youwill find beds in the furniture department. 3.one of the sections of the government. Abbrdeptdepartment storedepartment store /d |�pɑ�tmənt stɔ�/noun BUSINESS a large shop with sections fordifferent types of goodsdeparturedeparture /d |�pɑ�tʃə/ noun the act ofgoing away � Your departure time is 3o’clock. � The plane’s departure wasdelayed by two hours. � Flight departuresare delayed because of the discussions overair traffic controllers’ pay.departure datedeparture date /d |�pɑ�tʃə det/ nounTRAVEL the day on which a traveller or tourgroup leavesdeparture loungedeparture lounge /d|�pɑ�tʃə laυnd$/noun AIR TRAVEL a room in an airport wherepassengers wait to get on their planes aftergoing through passport control and baggagecheckdeparturesdepartures /d |�pɑ�tʃəz/ noun AIR TRAVELthe part of an airport terminal that deals withpassengers who are leavingdeparture taxdeparture tax /d |�pɑ�tʃə t�ks/ nounTRAVEL a tax payable by passengers leavinga country

deplanedeplane /di� |�plen/ verb AIR TRAVEL to getoff a plane � The party will deplane at Delhi.Opposite enplanedepositdeposit /d |�pɒzt/ noun FINANCE moneygiven in advance so that the thing which youwant to buy will not be sold to someone else� to pay a deposit on a room � You will needto pay a 10% deposit to secure the booking.deposit accountdeposit account /d|�pɒzt ə |�kaυnt/noun BUSINESS an account which pays inter-est but on which notice usually has to begiven to withdraw moneydepotdepot /�depəυ/ noun TRAVEL a buildingwhere the vehicles used by a transport serv-ice are kept � Buses leave the central busdepot every hour.deptdept abbreviation departmentderegulatederegulate /di�|�re#jυlet/ verb BUSINESSto remove government restrictions from anindustryderegulationderegulation /di�|�re#jυ |�leʃ(ə)n/ nounthe removal of official restrictions � Deregu-lation of US airlines resulted in fierce com-petition and price-cutting.descentdescent /d |�sent/ noun 1. the act of goingdown � The descent into the mine takes justunder three minutes. 2. (of aircraft) theperiod during which an aircraft comes downto land � Passengers must fasten their seat-belts prior to descent.

‘…if you must travel with a cold, use a decon-gestant 10 minutes before take-off and descent’[Evening Standard Business Travel]

desiccateddesiccated /�desketd/ adjective drieddesiccated coconutdesiccated coconut /�desketd�kəυkən�t/ noun FOOD the white flesh of acoconut, which has been dried � She useddesiccated coconut to make the cakes.designated carrierdesignated carrier /�dez#netd�k�riə/ noun AIR TRAVEL an airline that islicensed to operate a service between twocountriesdesignatordesignator /�dez#netə/ noun AIRTRAVEL a two-letter code by which an airlineis identifieddeskdesk /desk/ noun a table, often with draw-ers, used for writing on � desk diary � deskdrawer � desk lightdesk clerkdesk clerk /�desk klɑ�k/ noun a hotelreceptionistdesk paddesk pad /�desk p�d/ noun a pad of paperkept on a desk for writing notesdesk researchdesk research /�desk r |�s��tʃ/ noun thework of looking for information which hasalready been published, e.g. in a directorydessertdessert /d |�z��t/ noun CATERING a sweetdish eaten at the end of a meal � What do you

Leisure.fm Page 89 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

dessert grapes 90want for dessert? � I have eaten so much, Idon’t want any dessert. � dessert fork, des-sert knife a smaller fork and knife used toeat dessert

COMMENT: On formal menus, a dessert isa course of fruit or nuts taken after thecheese and before coffee is served. On anordinary menu, a dessert can take theform of a pudding, pastry, ice or fresh fruit.

dessert grapesdessert grapes /d |�z��t #reps/ pluralnoun FRUIT grapes which are eaten raw, andnot used to make winedessert menudessert menu /d |�z��t �menju�/ nounCATERING a special separate menu for des-serts in a restaurantdessertspoondessertspoon /d |�z��tspu�n/ nounCATERING a spoon for eating desserts, whichis smaller than a soup spoon, but larger thana teaspoondessert trolleydessert trolley /d |�z��t �trɒli/ nounCATERING a table on wheels on which des-serts are taken to each table in a restaurant.Also called sweet trolleydessert winedessert wine /d |�z��t wan/ noun BEVER-AGES a sweet wine that is served with a des-sert, e.g. muscat (NOTE: There is usually noplural form: desserts means types of des-sert.)destinationdestination /�dest |�neʃ(ə)n/ noun aplace to which something is sent, or to whichsomeone is going � The ship will take tenweeks to reach its destination. � adjectivedone or happening at a place that a personhas to travel to reach � destination diningdestination weddingdestination wedding /�dest |�neʃ(ə)n�wedŋ/ noun a wedding that takes place ina far-off location that the couple and theirguests have to travel todetectdetect /d |�tekt/ verb to notice somethingthat could be difficult to see, hear or smell �A smoke detector detects the presence ofsmoke.detectordetector /d|�tektə/ noun an apparatus thatnotices something that is difficult to see, hearor smelldetergentdetergent /d |�t��d$ənt/ noun a cleaningsubstance which removes grease and bacte-ria from clothes, dishes, etc. � This detergentwill not harm your skin.detourdetour /�di�tυə/ noun a journey away fromthe usual or planned route � We made adetour to visit the caves. � We had to make adetour because of the roadworks.detraindetrain /di� |�tren/ verb RAIL TRAVEL to getoff a traindevelopdevelop /d |�veləp/ verb 1. to grow andchange, or to change something so that itbecomes larger or more complicated � We

are developing the harbour facilities toallow larger ferries to berth. � The companyis developing a chain of motorway self-serv-ice restaurants. 2. to produce and fix a pho-tograph from film � We can develop yourfilm in an hour.developed country

developed country /d |�veləpt �k�ntri/noun a country which has an advanced man-ufacturing systemdeveloper

developer /d |�veləpə/ noun 1. a liquid fordeveloping photographs 2. somebody whobuilds propertydeveloping country

developing country /d |�veləpŋ�k�ntri/, developing nation /d |�veləpŋ�neʃ(ə)n/ noun a country which is not fullyindustrialiseddevelopment

development /d |�veləpmənt/ noun theconstruction of new buildings, or new build-ings constructed on an area of land � Unre-stricted hotel development has ruined thecoastline. � Proposals for a £70m leisuredevelopment have been abandoned in favourof a shopping centre.development zone

development zone /d |�veləpməntzəυn/ noun BUSINESS an area that has beengiven special help by a government toencourage businesses and factories to set upthere. Also called enterprise zonedextrose

dextrose /�dekstrəυz/ noun a simplesugar found in fruit and also extracted fromcorn starchdhal

dhal, dal noun FOOD an Indian term forpulses such as lentils and pigeon peas, or acurry or soup prepared from these pulsesdiabetes

diabetes /�daə |�bi�ti�z/ noun MEDICAL oneof a group of diseases, but most commonlyused to refer to diabetes mellitus, a diseasewhere the body cannot control sugar absorp-tion because the pancreas does not secreteenough insulindiabetic

diabetic /�daə |�betk/ adjective MEDICALreferring to diabetes � diabetic food foodwith a low sugar content which can be eatenby people suffering from diabetes � nounMEDICAL a person who has diabetesdial

dial /�daəl/ verb to call a telephone numberon a telephone � to dial a number � to dialthe operator � Dial 9 to get an outside line.dialling

dialling /�daəlŋ/ noun the act of calling atelephone numberdialling code

dialling code /�daəlŋ kəυd/ noun a spe-cial series of numbers used to make a call toanother towndialling tone

dialling tone /�daəlŋ təυn/ noun a noisemade by a telephone to show that it is readyfor you to dial a number

Leisure.fm Page 90 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

91 dimediamond

diamond /�daəmənd/ noun a very hard,clear, precious stonediamond rating

diamond rating /�daəmənd �retŋ/noun TOURISM a method of rating inns, farm-houses and bed and breakfasts, used by theEnglish Tourism Council � an award-win-ning 5 diamond bed and breakfast � Dia-mond rating is intended for B & Bs andguesthouses.

‘…because neither rating is appropriate, some ofmy competitors are diamond-rated (often threeand four diamonds), while others are star-rated(two stars). After all, many small hotels are opt-ing for a diamond rating because they get morediamonds than they would stars. Whatever theETC’s intentions about educating the public onthe difference between the scales, it cannot bedenied that more diamonds look better than fewerstars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

diarrhoea

diarrhoea /�daə |�ri�ə/, diarrhea US nounMEDICAL a condition in which a patient fre-quently passes liquid faeces � He had anattack of diarrhoea after going to the restau-rant. � She complained of mild diarrhoea.

COMMENT: Diarrhoea can have manycauses: types of food or allergy to food;contaminated or poisoned food; infectiousdiseases, such as dysentery; sometimesworry or other emotions.

diary

diary /�daəri/ noun a book in which youcan write notes or appointments for each dayof the week � to keep a diary to write downwhat you have felt or done each day � Thechildren on the study tour have to keep adiary of the places they visit.dice

dice /das/ verb CATERING to cut food intosmall cubes � diced potatodiet

diet /�daət/ noun 1. the amount and type offood eaten � The average western diet is toofull of carbohydrates. � low-calorie diet adiet with few calories, which can help a per-son to lose weight 2. the act of eating onlyparticular types of food, either to becomethinner, to cure an illness or improve a con-dition � to be on a diet to eat only particulartypes of food, especially in order to becomethin or to deal with an illness � Two of thepassengers are on diets. � verb to reduce thequantity of food you eat, or to change thetype of food you eat, in order to become thin-ner or healthierdietary

dietary /�daət(ə)ri/ adjective referring toa dietdietary fibre

dietary fibre /�daət(ə)ri �fabə/ nounCATERING fibrous substances in food, whichcannot be digested. Also called roughage

COMMENT: Dietary fibre is found in cere-als, nuts, fruit and some green vegetables.It is believed to be necessary to helpdigestion and avoid developing constipa-

tion, obesity, appendicitis and other diges-tive problems.

Dietary Reference Values

Dietary Reference Values /�daət(ə)ri�ref(ə)rəns �v�lju�z/ plural noun a list pub-lished by the British government of nutrientsthat are essential for health. Abbr DRVdieter

dieter /�daətə/ noun somebody who is ona diet � Dieters should try the new low-fatyoghurt.dietetics

dietetics /�daə|�tetks/ noun FOOD thestudy of food and its nutritional valuedietician

dietician /�daə |�tʃ(ə)n/, dietitian nounsomebody who specialises in the study ofnutrition and advises on diets � The dieticianwarned me not to eat too much red meat.difference

difference /�df(ə)rəns/ noun the way inwhich two things are not the same � to splitthe difference to share the payment of thedifference between two pricesdifferential

differential /�dfə |�renʃəl/ adjective show-ing a differencedigest

digest /da|�d$est/ verb MEDICAL to breakdown food in the stomach and intestine andconvert it into elements which can beabsorbed by the body � I cannot digest mydinner I am feeling unwell after my dinnerdigestible

digestible /da |�d$estb(ə)l/ adjectivepossible to digest � I don’t find raw garlicvery digestible.digestif

digestif /�di�$es |�ti�f/ noun BEVERAGES analcoholic drink taken after a meal to help thedigestion, e.g. brandy or a liqueurdigestion

digestion /da |�d$estʃən/ noun MEDICALthe act of breaking down food in the stomachand intestine and converting it into elementswhich can be absorbed by the body � Brownbread helps the digestion.digestive

digestive /da |�d$estv/ adjective helpingyou to digest somethingdigestive biscuit

digestive biscuit /da|�d$estv �bskt/noun BREAD, ETC. a sweet wholemeal biscuitdigit

digit /�dd$t/ noun a single number � aseven-digit phone numberdigital clock

digital clock /�dd$t(ə)l �klɒk/ noun aclock which shows the time as a series of fig-ures, e.g. 12:05:23, rather than on a circulardialdignitary

dignitary /�d#nt(ə)ri/ noun someonewith a high rank or positiondill

dill /dl/ noun a herb of the parsley familyused as flavouring or a garnishdim

dim /dm/ verb to make a light less bright �The captain dimmed the cabin lights beforetakeoff.dime

dime /dam/ noun US FINANCE a ten-centcoin

Leisure.fm Page 91 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

dimmer switch 92dimmer switchdimmer switch /�dmə swtʃ/ noun alight switch which makes a light less brightdim sum

dim sum /�dm s�m/ noun FOOD a south-ern Chinese style lunch, where many differ-ent small dishes are serveddinedine /dan/ verb to have dinner or to eat anevening meal � to dine out to have dinneraway from home or in a restaurant outsidethe hotel where you are staying � to dine into have dinner at home or in the restaurant ofthe hotel where you are stayingdinerdiner /�danə/ noun 1. somebody who iseating an evening meal � When the restau-rant caught fire, the diners ran into thestreet. 2. RAIL TRAVEL a dining car on a train3. US CATERING a small restaurant sellingsimple hot food (NOTE: Originally, thesewere made from old dining cars from rail-way trains.)dinghydinghy /�dŋi/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS asmall boat � We spent the day in a dinghy,pottering around the harbour. (NOTE: Theplural form is dinghies.)dining car

dining car /�danŋ kɑ�/ noun RAIL TRAVELa railway carriage where meals are served �The dining car joins the train at Lyon.dining room

dining room /�danŋ ru�m/ noun HOTELSa room in a hotel where people eat � We weresitting in the dining room having supperwhen my husband was called to the phone.dining tabledining table /�danŋ �teb(ə)l/ nounCATERING a table on which meals are servedand eaten (NOTE: Dining table refers to thepiece of furniture; however, when you areeating at it, it is called the dinner table.)dinnerdinner /�dnə/ noun CATERING an eveningmeal � Dinner is served at 7.30. � The res-taurant is open for dinner or serves dinnerfrom 7.30 to 11.30. � Half-board includesbreakfast and dinner, but not lunch.dinner-dancedinner-dance /�dnə dɑ�ns/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a formal dinner followed by danc-ing to music played by a live band � Thecompany is having a Christmas dinner-dance at the Imperial Hotel.dinner jacketdinner jacket /�dnə �d$�kt/ noun a for-mal jacket worn with a bow tie, both usuallyblack. Abbr DJdinner partydinner party /�dnə �pɑ�ti/ ENTERTAIN-MENT 1. a private dinner to which guests areinvited 2. (in a restaurant) a group of peoplehaving dinner togetherdinner plate

dinner plate /�dnə plet/ noun a wide flatplate for serving the main course ondinner service

dinner service /�dnə �s��vs/ nounCATERING a set of matching plates and bowlsfor serving a main meal

dinner table

dinner table /�dnə �teb(ə)l/ nounCATERING a table where people eatdip

dip /dp/ noun 1. a sudden drop in an areaof land � Watch out – there’s a dip in theroad which makes it difficult to see oncomingcars. 2. SAUCES, ETC. a purée into whichvegetables or pieces of bread can be dippedas cocktail snacks � small pieces of pittabread with a bowl of avocado dip � Theyserved fried prawns with bowls of chilli dip.3. a short bathe or swim � We went for aquick dip before breakfast. � Are you comingfor a dip in the pool? � verb 1. � to dipsomething into sth to put something quicklyinto a liquid � She dipped the biscuit into hercoffee. � She dipped her hand into thestream. 2. � to dip your headlights to lowerthe beam of the headlights of your car �Please dip your headlights in the tunnel.dip card

dip card /�dp kɑ�d/ noun HOTELS a type ofmagnetic key card which is pushed downinto a slot and then pulled out again when thedoor unlocksdirect

direct /da |�rekt/ verb to tell or show some-one how to go to a place � adjective goingstraight from one place to another � Theytook the most direct route to Paris. � adverbstraight, without any changes of direction orstops � to fly direct to fly from one place toanother with no changes � British Airwaysnow flies direct to Nassau four times a week.� to dial direct to contact a phone numberyourself without asking the operator to do itfor you � You can dial New York direct fromLondon if you want.

‘…remember, a direct flight is not the same as anonstop flight – several connections may becheaper than the nonstop option’ [Sunday TimesTravel Section]

direct debit

direct debit /da |�rekt �debt/ noun BUSI-NESS a system where a customer allows acompany to charge costs to his or her bankaccount automatically and where the amountcharged can be increased or decreased withthe agreement of the customerdirect flight

direct flight /�darekt �flat/ noun AIRTRAVEL a flight which goes from one place toanother, though with stops in between, asopposed to a nonstop flightdirections

directions /da|�rekʃənz/ plural nouninstructions telling somebody how to gosomewhere � He gave her directions to get tothe Post Office.direct mail

direct mail /da|�rekt �mel/ noun MAR-KETING a method of selling a product bysending publicity material to possible buyersthrough the post

Leisure.fm Page 92 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

93 disembarkdirect-mail advertising

direct-mail advertising /da|�rekt mel��dvətazŋ/ noun MARKETING advertisingby sending leaflets to people through thepost even though they have not asked forthemdirector

director /da |�rektə/ noun BUSINESS some-body appointed by the shareholders to helprun a companydirectory

directory /da|�rekt(ə)ri/ noun BUSINESS alist of people or businesses with informationabout their addresses and telephone numbersdirect service organisation

direct service organisation /�darekt�s��vs/ noun part of the permanent staff ofa local authority, which runs a section of theauthority’s services such as staff catering.Abbr DSOdirect tax

direct tax /da|�rekt �t�ks/ noun BUSINESSa tax paid directly to the government, e.g.income taxdisability

disability /�dsə |�blti/ noun a conditionin which part of the body does not functionin the usual way and makes some activitiesdifficult or impossible � Some hotels caterspecifically for people with severe disabili-ties.Disability Discrimination Act

Disability Discrimination Act/�dsəbləti d |�skrm |�neʃ(ə)n ��kt/ a lawin the UK that requires businesses to maketheir premises as accessible as possible todisabled peopledisabled

disabled /ds|�eb(ə)ld/ adjective sufferingfrom a physical or mental condition whichmakes some activities difficult or impossible(NOTE: More polite or formal terms for thedisabled are people with disabilities orpeople with special needs.) � noun � thedisabled people with physical disabilities,taken as a group � The library has facilitiesfor the disabled.disabled access

disabled access /ds|�eb(ə)ld ��kses/noun entrances with sloping ramps insteadof steps, which are easier for people inwheelchairs to usedisabled toilets

disabled toilets /ds|�eb(ə)ld �tɔlətz/plural noun a public toilet with a larger roomand wider doors than usual to make it easierfor people in wheelchairs to usedisagree

disagree /�dsə|�#ri�/ verb 1. to say thatyou do not think the same way as someone �They all disagreed about what to do next. 2.� cabbage disagrees with me cabbagemakes me feel illdisc jockey

disc jockey /�dsk �d$ɒki/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT somebody who announces andplays recorded music at a nightclub or on theradio � He’s the most popular disc jockey atthe hotel nightclub. Abbr DJ

discodisco /�dskəυ/ noun ENTERTAINMENT aplace or party where people dance torecorded musicdiscolorationdiscoloration /ds |�k�lə |�reʃ(ə)n/ noun achange of colour, especially a change of col-our of fruitdiscolourdiscolour /ds|�k�lə/ verb to change thecolour of something � Fruit can be discol-oured by the use of sprays. (NOTE: The USspelling is discolor.)discontinuediscontinue /�dskən |�tnju�/ verb not tocontinue to do something � The ferry serviceto the island has been discontinued.discothequediscotheque /�dskətek/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT same as discodiscountdiscount noun /�dskaυnt/ a percentageby which a full price is reduced to a buyer bythe seller � to give a discount on summerholidays booked before Christmas � 10%discount for quantity purchases you pay10% less if you buy a large amount of goods� 10% discount for cash, 10% cash dis-count you pay 10% less if you pay in cash �verb /ds |�kaυnt/ BUSINESS to reduce pricesin order to increase sales � Tour operatorsare discounting prices on package holidays.discount farediscount fare /�dskaυnt feə/ nounTRAVEL a reduced fare, though with restric-tions on travel

‘…unofficially discounted fares are fares sold ata discount to the officially approved full or pro-motional rates. Discounting is now commonplacein most countries.’ [Business Traveller]

discount for cashdiscount for cash /�dskaυnt fə �k�ʃ/noun same as cash discountdiscount holidaydiscount holiday /�dskaυnt �hɒlde/noun a package holiday where the price isreduceddiscount storediscount store /�dskaυnt stɔ�/ noun ashop which specialises in cheap goodsbought at a high discountdiscretionarydiscretionary /d |�skreʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ adjec-tive possible to carry out if someone wants todiscretionary incomediscretionary income /d |

�skreʃ(ə)n(ə)ri �nk�m/ noun FINANCEincome that a person has left after spendingon basic necessities and that is thereforeavailable for spending on leisure activitiesdiscriminationdiscrimination /d |�skrm|�neʃ(ə)n/noun the act of treating people in differentways because of class, religion, race, lan-guage, colour or sexdiseasedisease /d |�zi�z/ noun MEDICAL a seriousillness of animals, plants or humansdisembarkdisembark /�dsm |�bɑ�k/ verb TRAVEL toget off a vehicle, especially a ship or plane �The passengers disembarked at the oceanterminal.

Leisure.fm Page 93 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

disembarkation 94disembarkationdisembarkation /�dsmbɑ� |�keʃ(ə)n/noun TRAVEL the act of getting off a ship orplanedisembarkation carddisembarkation card /�dsembɑ� |

�keʃ(ə)n kɑ�d/ noun TRAVEL a card thatallows you to get off a plane or boat, andreturn after a short timedishdish /dʃ/ noun 1. CATERING a large platefor serving food � to wash the dishes, to dothe dishes to wash the plates, glasses, cut-lery and cooking utensils that have been usedfor a meal 2. CATERING part of a meal, or aplate of prepared food � Ratatouille is aProvençal dish of stewed vegetables. � verb� he is dishing up the food he is serving themealdishclothdishcloth /�dʃklɒθ/ noun a cloth forwashing dishes � She mopped up the redwine with a dishcloth.dishwasher

dishwasher /�dʃwɒʃə/ noun a machinefor washing dishesdishwasher-proof

dishwasher-proof /�dʃwɒʃə pru�f/adjective that can be washed in a dishwasherwithout suffering harmdish-washing

dish-washing /�dʃ �wɒʃŋ/ noun CATER-ING the washing of dirty plates, glasses, etc.disinfectant

disinfectant /�dsn |�fektənt/ noun a sub-stance designed to kill germsdismiss

dismiss /ds |�ms/ verb � to dismiss anemployee to remove an employee from a job� He was dismissed for being consistentlylate.dismissaldismissal /ds|�ms(ə)l/ noun the removalof an employee from a job

COMMENT: An employee can complain ofunfair dismissal to an industrial tribunal, orof wrongful dismissal to the County Court.

dismissal proceduredismissal procedure /ds|�ms(ə)l prə |

�si�d$ə/ noun BUSINESS the correct way ofdismissing an employee, following the rulesin the contract of employmentdispense bardispense bar /d |�spens bɑ�/ nounCATERING a bar for serving drinks other thanbottles of wine for guests in a restaurantdispense cellardispense cellar /d |�spens �selə/ noun acellar in which wine is kept for immediateservingdispenser

dispenser /d |�spensə/ noun a machinewhich automatically provides somethingsuch as an object, a drink or some food, oftenwhen money is put in � automatic dispenser� towel dispenser

‘…five-litre milk dispensers are made from stain-less steel. A separate base takes an ice or freezerbag to keep the milk cool. Fruit juice dispensershave the same base, but there is a choice offour-, five- or six-litre cylinders’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

display

display /d |�sple/ noun a show or exhibi-tion � The hotel lobby has a display of localcrafts.display ad

display ad /d |�sple �d/ noun MARKETINGan advertisement which is well designed toattract attentiondisplay case

display case /d |�sple kes/ noun MAR-KETING a table or counter with a glass top,used for showing items for saledisplay pack

display pack /d |�sple p�k/ noun MAR-KETING a specially attractive box for showinggoods for saledisposable

disposable /d |�spəυzəb(ə)l/ adjectivedesigned to be used and then thrown away �disposable cupsdisposable income

disposable income /d |�spəυzəb(ə)l�nk�m/ noun BUSINESS income left after taxand national insurance have been deducteddispute

dispute /d |�spju�t, �dspju�t/ noun � toadjudicate or mediate in a dispute to try tosettle a dispute between other partiesdistil

distil /d |�stl/ verb 1. CATERING to makestrong alcohol by heating wine or other alco-holic liquid and condensing it 2. to makepure water by heating impure water and col-lecting the vapour (NOTE: [all senses] TheUS spelling is distill.)distillation

distillation /�dst |�leʃ(ə)n/ noun the actof distilling water or alcoholdistilled water

distilled water /d |�stld �wɔ�tə/ nounBEVERAGES pure waterdistiller

distiller /d |�stlə/ noun BEVERAGES some-body who distils alcohol � He is an impor-tant distiller of Scotch whisky.distillery

distillery /d |�stləri/ noun BEVERAGES afactory for distilling alcohol � On our tour ofthe islands we visited several whisky distill-eries. (NOTE: The plural form is distilleries.)district

district /�dstrkt/ noun a section of acountry or of a town � the commercial dis-trict, the business district the part of a townwhere offices and shops are located � Thehotel is well placed in the main business dis-trict of the town.disturb

disturb /d|�st��b/ verb to bother or worrysomeone, or to interrupt someone � ‘do notdisturb’ a notice placed on a hotel roomdoor, to ask the hotel staff not to come intothe roomdisturbance

disturbance /d |�st��bəns/ noun an occa-sion on which someone is disturbed � Thefans caused a disturbance in the hotel bar.dive

dive /dav/ noun 1. a jump downwards intowater head first 2. BARS a disreputable bar(informal) � verb to jump into water headfirst

Leisure.fm Page 94 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

95 doorkeydiver

diver /�davə/ noun somebody who jumpsinto water head first, or who swims underwaterdiversion

diversion /da|�v��ʃ(ə)n/ noun ROADTRAVEL a change to a planned or normalroute in order to avoid e.g. roadworks orflooding � All traffic has to take a diversionand rejoin the motorway 10km further on.divert

divert /da |�v��t/ verb to send somebody orsomething to another place or in anotherdirection � Because of fog in London, flightshave been diverted to Manchester. � Traffichas been diverted to avoid the town centre.diving

diving /�davŋ/ noun 1. the sport of jump-ing into water head first 2. SPORT the activityof swimming under water to explore or as asport � diving holidays on the Barrier Reef �We went diving in the Red Sea. � The resortoffers swimming, surfing and diving.diving board

diving board /�davŋ bɔ�d/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a plank at a swimming pool fromwhich people plunge into the waterDJ

DJ abbreviation 1. dinner jacket 2. discjockeydocent

docent /�dəυs(ə)nt/ noun a tourist guideworking in some museums or cathedralsdock

dock /dɒk/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a har-bour, a place where ships can load or unload� the docks the part of a town where the har-bour is � Cars should arrive at the docks 45minutes before sailing time. � verb to go intodock � The ship docked at 17.00.docker

docker /�dɒkə/ noun somebody whoworks in the docksdockside

dockside /�dɒksad/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS the edge of a dock where ships load orunload � Customs officers were waiting atthe dockside to board the ship.dockyard

dockyard /�dɒkjɑ�d/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a place where ships are built orrepaired � The damaged liner was towed intothe dockyard for repair.doctor

doctor /�dɒktə/ noun a person whose job isto look after people who are ill (NOTE: Doc-tor is shortened in names to Dr: Dr Thorneis the hotel doctor.) � the hotel doctor thedoctor who is on call to treat guests whobecome ill in the hoteldocument

document /�dɒkjυmənt/ noun a piece ofpaper with writing on it � Customs will askto see the relevant documents concerning theshipment.documentation

documentation /�dɒkjυmen |�teʃ(ə)n/noun all the papers referring to something �Please send me the complete documentationconcerning the sale.

dogfish

dogfish /�dɒ#fʃ/ noun SEAFOOD same ashussdoggy bag

doggy bag /�dɒ#i b�#/ noun a bag that acustomer at a restaurant can use to take homeany leftover food from a mealdollar

dollar /�dɒlə/ noun FINANCE a unit ofmoney used in the United States and othercountries � fifty Canadian dollars � The USdollar rose 2%. � It costs six Australian dol-lars. (NOTE: This is usually written $ beforea figure: $250. The currencies used in dif-ferent countries can be shown by the initialletter of the country: Can$ (Canadian dol-lar), Aus$ (Australian dollar), etc.)dollar area

dollar area /�dɒlər �eəriə/ noun FINANCEan area of the world where the dollar is themain trading currencydomestic

domestic /də |�mestk/ adjective BUSINESSreferring to the home market or to the marketof the country where the business is situateddomestic consumption

domestic consumption /də|�mestkkən |�s�mpʃən/ noun the use of something inthe home. Also called home consumptiondomestic flight

domestic flight /də|�mestk flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL a flight inside a country. Alsocalled internal flightdomestic terminal

domestic terminal /də|�mestk�t��mn(ə)l/ noun AIR TRAVEL an airport ter-minal for flights to destinations inside thecountry only � Passengers arriving on inter-national flights transfer to the domestic ter-minal for onward flights to destinationsinside the country.domestic tourist

domestic tourist /də |�mestk �tυərst/noun TOURISM a tourist who is visitinganother area of the same country where he orshe livesdon

don /dɒn/ verb to put on clothes � Instruc-tions for donning the life jacket are given onthe card in the pocket in front of your seat. �Visitors to the factory have to don protectiveclothing. (NOTE: donning – donned)done

done /d�n/ adjective cooked as thoroughlyas requireddoner kebab

doner kebab /�dɒnə kə |�b�b/ noun FOODa Turkish meat dish, where a large piece ofmeat is cooked on a spit in front of a grill,and slices are cut off and served with pittabread and salad, usually as a takeawaydoor

door /dɔ�/ noun a barrier of wood, glass ormetal, which closes an entrancedoorkeeper

doorkeeper /�dɔ�ki�pə/ noun somebodywho is on duty at a main doordoorkey

doorkey /�dɔ�ki�/ noun the key to a door �Do not forget to give back your doorkeywhen you leave the hotel.

Leisure.fm Page 95 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

doorknob 96doorknobdoorknob /�dɔ�nɒb/ noun a handle foropening and shutting a door � She hung a ‘donot disturb’ sign on the doorknob.doormandoorman /�dɔ�mən/ noun a man whostands at the door of a restaurant, hotel, club,etc. � The doorman would not let us inbecause we were wearing jeans. (NOTE: Theplural form is doormen.)dormdorm /dɔ�m/ noun TRAVEL same as dormi-tory (informal )dormitorydormitory /�dɔ�mtri/ noun a large roomin which many people sleep, e.g. at a board-ing school or in a hosteldormobiledormobile /�dɔ�mə|�bi�l/ tdmk ROADTRAVEL a trademark for a small motor cara-van, now no longer manufactureddoubledouble /�d�b(ə)l/ adjective 1. twice aslarge � double quantity 2. with two parts, orfor two people � double garagedouble beddouble bed /�d�b(ə)l �bed/ noun a bed fortwo peopledouble-bedded roomdouble-bedded room /�d�b(ə)l �bedd�ru�m/ noun HOTELS a room with two beds,usually two twin bedsdouble boilerdouble boiler /�d�b(ə)l �bɔlə/ nounCATERING a cooking utensil made up of twosaucepans, one of which fits on top of theother, the lower pan containing hot water andthe top pan containing the food to be cooked.Also called double saucepandouble-bookdouble-book /�d�b(ə)l �bυk/ verbHOTELS to reserve the same hotel room orplane seat for two people at the same time,usually by mistake � We had to change ourflight as we were double-booked.double-bookingdouble-booking /�d�b(ə)l �bυkŋ/ nounHOTELS the act of booking two people intothe same hotel room or the same seat on aplane at the same time by mistakedouble creamdouble cream /�d�b(ə)l �kri�m/ nounDAIRY thick cream with a high fat contentdouble-deckerdouble-decker /�d�b(ə)l �dekə/ noun 1.ROAD TRAVEL a bus with two decks � Dou-ble-decker buses are common in London.Compare singledecker 2. FOOD same asclub sandwichdouble-decker sandwichdouble-decker sandwich /�d�b(ə)l�dekə �s�ndwtʃ/ noun FOOD same as clubsandwichdouble glazingdouble glazing /�d�b(ə)l �#lezŋ/ nountwo panes of glass in windows, to keep outcold air and noise � All the rooms in the hotelhave double glazing to reduce noise from theairport.double occupancydouble occupancy /�d�b(ə)l�ɒkjυpənsi/ noun HOTELS the occupancy ofa room by two people

double-park

double-park /�d�b(ə)l �pɑ�k/ verb ROADTRAVEL to park alongside a car which isalready parked at the side of the streetdouble-parking

double-parking /�d�b(ə)l �pɑ�kŋ/ nounROAD TRAVEL the act of parking alongside acar which is already parked at the side of thestreetdouble room

double room /�d�b(ə)l �ru�m/ noun aroom for two peopledouble saucepan

double saucepan /�d�b(ə)l �sɔ�spən/noun CATERING same as double boilerdouble whisky

double whisky /�d�b(ə)l �wski/ nounBEVERAGES a portion of whisky, twice theamount of a usual measuredough

dough /dəυ/ noun FOOD an uncooked mix-ture of water and flour for making bread orpizza � The chef was kneading the dough forthe pizza.doughnut

doughnut /�dəυn�t/ noun BREAD, ETC. asmall round or ring-shaped cake cooked byfrying in oil � You dip freshly made dough-nuts in sugar.downgrade

downgrade /�daυn#red/ verb to reducesomething to a less important level � He wasdowngraded from first class to businessclass. � Her job was downgraded in the com-pany reorganisation.

‘…according to a recent poll of more than 400leading companies, 49 per cent said they haddowngraded the class of travel and hotel of theirexecutives’ [Business Travel]

downhill

downhill adverb /daυn |�hl/ towards thebottom of a hill � noun /�daυnhl/ SPORTsame as downhill skiingdownhill skiing

downhill skiing /�daυnhl �ski�ŋ/ nounSPORT the activity of skiing fast downslopes, as opposed to cross-country skiingdown-market

down-market /�daυn �mɑ�kt/ adjectivecheaper and appealing to a less sophisticatedsection of the population. Compare up-mar-ketdown payment

down payment /�daυn �pemənt/ nounBUSINESS part of a total cost paid in advancedownpour

downpour /�daυnpɔ�/ noun a heavy fall ofraindownstairs

downstairs /daυn |�steəz/ adverb towardsor in the lower part of a building or vehicle �All the guests ran downstairs when the alarmrang. � adjective in the lower part of a build-ing or vehicle � There is a downstairs bar forguests. � noun the lower part of a building orvehicle � If the downstairs is full, there arespare tables upstairs. Compare upstairsdowntown

downtown /�daυntaυn/ noun, adjective,adverb US BUSINESS in or to the central areaor business district of a town � Her office isin downtown New York. � We want to stay in

Leisure.fm Page 96 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

97 drinks trolleya quiet downtown hotel. � They established arestaurant downtown.draft

draft /drɑ�ft/ noun US same as draughtdraft beer

draft beer /�drɑ�ft bə/ noun US BEVER-AGES same as draught beerdrain

drain /dren/ verb to remove a liquid fromsomething � Boil the potatoes for ten min-utes, drain and leave to cool.drain cycle

drain cycle /�dren �sak(ə)l/ nounCATERING the last of a series of operations ina dishwasher, when the water is drained andthe dishes left to drydrapes

drapes /dreps/ plural noun US curtainsdraught

draught /drɑ�ft/ noun 1. a current of coldair which blows into a room, train, bus, etc.� She sat in a draught and caught a cold. 2.SHIPS AND BOATS the depth of water in whicha ship can float (NOTE: [all senses] The USspelling is draft.)draught beer

draught beer /�drɑ�ft bə/ noun BEVER-AGES beer which is served from a barrel, andnot in a bottle or candraw

draw /drɔ�/ verb 1. BEVERAGES to leave teato stand so that the flavour is fully extractedfrom the tea leaves 2. CATERING to removethe innards from a carcass before cooking itdrawer

drawer /�drɔ�ə/ noun a sliding compart-ment in a desk or cupboard which you openby pulling on a handledrawing room

drawing room /�drɔ�ŋ ru�m/ noun aroom for sitting and talking in, but not eating� The guests’ drawing room is on the right ofthe main entrance.dredge

dredge /dred$/ verb CATERING to sprinkleor cover food with a coating of icing sugar,flour or sugardregs

dregs /dre#z/ plural noun cold remnants ofa drink, left in a cup or glassdress

dress /dres/ noun 1. a piece of woman’s orgirl’s clothing, covering more or less thewhole body 2. special clothes � verb 1. toput on clothes, especially formal clothes �We’re expected to dress for dinner whenwe’re sitting at the captain’s table. 2. CATER-ING to prepare something such as a chickenfor cooking 3. MEDICAL to clean a wound andput a covering over itdress circle

dress circle /�dres �s��k(ə)l/ nounENTERTAINMENT the first balcony of seatsabove the stalls in a theatredress coat

dress coat /�dres kəυt/ noun a man’s for-mal long black coatdressed crab

dressed crab /drest kr�b/, dressedlobster noun FOOD cooked crab or lobster,with the legs removed and the flesh brokenup and put back into the shell

dressing

dressing /�dresŋ/ noun 1. the act ofputting on clothes 2. SAUCES, ETC. a saucefor salad � a bottle of Italian dressing �Would you like French dressing or ThousandIsland dressing? 3. MEDICAL a covering orbandage applied to a wound to protect itdressing table

dressing table /�dresŋ �teb(ə)l/ noun abedroom table with mirrorsdried

dried /drad/ adjective preserved by dehy-dration, which removes water and so slowsdown deterioration � dried mushrooms �sun-dried tomatoesdried fruit

dried fruit /�drad �fru�t/ noun fruit thathas been dehydrated to preserve it for laterusedried milk

dried milk /�drad �mlk/ noun DAIRYsame as dehydrated milkdrier

drier /�draə/ noun same as dryerdrill

drill /drl/ noun � boat drill, fire drill aprocedure to be carried out to help people toescape from a sinking boat or from a burningbuildingdrink

drink /drŋk/ noun 1. liquid which some-one swallows � Would you like a drink? �Drinks are served before the meal on trans-atlantic flights. 2. BEVERAGES an alcoholicdrink � Drinks are being served on the ter-race. � he has a drink problem he is analcoholic � he was much the worse fordrink he was drunk � verb to swallow liquid� She was so thirsty she drank four glasses oflemonade. � Do you want something to drinkwith your meal? � she doesn’t drink shenever drinks alcohol � let’s drink to the suc-cess of the tour let us raise our glasses andwish it success

COMMENT: The word ‘drink’ is often usedto refer to alcoholic drinks.

drinkable

drinkable /�drŋkəb(ə)l/ adjective able tobe drunk, or quite nice to drink � This wineis hardly drinkable.drinking chocolate

drinking chocolate /�drŋkŋ �tʃɒklət/noun FOOD sweet chocolate powder, used tomake a hot drink � I have a cup of drinkingchocolate before I go to bed.drinking-up time

drinking-up time /�drŋkŋ ��p �tam/noun a period allowed in a public house afterofficial closing time, when drinks alreadybought may be finisheddrinking water

drinking water /�drŋkŋ �wɔ�tə/ nounBEVERAGES water which is safe to drink, asopposed to water for washing � Don’t usethat tap, it’s not drinking water.drinks trolley

drinks trolley /�drŋkz �trɒli/ noun AIRTRAVEL a trolley on an aircraft, with variousdrinks that are served by stewards or stew-ardesses. Also called bar trolley

Leisure.fm Page 97 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

drip 98dripdrip /drp/ noun a small drop of liquid, fall-ing regularly from a tap or containerdripping

dripping /�drpŋ/ noun FOOD the fat thatmelts off meat when it is being cooked andhardens when cold, used for frying, bastingand making pastrydrip traydrip tray /�drp tre/ noun BARS a trayplaced under a tap to catch drips, e.g. undera beer tapdrivedrive /drav/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a ride ina motor vehicle 2. ROAD TRAVEL the way inwhich a car is propelled or guided � car withfront-wheel drive a car where the engine isconnected directly to the front wheels � carwith left-hand drive a car where the driversits on the left-hand side 3. a path leading toa house wide enough for a car to drive alongit � verb ROAD TRAVEL to make a car, lorry,etc., go in a particular direction � He wasdriving to work when he heard the news onthe car radio. � She drives a tour bus. (NOTE:driving – drove – has driven)drive alongdrive along /�drav ə |�lɒŋ/ verb ROADTRAVEL to ride along a road in a motor vehi-cledrive awaydrive away /�drav ə|�we/ verb ROADTRAVEL to go away in a motor vehicledrive backdrive back /�drav �b�k/ verb ROADTRAVEL to go or come back in a motor vehicledrive indrive in /�drav �n/ verb to go in by car �Each car that drives in is issued with a ticket.drive-indrive-in /�drav n/ adjective, noun ENTER-TAINMENT a bank, cinema or restaurant,where customers are served as they sit intheir cars � We went to see the movie at thelocal drive-in. � drive-in cinema or restau-rant a cinema or restaurant where you candrive in in a car and watch a film or eat whilestill sitting in the cardrive on

drive on /�drav �ɒn/ verb to continueone’s journey � The policeman signalled usto drive on.driverdriver /�dravə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL some-body who drives � You pay the driver as youget on the bus. � Don’t talk to the driverwhen the bus is in motion.driving licencedriving licence /�dravŋ �las(ə)ns/,driver’s license US /�dravəz �las(ə)ns/noun ROAD TRAVEL a permit that allows youto drivedrizzledrizzle /�drz(ə)l/ noun a thin mist of rain �A thin drizzle was falling so we took ourumbrellas. � verb to rain lightly � It’s driz-zling outside, so you’d better wear a rain-coat.drizzlydrizzly /�drzli/ adjective raining lightly �We get a lot of drizzly weather in September.

dropdrop /drɒp/ verb to fall, to go to a lowerlevel � Take a warm sweater, because atnight the temperature can drop quitesharply. � the wind dropped the windstopped blowing harddrop offdrop off /�drɒp �ɒf/ verb � to drop some-one off to let someone who is a passenger ina car get out somewhere � Can you drop meoff at the post office?drop-off chargedrop-off charge /�drɒp ɒf �tʃɑ�d$/ nounTRAVEL an extra charge for leaving a hiredcar at a different place from where it washiredDRVDRV abbreviation Dietary Reference Val-uesdrydry /dra/ adjective 1. not wet 2. with norain 3. BEVERAGES not sweet, used especiallyof wine � A dry white wine is served withfish. � Some German wines are quite dry. � Iprefer dry champagne to sweet champagne.4. forbidding alcohol � The whole state isdry. � verb to remove water from something� Guests are asked not to hang clothes to dryon the balcony.dry-cleandry-clean /�dra �kli�n/ verb to cleansomething with chemicals � We have sentthe curtains away to be dry-cleaned.dry-cleaner’sdry-cleaner’s /�dra �kli�nəz/ noun ashop where clothes are dry-cleaned � WhenI got my suit back from the dry-cleaner’sthere was a button missing.dry-cleaningdry-cleaning /�dra �kli�nŋ/ nounclothes which are ready to be sent to be dry-cleaned or which have been returned afterhaving been dry-cleaned � She ran throughthe rain to her car with an armful of dry-cleaning.dry-curedry-cure /�dra �kjυə/ verb CATERING topreserve fish or meat in salt crystals asopposed to brinedry-cured bacondry-cured bacon /�dra kjυəd �h�m/noun MEAT bacon which has been cured insaltdry dockdry dock /�dra �dɒk/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a dock where the water is pumped outto allow repairs to be done to a shipdryerdryer /�draə/ noun a machine which dries,especially a machine to dry clothesdry gingerdry ginger /�dra �d$nd$ə/ noun BEVER-AGES same as ginger aledry icedry ice /�dra �as/ noun carbon dioxide insolid form

COMMENT: Dry ice is extremely cold, witha temperature of –78°C, and is used forkeeping food such as ice cream cold whenbeing transported.

dryingdrying /�draŋ/ noun CATERING a methodof preserving food by removing moisture,

Leisure.fm Page 98 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

99 dutyeither by leaving it in the sun, as for driedfruit, or by passing it through an industrialprocessdry martinidry martini /�dra mɑ�|�ti�ni/ noun BEVER-AGES a cocktail of gin and French vermouth,served with an olivedry seasondry season /�dra �si�z(ə)n/ noun a periodof the year when it does not rain muchdry slopedry slope /�dra sləυp/ noun SPORT a skislope made of artificial snowdry slope skiingdry slope skiing /�dra sləυp �ski�ŋ/noun SPORT the activity of skiing on artifi-cial snow slopesdry storesdry stores /�dra stɔ�z/ noun BUSINESS astoreroom where dry goods such as tins andpackets of food are keptdry winedry wine /�dra �wan/ noun BEVERAGESwine which is not sweetDSODSO /�di�səυ/ abbreviation BUSINESS directservice organisationDSTDST abbreviation Daylight Saving Timedual carriagewaydual carriageway /�dju�əl �k�rd$we/noun ROAD TRAVEL a road with two lanes ineach direction, with a barrier between thepairs of lanes � There’s a dual carriagewayahead, so we’ll soon be able to overtake thattractor. (NOTE: The US English for this istwo-lane highway.)Dublin Bay prawnDublin Bay prawn /�d�bln be �prɔ�n/noun SEAFOOD a large prawn, often served asscampiduchesse potatoesduchesse potatoes /�d�tʃes pə|

�tetəυz/ plural noun FOOD creamed pota-toes with beaten egg added, piped into smallmounds and baked in an ovenduckduck /d�k/ noun 1. a common water bird 2.MEAT the meat of this bird used as food

COMMENT: Roast duck is traditionallyeaten with orange sauce.

ducklingduckling /�d�klŋ/ noun a small duck � Wehad roast duckling and orange sauce.dud chequedud cheque /�d�d �tʃek/ noun FINANCEsame as bouncing cheque (informal)dudedude /dju�d/ noun US a visitor to a duderanchdude ranchdude ranch /�du�d rɑ�ntʃ/ noun TOURISMa ranch that people visit as a tourist attractionand where they can stay and spend a holidaydue diligencedue diligence /�dju� �dld$əns/ nounCATERING a requirement of the food safetylegislation that food producers must take allreasonable care that the food they produce issafe, and is produced and packed in a waywhich prevents contaminationdumb waiterdumb waiter /�d�m �wetə/ noun CATER-ING 1. a sideboard in a restaurant, on whichcutlery and condiments are kept ready for

use 2. a device for raising and lowering traysof food or dirty dishes between floors of abuilding, e.g. when the kitchen is in the base-mentdummy packdummy pack /�d�mi p�k/ noun an emptypack for display in a shopdumpingdumping /�d�mpŋ/ noun BUSINESS theact of getting rid of excess goods cheaply inan overseas marketdumplingdumpling /�d�mplŋ/ noun FOOD a smallball of paste, often with a filling, which isboiled or steameddunedune /dju�n/ noun a mound or hill of sand,either on a beach or in the desertdupedupe /dju�p/ noun a duplicate reservation(informal )duriandurian /�djυəriən/ noun FRUIT a tropicalfruit from a tree that grows in south-east Asia

COMMENT: The fruit has an extremelyunpleasant smell, but is highly regardedas a dessert fruit in south-east Asia.

durum wheatdurum wheat /�djυərəm wi�t/ nounFOOD a hard type of wheat grown in southernEurope and used to make pasta

COMMENT: The best pasta is made with100% durum wheat and should belabelled to this effect.

duskdusk /d�sk/ noun twilight, the period in theevening just before it gets dark � The gar-dens close at dusk.dustdust /d�st/ noun a thin layer of dry dirt �verb 1. to remove dust from something � Thechambermaid has not dusted the room. 2.CATERING to sprinkle sugar onto a cakedustbindustbin /�d�stbn/ noun a large containerfor collecting rubbish � She put the rest ofthe dinner in the dustbin. � He threw the let-ter into the dustbin. Also called trashcan,garbage candusterduster /�d�stə/ noun a cloth for removingdust � Rub the surface down with a duster.dustpandustpan /�d�stp�n/ noun a small wideshovel for scooping up dirtdustproof coverdustproof cover /�d�stpru�f �k�və/noun a cover that prevents dust from gettinginto somethingDutchDutch /d�tʃ/ adjective coming from ormade in the Netherlands � to go Dutch toshare the cost of a meal equally between eve-ryoneDutch treatDutch treat /�d�tʃ �tri�t/ noun a partywhere each person pays his or her sharedutiable goodsdutiable goods /�dju�tiəb(ə)l �#υdz/,dutiable items plural noun BUSINESS goodson which a customs duty has to be paiddutyduty /�dju�ti/ noun 1. a piece of work thata person has to do � One of her duties is to

Leisure.fm Page 99 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

duty-free 100see that the main doors are locked at night.2. something that you are legally or morallyexpected to do 3. BUSINESS a tax that has tobe paid � to take the duty off alcohol � to puta duty on cigarettes � goods which are lia-ble to duty goods on which customs orexcise tax has to be paid

‘Canadian and European negotiators agreed to adeal under which Canada could lower its importduties on $150 million worth of European goods’[Globe and Mail (Toronto)]‘…the Department of Customs and Excise col-lected a total of N79m under the new advanceduty payment scheme’ [Business Times (Lagos)]

duty-free

duty-free /�dju�ti �fri�/ adjective, adverbsold with no tax to be paid � He bought aduty-free watch at the airport or He boughtthe watch duty-free at the airport.

‘…despite the abolition of duty-free in the Euro-pean Union, BAA is able to offer EU passengersa wide range of duty-paid alcohol and tobacco’[Heathrow International Traveller]

duty-free alcohol

duty-free alcohol /�dju�ti fri� ��lkəhɒl/noun BEVERAGES an alcoholic drink whichcan be bought in a duty-free shopduty-free allowance

duty-free allowance /�dju�ti �fri� ə|

�laυəns/ noun BUSINESS the amount of duti-able goods which a person can take into acountry without paying tax � She had sev-eral bottles more than the duty-free allow-ance and so was charged duty.duty-free shop

duty-free shop /�dju�ti �fri� ʃɒp/ noun ashop at an airport or on a ship where goodscan be bought without paying dutyduty manager

duty manager /�dju�ti �m�nd$ə/ nounthe manager who is on duty at the presenttimeduty of care

duty of care /�dju�ti əv �keə/ noun a dutywhich every citizen has not to act negligently

duty of care codeduty of care code /�dju�ti əv �keə�kəυd/ noun a list of guidelines which staffmust follow, e.g. regarding the safe disposalof waste

COMMENT: The duty of care code requiresbusinesses which produce waste toensure that it is carefully stored until it isdisposed of, that it is disposed of by a reg-istered waste disposal contractor and thata written record is kept each time thewaste is removed.

duty-paid goodsduty-paid goods /�dju�ti �ped #υdz/plural noun BUSINESS goods on which taxhas been paidduty rosterduty roster /�dju�ti �rɒstə/ noun a list oftimes showing when each person is on duty� Have a look on the duty roster to see whenyou’re next on duty.duvetduvet /�du�ve/ noun a large bag filled withfeathers, used to cover a bed � I prefer aduvet to blankets, because it is lighter.duvet coverduvet cover /�du�ve �k�və/ noun a dec-orative bag used to cover a duvetDVTDVT abbreviation MEDICAL deep-veinthrombosisdysenteric

dysenteric /�dsən |�terk/ adjective MEDI-CAL referring to dysenterydysenterydysentery /�ds(ə)ntri/ noun MEDICAL aninfection and inflammation of the coloncausing bleeding and diarrhoea

COMMENT: Dysentery occurs mainly intropical countries. The symptoms includediarrhoea, discharge of blood and pain inthe intestines. There are two main types ofdysentery: bacillary dysentery, caused bythe bacterium Shigella in contaminatedfood; and amoebic dysentery or amoebia-sis, caused by a parasitic amoeba Enta-moeba histolytica spread through contam-inated drinking water.

Leisure.fm Page 100 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

EE111

E111 noun MEDICAL a form used in the EU,which entitles a resident of one EU countryto free medical treatment in another EUcountrye. & o.e.

e. & o.e. abbreviation errors and omissionsexceptedearly

early /���l/ adjective, adverb 1. before theusual time � Let’s have an early lunch. � Youshould leave the hotel early to miss the rush-hour traffic. � at an early date very soon 2.at the beginning of a period of time � He tookan early flight to Paris. � we hope for anearly resumption of services we hope serv-ices will start again soonearly arrival

early arrival /���l ə|�rav(ə)l/ nounHOTELS a guest who arrives at a hotel earlierthan expectedearly bird special

early bird special /���l b��d �speʃ(ə)l/noun 1. a specially reduced fare for travelvery early in the morning 2. a speciallycheap meal if the meal is taken early in themorningearly closing day

early closing day /���li �kləυzŋ de/noun a weekday, usually Wednesday orThursday, when many shops close in theafternoonearly morning call

early morning call /���l �mɔ�nŋ �kɔ�l/noun same as morning callearly morning tea

early morning tea /���li �mɔ�nŋ �ti�/noun BEVERAGES tea brought to a guest’sbedroom early in the morning, often with theday’s newspaper and sometimes with lettersearplug

earplug /�əpl�#/ noun a ball of wax orcotton, which is pushed into the ear so thatyou cannot hear anything � Luckily we tookearplugs with us, as the traffic outside ourroom was very noisy.east

east /i�st/ noun one of the points of thecompass, the direction of the rising sun �The sun rises in the east. � The pilgrimsturned towards the east. � the Far Eastcountries to the east of India � the MiddleEast countries to the east of Egypt and westof Pakistan � adjective referring to the east �adverb towards the east � Drive east alongthe motorway for ten miles.

eastboundeastbound /�i�stbaυnd/ adjective goingtowards the east � All eastbound trains havebeen cancelled. � The eastbound carriage-way of the motorway is closed.East EndEast End /�i�st �end/ noun the part of Lon-don to the east of the City of London,regarded as having a very distinctive tradi-tional cultureEasterEaster /�i�stə/ noun a Christian festival inMarch or AprilEaster DayEaster Day /�i�stə de/, Easter Sunday/�i�stə �s�nde/ noun a Sunday holiday cel-ebrating Christ’s rising from the deadEaster eggEaster egg /�i�stər e#/ noun FOOD a choc-olate or sugar egg eaten at Eastereasterlyeasterly /�i�stəli/ adjective towards theeast � in an easterly direction towards theeasteasterneastern /�i�st(ə)n/ adjective referring tothe east � Bulgaria is part of EasternEurope. � The best snow is in the easternpart of the mountains.easternmosteasternmost /�i�st(ə)nməυst/ adjectivefurthest easteastwardeastward /�i�stwəd/ adjective, adverbtowards the easteastwardseastwards /�i�stwədz/ adverb towards theeasteast windeast wind /�i�st �wnd/ noun a wind thatblows from the easteasy termseasy terms /�i�zi �t��mz/ plural nounBUSINESS a price that is easy to pay becauseit is spread in instalments over a period oftime � The shop is let on very easy terms.eateat /i�t/ verb 1. to put food into your mouthand swallow it 2. to have a meal � Eat asmuch as you like for £5.95! (NOTE: ate –eaten) � to eat in to have a meal at home orin the restaurant of the hotel where you arestaying � to eat out to have dinner awayfrom home or in a restaurant outside thehotel where you are stayingeatableeatable /�i�təb(ə)l/ adjective good enoughto eat � This meat is hardly eatable.eatableseatables /�i�təb(ə)lz/ plural noun things toeat

Leisure.fm Page 101 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

eater 102eatereater /�i�tə/ noun somebody who eats �She’s a light eater – she just picks at herfood.eateryeatery /�i�təri/ noun US a restaurant, or aplace where you can eat (informal) � a well-known eatery on 5th Avenue (NOTE: The plu-ral form is eateries.)eating appleeating apple /�i�tŋ ��p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT asweet apple which may be eaten raweating placeeating place /�i�tŋ ples/ noun a placewhere you can eat, e.g. a restaurant, cafeteriaor canteenECEC abbreviation European Community(NOTE: This is now called the EuropeanUnion (EU).)éclairéclair /e|�kleə/ noun a long thin cylinder ofchoux pastry filled with whipped cream andtopped with chocolate or coffee icingecolabellingecolabelling /�i�kəυ |�leb(ə)lŋ/ noun asystem by which products or services thatare considered not to be harmful to the envi-ronment, or to be less harmful than others,are given a special labelE. coliE. coli /�i� �kəυla/ noun MEDICAL a Gram-negative bacillus associated with acute gas-troenteritis and traveller’s diarrhoea. Fullform Escherichia colieconomic cycleeconomic cycle /�i�kənɒmk �sak(ə)l/noun BUSINESS same as trade cycleeconomyeconomy / |�kɒnəmi/ noun 1. actionsintended to save money or resources 2. theway in which a country makes and usesmoney, or the financial state of a countryeconomy careconomy car / |�kɒnəmi kɑ�/ noun ROADTRAVEL a car which does not use much petroleconomy classeconomy class / |�kɒnəmi klɑ�s/ nounAIR TRAVEL the cheapest category of seat on aplane � to travel economy class Also calledtourist class

‘…let no one pretend that taking a long-haulEconomy class flight is a pleasurable experience’[Business Traveller]

economy class syndromeeconomy class syndrome / |�kɒnəmiklɑ�s �sndrəυm/ noun MEDICAL same asdeep-vein thrombosis (informal)

‘…the term ‘Economy Class Syndrome’ wascoined in 1988 but it is only over the last fewyears that any serious attempt has been made tostudy the causes of this health hazard’ [Wander-lust]

economy flight fareeconomy flight fare / |�kɒnəmi flat�feə/ noun AIR TRAVEL the lowest fare avail-ableeconomy passengereconomy passenger / |�kɒnəmi�p�snd$ə/ noun AIR TRAVEL somebody whotravels in economy class � The airline pro-vides more leg-room for full-fare economypassengers.

economy size pack

economy size pack /|�kɒnəmi saz�p�k/ noun BUSINESS a packet of goods thatworks out cheaper to buy, usually because itcontains more. Also called family packecotourism

ecotourism /�i�kəυ |�tυərz(ə)m/ nounTOURISM tourism that is responsible andrespects the culture and lifestyle of the localpeople, and in general does nothing to dam-age the local environmentecotourist

ecotourist /�i�kəυ |�tυərst/ noun TOURISMa responsible tourist who eats local food,uses local transport, lives the lifestyle oflocal people and respects their culture, and ingeneral does nothing to damage the localenvironmentEdam

Edam /�i�d�m/ noun a mild Dutch cheesewith a slightly rubbery texture, typicallyformed into balls covered with red waxedible

edible /�edb(ə)l/ adjective referring tosomething that can be safely eaten � Howcan you tell which mushrooms are edible andwhich are poisonous?EDP

EDP /�i� di� �pi�/ abbreviation electronicdata processingeel

eel /i�l/ noun SEAFOOD a long thin fishwhich looks like a snake � She ordered somesmoked eel. � He had a plate of jellied eels.

COMMENT: Eels may be eaten smoked(usually with horseradish sauce) orstewed in the traditional London fashion –‘jellied eels’.

EFA

EFA abbreviation CATERING European FoodAuthorityeffect

effect / |�fekt/ noun a change that happensas the result of an action done by somebodyefficiency

efficiency / |�fʃ(ə)nsi/ noun the ability towork well and to produce the right result orthe right work quicklyefficient

efficient /|�fʃ(ə)nt/ adjective able to workwell and do what is necessary without wast-ing time, money or effortefficiently

efficiently / |�fʃ(ə)ntli/ adverb in an effi-cient way � The waitresses served the 250diners very efficiently.EFT

EFT /�i� ef �ti�/ abbreviation FINANCE elec-tronic funds transfere.g.

e.g. abbreviation for example, such as �The contract is valid in some countries (e.g.France and Belgium) but not in others.egg

egg /e#/ noun FOOD 1. an oval object with ahard shell, produced by a female bird fromwhich a baby bird comes � a duck’s egg �quail eggs 2. an egg produced by a domestichen, the type of egg most commonly used asfood for humans � You need three eggs tomake this cake.

Leisure.fm Page 102 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

103 embusegg cosyegg cosy /�e# �kəυzi/ noun CATERING alittle cover put over a boiled egg to keep ithot (NOTE: The plural form is egg cosies.)eggcupeggcup /�e#k�p/ noun a holder for aboiled egg � They served boiled eggs in egg-cups shaped like chickens.egg custardegg custard /�e# �k�stəd/ noun DES-SERTS a sweet sauce, made with eggs andmilk, flavoured with vanilla, baked until setand eaten warm or coldegg noodlesegg noodles /�e# �nu�d(ə)lz/ plural nounFOOD noodles made with flour, water andeggeggplanteggplant /�e#plɑ�nt/ noun US VEGETA-BLES a plant with shiny purple-black fruit,used as a vegetable. Also called aubergineeggs Benedicteggs Benedict /�e#z �benədkt/ nounham and a poached egg in hollandaise sauceon a slice of toast or a split toasted muffineggshelleggshell /�e#ʃel/ noun the shell around anegg � I found a big piece of eggshell in myomelette.egg timeregg timer /�e# �tamə/ noun a device fortiming how long an egg is boiled foregg whiteegg white /�e# wat/ noun FOOD the partof the egg which is not yellow. Also calledwhiteEHOEHO abbreviation Environmental HealthOfficerelasticelastic / |�l�stk/ adjective not rigid, ableto stretch and contractelastic demandelastic demand / |�l�stk d |�mɑ�nd/noun BUSINESS a demand which can expandor contract easily because of small changesin priceelectricelectric / |�lektrk/ adjective worked byelectricity � The flat is equipped with anelectric cooker.electricalelectrical / |�lektrk(ə)l/ adjective refer-ring to electricity � The engineers are tryingto repair an electrical fault.electricityelectricity / |�lek |�trsti/ noun a currentused to make light, heat or power � The elec-tricity was cut off this morning, so the air-conditioning could not work. � Our electric-ity bill has increased considerably this quar-ter. � Electricity costs are an important fac-tor in our overheads.electronicelectronic /�elek |�trɒnk/ adjective refer-ring to machines that use transistors or inte-grated circuits to operate, or to systems thatrely on computers and computer networkselectronic billingelectronic billing /�elektrɒnk �blŋ/noun a system for charging customers andpaying bills by credit or debit card onlineelectronic data processingelectronic data processing/�elektrɒnk �detə �prəυsesŋ/ noun the

act of selecting and examining data stored ina computer to produce information. AbbrEDPelectronic funds transfer

electronic funds transfer /�elektrɒnk�f�ndz �tr�nsf��/ noun FINANCE a systemfor transferring money from one account toanother electronically, as when using a smartcard. Abbr EFTelectronic organiser

electronic organiser /�elektrɒnk�ɔ�#ənazə/ noun same as personal organ-iserelectronic point of sale

electronic point of sale /�elektrɒnk�pɔnt əv �sel/ noun BUSINESS a systemwhere sales are charged automatically to acustomer’s credit card or debit card andstock is controlled by the shop’s computer.Abbr EPOSelectronic ticketing

electronic ticketing /�elektrɒnk�tktŋ/ noun a computerised system usedby airlines which gives passengers a specialcode number instead of a physical ticketelectroplated nickel silver

electroplated nickel silver / |

�lektrəpletd �nk(ə)l �slvə/ noun CATER-ING same as silver plateelevator

elevator /�elvetə/ noun US a machinewhich carries people or goods from one floorto another in a building � Take the elevator tothe 26th floor. Compare escalator, travela-tor (NOTE: The British English is lift.)elevenses

elevenses / |�lev(ə)nzz/ noun CATERINGa snack served in the middle of the morning(informal )e-mail

e-mail /�i� mel/ noun 1. electronic mail, asystem of sending messages from one com-puter to another, using telephone lines � Youcan make your booking by e-mail if youwant. � I’ll give you the e-mail address of thehotel. 2. a message sent by e-mail � I hadtwo e-mails from him this morning. � verb tosend a message using electronic mail � I e-mailed the hotel about the change of plan.embark

embark /m |�bɑ�k/ verb TRAVEL to go ontoa ship or aircraft � The passengers embarkedat Southampton.embarkation

embarkation /�embɑ� |�keʃ(ə)n/ nounTRAVEL the action of going onto a ship orplaneembarkation card

embarkation card /�embɑ� |�keʃ(ə)nkɑ�d/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a card given topassengers getting onto a shipembassy

embassy /�embəsi/ noun a building wherean ambassador has his or her office � TheBritish Embassy is holding a party for exhib-itors at the trade fair.embus

embus /m |�b�s/ verb ROAD TRAVEL to geton a bus or put people on a bus

Leisure.fm Page 103 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

emergency 104emergencyemergency / |�m��d$ənsi/ noun a danger-ous situation such as a fire or an accident,where decisions have to be taken quickly �the government declared a state of emer-gency the government decided that the situ-ation was so dangerous that the police orarmy had to run the country � in case ofemergency, in an emergency if a dangeroussituation develops � In an emergency, pressthe red button.

‘…the problem with emergency evacuation sys-tems is that they do not adequately satisfy safetyneeds during emergencies. Many systems useemergency powered signs placed high on wallsor above doors. These work well when you cansee them, but smoke rises, decreasing visibilityand increasing the risk of confusion’ [HotelSecurity Worldwide]

emergency exitemergency exit / |�m��d$ənsi �e#zt/noun a special way out of a building, used ifthere is a fire or other emergency. Also calledfire exitemergency planemergency plan / |�m��d$ənsi pl�n/noun same as contingency planemergency reservesemergency reserves / |�m��d$(ə)nsi r |

�z��vz/ plural noun same as contingencyplanemigrantemigrant /�em#rənt/ noun somebodywho leaves one country to settle in another.Compare immigrantemigrateemigrate /�em#ret/ verb to leave yourcountry to live in another � My daughter andher family have emigrated to Australia.Compare immigrateemigrationemigration /�em|�#reʃ(ə)n/ noun the actof leaving your country to live in another �19th-century governments encouraged emi-gration to the colonies. Compare immigra-tionEmmentalEmmental /�eməntɑ�l/ noun DAIRY a typeof hard cheese from Switzerland with largeholes and a mild nutty flavouremployemploy /m |�plɔ/ verb to give someoneregular paid work � to employ twenty staffto have twenty people working for you � toemploy twenty new staff to give work totwenty new peopleemployeeemployee /m |�plɔi�/ noun a personemployed by a company � Employees of thefirm are eligible to join a profit-sharingscheme. � Relations between managementand employees have improved. � The com-pany has decided to take on new employees.employee conduct reportemployee conduct report /m |�plɔi��kɒnd�kt r |�pɔ�t/ noun BUSINESS a reporton how an employee has performed over agiven period of timeemployee turnoveremployee turnover /m |�plɔi��t��nəυvə/ noun BUSINESS same as labour

turnover � Under the new management,employee turnover has dropped.emporium

emporium /m |�pɔ�riəm/ noun a largeshop (NOTE: The plural form is emporia.)emptor

emptor /�emptə/ BUSINESS � caveat emp-torempty

empty /�empti/ adjective with nothinginside, or with no people present � The res-taurant was half-empty. � The ski resorts areempty because there is no snow. � noun anempty bottle or caseemulsifier

emulsifier / |�m�lsfaə/, emulsifyingagent / |�m�lsfaŋ �ed$ənt/ noun CATER-ING a substance added to mixtures of foodsuch as water and oil to hold them together,and also added to meat to increase the watercontent so that the meat is heavier. � stabi-liser

COMMENT: In the EU, emulsifiers and sta-bilisers have E numbers E322 to E495.

emulsify

emulsify / |�m�lsfa/ verb CATERING tomix two liquids so thoroughly that they willnot separateenclose

enclose /n |�kləυz/ verb to put somethinginside an envelope with a letter � to enclosea leaflet about the hotel � a letter enclosinga cheque � I am enclosing a copy of our cur-rent room rates. � Please find the chequeenclosed herewith.enclosure

enclosure /n |�kləυ$ə/ noun a documentenclosed with a letter � letter with enclo-sures (NOTE: Usually shortened to encl.when written at the end of a letter.)en croute

en croute /�ɒn �kru�t/ adjective, adverbenclosed in a pastry crustendemic

endemic /en|�demk/ adjective MEDICALreferring to any disease which is very com-mon in specific places � Yellow fever isendemic to parts of Central Africa.endive

endive /�endv/ noun 1. FRUIT a greensalad plant similar to a lettuce, with curly bit-ter-tasting leaves 2. VEGETABLES a vegetablewith a conical head of white crisp leavespacked firmly together, eaten raw in saladsor cooked with a sauce. � chicoryenergy value

energy value /�enəd$i �v�lju�/ nounCATERING the amount of energy produced bya given amount of a particular foodengaged

engaged /n |�#ed$d/ adjective busy, e.g.of a telephone line � You cannot speak to themanager – his line is engaged.engaged tone

engaged tone /n |�#ed$d təυn/ noun asound made by a telephone when the linedialled is busy � I tried to phone the com-plaints department but I just got the engagedtone.

Leisure.fm Page 104 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

105 entertainmentEnglish

English /�ŋ#lʃ/ adjective referring toEngland � noun the language spoken in theUK, the USA and many other countries � Doyou speak English? � The hotel has an Eng-lish-speaking manager.English breakfast

English breakfast /�ŋ#lʃ �brekfəst/noun FOOD a meal of cereals, bacon, eggs,toast and marmalade, served with tea or cof-fee, often served as a buffet in motels andhotel chains

COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break-fast’ may include cereals, porridge, orstewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish(such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau-sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes ormushrooms and fried bread, followed bytoast and marmalade and tea or coffee.

English Heritage

English Heritage /�ŋ#lʃ �hertd$/noun an official organisation responsible forpreserving historic buildings such as ancientmonuments, and landscapes in EnglandEnglish service

English service /�ŋ#lʃ �s��vs/ nounCATERING a way of serving at a meal, wherethe waiter or waitress serves each guest froma large dish, serving from the guest’s leftEnglish Tourism Awards

English Tourism Awards /�ŋ#lʃ�tυərz(ə)m ə |�wɔ�dz/ plural noun TOURISMprizes given annually by the regional touristboards, with a finalist chosen each year forthe whole countryEnglish Tourism Council

English Tourism Council /�ŋ#lʃ�tυərz(ə)m �kaυns(ə)l/ noun TOURISM anorganisation which promotes tourism inEngland and promotes tourism to Englandfrom other parts of the United Kingdom. It isformed of several regional tourist boards.Abbr ETC

COMMENT: The council grades hotels, bedand breakfasts, self-catering cottages andcampsites according to various gradingsystems: hotels are rated according to astar system (one star to five stars); guestaccommodation (bed and breakfasts,farmhouses, inns, guesthouses, etc.) arerated according to a diamond system (oneto five diamonds); self-catering accommo-dation is also rated according to a star sys-tem (one to five stars).

English Tourist Board

English Tourist Board /�ŋ#lʃ �tυərst�bɔ�d/ noun TOURISM one of twelve regionalorganisations forming part of the EnglishTourism Council. Also called TouristBoardenhance

enhance /n |�hɑ�ns/ verb to make some-thing better or strongerenhancement

enhancement /n |�hɑ�nsmənt/ nounsomething which makes a service betterenhancer

enhancer /n |�hɑ�nsə/ noun CATERING anartificial substance which increases the fla-

vour of food, or even the flavour of artificialflavouring that has been added to food

COMMENT: In the EU, flavour enhancersadded to food have the E numbers E620to 637.

en pension

en pension /�en �penʃən/ adjective � enpension terms, en pension rate a specialprice for guests staying in a hotel who takeall their meals in the hotel (the same as ‘fullboard’); normally in Britain this will includebreakfast, lunch and dinner, and in some tra-ditional hotels morning coffee and afternoontea; there will probably be a reduced menufor ‘en pension’ guests, which will notinclude special dishes found on the ‘à lacarte’ menuen pension rate

en pension rate /�en �penʃən �ret/ nounHOTELS same as full boardenplane

enplane /en|�plen/ verb AIR TRAVEL to getonto an aircraftenquire

enquire /ŋ |�kwaə/, enquiry same asinquire, inquiryen route

en route /�ɒn �ru�t/ adverb on the way �We stopped for lunch en route to the coast. �The ship ran into a storm en route to the FarEast.en suite

en suite /�en �swi�t/ adverb, adjective �bedroom with bathroom en suite, bed-room with en suite bathroom a bedroomwith a bathroom leading off it � The hotelhas 25 bedrooms, all en suite. � the hotelhas 25 bedrooms, all en suite all the bed-rooms have en suite bathrooms � The newmotel has 20 en suite bedrooms.enter

enter /�entə/ verb 1. to go into or to comeinto a place � The group entered France byroad. � Several immigrants enter the countryillegally every day. � entrance, entry 2. towrite information on a book or a form, or totype information into a computer system � toenter a name on a list 3. � to enter into tobegin � to enter into relations with someone� to enter into negotiations with a foreigngovernment � to enter into a partnershipwith a legal friend � to enter into an agree-ment or a contractentering

entering /�entərŋ/ noun the act of writingsomething in a recordenterprise zone

enterprise zone /�entəpraz zəυn/ nounBUSINESS same as development zoneentertain

entertain /�entə |�ten/ verb to give guests ameal and sometimes accommodationentertainer

entertainer /�entə|�tenə/ noun a personwho sings, dances, tells jokes or performstricks to entertain peopleentertainment

entertainment /�entə|�tenmənt/ noun 1.the act of offering meals or accommodation

Leisure.fm Page 105 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

entertainment allowance 106to visitors 2. TRAVEL games, films, etc.,offered to amuse passengersentertainment allowanceentertainment allowance /�entə |

�tenmənt ə|�laυəns/ noun BUSINESS moneywhich a manager is allowed by his or hercompany to spend on meals with visitorsentertainment expensesentertainment expenses /�entə |

�tenmənt k |�spensz/ plural noun moneyspent on giving meals, theatre tickets, etc., tobusiness visitorsentertainment officerentertainment officer /�entə|�tenmənt�ɒfsə/ noun somebody who is responsiblefor organising sports competitions, shows,dances or cabarets for passengers on a shipentitleentitle /n |�tat(ə)l/ verb to give somebodythe right to do something � The token entitlesyou to two free admissions to the museum. �He is entitled to ten days’ holiday a year.

‘…membership of the club, free to business trav-ellers and conference delegates, entitles guests to10% discounts on their room bill and the hotel’sbusiness centre facilities’ [Business Traveller]

entrainentrain /n |�tren/ verb to get on a train orput people on a trainentranceentrance /�entrəns/ noun a way in, or theact of going in � The taxi will drop you at themain entrance. � The group will meet at theLondon Road entrance of the hotel.entrance feeentrance fee /�entrəns fi�/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT money which you have to pay togo into something such as an exhibition.Also called admission feeentrance hallentrance hall /�entrəns hɑ�l/ noun sameas front hallentrance ticketentrance ticket /�entrəns �tkt/ nounENTERTAINMENT a ticket which allows you togo into something such as an exhibition.Also called admission ticketentréeentrée /�ɒntre/ noun CATERING 1. themain course in a meal, e.g. fish or meat, or avegetarian dish � You have the choice ofthree starters and four entrées. 2. formerly, adish of meat served after the fish course andbefore the main course in a formal mealentremetsentremets /�ɒntrəme/ noun CATERINGthe sweet course, consisting of e.g. pud-dings, pastries or icesentryentry /�entri/ noun 1. the act of going in �to pass a customs entry point � entry ofgoods under bond 2. the door or openingwhere you go into a place 3. a piece of writ-ten information in a ledger or register � Thepolice looked at the entries in the hotel’s reg-ister. � to make an entry in a ledger to writedown information referring to receipts orexpenditure in a ledgerentry chargeentry charge /�entri tʃɑ�d$/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT same as admission charge

entry clearance

entry clearance /�entri �klərəns/ nounan official document that entitles the holderof a student or work permit to enter the UKfor a period of six months or longerentry visa

entry visa /�entri �vi�zə/ noun a visaallowing someone to go into a countryE number

E number /�i� �n�mbə/ noun FOOD a clas-sification number given to a food additive bythe European Union

COMMENT: Additives are classified as fol-lows: colouring substances: E100 – E180;preservatives: E200 – E297; antioxidants:E300 – E321; emulsifiers and stabilisers:E322 – E495; acids and bases: E500 –E529; anti-caking additives: E530 – E578;flavour enhancers and sweeteners: E620– E637.

environmental

environmental /n |�varən |�ment(ə)l/adjective referring to the environmentenvironmental annoyance

environmental annoyance /n |

�varənment(ə)l ə|�nɔəns/ noun a nuisancecaused by such environmental factors as traf-fic noiseEnvironmental Health Officer

Environmental Health Officer /n |

�varənment(ə)l �helθ �ɒfsə/ noun an offi-cial of a local authority who examines theenvironment and tests for air pollution, badsanitation, noise pollution, etc. Abbr EHO.Also called Public Health Inspectorenvironmental hygiene

environmental hygiene /n |

�varənment(ə)l �had$i�n/ noun the studyof health and how it is affected by the envi-ronmentenvironmental quality standards

environmental quality standards /n |

�varənment(ə)l �kwɒləti/ plural noun theamount of an effluent or pollutant which isaccepted in an environment, e.g. the amountof trace elements in drinking water or theamount of additives in foodEPNS

EPNS abbreviation CATERING electroplatednickel silverepos

epos /�i�pɒs/, EPOS abbreviation BUSI-NESS electronic point of saleequator

equator / |�kwetə/ noun an imaginary linerunning round the surface of the earth, at anequal distance from the North and SouthPoles

COMMENT: Crossing the equator (or‘crossing the line’) is the subject of elabo-rate rituals on ships. Passengers who arecrossing the equator for the first time areshaved, thrown into the swimming pool,etc., and finally presented with a certificatefrom the captain.

equip

equip / |�kwp/ verb to provide somethingwith machinery � a holiday flat equippedwith washing machine and dishwasher � Theship has a fully-equipped gymnasium. � All

Leisure.fm Page 106 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

107 ethnicrooms in the hotel are equipped with hairdryers and coffeemakers.equipmentequipment / |�kwpmənt/ noun machin-ery and furniture required to make a factoryor office work � kitchen equipment � kitchenequipment supplier � kitchen equipment cat-alogueergotergot /���#ət/ noun a fungus which growson ryeerrorerror /�erə/ noun a mistake � She made anerror in calculating the total. � errors andomissions excepted (e. & o.e.) a note on aninvoice to show that the seller has no respon-sibility for mistakes on the invoiceescalatorescalator /�eskəletə/ noun a movingstaircase, with metal steps that moveupwards or downwards. Compare elevator,lift, travelatorescalopeescalope /�esk�lɒp/ noun MEAT a thinslice of meat, especially veal, pork, chickenor turkey. � Wiener schnitzelescape

escape / |�skep/ verb the act of gettingaway from prison or from a difficult situation� Escape with us to the tropical island ofBarbados.escapismescapism / |�skepz(ə)m/ noun activitiesthat stop you from thinking about real lifeescargotescargot /�eskɑ�#əυ/ noun a snail that iscooked and served as food, especially pre-sented in its shell with melted garlic butterescortescort noun /�eskɔ�t/ somebody whoaccompanies another person � She wore redsilk and her escort wore a kilt. � verb /|

�skɔ�t/ to accompany someone � The cou-rier escorted the group into the hotel. � I wasescorted around by our local MP. � The linerentered harbour escorted by a flotilla ofyachts.escortedescorted / |�skɔ�td/ adjective accompa-nied by a guide or courier � two operatorswith escorted tours of Italy � We offer sev-eral escorted touring holidays in SouthAmerica.eskyesky /�eski/ noun Aus CATERING same ascool boxespressoespresso /e|�spresəυ/ noun BEVERAGES 1.a type of strong Italian coffee, made in a spe-cial machine, where steam or boiling water isforced through ground coffee under pressure� an espresso machine 2. a cup of this coffee� Two cups of espresso or two espressos,please.essenceessence /�es(ə)ns/ noun CATERING a con-centrated plant extract containing its uniqueflavour and fragranceessential amino acidsessential amino acids / |�senʃəl ə|

�mi�nəυ ��sdz/ plural noun the eight amino

acids which are essential for growth, butwhich cannot be synthesised and so must beobtained from food or medicinal substancesessential fatty acidessential fatty acid / |�senʃəl �f�ti��sd/ noun an unsaturated fatty acid whichis essential for growth, but which cannot besynthesised and so must be obtained fromfood or medicinal substancesessential foodstuffsessential foodstuffs / |�senʃəl �fu�d |

�st�fs/ plural noun very important, staplefoods such as bread and riceestablishmentestablishment / |�st�blʃmənt/ noun 1.a business or organisation � He runs animportant catering establishment. 2. thenumber of people working in a company � tobe on the establishment to be a full-timeemployee � kitchen with an establishmentof fifteen a kitchen with a budgeted staff offifteenestimateestimate noun /�estmət/ 1. a calculationof the probable cost, size or time of some-thing 2. a calculation of how much some-thing is likely to cost in the future, given to aclient so as to get him to make an order � toask a builder for an estimate for building theannexe � Before we can give the grant wemust have an estimate of the total costsinvolved. � to put in an estimate to state inwriting the probable costs of carrying out ajob � Three firms put in estimates for the job.� verb /�estmet/ 1. to calculate the proba-ble cost, size or time of something � to esti-mate that it will cost £1m or to estimate costsat £1m � We estimate current sales at only60% of last year’s. 2. � to estimate for a jobto state in writing the probable costs of car-rying out a job � Three firms estimated forthe refitting of the bar.estimatedestimated /�estmetd/ adjective calcu-lated approximately � Costs were slightlymore than the estimated figure.estimated time of arrivalestimated time of arrival /�estmetd�tam əv ə|�rav(ə)l/ noun TRAVEL the timewhen an aircraft, a coach or a group of tour-ists is expected to arrive. Abbr ETAestimated time of departureestimated time of departure/�estmətd �tam əv d|�pɑ�tʃə/ nounTRAVEL the time when an aircraft, a coach ora group of tourists is expected to leave. AbbrETDETAETA abbreviation TRAVEL estimated time ofarrivalETCETC abbreviation TOURISM English Tour-ism CouncilETDETD abbreviation estimated time of depar-tureethnicethnic /�eθnk/ adjective referring to a par-ticular race or country

Leisure.fm Page 107 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

ethnic food 108ethnic food

ethnic food /�eθnk fu�d/ noun CATERINGfood from a particular country which is notEuropean, e.g. Chinese or Indian foodethnic restaurant

ethnic restaurant /�eθnk �rest(ə)rɒnt/noun CATERING a restaurant serving ethnicfoode-ticket

e-ticket /�i� �tkt/ noun AIR TRAVEL anelectronic ticket, which does not exist onpaper, but is stored in the airline’s bookingsystem, and can be referred to using a refer-ence numbere-ticketing

e-ticketing /�i� �tktŋ/ noun AIR TRAVELthe process of issuing e-ticketsetiquette

etiquette /�etket/ noun the correct way ofbehaving in public � Banqueting staff mustlearn the correct etiquette involved in wed-ding receptions.EU

EU abbreviation European Union � EUministers met today in Brussels. � The USAis increasing its trade with the EU.EUFIC

EUFIC abbreviation European Food Infor-mation Councileuro

euro /�jυərəυ/ noun FINANCE a currencyadopted as legal tender in several Europeancountries from January 1st, 2002 � Manyarticles are priced in euros. � What’s theexchange rate for the euro? (NOTE: This iswritten € before numbers: €250: say: ‘twohundred and fifty euros’.)

‘…cross-border mergers in the European Unionhave shot up since the introduction of the euro’[Investors Chronicle]COMMENT: The countries which are joinedtogether in the European Monetary Unionand have adopted the euro as their com-mon currency are: Austria, Belgium, Fin-land, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Por-tugal and Spain.

Euro-

Euro- /jυərəυ/ prefix referring to Europe orthe European Unioneuro account

euro account /�jυərəυ ə|�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE a bank account in eurosEurope

Europe /�jυərəp/ noun 1. the continent ofEurope, the part of the world to the west ofAsia, extending from Russia to Ireland �Most of the countries of Western Europe aremembers of the EU. � Poland is in easternEurope, and Greece, Spain and Portugal arein southern Europe. � Canadian visitors toEurope have risen by 25%. 2. the same area,but not including the UK � Holidays inEurope are less popular than last year. 3. theEuropean Union including the UK � Cana-dian exports to Europe have risen by 25%. 4.other EU countries but not including the UK� British sales to Europe have increased thisyear.

EuropeanEuropean /�jυərə|�pi�ən/ adjective refer-ring to Europe � They do business with sev-eral European countries.European foodEuropean food /�jυərəpi�ən �fu�d/ nounCATERING food from a country in Europe,e.g. French, Spanish or Greek foodEuropean Food AuthorityEuropean Food Authority/�jυərəpi�ən �fu�d ɔ� |�θɒrəti/ noun CATER-ING a European organisation formed in 2002,which provides scientific advice on foodsafety, collects data on diets and exposure torisks, and keeps the public informed aboutfood safety. Abbr EFA

‘…the proposed European Food Authority (EFA)could be nothing but an expensive layer ofbureaucracy if it is not given real enforcementpowers, the Chartered Institute of EnvironmentalHealth (CIEH) has warned MEPs. The CIEHbelieves the EFA, scheduled to be launched by2002, should give priority to food-poisoning fig-ures and improve the response to food-poisoningoutbreaks, which it said was poor across the EU.’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

European planEuropean plan /�jυərə|�pi�ən pl�n/ nounHOTELS 1. a hotel tariff which covers theroom charges and service charges, includinga simple continental breakfast 2. US a hoteltariff which covers the room charges andservice charges but no meals. CompareAmerican planEuropean UnionEuropean Union /�jυərəpi�ən �ju�niən/noun a group of European countries linkedtogether by the Treaty of Rome, basing theircooperation on the four fundamentalfreedoms of movement: of goods, capital,people and services. Abbr EU

COMMENT: The European Community wasset up in 1957 and changed its name tothe European Union when it adopted theSingle Market. It has now grown to includefifteen member states. These are: Austria,Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ger-many, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Swedenand the United Kingdom; other countriesare negotiating to join. The member statesof the EU are linked together by the Treatyof Rome in such a way that trade is morefree, that money can be moved from onecountry to another freely, that people canmove from one country to another morefreely, and that people can work morefreely in other countries of the group.

EurostarEurostar /�jυərəυstɑ�/ tdmk RAIL TRAVEL1. a train service from England to France andBelgium, through the Channel Tunnel �Eurostar is often used by businesspeoplewho want to go to the centre of Brussels. 2. atrain on the Eurostar service � We took the8.25 Eurostar to Paris.evacuateevacuate / |�v�kjuet/ verb to get peopleto leave a place such as a dangerous building,

Leisure.fm Page 108 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

109 exchange premiuman aircraft on fire, etc. � The hotel guestswere evacuated by the fire service.evacuationevacuation / |�v�kju |�eʃ(ə)n/ noun theact of getting people out of a dangerousbuilding, aircraft, etc. � Complete evacua-tion of the aircraft took 12 minutes. � Wehave to practise evacuation drill every week.

‘…evacuation of a building in darkness or smokeis always difficult and hazardous. Whether it is afire, or a storm, an explosion or any major orminor emergency, nothing makes it more fright-ening than darkness’ [Hotel Security Worldwide]

evacuation planevacuation plan / |�v�kju |�eʃ(ə)n pl�n/noun HOTELS a diagram pinned up in a hotelroom, showing guests how to escape if thereis a fireevacuation routeevacuation route / |�v�kju |�eʃ(ə)n ru�t/noun a way, clearly indicated by signs anddiagrams, which people must follow toescape from a dangerous buildingevaporated milkevaporated milk /|�v�pəretd �mlk/noun milk that has been thickened by remov-ing some of the water by evaporationeveningevening /�i�vnŋ/ noun the part of the daybetween the afternoon and night � They tookan evening flight to Madrid. � The eveningmeal is served from 7.30 to 10.30.evening dressevening dress /�i�vnŋ dres/ noun for-mal clothes worn to an evening banquet orreception, consisting of long dresses forwomen and dinner jacket and bow tie formeneventevent / |�vent/ noun ENTERTAINMENT aparty or other special occasion, e.g. a wed-ding reception, birthday party, etc.event managerevent manager / |�vent �m�nd$ə/ nouna person who is in charge of organisingevents that take place at a particular venueevent marketingevent marketing / |�vent �mɑ�ktŋ/noun the work of advertising a venue as agood place in which to hold eventsevent operations managerevent operations manager / |�vent�ɒpə |�reʃ(ə)nz �m�nd$ə/ noun HOTELS amanager in a hotel who organises specialeventsexactexact /# |�z�kt/ adjective very correct �The exact time is 10.27. � The salesgirlasked me if I had the exact sum, since theshop had no change.exactlyexactly /# |�z�ktli/ adverb not more, notless � The total cost was exactly £6,504. �The train arrived exactly on time at 10.03.examinationexamination /# |�z�m |�neʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.the act of looking at something or somebodyvery carefully to see what they are like orwhether anything is wrong with them 2. awritten or spoken test � He passed his man-agement examinations. � She came first in

the final examination for the course. � Hefailed his proficiency examination and sohad to leave his job.examine

examine /# |�z�mn/ verb to look at some-one or something very carefully to see whatthey are like or whether anything is wrongwith them � The customs officials asked toexamine the inside of the car.exceed

exceed /k |�si�d/ verb to go beyond some-thing � He was exceeding the speed limit.excessexcess /�ekses/ adjective more than whatis allowed � in excess of above, more than �Quantities in excess of twenty-five kilos arecharged at a higher rate.

‘…most airlines give business class the samebaggage allowance as first class, which can savelarge sums in excess baggage’ [Business Travel-ler]

excess baggageexcess baggage /�ekses �b�#d$/ noun1. baggage which is heavier than the weightallowed as free baggage for a certain cate-gory of ticket 2. an extra payment at an air-port for taking baggage which is heavier thanthe usual passenger’s allowanceexcess fareexcess fare /�ekses �feə/ noun TRAVEL anextra fare to be paid, such as for travellingfirst-class with a second-class ticket or fortravelling further than originally intendedexcessiveexcessive /k |�sesv/ adjective too large �excessive costsexchange

exchange /ks |�tʃend$/ noun 1. the act ofgiving one thing for another 2. the act of giv-ing someone an amount of foreign currencythat is equal in value to an amount in his orher own currency. � foreign exchange �verb 1. � to exchange one article foranother to give one thing in place of some-thing else � He exchanged his ticket for aflight on Monday 22nd for a ticket on thesame flight on the following Wednesday. � Ifthe trousers are too small you can take themback and exchange them for a larger pair. �Goods can be exchanged only on productionof the sales slip. 2. FINANCE to change moneyof one country for money of another � toexchange euros for poundsexchangeableexchangeable /ks|�tʃend$əb(ə)l/adjective possible to exchangeexchange control

exchange control /ks |�tʃend$ kən |

�trəυl/ noun FINANCE control by a govern-ment of the way in which its currency may beexchanged for foreign currencies � The gov-ernment had to impose exchange controls tostop the rush to buy dollars.exchange premium

exchange premium /ks |�tʃend$�pri�miəm/ noun FINANCE an extra costabove the usual rate for buying a foreign cur-rency

Leisure.fm Page 109 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

exchange rate 110exchange rateexchange rate /ks|�tʃend$ ret/ nounFINANCE the price at which one currency isexchanged for another � What is today’sexchange rate or the current exchange ratefor the dollar? � There is a surcharge of 10%because of the fall in the exchange rate. Alsocalled rate of exchangeexcise dutyexcise duty /�eksaz �dju�ti/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax on particular goods produced in acountry, e.g. alcohol and petrolexcisemanexciseman /�eksazm�n/ noun some-body who works in the Excise DepartmentExcise officerExcise officer /�eksaz �ɒfsə/ noun anofficial of the Excise Departmentexcludeexclude /k |�sklu�d/ verb to shut out some-thing from somewhere � Damage by fire isexcluded from the policy.excludingexcluding /k |�sklu�dŋ/ preposition notincluding � The total cost, excluding gratui-ties, is £1,520.00 per person for the 6-nighttrip.exclusiveexclusive /k |�sklu�sv/ adjective 1. notincluding something or somebody � exclu-sive of tax not including tax 2. expensive andonly available for use by a few people, notopen to everyone � an exclusive Caribbeanholiday resort � The new health club is veryexclusive. � They stay in an exclusive Swissski resort.excursionexcursion /k |�sk��ʃ(ə)n/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a short visit, often no longer thanone day, returning to the place from whichyou left � We’re planning an excursion toBrighton. � The whole school went on anexcursion to the zoo.excursion fareexcursion fare /k |�sk��ʃ(ə)n feə/ nounAIR TRAVEL a special cheap fare offered onparticular journeys, or the lowest air fare ona domestic routeexcursionistexcursionist /k |�sk��ʃ(ə)nst/ nounsomeone who goes on an excursion, espe-cially for pleasureexcursion rateexcursion rate /k |�sk��ʃ(ə)n ret/ nounAIR TRAVEL same as excursion fareexecutiveexecutive /# |�zekjυtv/ noun BUSINESSan important businessman who makes deci-sionsexecutive chefexecutive chef /# |�zekjυtv �ʃef/ nounCATERING the main chef in charge of a largerestaurant, with many other chefs reportingto himexecutive classexecutive class /# |�zekjυtv klɑ�s/noun AIR TRAVEL a better and more expensivetype of air travel, especially for businesspeo-pleexecutive jetexecutive jet /# |�zekjυtv �d$et/ nounAIR TRAVEL a small jet aircraft for use by a

few passengers, usually important business-peopleexecutive lounge

executive lounge /# |�zekjυtv laυnd$/noun a lounge in an airport or hotel for theuse of people who are travelling first-classexecutive room

executive room /# |�zekjυtv ru�m/noun a high-quality room in a hotel for useespecially by businesspeopleexecutive suite

executive suite /# |�zekjυtv swi�t/noun a special suite of rooms in a hotel forbusinesspeopleexecutive travel

executive travel /# |�zekjυtv �tr�v(ə)l/noun TRAVEL business travel by importantbusinesspeopleexempt

exempt /# |�zempt/ adjective not coveredby a rule or law, or not forced to obey a law� exempt from tax, tax-exempt notrequired to pay tax � As a non-profit-makingorganisation we are exempt from tax. � verbBUSINESS to free something from having taxpaid on it or someone from having to pay tax� Non-profit-making organisations areexempted from tax. � Food is exempted fromsales tax.exemption

exemption /# |�zempʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS the act of freeing something from acontract, from having tax paid on it, or theact of freeing someone from having to paytaxexhibit

exhibit /# |�zbt/ noun 1. something whichis shown � The buyers admired the exhibitson our stand. 2. a collection of objects orgoods shown, or a single section of an exhi-bition � the British Trade Exhibit at theInternational Computer Fair � verb � toexhibit at the Motor Show to display newmodels of cars or new products at the MotorShowexhibition

exhibition /�eks |�bʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. ENTER-TAINMENT a show of works of art � There is aGoya exhibition on at the Prado. � Have youvisited the Turner exhibition at the Tate Gal-lery? 2. BUSINESS a show of goods so thatbuyers can look at them and decide what tobuy � The government has sponsored anexhibition of good design. � We have a standat the Ideal Home Exhibition.exhibition hall

exhibition hall /�eks|�bʃ(ə)n hɔ�l/ nounBUSINESS a place where goods are shown sothat buyers can look at them and decide whatto buyexhibition stand

exhibition stand /�eks |�bʃ(ə)n st�nd/noun BUSINESS a separate area or structure atan exhibition or a commercial fair where acompany exhibits its products or services.Also called fair booth

Leisure.fm Page 110 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

111 external auditexhibitor

exhibitor /# |�zbtə/ noun BUSINESS acompany that shows products at an exhibi-tionexit

exit /�e#zt/ noun a way out of a building orarea � The customers all rushed towards theexits.expatriate

expatriate /eks |�p�triət/ noun somebodywho lives and works in another countryexpedition

expedition /�eksp |�dʃ(ə)n/ noun a tripmade by a group of people for a particularpurpose, such as to discover unknown terri-toryexpedition pole

expedition pole /�eksp |�dʃ(ə)n �pəυl/noun SPORT a type of strong ski pole, usedwhen mountain climbingexpenditure

expenditure /k |�spendtʃə/ noun theamount of money spent. Also called spend(NOTE: There is no plural form in BritishEnglish, but American English often usesexpenditures.) � below-the-line expendi-ture exceptional payments which are sepa-rated from a company’s normal accounts �the company’s current expenditure pro-gramme the company’s spending accordingto the current plan � heavy expenditure onequipment spending large sums of moneyon equipmentexpense account

expense account /k |�spens ə|�kaυnt/noun BUSINESS money which a businessper-son is allowed by his or her company tospend on travelling and entertaining clientsin connection with his or her business � Hecharged his hotel bill to his expense account.� I’ll put this lunch on my expense account.expenses

expenses /k |�spensz/ plural noun moneythat somebody has to spend in order to beable to do his or her job and that can beclaimed back from his or her employer � thesalary offered is £30,000 plus expenses thecompany offers a salary of £30,000 and willrepay any expenses incurred by theemployee in the course of his or her work �all expenses paid with all costs paid by thecompany � The company sent him to SanFrancisco all expenses paid or He went onan all-expenses-paid trip to San Francisco. �to cut down on expenses to reduce spendingexpensive

expensive /k |�spensv/ adjective costinga lot of money � First-class air travel isbecoming more and more expensive.expire

expire /k |�spaə/ verb to come to an end �The lease of the hotel expires in 2010. � hispassport has expired his passport is nolonger validexpiry

expiry /k |�spaəri/ noun the fact of comingto an end � You need to renew your car insur-ance before the expiry of the previous policy.

expiry dateexpiry date /k |�spaəri det/ noun the lastdate on which something can be used � Whatis the expiry date on your credit card?exploreexplore /k |�splɔ�/ verb to make a journeyor trip to find out about a place or to seesomething that you have never seen before �These trips offer plenty of opportunities toget out and explore. � Explore the sights orrelax by the pool.export

export noun /�ekspɔ�t/ 1. a product madein one country and sold to another 2. thebusiness of selling goods to other countries �verb /k |�spɔ�t/ BUSINESS to send goods tobuyers in other countries. Compare importexport licenceexport licence /�ekspɔ�t �las(ə)ns/,export permit /�ekspɔ�t �p��mt/ nounBUSINESS a document which allows goods tobe exportedexpressexpress /k |�spres/ adjective rapid, veryfast � express letter � express delivery �noun a very fast train or coach � We’re tak-ing the 10.25 express to Edinburgh. � verb 1.to show something � This chart shows visi-tors from Europe expressed as a percentageof the total number of tourists coming to theUK each year. 2. to send very fast � Weexpressed the order to the customer’s ware-house.expresslyexpressly /k |�spresli/ adverb clearly inwords � The contract expressly forbids salesto the United States.express service

express service /k |�spres �s��vs/ nouna very fast train, coach, delivery of parcels,etc.expressway

expressway /k |�spreswe/ noun USROAD TRAVEL a fast road with few junctions� Take the expressway south to junction 20.(NOTE: The British English is motorway.)extext abbreviation extensionextender

extender /k |�stendə/ noun CATERING afood additive which makes the food biggeror heavier without adding to its food valueextensionextension /k |�stenʃən/ noun (in a hotelor office) an individual telephone linked tothe main switchboard � Can you get meextension 21? � The restaurant manager ison extension 53.externalexternal /k |�st��n(ə)l/ adjective outside acountryexternal accountexternal account /k |�st��n(ə)l ə|�kaυnt/noun FINANCE an account in a British bankheld by somebody who is living in anothercountryexternal auditexternal audit /k |�st��n(ə)l �ɔ�dt/ nounBUSINESS an audit carried out by an inde-pendent auditor who is not employed by thecompany. Also called independent audit

Leisure.fm Page 111 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

external auditor 112external auditorexternal auditor /k |�st��n(ə)l �ɔ�dtə/noun BUSINESS an independent person whoaudits a company’s accounts and who is nota member of the staff of the companyexternal phoneexternal phone /k |�st��n(ə)l �fəυn/noun a phone directly linked to an outsidelineexternal tradeexternal trade /k |�st��n(ə)l �tred/ nounBUSINESS same as overseas tradeextinguishextinguish /k |�stŋ#wʃ/ verb to put out afireextinguisherextinguisher /k |�stŋ#wʃə/ noun anapparatus, usually in the form of a cylindercontaining liquid, foam or powder, that isused to put out fires

COMMENT: Foam extinguishers cover afire with a mixture of water, air and foam-producing chemicals; carbon dioxideextinguishers send out liquid carbon diox-ide which turns to solid white ‘snow’ oncontact with air and then turns back to gasagain under the effect of heat; this has theeffect of smothering the fire. Water-basedextinguishers should not be used for firesin electrical equipment or involving burn-ing oils.

extraextra /�ekstrə/ adjective added, more thanusual � to charge 10% extra for postage �There is an extra charge for a single room. �The staff are paid extra pay for working onSundays.extra bedextra bed /�ekstrə �bed/ noun HOTELS anadditional bed brought into a room for a

guest � The hotel is very full but we can putan extra bed in the room if you want.extra chargeextra charge /�ekstrə �tʃɑ�d$/ noun anadditional charge on top of what is alreadypaid � There is no extra charge for heating.extractextract /�ekstr�kt/ noun a concentratedproduct obtained by first dissolving a sub-stance and then evaporating the liquid inwhich it is dissolvedextractorextractor /k |�str�ktə/ noun a machinewhich removes something from somewhereextractor fanextractor fan /k |�str�ktə f�n/ noun afan which sucks air out of a place � Whenyou switch on the light in the bathroom, theextractor fan switches on.extras

extras /�ekstrəz/ plural noun somethingadded to what is usual or expected, or some-thing not included in the original price �Packing and postage are extras.extra virgin olive oil

extra virgin olive oil /�ekstrə �v��d$n�ɒlv �ɔl/ noun FOOD olive oil producedfrom the first pressing, which has a low acid-ityextremelyextremely /k |�stri�mli/ adverb very, to avery great degree � It is extremely difficult tospend less than $50.00 a day on meals. � Therestaurant service is extremely efficient.extreme sportextreme sport /k |�stri�m �spɔ�t/ noun asport in which participants deliberately seekout dangerous or even life-threatening expe-riences

Leisure.fm Page 112 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

FFAA

FAA abbreviation US AIR TRAVEL FederalAviation Administrationface

face /fes/ noun the front part of the head �verb to turn towards somebody or something� the room faces east the room lookstowards the eastfacecloth

facecloth /�fesklɒθ/, face flannel /�fes�fl�nəl/ noun a small square of towelling forwashing the face or body � The hotel pro-vides you with a bath towel, a small toweland a facecloth in your bathroom.face towel

face towel /�fes �taυəl/ noun a smalltowel for drying the hands and facefacilities

facilities /fə |�sltiz/ plural noun equip-ment or buildings which make it easy to dosomething � storage facilitiesfacility

facility /fə|�slti/ noun 1. � there are nofacilities for unloading, there are nounloading facilities there is no way in whichcargo can be unloaded here � the museumhas facilities for the disabled the museumhas special ramps, special lifts, etc., to allowpeople with disabilities to visit it 2. a singlelarge building � We have opened our newwarehouse facility.

‘…the airport currently handles around 1.3 mil-lion passengers a year, with the new facility mak-ing it able to cope with over 2 million’[Airliner World]

facsimile copy

facsimile copy /f�k |�smli �kɒpi/ nounan exact copy of a documentfaecal

faecal /�fi�k(ə)l/ adjective referring to fae-ces (NOTE: The US spelling is fecal.)faecal matter

faecal matter /�fi�k(ə)l �m�tə/ nounsolid waste matter from the bowels � Faecalmatter was found in the drinking supplies.faeces

faeces /�fi�si�z/ plural noun solid wastematter passed from the bowels through theanus (formal ) (NOTE: The US spelling isfeces.)Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit /�f�rənhat/ noun a scale oftemperatures where the freezing and boilingpoints of water are 32° and 212°. CompareCelsius (NOTE: Fahrenheit is used in theUnited States, but is less common in theUnited Kingdom. It is normally written as an

F after the degree sign: 32°F. Say: ‘thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit’.)

COMMENT: To convert Fahrenheit to Cel-sius, subtract 32 and divide by 1.8. Toconvert Celsius temperatures to Fahren-heit, multiply by 1.8 and add 32. So 68°Fis equal to 20°C.

fair

fair /feə/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT a groupof sideshows, amusements, food stalls, etc.,set up in one place for a short time 2. sameas trade fair � adjective honest or correctfair booth

fair booth /�feə bu�ð/ noun US BUSINESSsame as exhibition standfair copy

fair copy /�feə �kɒpi/ noun a documentwhich is written or typed with no changes ormistakesfair deal

fair deal /�feə �di�l/ noun an arrangementwhere both parties are treated equally � Thegroup feel they did not get a fair deal fromthe holiday company.fairly

fairly /�feəli/ adverb 1. quite, relatively �The hotel is fairly close to the centre of town.2. in a way that is right, giving people whatthey deserve � to treat somebody fairlyfair price

fair price /�feə �pras/ noun a good pricefor both buyer and sellerFair Trade

Fair Trade /�feə �tred/ noun a system thatensures that producers in developing coun-tries are paid a proper price for the goodsthey supplyfaites marcher

faites marcher /�fet �mɑ�ʃe/ phraseCATERING used by waiters to ask the kitchento get a dish ready (NOTE: faites marchercomes from the French phrase meaning‘get something started’.)fajitas

fajitas /fə|�hi�təz/ plural noun FOOD a dishconsisting of beef or other meat, especiallychicken, that has been marinated, grilled, cutinto strips and served in a soft tortillafall

fall /fɔ�l/ noun 1. a drop � a fall in temper-ature 2. US autumn � You should go to NewEngland for the fall. � The fall colours are attheir best in the first week of October. � verb1. to drop down to the ground 2. to becomeless in amount or value � The temperaturefell to –30°.

Leisure.fm Page 113 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

falls 114fallsfalls /fɔ�lz/ plural noun a large waterfall �Victoria Falls � Niagara Fallsfalse alarmfalse alarm /�fɔ�ls ə|�lɑ�m/ noun a warn-ing signal which is falsefamedfamed /femd/ adjective well known � Thetown is famed for its cheese festival.familiarisationfamiliarisation /fə|�mliəra |�zeʃ(ə)n/,familiarization noun the process of gettingto know something wellfamiliarisation tripfamiliarisation trip /fə|�mliəra |

�zeʃ(ə)n �trp/ noun TOURISM a visit organ-ised by an airline, tourist resort, etc., so thatjournalists and tour operators can get toknow the facilities offeredfamiliarisefamiliarise /fə|�mliəraz/ verb � to famil-iarise yourself with to get to know some-thing well � The booking clerks were sent ona course to familiarise themselves with thenew computer system.familyfamily /�f�m(ə)li/ noun a group of peoplewho are related to each other, especiallymother, father and children � The Jones fam-ily are going on holiday to Spain. � a family-owned and run hotel a hotel which belongsto the family who run it and is not part of achainfamily namefamily name /�f�m(ə)li nem/ noun thename of a family such as Smith, Jones, etc.as opposed to the first name or Christianname. Also called surnamefamily packfamily pack /�f�m(ə)li p�k/, family size/�f�m(ə)li saz/ noun BUSINESS same aseconomy size packfamily planfamily plan /�f�m(ə)li pl�n/ nounHOTELS a room charge which allows mem-bers of a family to enjoy reduced ratesfamily roomfamily room /�f�m(ə)li ru�m/ noun 1. aroom in a pub for parents and children, withcomfortable chairs for the adults, and toysfor the children 2. a bedroom for a family,with a main bed for the parents and a smallbed or beds or bunk beds for childrenfamily-style servicefamily-style service /�f�m(ə)li stal�s��vs/ noun a type of service in which foodis brought to the table in dishes and theguests help themselvesfamily suitefamily suite /�f�m(ə)li swi�t/ nounHOTELS a series of rooms in a hotel, suitablefor a family, typically, two bedrooms, a sit-ting room and a bathroomfamousfamous /�feməs/ adjective very wellknown � The company owns a famousdepartment store in the centre of London.fanfan /f�n/ noun 1. a piece of equipment formoving air to make people or things cooler �We put electric fans in the reception to try tokeep cool. 2. an enthusiastic supporter of

something or someone, such as a team or apop group � There was a crowd of fans wait-ing for him outside the theatre. � a Liver-pool fan a supporter of Liverpool footballteamfancy

fancy /�f�nsi/ adjective � fancy priceshigh prices � I don’t want to pay the fancyprices they ask in London shops.fancy goods

fancy goods /�f�nsi #υdz/ plural nounsmall attractive itemsF & B

F & B abbreviation HOTELS food and bever-agefarce

farce /fɑ�s/ noun FOOD a French nounmeaning stuffingfare

fare /feə/ noun 1. TRAVEL the price that youhave to pay for a journey � Train fares havegone up by 5%. � The government is askingthe airlines to keep air fares down. 2. ROADTRAVEL a passenger in a taxi � He picked upa fare in Oxford Street and took him to Ken-sington. 3. (especially in publicity) food �good country farefare code

fare code /�feə kəυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL acode on an airline ticket that indicates whichclass the passenger will be travelling in �The fare code F stands for first class. Alsocalled booking codefarinaceous

farinaceous /�f�r |�neʃəs/ adjectiveCATERING referring to flour, containingstarchfarinaceous foods

farinaceous foods /�f�r |�neʃəs fu�dz/plural noun CATERING foods such as breadwhich are made of flour and have a highstarch contentfarinose

farinose /�f�rnəυz/ adjective consistingof or producing food starchfarm

farm /fɑ�m/ noun an area of land used forgrowing crops and raising animals � We wentto spend the week on a farm in Devon. � verbto grow crops or raise animals on a farmfarmed

farmed /fɑ�md/ adjective raised on a farm‘…when farmed cod reaches price compatibilitywith wild cod, demand will leap’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

farmhouse

farmhouse /�fɑ�mhaυs/ noun a housewhere a farmer and his or her family live �adjective referring to something as youmight find in a farm

‘…a description such as ‘farmhouse vegetables’should be banned because it is meaningless’[Food Standards Agency]

farmhouse holiday

farmhouse holiday /�fɑ�mhaυs�hɒlde/ noun TOURISM a holiday in thecountry, living on a farmfarming

farming /�fɑ�mŋ/ noun the work of man-aging a farm, of growing crops or of raisinganimals or fish for sale

Leisure.fm Page 114 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

115 feeder‘…farming fish is cheaper and provides betterconsistency of quality than wild fish’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

farmstayfarmstay /�fɑ�mste/ noun a stay on afarm as a paying guest, providing someexperience of rural lifefarm tourismfarm tourism /�fɑ�m �tυərz(ə)m/ nounTOURISM holidays spent on farmsfasciafascia /�feʃə/ noun a board over a shop onwhich the name of the shop is writtenfast foodfast food /�fɑ�st fυd/ noun cooked foodwhich can be prepared, bought and eatenquickly, e.g. hamburgers, hot dogs or pizzas� She decided to invest in a fast-food fran-chise.fast-food outletfast-food outlet /�fɑ�st �fu�d �aυtlət/noun a snack bar or restaurant offering fastfood, often part of a franchise operationfast lanefast lane /�fɑ�st len/ noun same as out-side lanefatfat /f�t/ adjective 1. (of a person) big andround, overweight � Two fat men got out ofthe little white car. � I’m getting too fat – Ineed to slim. 2. thick � a fat file of com-plaints on the manager’s desk 3. CATERINGcontaining a lot of fat � fat bacon � nounFOOD a white oily substance in the body,which stores energy and protects the bodyagainst cold � She asked for a slice of lambwithout too much fat. � If you don’t like thefat on the meat, cut it off.fathomfathom /�f�ðəm/ noun a measure of thedepth of water equalling 6 feet or 1.8 metres� The ship sank in fifty fathoms of water.fatteningfattening /�f�t(ə)nŋ/ adjective CATERINGthat makes you fat � Low-fat yoghurt isn’tfattening.fatty acidfatty acid /�f�ti ��sd/ noun CATERING anacid which is an important substance in thebody, e.g. stearic acid

COMMENT: Fat is a necessary part of thediet because of the vitamins and energy-giving calories that it contains. Fat in thediet comes from either animal fats or veg-etable fats. Animal fats such as butter, fatmeat or cream, are saturated fatty acids. Itis believed that the intake of unsaturatedand polyunsaturated fats (mainly vegeta-ble fats and oils and fish oil) in the diet,rather than animal fats, helps keep downthe level of cholesterol in the blood and solessens the risk of atherosclerosis. A low-fat diet does not always help to reduceweight.

faucetfaucet /�fɔ�st/ noun US same as tap � Thefaucet in the bathroom is leaking.faunafauna /�fɔ�nə/ noun the wild animals of anarea � The flora and fauna of South America.Compare flora (NOTE: The plural form isfaunae.)

favourite

favourite /�fev(ə)rət/ adjective very pop-ular or that you like most � a favourite tour-ist spot � my favourite method of relaxingfax

fax /f�ks/ noun 1. a system for sending anexact copy of a document via the telephone� We received a fax of the order this morn-ing. 2. a document sent by this method � Canyou confirm the booking by fax? � Mosthotels will accept confirmation of a bookingby fax. � verb to send a message by fax � Thedetails of the offer were faxed to the brokersthis morning. � I’ve faxed the documents toour New York office.fax paper

fax paper /�f�ks �pepə/ noun a specialpaper which is used in fax machinesFDF

FDF abbreviation Food and Drink Federa-tionfeasibility

feasibility /�fi�zə |�blti/ noun the abilityto be done � to report on the feasibility of aprojectfeasibility study

feasibility study /�fi�zə |�blti �st�di/noun a study to see if something can be donefeast

feast /fi�st/ noun 1. a special religious daywhen a saint is remembered or a specialevent is celebrated � Today is the Feast of StNicholas. 2. a very large meal � verb to eat avery large mealfeather duster

feather duster /�feðə �d�stə/ noun abrush made of feathers for removing dustfeature

feature /�fi�tʃə/ noun an important part oraspect of something � The gastronomic res-taurant is a feature of the hotel. � Longfjords are a feature of the coastline of Nor-way. � verb to show as an important item �The tour features a visit to the Valley of theKings.Federal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation Administration/�fed(ə)rəl �evi |�eʃ(ə)n��dmnstreʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a USgovernment agency which regulates theoperation of civilian airlines. Abbr FAAfee

fee /fi�/ noun 1. a sum of money that has tobe paid for something 2. the money paid forwork carried out by a professional personsuch as an accountant, a doctor or a lawyer �director’s fees � consultant’s fee � Wecharge a small fee for our services.feedfeed /fi�d/ noun a meal, especially given tobabies � verb 1. to give food to a person oran animal � The student cafeteria feeds twothousand people a day. 2. AIR TRAVEL to passaircraft from an international route intodomestic services (NOTE: feeds – fed)feeder

feeder /�fi�də/ noun TRAVEL a road, railwayor airline that carries traffic from a relativelysmall place to a city in order to connect withthe main routes

Leisure.fm Page 115 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

feeder airline 116feeder airline

feeder airline /�fi�də �eəlan/ noun AIRTRAVEL an airline that connects with a huband enables passengers to catch long-dis-tance flightsfell

fell /fel/ noun an area of high moorland,with few trees, especially in the north ofEngland � The popularity of the Lake Dis-trict fells is well known.fennel

fennel /�fen(ə)l/ noun a herb with seedsand feathery leaves that have a light aniseedflavourferment

ferment /fə |�ment/ verb to change some-thing into alcohol by the effect of yeast onsugar � Cider has to ferment for at least tenweeks before it is ready to drink.fermentation

fermentation /�f��men|�teʃ(ə)n/ noun achemical change brought about in liquidsusually leading to the production of alcohol� They added sugar to encourage fermenta-tion.Ferris wheel

Ferris wheel /�fers wi�l/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a large vertical wheel in a funfair,with seats hanging from it � You get a mar-vellous view of the town from the top of theFerris wheel.ferry

ferry /�feri/, ferryboat /�feribəυt/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a boat which takes passen-gers or goods across water � We are going totake the night ferry to Belgium.festival

festival /�festv(ə)l/ noun 1. a religiouscelebration which comes at the same timeeach year � The party will be in Hong Kongfor the Lantern Festival. 2. ENTERTAINMENTan event, often lasting several days, whereentertainment is provided � We saw someexcellent plays at the Edinburgh Festival thisyear.FET

FET /�ef i� �ti�/ abbreviation foreignescorted tourfeta

feta /�fetə/ noun a firm crumbly saltycheese made from sheep’s or goat’s milk andpreserved in brine, originally from Greecefête

fête /fet/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a smallpublic event, usually in the open air, withstalls, sideshows and competitions � I hope itdoesn’t rain for the village fête. � The schoolsummer fête will be held next Saturday.fettuccine

fettuccine /�fetə |�tʃiəni/ noun pasta madein narrow flat strips, slightly narrower andthicker than tagliatellefeuilleté

feuilleté /�f��iəte/ noun FOOD a Frenchnoun meaning an open or covered pie offlaky pastry � a feuilleté of langoustinesFFP

FFP abbreviation frequent flyer programmeFICC

FICC abbreviation International Federationof Camping and Caravanning

field

field /fi�ld/ noun � in the field outside theoffice, among the customers � We have six-teen reps in the field.field research

field research /�fi�ld r |�s��tʃ/, field work/�fi�ld w��k/ noun an examination of the sit-uation among possible customers, asopposed to desk research � They did a lot offield work to find the right market for theirnew service.fifth freedom

fifth freedom /�ffθ �fri�dəm/ noun AIRTRAVEL the right to use a carrier of one coun-try to take passengers between two othercountriesfig

fig /f#/ noun FRUIT the juicy sweet fruit ofa semi-tropical tree grown mainly in Medi-terranean countries and eaten either as freshfigs or dried figs � We sat under the tree andate figs and goat’s cheese.fill

fill /fl/ verb 1. to make something full � Thewaiter filled her glass again. 2. � to fill agap to provide a product or service which isneeded, but which no one has providedbefore � The new series of golfing holidaysfills a gap in the market. 3. � to fill a post, avacancy to find someone to do a job � Yourapplication arrived too late – the post hasalready been filled.filled baguettefilled baguette /�fld b�|�#et/ noun FOODa sandwich made of a piece of French breadsliced in two, and filled with salad, tuna,ham, etc.filled bap

filled bap /�fld �b�p/ noun FOOD a sand-wich made of a bap sliced in two, and filledwith salad, tuna, ham, etc.fillet

fillet /�flt/ noun 1. MEAT a piece of good-quality meat, with no bones � fillet of beef �fillet of pork 2. CATERING a piece of fishwhich the bones have been taken out of � Weordered fried fillet of sole. � verb CATERINGto take the bones out of a fish � Ask thewaiter to fillet the fish for you.filleter

filleter /�fltə/ noun CATERING somebodywho fillets fishfillet steakfillet steak /�flt �stek/ noun MEAT athick slice of beef from the best-quality andmost expensive cutfill in

fill in /�fl �n/ verb to write the necessaryinformation in the blank spaces in a form �Fill in your name and address in block capi-tals.filling

filling /�flŋ/ noun CATERING food used toput inside some other food, e.g. in a sand-wich, pie, cake, chocolates, etc.fill out

fill out /�fl �aυt/ verb to write the requiredinformation in the blank spaces in a form �To get customs clearance you must fill outthree forms.

Leisure.fm Page 116 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

117 fire doorfill up

fill up /�fl ��p/ verb 1. to make somethingcompletely full, or to become completelyfull � He filled up the car with petrol. 2. tofinish writing the necessary information on aform � He filled up the form and sent it to thebank.filofilo /�faləυ/ noun BREAD, ETC. very thinsheets of pastry dough used to make paperycrisp small pastries or large dishes, usedespecially in Greek cookingfilter

filter /�fltə/ noun 1. a piece of cloth, plasticor paper or a mass of crystals through whichwater or air passes and which holds backsolid particles such as dirt � The filter in theswimming pool has become clogged. � Theinspector asked the restaurant to replace thefilter on the air extractor. 2. a piece of paperthrough which coffee passes in a coffeemachine � verb to pass liquid through apaper or cloth filter, or through crystals, toremove impurities � The water is filteredthrough a cloth before being used.filter coffeefilter coffee /�fltə �kɒfi/ noun BEVER-AGES coffee which is made by passing boil-ing water through coffee grounds, often in apaper conefinal destination

final destination /�fan(ə)l �dest|

�neʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL a place reached atthe end of a journey after stopping at severalplaces en route. Also called ultimate desti-nationfinance

finance /�fan�ns/ noun 1. BUSINESSmoney used by a company, provided by theshareholders or by loans 2. the work of man-aging the money used by a business or organ-isation � verb to provide money to pay forsomething � The development of the marinawas financed by the local council.finances

finances /�fan�nsz/ plural noun themoney or cash that a person or business hasavailable � the bad state of the company’sfinancesfinancial

financial /fa |�n�nʃəl/ adjective concern-ing moneyfinancial adviser

financial adviser /fa |�n�nʃəl əd|�vazə/noun BUSINESS a person or company givingadvice on financial matters for a feefinancial assistance

financial assistance /fa |�n�nʃəl ə|

�sstəns/ noun help in the form of moneyfinancial resources

financial resources /fa |�n�nʃəl r|

�zɔ�sz/ plural noun money which is availa-ble for investment � a company with strongfinancial resourcesfinancial yearfinancial year /fa |�n�nʃəl �jə/ noun thetwelve-month period for a firm’s accountsfinefine /fan/ adjective good, pleasant orsunny with no rain � When the weather is

fine, the view from the hotel is splendid. �Don’t rely on having fine weather in the mid-dle of November. � noun money which youhave to pay as a punishment for having donesomething wrong � He was asked to pay a$25,000 fine. � We had to pay a $10 parkingfine. � verb to make someone pay money asa punishment for having done somethingwrong � to fine someone £2,500 for obtain-ing money by false pretences � adverb verythin or very small � Chop the vegetables veryfine.finelyfinely /�fan(ə)li/ adverb very thin or verysmall � finely chopped parsleyfingerfinger /�fŋ#ə/ noun 1. one of the five partsat the end of the hand, but usually not includ-ing the thumb � She pressed the button withher finger. 2. CATERING a piece of foodshaped like a finger � a box of chocolate fin-gers 3. AIR TRAVEL same as airbridgefinger biscuitfinger biscuit /�fŋ#ə �bskt/ nounBREAD, ETC. a biscuit shaped like a fingerfinger bowlfinger bowl /�fŋ#ə bəυl/ noun CATERINGa bowl of water, often with a slice of lemonin it, put beside a guest’s plate so that theycan wash their hands after eatingfinger buffetfinger buffet /�fŋ#ə �bυfe/ noun CATER-ING a buffet where snacks are served whichguests eat with their fingers, as opposed to a‘fork buffet’ or ‘fork luncheon’firefire /faə/ noun something which is burningand gives off heat � She lost all her belong-ings in the hotel fire. � to catch fire to startto burn � verb � to fire someone to dismisssomeone from a job (informal) � The newproprietor fired half the hotel staff. � to hireand fire to engage new staff and dismissexisting staff very frequently

‘…each room is equipped with a fire detector.The five floors, with 120 rooms each, are dividedinto 15 fireproof zones, individually ventilated,and equipped with a fire detector, a siren, a glassbreaker and a fire door. Each floor has 5 firehoses and an extinguisher every 10 metres.Finally, the hotel has 8 fire exits accessible fromeach floor’ [Hotel Security Worldwide]

fire alarmfire alarm /�faər ə|�lɑ�m/ noun a bell orsiren which gives a warning that a fire hasstarted � If you see smoke, break the glass tosound the fire alarm.fire damagefire damage /�faə �d�md$/ noun dam-age caused by a firefire detectorfire detector /�faə d |�tektə/ noun anapparatus which senses heat and notices if afire breaks out and automatically sounds analarm or sets off a sprinkler systemfire doorfire door /�faə dɔ�/ noun a special door toprevent fire going from one part of a buildingto another

Leisure.fm Page 117 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

fire drill 118fire drillfire drill /�faə drl/ noun a procedure to becarried out to help people to escape from aburning building � We will be holding a firedrill this morning.fire exitfire exit /�faər �e#zt/ noun same asemergency exitfire extinguisherfire extinguisher /�faər k |�stŋ#wʃə/noun a device full of foam, water or chemi-cals, used for putting out firesfire hazardfire hazard /�faə �h�zəd/, fire risk /�faərsk/ noun a situation, such as the improperstorage of goods, which could easily start afire � That room full of old furniture is a firehazard.fire hosefire hose /�faə həυz/ noun a length ofpipe ready to be attached to a water supply,used to put out firesfire insurancefire insurance /�faər n |�ʃυərəns/ nouninsurance against damage by firefire noticefire notice /�faə �nəυts/ noun HOTELS anotice pinned to a wall, telling guests what todo in case of firefire precautionsfire precautions /�faə pr |�kɔ�ʃ(ə)nz/plural noun safety measures to protect abuilding and its occupants if a fire breaks outfireprooffireproof /�faəpru�f/ adjective treated sothat it cannot burn � All soft furniture is cov-ered in fireproof fabric.fire safetyfire safety /�faə �sefti/ noun measures tomake a place safe for the customers and staffin case of firefire safety officerfire safety officer /faə �sefti �ɒfsə/noun somebody responsible for seeing thatthe customers and staff are safe if a firebreaks outfiretrapfiretrap /�faətr�p/ noun a place whichcould easily catch fire, and in which peoplecould be trapped because of inadequate firesafety equipment or because of its construc-tion � The hotel has no fire escape – it’s areal firetrap.firstfirst /f��st/ adjective relating to number 1in a seriesfirst aidfirst aid /�f��st �ed/ noun MEDICAL helpgiven rapidly to someone who is suddenly illor hurt until full-scale medical treatment canbe given � She ran to the man who had beenknocked down and gave him first aid until theambulance arrived.

‘…how much first-aid equipment should be pro-vided in a workplace depends on the number ofpeople employed. For a small establishment asingle first-aid box may be sufficient. It should bein the charge of a responsible person and shouldbe properly stocked’ [Health and Safety inKitchens (HSE)]

first-aid hutfirst-aid hut /�f��st �ed �h�t/ noun asmall building containing a first-aid post

first-aid kitfirst-aid kit /�f��st �ed �kt/ noun a boxwith bandages and dressings kept ready to beused in an emergencyfirst-aid postfirst-aid post /�f��st �ed �pəυst/, first-aid station /�steʃ(ə)n/ noun a tent or othersmall building in which first aid can be givento people at an exhibition, agricultural show,etc.first-classfirst-class /�f��st �klɑ�s/ adjective,adverb 1. best-quality, most expensive � Thehotel has a first-class restaurant. � We had afirst-class meal last night. 2. TOURISM refer-ring to the most expensive and most comfort-able type of travel or hotel � to stay in first-class hotels � I prefer to travel first-class. �First-class travel provides the best service. �A first-class ticket costs more than twice asmuch as economy class.first-class hotelfirst-class hotel /�f��st klɑ�s həυ|�tel/noun HOTELS a very good hotel, with com-fortable rooms and a wide range of servicesfirst-class mailfirst-class mail /�f��st klɑ�s �mel/ nounthe most expensive mail service, designed tobe faster than second-class � A first-class let-ter should get to Scotland in a day.first freedomfirst freedom /�f��st �fri�dəm/ noun AIRTRAVEL the right to overfly a country withoutlanding at an airport in that countryfirst in the fieldfirst in the field /�f��st n ðə �fi�ld/ nounBUSINESS the first company to bring out aproduct or to start a servicefirst namefirst name /�f��st nem/ noun a person’sChristian name or given name, as opposed tothe surname or family namefirst nightfirst night /�f��st �nat/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT the official opening performance of aplay or entertainmentfirst optionfirst option /�f��st �opʃən/ noun the rightto be able to be the first to decide whether tobuy or take somethingfiscal yearfiscal year /�fskəl �jə/ noun BUSINESSsame as tax yearfishfish /fʃ/ noun FOOD a cold-blooded animalwith fins and scales, that lives in water(NOTE: There is no plural form when refer-ring to the food: You should eat some fishevery week.) � verb SPORT to try to catchfish

COMMENT: Fish is high in protein, phos-phorus, iodine and vitamins A and D.White fish has very little fat. Certain con-stituents of fish oil are thought to help pre-vent the accumulation of cholesterol onartery walls.

fish and chipsfish and chips /�fʃ ən �tʃps/ noun FOODa traditional British food, obtained from spe-cial shops, where portions of fish fried inbatter are sold with chips

Leisure.fm Page 118 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

119 fixed expensesfish-and-chip shopfish-and-chip shop /�fʃ ən �tʃp ʃɒp/noun CATERING a shop selling fried fish andchips, and usually other food such as pies �Don’t bother cooking – I’ll just pop down tothe fish-and-chip shop and get some plaiceand chips. Also called chip shop, fishshop 2fishbonefishbone /�fʃbəυn/ noun a bone in a fishfishcakefishcake /�fʃkek/ noun FOOD a roundcake of fish and potato mixed together andfriedfish cheffish chef /�fʃ ʃef/ noun CATERING the chefin charge of preparing fish dishes. Alsocalled chef poissonnierfishermanfisherman /�fʃəmən/ noun SPORT a manwho catches fish, either as a job or for sportfisherman’s piefisherman’s pie /�fʃəmənz �pa/ nounFOOD same as fish piefish farmfish farm /�fʃ fɑ�m/ noun a place wherefish are raised in large numbers in specialtanksfish fingersfish fingers /�fʃ �fŋ#əz/ plural nounFOOD pieces of white fish shaped intooblongs and coated with breadcrumbs andfried � The children don’t like fresh fish, butthey do like fish fingers. (NOTE: The US Eng-lish is fish sticks.)fish forkfish fork /�fʃ fɔ�k/ noun CATERING a forkwith flat prongs used with a fish knife foreating fishfishingfishing /�fʃŋ/ noun the sport or industryof catching fish � The sign said ‘no fishing’.fishing boatfishing boat /�fʃŋ bəυt/ noun a boatused for fishingfishing harbourfishing harbour /�fʃŋ �hɑ�bə/ noun aharbour which is used by fishing boatsfishing portfishing port /�fʃŋ pɔ�t/ noun a portwhich is used mainly by fishing boatsfishing rodfishing rod /�fʃŋ rɒd/ noun a long poleto which is attached a line and hookfishing tacklefishing tackle /�fʃŋ �t�k(ə)l/ noun allthe equipment used by a fishermanfish kettlefish kettle /�fʃ �ket(ə)l/ noun CATERING along metal container for cooking a wholefishfish knifefish knife /�fʃ naf/ noun CATERING a spe-cial wide knife, with a blunt blade, usedwhen eating fishfish pastefish paste /�fʃ pest/ noun FOOD a softmixture of dried or salted fish, sold in pots,and served spread on bread or in sandwichesfish piefish pie /�fʃ �pa/ noun FOOD a dish of var-ious types of fish, cooked in a white saucewith a topping of potatoes. Also called fish-erman’s piefish shopfish shop /�fʃ �ʃɒp/ noun CATERING 1. ashop selling raw fish � The fish shop has

some wonderful fresh salmon. 2. same asfish-and-chip shopfish slicefish slice /�fʃ slas/ noun CATERING awide flat utensil used for turning fish andremoving it from a frying panfish sticksfish sticks /�fʃ �stk/ plural noun USFOOD another spelling of fish fingersfitfit /ft/ adjective 1. suitable for something �The meat was declared to be fit for humanconsumption. 2. healthy and having a lot ofphysical energy � He keeps fit by joggingevery day. � verb to be the right size or shape� The chef’s cap doesn’t fit me. � noun MED-ICAL a sudden attack of a disorder, especiallyconvulsions and epilepsyFITFIT abbreviation AIR TRAVEL frequent inde-pendent travellerfitness centrefitness centre /�ftnəs �sentə/, fitnessclub noun SPORT a special room or rooms ina hotel or other building with sauna, gymna-sium, etc., where customers can go to takeexercisefitted carpetfitted carpet /�ftd �kɑ�pt/ noun carpetcut to the exact size of the room and fixed tothe floorfitted cupboardfitted cupboard /�ftd �k�bəd/ noun aspecially made cupboard which fits into abedroom, bathroom or kitchenfittingsfittings /�ftŋz/ plural noun objects in aproperty which are sold with the property butare not permanently fixed and can beremoved, such as carpets or shelvesfive-dollar billfive-dollar bill /�fav �dɒlə �bl/ nounFINANCE a bank note for five dollarsfive-star hotelfive-star hotel /�fav stɑ� həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a very good hotel, with luxuriousrooms and higher pricesfixfix /fks/ verb 1. to arrange something, or tocome to an agreement with somebody aboutsomething � The date for the reception hasbeen fixed for 10th October. 2. to repairsomething � The technicians are coming tofix the telephone switchboard. � Can you fixthe flat tyre?fixedfixed /fkst/ adjective permanent, whichcannot be removedfixed assetsfixed assets /�fkst ��sets/ plural nounBUSINESS same as capital assetsfixed capitalfixed capital /�fkst �k�pt(ə)l/ nounBUSINESS capital in the form of fixed assetsfixed costsfixed costs /�fkst �kɒsts/ plural nounBUSINESS business costs which do not risewith the quantity of the product made or withthe amount of business done by a restaurantor hotelfixed expensesfixed expenses /�fkst k|�spensz/ plu-ral noun FINANCE money which is spent reg-

Leisure.fm Page 119 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

fixed interest 120ularly on things such as rent, electricity andtelephonefixed interest

fixed interest /�fkst �ntrəst/ noun BUSI-NESS interest which is paid at a set ratefixed-price agreement

fixed-price agreement /fkst �pras ə|

�#ri�mənt/ noun BUSINESS an agreementwhere a company provides a service or aproduct at a price which stays the same forthe whole period of the agreementfixed rate

fixed rate /�fkst �ret/ noun a chargewhich cannot be changedfixed scale of charges

fixed scale of charges /�fkst skel əv�tʃɑ�d$z/ noun BUSINESS a rate of chargingwhich cannot be alteredfixtures

fixtures /�fkstʃəz/ plural noun objects ina property which are permanently attachedto it, such as sinks and lavatoriesfixtures and fittings

fixtures and fittings /�fkstʃəz ən�ftŋz/ plural noun objects in a propertywhich are sold with the property, both thosewhich cannot be removed and those whichcanfix up with

fix up with /�fks �p �wð/ verb to arrangesomething for someone � The travel deskfixed me up with a car at the airport. � Canyou fix me up with a room for tomorrownight?fizz

fizz /fz/ noun BEVERAGES champagne(informal) � Let’s have a drink, there’s a bot-tle of fizz in the fridge.fizzy

fizzy /�fzi/ adjective BEVERAGES contain-ing bubbles of gas � I don’t like fizzy orange– do you have any squash?flag

flag /fl�#/ noun a piece of cloth with adesign on it which is the symbol of a countryor company � a ship flying a British flag �ship sailing under a flag of convenience aship flying the flag of a country which mayhave no ships of its own, but allows ships ofother countries to be registered in its portsflag airline

flag airline, flag carrier noun AIR TRAVELthe main national airline of a country, seen asthe representative of the country abroadflagship

flagship /�fl�#ʃp/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSthe main or largest ship belonging to a ship-ping lineflagship hotel

flagship hotel /�fl�#ʃp həυ|�tel/ nounHOTELS the main hotel belonging to a chainflaky pastry

flaky pastry /�fleki �pestri/ nounBREAD, ETC. a type of soft pastry whichbreaks into flakes easily when cookedflambé

flambé /�flɒmbe/ CATERING adjectivehaving had brandy or other alcohol pouredover it and set alight � verb to pour brandy orother alcohol over food and set it alight �pancakes flambéed in brandy

flambé lampflambé lamp /�flɒmbe l�mp/ nounCATERING same as chafing lampflanflan /fl�n/ noun 1. FOOD an open tart � anapricot flan 2. DESSERTS a French word fora custard tartflapjack

flapjack /�fl�pd$�k/ noun BREAD, ETC. aflat cake made of oats, honey, nuts, etc.flash-freezeflash-freeze /�fl�ʃ �fri�z/ verb CATERINGto freeze produce very rapidly, just after ithas been picked or caught � We use a uniqueflash-freeze packaging process.flatflat /fl�t/ adjective 1. BEVERAGES (of adrink) not fizzy when it ought to be � Thisbeer is flat. � The champagne has gone flat.2. fixed, not changing � a flat fee � noun 1.a set of rooms, usually on one level, used asliving accommodation � He has a flat in thecentre of town. � She is buying a flat close toher office. (NOTE: The US English is apart-ment.) 2. CATERING a flat dish with lowstraight sides, e.g. a ramekinflat bedflat bed /�fl�t bed/ noun AIR TRAVEL sameas sky bedflat rateflat rate /�fl�t �ret/ noun a charge whichalways stays the same � We pay a flat rate forbed and breakfast.flat swap

flat swap /�fl�t swɒp/ noun TOURISM anarrangement where two families exchangeflats for a holidayflat tyreflat tyre /�fl�t �taə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL atyre which has a leak in it so that the air hascome outflatwareflatware /�fl�tweə/ noun 1. CATERINGsame as cutlery 2. flat pieces of china, e.g.platesflavourflavour /�flevə/ noun taste � The dish hasa distinctive Italian flavour. � verb CATERINGto add spices and seasoning in cooking toadd a flavour to something (NOTE: [allsenses] The US spelling is flavor.)flavouredflavoured /�flevəd/ adjective, suffix tast-ing of something � a lemon-flavoured drinkflavour enhancerflavour enhancer /�flevə n |�hɑ�nsə/noun a substance added to processed food ordrink to improve its flavourflavouringflavouring /�flevərŋ/ noun CATERING asubstance added to food to give a particulartasteflavouring agentflavouring agent /�flevərŋ �ed$(ə)nt/noun CATERING a substance added to giveflavourfleaflea /fli�/ noun a tiny insect which sucksblood and is a parasite on animals andhumans

COMMENT: Fleas can transmit disease,most especially bubonic plague which istransmitted by infected rat fleas.

Leisure.fm Page 120 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

121 floor servicefleabag

fleabag /�fli�b�#/ noun a cheap shabbyhotel or lodging house (informal)flea market

flea market /�fli� �mɑ�kt/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a market, usually in the open air,selling cheap second-hand goodsfleece

fleece /fli�s/ verb to charge someone toomuch � The bars round the harbour arewaiting to fleece the tourists.fleet

fleet /fli�t/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS agroup of ships belonging together 2. TRAVELa group of vehicles belonging to the sameowner � the airline’s fleet of Boeing 747s �The hotel has a fleet of limousines to takeguests to the airport.flesh

flesh /fleʃ/ noun 1. the soft part of the bodycovering the bones 2. the soft part of a fruit� a melon with pink fleshflexible

flexible /�fleksb(ə)l/ adjective adaptable,easily changed � A fully flexible business-class ticket is £360.

‘…the lack of reasonably priced yet flexible tick-ets is one of the biggest complaints among Euro-pean business people’ [Business Traveller]

flight

flight /flat/ noun 1. AIR TRAVEL a journeyby an aircraft � Flight AC267 is leaving fromGate 46. � He missed his flight. � I alwaystake the afternoon flight to Rome. � If youhurry you will catch the six o’clock flight toParis. 2. a series of straight steps betweenfloors in a building � There are two flights ofstairs up to the bedrooms.flight attendant

flight attendant /�flat ə |�tendənt/ nounAIR TRAVEL somebody who looks after pas-sengers during a flight. Also called steward,stewardess, air hostessflight bag

flight bag /�flat b�#/ noun a soft suitcaseof a size that can be carried on an aircraftflight coupon

flight coupon /�flat �ku�pɒn/ noun aportion of an airline ticket that indicates thedeparture and arrival points of a passengerfor a single journey or each leg of a journeyflight crew

flight crew /�flat kru�/, flight deck crewnoun AIR TRAVEL the captain, copilot, flightengineer and navigator, who are involvedwith the flying of an aircraft, as opposed tothe ‘cabin crew’flight deck

flight deck /�flat dek/ noun AIR TRAVEL asection at the front of a large aircraft wherethe pilots sitflight engineer

flight engineer /�flat �end$nə/ nounAIR TRAVEL a member of the flight deck crewwho is responsible for the engines, hydrau-lics, electrical systems, etc., during flightflight information

flight information /flat �nfə |�meʃ(ə)n/noun AIR TRAVEL information about flighttimes

flight numberflight number /�flat �n�mbə/ noun AIRTRAVEL the number given to a specific flight,consisting of the airline designator code fol-lowed by three figuresflight recorderflight recorder /�flat r |�kɔ�də/ noun AIRTRAVEL a device carried in a plane whichrecords what happens during a flight, includ-ing conversations between pilots and controltower. Also called black boxflightseeingflightseeing /�flat|�si�ŋ/ noun TOURISMthe practice or business of transporting tour-ists to otherwise inaccessible wildernessareas by helicopter, for viewing the areas byair or for organised hikesflip chartflip chart /�flp tʃɑ�t/ noun a stand withlarge sheets of paper clipped together

COMMENT: Flip charts are a way of show-ing information to a group of people; aspeaker writes on a sheet of paper whichcan then be turned over to show the nextsheet.

float tripfloat trip /�fləυt trp/ noun a trip along ariver on a raftfloorfloor /flɔ�/ noun 1. the part of the roomwhich you walk on 2. all the rooms on onelevel in a building � She got into the lift andpushed the button for the fourth floor. � Theladies’ hair salon is on the first floor. � Heroffice is on the 26th floor. � We were given abedroom on the top floor or a top-floor bed-room, overlooking the sea. (NOTE: The num-bering of floors is different in Britain and theUSA. The floor at street level is the groundfloor in Britain but the first floor in theUSA. Each floor in the USA is one numberhigher than the same floor in Britain.)floor attendantfloor attendant /�flɔ� ə|�tendənt/ nounHOTELS a waiter responsible for room serv-ice in a series of hotel rooms on the samefloor. Also called chef d’étagefloor maidfloor maid /�flɔ� med/ noun HOTELS amaid who cleans rooms on one floor of ahotelfloor managerfloor manager /�flɔ� �m�nd$ə/ nounUS BUSINESS somebody in charge of thesales staff in a department storefloor pantryfloor pantry /�flɔ� �p�ntri/ noun HOTELSa small room serving one floor of a hotel,where the floor waiter prepares trays to taketo guests’ bedrooms and brings back dirtyplates and glasses after usefloor planfloor plan /�flɔ� pl�n/ noun a drawing ofa floor in a building, showing where differentrooms, stairs and emergency exits arefloor polishfloor polish /�flɔ� �pɒlʃ/ noun wax usedto make wooden floors shinyfloor servicefloor service /�flɔ� �s��vs/ noun HOTELSservice on one floor of a hotel

Leisure.fm Page 121 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

floorshow 122floorshow

floorshow /�flɔ�ʃəυ/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a show of e.g. dancers, singers, come-dians or a striptease in a club, bar, restaurantor other public place � The floorshow startsat 10.30.floor space

floor space /�flɔ� spes/ noun an area offloor in a building � The hotel has 35,000square metres of floor space on three floors.floor surface

floor surface /�flɔ� �s��fs/ noun the cov-ering for the surface of a floor e.g. tiles, car-pet, wood, etc.flora

flora /�flɔ�rə/ noun the wild plants of anarea � The flora and fauna of the deserts.Compare fauna (NOTE: The plural form isflorae.)floral sugarcraft

floral sugarcraft /�flɔ�rəl �ʃυ#əkrɑ�ft/noun CATERING the art of making flowers outof icing sugarfloret

floret /�flɒrət/ noun a little flower which ispart of a flowerhead, such as a cauliflowerflorist

florist /�flɒrst/ noun somebody who sellsflowers � Florists are very busy in the daysbefore Valentine’s Day.florist’s

florist’s /�flɒrsts/ noun same as flowershop � She bought some flowers at the flo-rist’s.flotel

flotel /fləυ |�tel/ noun HOTELS a floatinghotelflotilla

flotilla /flə |�tlə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS agroup of small ships sailing together � Wewent flotilla cruising in the Aegean.flour

flour /flaυə/ noun FOOD a grain crushed topowder, used for making bread, cakes, etc. �wheat flour � rice flourflourishing

flourishing /�fl�rʃŋ/ adjective doinggood business � She runs a flourishing tourcompany.floury

floury /�flaυri/ adjective like flourfloury potatoes

floury potatoes /�flaυri pə|�tetəυz/ plu-ral noun FOOD potatoes which become softand powdery when cookedflow

flow /fləυ/ noun the movement of thingssuch as liquid or air, or of people � The flowof tourists into the temple has worn away thesteps. � verb to move along smoothly � Theriver flows very fast here, and bathing is for-bidden.flow chart

flow chart /�fləυ tʃɑ�t/, flow diagram/�fləυ �daə#r�m/ noun a diagram showingthe arrangement of various work processesin a seriesflower

flower /�flaυə/ noun the colourful part of aplant, which attracts insects and producesfruit or seeds � A bouquet of flowers and abasket of fruit is left in each suite with thecompliments of the management. � Fresh

flowers are put on the dining room tablesevery evening.flower gardenflower garden /�flaυə �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun agarden with flowers growing in it, asopposed to a vegetable gardenflower shopflower shop /�flaυə ʃɒp/ noun a shopwhich sells flowers. Also called florist’sflower showflower show /�flaυə ʃəυ/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT an exhibition of flowersflume

flume /flu�m/ noun a theme park ride inwhich small boats go down a water chuteflushflush /fl�ʃ/ verb � to flush the toilet to pullor push a knob or handle to get rid of thewaste in a toilet bowlflush toiletflush toilet /�fl�ʃ �tɔlət/ noun a toiletwhere the waste matter is removed by a rushof waterfluteflute /flu�t/ noun CATERING a tall narrowwineglass on a stem, used for serving cham-pagnefly

fly /fla/ noun a small insect with wingswhich eats food and spreads diseases � Thereare clouds of flies around the meat stalls inthe market. � Waiter, there’s a fly in my soup!(NOTE: The plural form is flies.) � verb AIRTRAVEL to move through the air in an aircraft� The chairman is flying to Germany onbusiness. � The overseas sales manager fliesabout 100,000 miles a year visiting theagents. � We fly to Athens, and then take abus to the hotel. (NOTE: flies – flew – flown)fly-by-nightfly-by-night /�fla ba �nat/ adjectivereferring to something, e.g. a company,which is not reliable and might disappear toavoid paying debts (informal) � I want a rep-utable tour operator, not one of these fly-by-night outfits.fly-drive holidayfly-drive holiday /fla drav/, fly-drivepackage noun AIR TRAVEL an arrangementwhere the traveller flies to an airport and hasa rented car waiting for him or her to pick up,the rent of the car being paid in advance aspart of the package price � We have many fly-drive holidays still available.fly killerfly killer /�fla �klə/ noun a device or sprayfor killing fliesflypaperflypaper /�flapepə/ noun a special paper,treated with chemicals, which will kill flieswhich stick to its surfacefly-stay

fly-stay /�fla �ste/ adjective HOTELSreferring to an arrangement where you booka hotel at the same time as booking a planeticket � Check out fly-stay deals which canprovide considerable savings.fly swatterfly swatter /�fla �swɒtə/ noun a smallfan, held in the hand, used to chase away andsquash flies

Leisure.fm Page 122 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

123 food poisoningfocaccia

focaccia /fə |�k�tʃə/ noun a flat Italianbread, often sprinkled with a topping beforebaking, and served hot or coldfog

fog /fɒ#/ noun a thick mist through which itis difficult to see � The airport was closed byfog. � Drivers are asked to drive slowly whenthere is fog on the motorway.fogbound

fogbound /�fɒ#baυnd/ adjective AIRTRAVEL prevented from travelling because offog � Six planes were fogbound at Heathrow.� Fogbound travellers were advised to take abus.foggy

foggy /�fɒ#i/ adjective covered in fog � It’sdangerous to drive fast when it’s foggy. � It’soften foggier than this in November.fog lights

fog lights /�fɒ# lats/ plural noun verybright red lights at the rear of a car, which arelit when driving in fogfoie gras

foie gras /�fwɑ� �#rɑ�/ noun goose liverthat is swollen because the bird has beenforced to eat large amounts of maizefoil

foil /fɔl/ noun a thin metal sheet � (cook-ing) foil a thin sheet of aluminium or tin usedespecially to wrap food in � foil-wrappedwrapped in foil � foil-wrapped steamed fish� foil-wrapped butter portionsfold away

fold away /�fəυld ə|�we/ verb to bendsomething so that it takes less spacefold-away seats

fold-away seats /�fəυld ə|�we �si�ts/plural noun seats which can be folded up totake less roomfold-away table

fold-away table /�fəυld ə|�we �teb(ə)l/noun TRAVEL a table attached to the back ofthe seat in front of the passenger, which canbe folded away after usefolder

folder /�fəυldə/ noun a cardboard envelopefor holding papersfolding

folding /�fəυldŋ/ adjective possible tofold up, e.g. to store more easily � Theybrought in some folding chairs as there werenot enough chairs for all the guests.following wind

following wind /�fɒləυŋ �wnd/ nounTRAVEL same as tailwindfondue

fondue /�fɒndju�/ noun FOOD a dish eatenby dipping small pieces of food into a potthat contains e.g. melted cheese or hot oilfondue bourguignonne

fondue bourguignonne /�fɒnduə�bɔ�#n |�jɒn/ noun FOOD same as cheesefonduefood

food /fu�d/ noun things which you eat � Heis very fond of Indian food. � The food in thestaff restaurant is excellent. � This restau-rant is famous for its food. � Do you like Chi-nese food? � This food tastes funny.food additive

food additive /�fu�d ��dətv/ nounCATERING same as additive

food allergen

food allergen /�fu�d ��ləd$en/ nounCATERING a substance in food which pro-duces an allergyfood allergyfood allergy /�fu�d ��ləd$i/ noun CATER-ING a reaction caused by sensitivity to partic-ular foods, some of the commonest beingstrawberries, chocolate, milk, eggs andorangesfood and beveragefood and beverage /�fu�d ən�bev(ə)rd$/ noun HOTELS food and drink asserved in a hotel’s restaurants, bars and roomservice. Abbr F & B

‘F&B is a headache for all hoteliers. Doing awaywith F&B removes high operating costs andfocuses management attention on room manage-ment and room sales’ [Caterer and Hotelkeeper]‘…the successful candidate will have full F&Bresponsibility for the golf clubhouse, the fitnessclub, the brasserie and conference centre’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

food and beverage facilities

food and beverage facilities /�fu�d ən�bev(ə)rd$ fə|�sltiz/ plural noun CATER-ING facilities for serving food and drink in ahotelfood and beverage managerfood and beverage manager /�fu�d ən�bev(ə)rd$ �m�nd$ə/ noun CATERINGsomebody who is in charge of ordering, pre-paring and serving food and drink in the res-taurants, bars, and in the room service of alarge hotelFood and Drink FederationFood and Drink Federation /�fu�d ən�drŋk �fedəreʃ(ə)n/ noun an associationthat represents the interests of food and drinkmanufacturers in the United Kingdom. AbbrFDFfoodborne illnessfoodborne illness /�fu�dbɔ�n �lnəs/noun MEDICAL same as food poisoningfood cover

food cover /�fu�d �k�və/ noun CATERINGany unit of food served to a guest, from a cupof tea to a full mealfood cyclefood cycle /�fu�d �sak(ə)l/ noun CATER-ING the cycle by which food passes from sup-plier to hotel or restaurant and then to theultimate consumerfood handler

food handler /�fu�d �h�ndlə/ nounCATERING somebody who touches food, aspart of his or her jobfood handling

food handling /�fu�d �h�ndlŋ/ nounCATERING the act of touching food as part ofyour jobfood hygiene

food hygiene /�fu�d �had$i�n/ nounCATERING action to keep clean, healthy con-ditions for handling, storing and servingfoodfood poisoning

food poisoning /�fu�d �pɔz(ə)nŋ/ nounMEDICAL an illness caused by eating foodwhich is contaminated with bacteria � Thehospital had to deal with six cases of food

Leisure.fm Page 123 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

food processor 124poisoning. � All the people at the party wentdown with food poisoning.

COMMENT: Food poisoning, or foodborneillness, can be caused by chemicalspresent in food (some chemicals are natu-rally present in plants, but others, such asinsecticides, get into the food chain fromoveruse by farmers). Most cases of foodpoisoning are biological, caused either byeating poisonous food (such as toad-stools) or food which is contaminated bybacteria.

food processor

food processor /�fu�d �prəυsesə/ nounCATERING a machine for chopping, cutting,slicing and mixing foodFood Protection Certificate

Food Protection Certificate /�fu�d prə|

�tekʃ(ə)n sə |�tfkət/ noun CATERING a cer-tificate awarded to an individual who hassuccessfully completed a course in food pro-tectionfood sales

food sales /�fu�d selz/ plural noun BUSI-NESS turnover from the sale of foodfoodservice

foodservice, food service noun CATER-ING the activity of providing food to custom-ers � the foodservice industry the industrycomprising hotels, restaurants, caterers andtheir suppliersFood Standards Agency

Food Standards Agency /�fu�d�st�ndədz �edənsi/ noun CATERING a Brit-ish government agency set up in 2000 tooffer advice on food safety, and make surethat food sold is safe to eat. Abbr FSAfoodstuffs

foodstuffs /�fu�dst�fs/ plural nounCATERING things which can be used as foodfood vendor license

food vendor license /�fu�d �vendə�las(ə)ns/ noun US CATERING a licence tosell food, which is issued by the local author-ity and has to be bought by any person orcompany which sells foodfool

fool /fu�l/ noun DESSERTS a type ofcreamed fruit dessert, usually made withacid fruit such as gooseberries or rhubarbfoot

foot /fυt/ noun 1. a part of the body at theend of the leg � on foot walking � We visitedthe main temples on foot. � The rush-hourtraffic is so bad that it is quicker to go to themuseum on foot. 2. the bottom part of some-thing � He signed his name at the foot of theinvoice. 3. a unit of measurement equal toabout 30 centimetres � a six-foot-wide rug �The piece of cloth is two feet long. � Thehotel beds are less than 6 feet by three.(NOTE: The plural form is feet for (1) and(3); there is no plural for (2). In measure-ments, foot is usually written ft or ’ after fig-ures: 10ft; 10’.) � verb � to foot the bill topay the costs of something � The airline willfoot the bill for the hotel.

‘…the trail is mostly above 9,000ft and snowtends to lie on the passes until well into July’[TGO – The Great Outdoors]

footbridge

footbridge /�fυtbrd$/ noun RAIL TRAVELa small bridge for people to walk across, e.g.over a stream or railway line � To avoid acci-dents, children must use the footbridge tocross the road on their way to school.footpath

footpath /�fυtpɑ�θ/ noun a path for peopleto walk on, but not to ride on � The footpathleads through the wood and along the edgeof a field.forbid

forbid /fə|�bd/ verb to tell someone not todo something, to say that something mustnot be done � Women are forbidden to gointo the temple. � Swimming in the reservoiris forbidden. � We forbid the staff from usingthe front entrance. (NOTE: forbidding – for-bade – forbidden)force

force /fɔ�s/ noun 1. strength � to be inforce to be operating or working � The newschedules have been in force since January.� to come into force to start to operate orwork � The new regulations will come intoforce on January 1st. 2. an organised groupof people � verb to make someone do some-thing � Competition has forced the tour com-pany to lower its prices.force majeure

force majeure /�fɔ�s m� |�$��/ nounsomething which happens which is out of thecontrol of the parties who have signed a con-tract and which prevents the contract beingfulfilled, e.g. strike, war or stormforcemeat

forcemeat /�fɔ�smi�t/ noun FOOD a mix-ture of breadcrumbs, onions and flavouring,used to stuff meat and poultryforcing bag

forcing bag /�fɔ�sŋ b�#/ noun CATERINGa soft bag of fabric or plastic, to which vari-ous nozzles can be attached, used to squeezeout a soft substance, such as icing or pureedpotato, in a decorative wayfore and aft

fore and aft /�fɔ� ən �ɑ�ft/ adverb AIRTRAVEL at the front and at the back of an air-craft � The toilets are located fore and aft.forecast

forecast /�fɔ�kɑ�st/ noun a description orcalculation of what will probably happen inthe future � medium-range weather fore-cast a forecast covering two to five daysahead � verb to calculate or to say what willprobably happen in the future � They areforecasting rain for tomorrow. � Expertshave forecast a steady rise in the number oftourists. (NOTE: forecasting – forecast)forecourt

forecourt /�fɔ�kɔ�t/ noun ROAD TRAVEL anarea in front of a building, into which vehi-cles can be driven � There are taxis waitingin the station forecourt. � He drove into the

Leisure.fm Page 124 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

125 fortifypetrol station forecourt and asked for some-one to wash his windscreen.foreignforeign /�fɒrn/ adjective not from yourown country � Foreign tourists are all overthe town for the Easter break. � We areincreasing our trade with foreign countries.foreign currencyforeign currency /�fɒrn �k�rənsi/ nounFINANCE money of another countryforeign currency accountforeign currency account /�fɒrn�k�rənsi ə |�kaυnt/ noun FINANCE a bankaccount in the currency of another country,e.g. a dollar accountforeignerforeigner /�fɒrnə/ noun somebody fromanother countryforeign exchangeforeign exchange /�fɒrən ks |�tʃend$/noun FINANCE 1. the business of exchangingthe money of one country for that of another2. money of another countryforeign exchange brokerforeign exchange broker /�fɒrn ks|

�tʃend$ �brəυkə/, foreign exchangedealer /�di�lə/ noun FINANCE somebody whodeals on the foreign exchange marketforeign exchange dealingforeign exchange dealing /�fɒrn ks|

�tʃend$ �di�lŋ/ noun FINANCE the businessof buying and selling foreign currenciesforeign exchange marketforeign exchange market /�fɒrn ks|

�tʃend$ �mɑ�kt/ noun FINANCE a marketwhere people buy and sell foreign currenciesforeign exchange transferforeign exchange transfer /�fɒrn ks |

�tʃend$ �tr�nsf��/ noun FINANCE the trans-fer of money from one country to anotherforeign goodsforeign goods /�fɒrn �#υdz/ plural nounBUSINESS goods manufactured in other coun-triesforeign money orderforeign money order /�fɒrn �m�ni�ɔ�də/ noun FINANCE a money order in a for-eign currency which is payable to someoneliving in a foreign country. Also called inter-national money order, overseas moneyorderforeign tradeforeign trade /�fɒrn �tred/ noun BUSI-NESS same as overseas tradeforeign visitorforeign visitor /�fɒrn �vztə/ nounsame as overseas visitorforeseeforesee /fɔ� |�si�/ verb to feel in advancethat something will happen � They foresee abig increase in tourism. (NOTE: foresees –foresaw)forestforest /�fɒrst/ noun a large area coveredwith trees � The whole river basin is coveredwith tropical forest. � Forest fires are wide-spread in the dry season and can sometimesbe started by lightning. � In winter bearscome out of the forest to search for food.foresterforester /�fɒrstə/, forest ranger /�fɒrst�rend$ə/ noun somebody in charge of themanagement and protection of a forest

forestry

forestry /�fɒrstri/ noun the managementof forests, woodlands and plantations oftrees � We studied forestry at agriculturalcollege. � Forestry is becoming an importantskill in Third World countries.Forestry CommissionForestry Commission /�fɒrstri kə |

�mʃ(ə)n/ noun a British government agencyresponsible for the management of state-owned forests

COMMENT: The Forestry Commissionseeks to attract tourists by making picnicareas, nature trails, etc., in its forests.

forexforex /�fɔ�reks/, Forex abbreviationFINANCE foreign exchange

‘…the amount of reserves sold by the authoritieswere not sufficient to move the $200 billionForex market permanently’ [Duns BusinessMonth]

forgeforge /fɔ�d$/ verb to copy money or a sig-nature, so as to trick someone � He paid hisbill with a forged £50 note. � When payingwith a stolen credit card, she forged the sig-nature on the slip.forged knife

forged knife /�fɔ�d$d �naf/ noun CATER-ING the best-quality kitchen knife, made of asingle piece of steel which forms the bladeand centre of the handleforget

forget /fə|�#et/ verb not to remember some-thing � She forgot to tell the group thatbreakfast was at 7.30 sharp. � Don’t forgetwe’re leaving the hotel early tomorrow.(NOTE: forgetting – forgot – forgotten)fork

fork /fɔ�k/ noun 1. CATERING a piece of cut-lery, with a handle at one end and sharppoints at the other, used for picking food up2. ROAD TRAVEL a place where a road dividesinto two new roads � verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL toturn off a road � Fork right at the next junc-tion. 2. (of a road) to split into two partsfork buffetfork buffet, fork luncheon noun CATER-ING a lunch where food is eaten from a platewith a fork when standing up, as opposed toa ‘finger buffet’form

form /fɔ�m/ noun an official printed paperwith blank spaces which have to be filled inwith information � You have to fill in formA20. � Before entering the USA, all passen-gers must fill out a customs declarationform.formalityformality /fɔ� |�m�lti/ noun somethingwhich has to be done to obey the law (NOTE:The plural form is formalities.)fortified wine

fortified wine /�fɔ�tfad �wan/ nounBEVERAGES wine which has extra alcoholadded, e.g. port or sherryfortify

fortify /�fɔ�tfa/ verb to make somethingstrong � a fortified town a town with thickwalls round it to protect it

Leisure.fm Page 125 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

fortnight 126fortnight

fortnight /�fɔ�tnat/ noun two weeks � Isaw him a fortnight ago. � We will be on hol-iday during the last fortnight of July. (NOTE:Fortnight is not used in US English.)forward

forward /�fɔ�wəd/ adjective 1. in advance2. to be paid at a later date 3. TRAVEL towardsthe front part of a ship or plane � the forwardsection of an aircraft � The stewardess is inthe forward galley. � The passenger loungeis forward of the dining saloon. � adverb 1.� to date a cheque forward to put a laterdate than the present one on a cheque �charges forward charges which will be paidby the customer when delivery is taken of thegoods 2. � to buy forward to buy foreigncurrency before you need it, in order to becertain of the exchange rate � to sell for-ward to sell foreign currency for delivery ata later date 3. TRAVEL towards the front partof a ship or plane � Please move forward tothe passenger lounge. � verb � to forwardsomething to someone to send something tosomeone � We will forward the visa applica-tion to the consulate. � please forward, tobe forwarded words written on an envelope,asking the person receiving it to send it on tothe person whose name is written on itforward bookings

forward bookings /�fɔ�wəd �bυkŋz/plural noun reservations made in advanceforward buying

forward buying /�fɔ�wəd �baŋ/ nounFINANCE the act of buying currency at today’sprice for delivery at a later date. Also calledbuying forwardforwarding address

forwarding address /�fɔ�wədŋ ə|�dres/noun the address to which a person’s mailcan be sent on after he or she has left the cur-rent address � They left the hotel and didn’tleave a forwarding address.forwarding agent

forwarding agent /�fɔ�wədŋ �ed$ənt/noun BUSINESS a person or company whicharranges shipping and customs documentsforward rate

forward rate /�fɔ�wəd ret/, forwardexchange rate noun FINANCE the rate forpurchase of foreign currency at a fixed pricefor delivery at a later date � What are the for-ward rates for the pound?foster

foster /�fɒstə/ verb to take action to helpsomething such as an idea to become suc-cessful � Tourism fosters interest in othercountries.four

four /fɔ�/ number � the four O’s a simpleway of summarising the essentials of a mar-keting operation, which are objects, objec-tives, organisation and operations � the fourP’s a simple way of summarising the essen-tials of the marketing mix, which are prod-uct, price, promotion and place

four-lane motorway

four-lane motorway /�fɔ� len�məυtəwe/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a motorwaywith tracks for two rows of traffic in eachdirectionfour-poster bed

four-poster bed /�fɔ� �pəυstə �bed/ nounan old-fashioned bed with four posts, one ateach corner, which support a cover with cur-tainsfour-star hotel

four-star hotel /�fɔ� stɑ� həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a good hotel, with comfortableroomsfowl

fowl /faυl/ noun a domestic bird kept forfood or for its eggs, e.g. a chicken, duck, tur-key or goose (NOTE: The plural form is fowlor fowls.)foyer

foyer /�fɔe/ noun the entrance lobby of ahotel, restaurant, theatre or cinema � We’llmeet in the foyer at 9 p.m. � The foyer wasfull of tourists waiting to register.Fr

Fr abbreviation francfrancfranc /fr�ŋk/ noun FINANCE the currencyused in Switzerland and some other coun-tries � It costs twenty-five Swiss francs.franchisefranchise /�fr�ntʃaz/ BUSINESS noun alicence to trade using a brand name and pay-ing money for it � She has bought a hot dogfranchise. � verb to sell licences for peopleto trade using a brand name and payingmoney for it � His sandwich bar was so suc-cessful that he decided to franchise it. � Thefamily owns a franchised chain of restau-rants.

‘…the company wants to franchise many of itsrestaurants away from the three big metropolitanareas of London, Birmingham and Manchester.Although it has some existing franchisees it alsohas regional headquarters which can easily man-age local restaurants.’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

franchisee

franchisee /�fr�ntʃa |�zi�/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who trades under a franchisefranchiserfranchiser /�fr�ntʃazə/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who licenses a franchisefranchisingfranchising /�fr�ntʃazŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS the act of selling a licence to trade as afranchise � She runs her sandwich chain asa franchising operation.franchisorfranchisor /�fr�ntʃazə/ noun BUSINESSsame as franchiserfrangipane

frangipane /�fr�nd$ |�pɑ�ni/ noun FOODan almond-flavoured cream or paste used inpastries, cakes and other sweet foodsfrankfurter

frankfurter /�fr�ŋkf��tə/ noun MEAT along thin sausage of spicy pork meat � We’vebrought some frankfurters for the barbecue.Also called wiener

COMMENT: Frankfurters originally camefrom Frankfurt in Germany, but are nowmade all over the world. They are cooked

Leisure.fm Page 126 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

127 freeze-dryin hot water, and are the sausages used inhot dogs.

frappé

frappé /�fr�pe/ adjective BEVERAGESreferring to a drink that is chilled by beingpoured over crushed icefree

free /fri�/ adjective, adverb 1. not costingany money � We were given free tickets to theexhibition. � The price includes free trans-port from the airport to the hotel. � Goodsare delivered free to the customer’s hotel. �Catalogue and price list sent free on request.� admission free visitors do not have to pay� free of charge with no payment to be made2. with no restrictions 3. not busy, not occu-pied � Are there any free tables in the restau-rant? � I shall be free in a few minutes. � Wealways keep Friday afternoon free for agame of bridge.

‘…can free trade be reconciled with a strong dol-lar resulting from floating exchange rates?’[Duns Business Month]‘…free traders hold that the strong dollar is theprimary cause of the nation’s trade problems’[Duns Business Month]

freecarving

freecarving /�fri�|�kɑ�vŋ/ noun a style ofsnowboarding that focuses on carving deeptracks in the snow with tight cornering ratherthan on doing stuntsfree climbing

free climbing /�fri� �klamŋ/ nounmountain or rock climbing done without aidssuch as spikes and ladders, though usuallywith ropes and other safety equipmentfree currency

free currency /�fri� �k�rənsi/ nounFINANCE a currency which is allowed by thegovernment to be bought and sold withoutrestrictionfreediving

freediving /�fri�|�davŋ/ noun the extremesport of submerging into deep water for aslong as possible without the aid of oxygentanksfreedom

freedom /�fri�dəm/ noun the state of beingfree to do something � the freedoms of theair special internationally agreed rightsgiven to airlines to allow them to fly withoutinterferencefree gift

free gift /�fri� �#ft/ noun MARKETING apresent given by a shop or business to a cus-tomer who buys a particular amount ofgoodsfree house

free house /�fri� haυs/ noun BARS a pub-lic house which does not belong to a breweryand so can serve any beer or spirits which theowner decides to servefree of charge

free of charge /�fri� əv �tʃɑ�d$/ adjectivefree, with no payment to be madefree parking

free parking /�fri� �pɑ�kŋ/ noun parkingfacilities that customers do not have to payfor

freephone

freephone /�fri�fəυn/ noun MARKETING asystem where you can telephone to reply toan advertisement, to place an order or to askfor information and the seller pays for thecall � The advertisement gives a freephonenumber for you to call. (NOTE: In the UK,freephone numbers have the code 0800.)free port

free port /�fri� pɔ�t/, free trade zone/�fri� �tred �zəυn/ noun a port or area wherethere are no customs duties to be paidfreepost

freepost /�fri�pəυst/ noun MARKETING asystem where you can write to an advertiserto place an order, to ask for information to besent, and the seller pays the postagefree-range eggs

free-range eggs /�fri� rend$ �e#z/ plu-ral noun FOOD eggs from hens that areallowed to run about in the open and eatmore natural food, as opposed to batteryhensfreeriding

freeriding /�fri�|�radŋ/ noun a basic styleof snowboarding that involves travellingover the snow without performing stuntsfree-soloing

free-soloing /�fri� �səuləυŋ/ noun thesport of climbing boulders and rock faceswithout a safety line or a partner to catch orbreak a fallfree trade

free trade /�fri� �tred/ noun BUSINESS asystem where goods can go from one coun-try to another without any restrictions � Thegovernment adopted a free trade policy.free trade area

free trade area /�fri� �tred �eəriə/ nouna group of countries between which no cus-toms duties are paidfree trader

free trader /�fri� �tredə/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who is in favour of free tradefree trial

free trial /�fri� �traəl/ noun the testing ofsomething such as a machine with no pay-ment involved � to send a piece of equipmentfor two weeks’ free trialfreeway

freeway /�fri�we/ noun US a majorexpressway where no toll charge is made �We took the interstate freeway to San Diego.freeze

freeze /fri�z/ verb 1. to change the state ofsomething from liquid to solid because of thecold 2. (of weather ) to become very cold � Itwas freezing when we reached the hotel. 3.CATERING to store food at below freezingpoint � You can freeze fresh produce easily.� Strawberries cannot be frozen. � flash-freeze 4. BUSINESS to keep prices, costs,etc., at their present level and not allow themto rise � We have frozen our prices for twoyears. (NOTE: freezing – froze – has fro-zen)freeze-dry

freeze-dry /�fri�z dra/ verb CATERING topreserve food by freeze-drying

Leisure.fm Page 127 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

freeze-drying 128freeze-drying

freeze-drying /�fri�z �draŋ/ nounCATERING a method of preserving food byfreezing rapidly and drying in a vacuumfreezer

freezer /�fri�zə/ noun CATERING a deep-freeze, where food is kept at very low tem-peratures � Put the ice cream back into thefreezer before it starts to melt.freezer burn

freezer burn /�fri�zə b��n/ noun the paledry spots that form when moisture evapo-rates from frozen food that is not properlywrappedfreezing point

freezing point /�fri�zŋ pɔnt/ noun thetemperature at which a liquid becomes solid� The freezing point of water is 0°C.freight

freight /fret/ noun 1. BUSINESS the cost oftransporting goods by air, sea or land � At anauction, the buyer pays the freight. 2. � airfreight the shipping of goods in an aircraft �to send a shipment by air freight 3. BUSINESSgoods which are transported � to take onfreight to load goods onto a ship, train ortruck � verb � to freight goods to sendgoods � We freight goods to all parts of theUSA.freight rates

freight rates /�fret rets/ plural noun theprices charged for sending freightFrench

French /frentʃ/ adjective referring toFrance � noun the language spoken inFrance, Belgium and other countries

COMMENT: Because of the importance ofFrench cooking (or ‘cuisine’), Frenchwords and phrases are widely used inkitchens and menus.

French beans

French beans /�frentʃ �bi�nz/ pluralnoun VEGETABLES same as green beansFrench bread

French bread /�frentʃ �bred/ noun breadin the form of a long thin stickFrench dressing

French dressing /�frentʃ �dresŋ/ nounSAUCES, ETC. same as vinaigretteFrench fries

French fries /�frentʃ �fraz/, Frenchfried potatoes /�frentʃ �frad pə |�tetəυz/plural noun FOOD thin stick-shaped pieces ofpotato, fried in deep oil or fat � She ordereda cheeseburger and French fries.French onion soup

French onion soup /�frentʃ ��njən�su�p/ noun FOOD soup made with onionsand stock, served with croutonsFrench service

French service /�frentʃ �s��vs/ nounCATERING 1. a style of laying a table, with alarge round plate, called the ‘show plate’ inthe centre of each setting, a folded napkin onit, and cutlery and glasses beside it. The plateis not used for food, and may be removed, orother plates such as a soup plate may be puton it. 2. a way of serving at a meal, where thewaiter or waitress offers the guest a dish

from the left, and the guest helps himself orherself from itFrench thymeFrench thyme /�frentʃ �tam/ nounSAUCES, ETC. same as common thymeFrench toastFrench toast /�frentʃ �təυst/ noun FOODa slice of bread, dipped in beaten egg andfried, usually served with syrup or sprinkledwith sugarFrench windowFrench window /�frentʃ �wndəυ/ nouna door with glass panels, usually openingonto a gardenfrequentfrequent /�fri�kwənt/ adjective happeningoften, or doing something often

‘…cabin layouts, as with cabin service, goodtimekeeping, and flight frequency, are importantinfluences on frequent travellers’ choice of car-rier’ [Business Travel]

frequent flyerfrequent flyer /�fri�kwənt �flaə/ nounAIR TRAVEL somebody who flies often withthe same company, and so gets special treat-ment � He has a frequent flyer card. � Whenmaking reservations, quote your frequentflyer number.frequent guestfrequent guest /�fri�kwənt �#est/ nounsomebody who often stays at the same hotelor hotel chain, especially while travelling onbusiness, and is therefore offered free over-night stays and other benefitsfrequent independent travellerfrequent independent traveller /fr |

�kwent �ndpendənt �tr�v(ə)lə/ noun AIRTRAVEL an independent traveller who travelsoften. Abbr FITfrequentlyfrequently /�fri�kwəntli/ adverb often �We frequently get requests for informationabout camping facilities.freshfresh /freʃ/ adjective, adverb 1. referringto food which has been made recently, orwhich has been recently picked, killed orcaught, or which is not frozen or tinned �oven-fresh loaves bread which has just beenbaked 2. not used, not dirty

‘…meat that has been frozen and then thawedshould not be described as ‘fresh’’ [FoodStandards Agency]

fresh airfresh air /�freʃ �eə/ noun the open air �They came out of the mine into the fresh air.freshlyfreshly /�freʃli/ adverb recently � freshlypicked strawberriesfreshly-squeezed orange juicefreshly-squeezed orange juice/�freʃli skwi�zd �ɒrnd$ �ju�s/ noun BEVER-AGES orange juice which has just beensqueezed from the fruit, not taken from a canor cartonfreshnessfreshness /�freʃ(ə)nəs/ noun the state ofbeing fresh � When you buy fruit and vegeta-bles, remember to check them for freshness.� Freshness is the main selling point of thischain of fish restaurants.

Leisure.fm Page 128 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

129 frozen foodfresh waterfresh water /�freʃ �wɔ�tə/ noun water inrivers and lakes which contains almost nosalt, as opposed to water in the seafreshwaterfreshwater /�freʃwɔ�tə/ adjective con-taining or having its habitat in fresh water �Some freshwater fish such as pike can with-stand levels of acidity.fricasseefricassee /�frkəse/ noun FOOD a dish ofpieces of meat cooked in a rich white sauce� chicken fricassee � verb CATERING to stewmeat, usually chicken, with vegetables in alittle water, which is then used to make a richwhite saucefridgefridge /frd$/ noun CATERING a refrigera-tor, a machine for keeping food cold(informal) � The fridge is empty – we mustbuy some more food. � Shall I put the milkback in the fridge?friedfried /frad/ adjective CATERING cooked ina little oil or fat � Add the fried onions to themeat. � We had fried rice with our sweet andsour pork. � fryfried eggfried egg /�frad �e#/ noun FOOD an eggwhich has been fried in hot fat � I had twofried eggs and bacon for breakfast.-friendly-friendly /frendli/ suffix with facilities thatmake it suitable for or easy to use by some-body � child-friendly � user-friendlyfriesfries /fraz/ plural noun FOOD same asFrench friesfringefringe /frnd$/ noun an edge � hotels onthe fringe of the desert � verb � fringed withpalm trees, palm-fringed with palm treesgrowing along the sideFringe TheatreFringe Theatre /�frnd$ �θətə/ nounENTERTAINMENT a general term referring tosmall theatres which put on mainly experi-mental plays and do not form part of the the-atre establishmentfriskfrisk /frsk/ verb to search someone by run-ning the hands over his or her body � Whenthey frisked him at the airport, they found aknife hidden under his shirt.fritterfritter /�frtə/ noun FOOD a piece of fruit,meat or vegetable, dipped in a mixture offlour, egg and milk and fried � apple fritters� banana frittersfromagefromage /frɒ|�mɑ�$/ noun DAIRY a Frenchnoun meaning cheesefromage fraisfromage frais /�frɒmɑ�$ �fre/ nounDAIRY a fresh cheese with a light creamytaste and a texture like thick cream oryoghurtfrontfront /fr�nt/ noun 1. the part of somethingwhich faces forward � in front of ahead of,in the direction in which you are facing, oroutside the front part of � I’ll meet you in

front of the hotel. � The safety instructionsare in the pocket in front of your seat. 2.same as seafront � The hotel is on the front.� adjective most important, firstfront deskfront desk /�fr�nt �desk/ noun HOTELS areception desk at the entrance to a hotel orrestaurantfront doorfront door /�fr�nt �dɔ�/ noun the maindoor to a house or building � The receptiongave him a key to the front door or to themain door of the hotel.front door keyfront door key /�fr�nt �dɔ� �ki�/ nounHOTELS the key to a front door such as themain door of a hotelfront hallfront hall /�fr�nt �hɔ�l/ noun 1. a room orpassage through which you enter a building2. the people who work in the front part of ahotelfront officefront office /�fr�nt �ɒfs/ noun HOTELSthe main office of a hotel, with the reserva-tions department and the reception deskfront office managerfront office manager /�fr�nt �ɒfs�m�nd$ə/ noun the manager in charge ofthe front officefront of housefront of house, front-of-the-housenoun BUSINESS the part of a hotel whichdeals with customers direct, includingdepartments such as reception, porters, roomservice and housekeeping

‘…a team of three part-time staff cover front-of-house operations under the direction of the headwaiter’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

front-of-house managerfront-of-house manager /�fr�nt əvhaυs �m�nd$ə/ noun HOTELS somebody incharge of the front part of a hotel, i.e. theentrance, reception and reservations areafront-of-house servicesfront-of-house services /�fr�nt əvhaυs �s��vsz/ plural noun HOTELS serviceswhich are in the front of a hotel, such asreception and portersfront-of-house stafffront-of-house staff /�fr�nt əv �haυs�stɑ�f/ noun BUSINESS staff who deal withcustomers, e.g. the receptionist, doormanand portersfrostfrost /frɒst/ noun 1. the weather when thetemperature is below the freezing point ofwater � ten degrees of frost ten degreesbelow freezing point 2. a white covering onthe ground or trees when the temperature isbelow freezingfrozefroze /frəυz/ � freezefrozenfrozen /�frəυz(ə)n/ adjective 1. very cold2. at a temperature below freezing point �Use frozen prawns if you can’t get freshones.frozen foodfrozen food /�frəυz(ə)n fu�d/ nounCATERING food stored at a temperature belowfreezing point

Leisure.fm Page 129 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

fructose 130fructose

fructose /�fr�ktəυs/ noun the sugar foundin honey and fruits such as figsfruit

fruit /fru�t/ noun FOOD the part of a plantwhich contains the seeds and which is ofteneaten raw

COMMENT: Fruit contains fructose and is agood source of Vitamin C and some die-tary fibre. Dried fruit has a higher sugarcontent but less Vitamin C than fresh fruit.

fruitarian

fruitarian /fru |�teəriən/ noun somebodywho only eats fruitfruitcake

fruitcake /�fru�tkek/ noun BREAD, ETC. acake with a lot of dried fruit in itfruit cocktailfruit cocktail /�fru�t �kɒktel/ noun DES-SERTS a mixture of fruitfruit juicefruit juice /�fru�t d$u�s/ noun BEVERAGESjuice from fruit, often served as an appetiseror starter � She started breakfast with a glassof fruit juice.

COMMENT: The commonest fruit juicesare: orange juice, apple juice, pineapplejuice and grapefruit juice.

fruit machine

fruit machine /�fru�t mə |�ʃi�n/ noun agambling machine where pictures of differ-ent types of fruit appear when you press abutton � He’s always playing the fruitmachines in the pub.fruit salad

fruit salad /�fru�t �s�ləd/ noun DESSERTSpieces of fresh fruit mixed and served coldfry

fry /fra/ verb CATERING to cook in oil or fatin a shallow pan � Fry the onions on a lowheat so that they don’t burn. � Fry the eggs insome fat. � deep-fry (NOTE: fries – frying –fried)fryer

fryer /�fraə/ noun CATERING a large devicefor frying quantities of food at the same timefrying pan

frying pan /�fraŋ p�n/ noun a shallow,open pan used for frying � Put some butter inthe frying pan and fry the mushrooms.FSA

FSA abbreviation CATERING Food Stand-ards Agencyft

ft /fυt/ abbreviation footfuel surcharge

fuel surcharge /�fju�əl �s��tʃɑ�d$/ nounAIR TRAVEL an extra amount added to an airfare, to cover increased fuel costs which havecome into effect since the air fare was calcu-latedfullfull /fυl/ adjective 1. with as much inside itas it can contain � The train was full of com-muters. � The hotel is full next week. 2. com-plete, including everything � The full winelist has more than 100 different types of wine.3. � in full completely � refund paid in full� Give your name and address in full. � Sheaccepted all our conditions in full.full boardfull board /�fυl �bɔ�d/ noun HOTELS a spe-cial rate for guests staying in a hotel, who

take all their meals in the hotel. Also calleden pension ratefull costs

full costs /�fυl �kɒsts/ plural noun all thecosts of a servicefull cover

full cover /�fυl �k�və/ noun FINANCEinsurance cover against all risksfull-cream

full-cream /�fυl �kri�m/ adjective referringto milk that has had none of the cream or fatremoved, or to products made with this kindof milkfull English breakfast

full English breakfast /�fυl �ŋ#lʃ�brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast ofcereals, eggs, bacon, toast and marmalade,served with tea or coffee

COMMENT: A traditional ‘full English break-fast’ may include cereals, porridge, orstewed fruit (such as prunes), grilled fish(such as kippers), bacon and eggs, sau-sages, kidneys, fried or grilled tomatoes ormushrooms and fried bread, followed bytoast and marmalade and tea or coffee.

full fare

full fare /�fυl �feə/ noun TRAVEL a ticket fora journey by an adult paying the full pricefull-fare economy passengers

full-fare economy passengers /�fυlfeə |�kɒnəmi �p�snd$əz/ plural noun AIRTRAVEL economy passengers who pay thefull rate, with no discounts � Some airlinesprovide more leg-room for full-fare economypassengers.full house

full house /�fυl �haυs/ noun HOTELS ahotel with no vacanciesfull-length mirror

full-length mirror /�fυl leŋθ �mrə/ nouna mirror in which you can see a reflection ofyour whole bodyfull occupancy

full occupancy /�fυl �ɒkjυpənsi/ nounHOTELS a situation where a hotel is com-pletely full � We’re busy all the time, with upto three or four parties a night and full occu-pancy.full on licence

full on licence /�fυl ɒn �las(ə)ns/ nounBARS same as justices’ full on licencefull payment

full payment /�fυl �pemənt/ noun sameas payment in fullfull price

full price /�fυl �pras/ noun a price with nodiscount � He bought a full-price ticket.full rate

full rate /�fυl �ret/ noun the full charge,with no reductionsfull refund

full refund /�fυl �ri�f�nd/ noun same asrefund in full � He got a full refund when hecomplained that there were mice in his bed-room.full repairing lease

full repairing lease /�fυl r |�peərŋ �li�s/noun a lease where the tenant has to pay forall repairs to the propertyfull Scottish breakfast

full Scottish breakfast /�fυl �skɒtʃ�brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast simi-lar to a full English breakfast, but with por-

Leisure.fm Page 130 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

131 futuresridge, kippers or herrings, and oatcakes andvery strong teafull-service hotel

full-service hotel /�fυl �s��vs həυ |�tel/noun HOTELS a hotel offering all services,such as restaurants, bars, room service,cleaning, valeting, etc.full-service restaurant

full-service restaurant /�fυl �s��vs�rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun CATERING a restaurantwhich offers full meals, alcohol and tableservicefull-time

full-time /�fυl tam/ adjective, adverbworking for the whole normal working day,i.e. about eight hours a day, five days a week� She is in full-time work or She works full-time or She is in full-time employment. � Heis one of our full-time staff.full-time equivalent

full-time equivalent /�fυl tam |

�kwvələnt/ noun BUSINESS a way of calcu-lating the cost of part-time employment foraccounting purposes, by converting thehours worked by part-timers to their equiva-lent if they were working full-timefull up

full up /�fυl ��p/ adjective having all itsrooms occupiedfully

fully /�fυli/ adverb completely � The hotelis fully booked for August.fully comprehensive insurance

fully comprehensive insurance /�fυli�kɒmprhensv n |�ʃυərəns/ noun an insur-ance policy which covers you against allrisks which are likely to happenfully-licensed

fully-licensed /�fυli �las(ə)nst/ adjectiveBARS with a full liquor licencefunction

function /�f�ŋkʃən/ noun ENTERTAINMENT

a party, usually when a group of people gath-ers for a meal � A club function is being heldin the main restaurant.

COMMENT: Functions can range from asmall lunch party to a large wedding; theyare arranged and booked some weeks ormonths in advance.

functional food

functional food /�f�ŋkʃ(ə)nəl fu�d/noun food, often containing additives, that issaid to be beneficial to health and able to pre-vent or reduce diseases such as tooth decayand cancerfunction catering

function catering /�f�ŋkʃən �ketərŋ/noun catering for special functions such asweddingsfunction chart

function chart /�f�ŋkʃən tʃɑ�t/ nounHOTELS a chart showing the function roomsin a hotel, with the functions which will beheld in them over a period of time

function diary

function diary /�f�ŋkʃən �daəri/ nounHOTELS a list of dates of functions to be heldin a hotelfunction room

function room /�f�ŋkʃən ru�m/ nounENTERTAINMENT a special room for holdingfunctions such as private dinners or partiesfund

fund /f�nd/ verb to provide money for aspecial purposefun fair

fun fair /�f�n feə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT asmall permanent amusement park wherepeople can ride on roundabouts, shoot at tar-gets, etc.funicular railway

funicular railway /fju�|�nkjυlə �relwe/noun RAIL TRAVEL a cable railway going upthe side of a mountain, often with one cargoing up as another is coming down � Six ofus decided to walk back down the mountain,but the others took the funicular railway.furnish

furnish /�f��nʃ/ verb 1. to supply, to pro-vide � We can furnish all the equipment nec-essary for a hotel gym. 2. to put furniture ina room � The hotel bedrooms are furnishedwith typical Spanish furniture. � He fur-nished the guesthouse with second-handchairs and sofas. � The hotel spent £10,000on furnishing the residents’ lounge.furniture

furniture /�f��ntʃə/ noun chairs, tables,beds and similar items (NOTE: There is noplural form: for one item say a piece of fur-niture.) � bedroom furniture the furniturefound in a bedroom, e.g. beds and chests ofdrawersfurniture polish

furniture polish /�f��ntʃə �pɒlʃ/ nounwax used to make furniture shinyfusion cuisine

fusion cuisine /�fju�$(ə)n kw |�zi�n/noun CATERING the addition of a productfrom a different country to a particular typeof cooking, or the mixing of dishes from dif-ferent countries in the same menu

‘…he adds a note of caution to any restaurant opt-ing for fusion cuisine, because although somecombinations may work, others clearly do not’[Caterer and Hotelkeeper]‘…prove that fusion food is nothing new by start-ing with taramasalata followed by escalope ofveal Holstein’ [Evening Standard]

futures

futures /�fju�tʃəz/ plural noun BUSINESS

the activity of trading in shares or commodi-ties for delivery at a later date

COMMENT: A futures contract is a contractto purchase; if an investor is bullish, he orshe will buy a contract, but if they feel themarket will go down, they will sell one.

Leisure.fm Page 131 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Gg

g /d$i�/ abbreviation gramgalangal

galangal /�#�lən#əl/ noun the pungentunderground stem of a ginger plant, soldfresh or dried and groundgallery

gallery /�#�ləri/ noun a building which isopen to the public and offers pieces of art tolook at or for salegalley

galley /�#�li/ noun TRAVEL a kitchen on aplane or ship � The stewardess will get yousome water from the galley.gallon

gallon /�#�lən/ noun 1. a unit of measure-ment of liquids equalling 8 pints or 4.55litres. Also called imperial gallon � the cardoes twenty-five miles per gallon, the cardoes twenty-five miles to the gallon the caruses one gallon of petrol in travellingtwenty-five miles 2. US a unit of measure-ment of liquids equalling 3.79 litres (NOTE:Gallon is usually written gal after figures:25gal.)game

game /#em/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT anactivity in which people compete with eachother using skill, strength or luck � They allwanted to watch a game of football. 2. ani-mals which are hunted and killed for sportand food 3. MEAT food from animals such asdeer or pheasants, which have been huntedand killed

COMMENT: Common types of game arerabbit, hare and venison; the commonestgame birds in the UK are pheasant, par-tridge and grouse.

game bird

game bird /�#em b��d/ noun any birdwhich is hunted and killed for sport and foodgamekeeper

gamekeeper /�#emki�pə/ noun some-body working on a private estate who pro-tects wild birds and animals bred to behuntedgame larder

game larder /�#em �lɑ�də/ noun a speciallarder for keeping game until it is ready toeatgame pie

game pie /�#em �pa/ noun FOOD a piemade from the meat of a game animal, suchas hare, rabbit or pheasantgame reserve

game reserve /�#em r |�z��v/ nounENTERTAINMENT an area of land where wild

animals are kept to be hunted and killed forsportgame soupgame soup /�#em �su�p/ noun FOODsoup made from gamegames roomgames room /�#emz ru�m/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a special room in a hotel or pubwhere games such as darts or pool can beplayedgame wardengame warden /�#em �wɔ�d(ə)n/ nounsomebody who protects big game for pho-tographers or for huntersgamma raysgamma rays /�#�mə rez/ plural nounCATERING rays which are shorter than X-rays, given off by radioactive substances andused in food irradiationgammongammon /�#�mən/ noun MEAT smoked orcured ham, either whole or cut into slicesgammon steakgammon steak /�#�mən �stek/ nounMEAT a thick slice of gammon � grilled gam-mon steak with pineappleg & tg & t, G & T abbreviation BEVERAGES ginand tonicG&TG&T abbreviation BEVERAGES gin and tonicgangplankgangplank /�#�ŋpl�ŋk/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a wooden walkway for going from thequay on board a ship � The passengerswalked across the gangplank carrying suit-cases.gangwaygangway /�#�ŋwe/ noun 1. TRAVEL (in atheatre, cinema, etc.) a passage betweenrows of seats 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a littlemovable bridge for going on board a ship �We went up the gangway carrying our cases.gantrygantry /�#�ntri/ noun BARS a series ofshelves to display bottles of alcohol behind abargap yeargap year /�#�p jə/ noun a long holidayusually taken after ending one stage in yourlife or education and before beginninganother, especially between studying atschool and studying at university, and usu-ally involving foreign travelgaragegarage /�#�rd$, �#�rɑ�$/ noun ROADTRAVEL 1. a place where cars can be servicedand repaired, and where petrol can be bought� The next garage is 50 miles from here. �

Leisure.fm Page 132 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

133 gatecrasherYou can hire cars from the garage near therailway station. Also called service station2. a building where one or several cars can beparked � Get a ticket from the hotel deskwhich allows you to park in the hotel garage.� Each of the apartments has its own garage.garage attendantgarage attendant /�#�rd$ ə |�tendənt/noun ROAD TRAVEL somebody who works ina garage, filling customers’ cars with petrol,etc.garage facilitiesgarage facilities /�#�rd$ŋ/, garagespace, garaging noun a space in a garagefor parking cars � The hotel has garagespace for thirty cars.garam masalagaram masala /�#�r�m mə |�sɑ�lə/ nouna mixture of spices used in South Asiancooking to give a hot pungent flavour to adishgarbagegarbage /�#ɑ�bd$/ noun refuse or rubbishgarbage cangarbage can /�#ɑ�bd$ k�n/ noun USsame as trashcangarçongarçon /�#ɑ�sɒn/ noun a waiter in a Frenchrestaurant or cafégardengarden /�#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun a piece of groundused for growing flowers, fruit or vegetables

COMMENT: Most large cities are well pro-vided with public gardens, which are usu-ally open free of charge; botanical gar-dens may belong to a university, or anacademy of science, and are also usuallyopen to the public, though a charge maybe levied.

gardensgardens /�#ɑ�d(ə)nz/ plural noun a largearea of garden � The hotel is surrounded byflower gardens.garden suitegarden suite /�#ɑ�d(ə)n swi�t/ nounHOTELS a suite of rooms with doors leadingto a gardengarden viewgarden view /�#ɑ�d(ə)n vju�/ nounHOTELS a view over a gardengarlicgarlic /�#ɑ�lk/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a plantwhose bulb has a strong smell and taste, usedas a flavouringgarlic breadgarlic bread /�#ɑ�lk �bred/ noun breadspread with a mixture of butter and crushedgarlic, warmed in an ovengarlickygarlicky /�#ɑ�lki/ adjective CATERINGtasting or smelling of garlicgarnigarni /#ɑ� |�ni�/ noun HOTELS same as hôtelgarnigarnishgarnish /�#ɑ�nʃ/ CATERING noun a smallpiece of food used as a decoration � fishserved with a garnish of lemon slices andchopped chives � verb to decorate, espe-cially food � slices of beef garnished withcapersgaroupagaroupa /#� |�ru�pə/ noun SEAFOOD sameas grouper

gasgas /#�s/ noun 1. a chemical substancewhich is burnt to make heat, e.g. for cooking� The flat is equipped with a gas cooker. �The hotel is heated by gas. � Each gas appli-ance should be installed in a well-lit anddraught-free position. 2. US same as gaso-linegas flushedgas flushed /�#�s fl�ʃt/ adjective MAR-KETING referring to a type of packaging,where the package is flushed with gas andthen sealed to keep the product in perfectcondition � The coffee is gas-flushed andpacked in portions to suit each cafetière size.Compare vacuum-packedgasolinegasoline /�#�səli�n/ noun US petrolgastricgastric /�#�strk/ adjective referring tothe stomachgastric flugastric flu /�#�strk �flu�/ noun MEDICALany mild stomach disordergastroenteritisgastroenteritis /�#�strəυ |entə|�rats/noun MEDICAL inflammation of the mem-brane lining the intestines and the stomach,caused by a viral infection and resulting indiarrhoea and vomitinggastrointestinal tractgastrointestinal tract/�#�strəυntestn(ə)l �tr�kt/ noun thedigestive tract, comprising the stomach andintestinesgastronomegastronome /�#�strəυnəυm/ noun anexpert on food and drinkgastronomicgastronomic /�#�strə |�nɒmk/ adjectivereferring to food and drink of particularlyhigh quality � The restaurant offers a specialgastronomic menu.gastronomic tourgastronomic tour /�#�strənɒmk �tυə/noun TOURISM a tour which includes gastro-nomic meals of the special dishes of a regiongastronomygastronomy /#�ʃ|�trɒnəmi/ noun CATER-ING the art of food and cookinggastropubgastropub /�#�strəυp�b/ noun a pub thatserves good-quality foodgategate /#et/ noun AIR TRAVEL a door leadingto an aircraft at an airport � Flight AF270 isnow boarding at Gate 23.gâteaugâteau /�#�təυ/ noun BREAD, ETC. aFrench noun meaning a large cream cake �For dessert there is a chocolate gâteau. �

Black Forest gâteau (NOTE: The pluralform is gâteaux.)gatecrashgatecrash /�#etkr�ʃ/ verb � to gate-crash a party to get into a party withoutbeing invited � A group of students tried togatecrash her party.gatecrashergatecrasher /�#etkr�ʃə/ noun some-body who gatecrashes a party � We hadbouncers on the door to stop gatecrasherscoming in.

Leisure.fm Page 133 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

gateway 134gateway

gateway /�#etwe/ noun a town whichleads to an area � Washington, gateway tothe south

‘Narita is the major international gateway’ [Air-liner World]

gavel

gavel /�#�v(ə)l/ noun a small woodenhammer, used by an auctioneer to hit thetable to show that a bid has been successful,or by a toastmaster to call the attention ofguests to a speakergazpacho

gazpacho /#�z|�p�tʃəυ/ noun FOOD aSpanish-style soup, made of tomatoes,onions, cucumber, garlic, oil and vinegar,served coldGDS

GDS abbreviation global distribution sys-temgeese

geese /#i�s/ plural noun � goosegelatin

gelatin /�d$elətn/ noun FOOD proteinwhich is soluble in water, made from colla-gen

COMMENT: Gelatin is used in foodstuffs tomake liquids such as desserts or meat jel-lies set into a semi-solid.

gelatinous

gelatinous /d$ə|�l�tnəs/ adjective refer-ring to gelatin or something with a texturelike jellygeneral

general /�d$en(ə)rəl/ adjective 1. includ-ing or affecting everything or nearly all ofsomething 2. � in general as a rule, normallygeneral clean

general clean /�d$en(ə)rəl �kli�n/ nounHOTELS the activity of cleaning all parts of aroomGeneral Delivery

General Delivery /�d$en(ə)rəl d |

�lv(ə)ri/ noun US a system where letterscan be addressed to someone at a post office,where they can be collected (NOTE: The Brit-ish English is Poste Restante.)general expenses

general expenses /�d$en(ə)rəl k |

�spensz/ plural noun money spent on theday-to-day costs of a businessgeneral manager

general manager /�d$en(ə)rəl�m�nd$ə/ noun a manager who is in chargeof the administration of a whole establish-ment � the general manager of a hotelgeneral office

general office /�d$en(ə)rəl �ɒfs/ nounthe main administrative office in a companygeneral strike

general strike /�d$en(ə)rəl �strak/ nouna strike of all the employees in a countrygenetically modified

genetically modified /d$ə |�netkli�mɒdfad/ adjective referring to a plant thathas received genetic material from a totallydifferent organism or to products made fromsuch plants. Abbr GMgentleman

gentleman /�d$ent(ə)lmən/ noun a politeway of referring to a man � Could you showthis gentleman to his table? � Well, gentle-

men, shall we begin the meeting? (NOTE: Theplural form is gentlemen.)gentlemen

gentlemen /�d$ent(ə)lmən/ noun a pub-lic toilet for mengentsgents /d$ents/ noun a public toilet for men(informal) � Can you tell me where the gentsor the gents’ toilet is? � The gents is downthe corridor on the left. (NOTE: Gents is sin-gular, and takes a singular verb.)GermanGerman /�d$��mən/ adjective referring toGermanyGerman sausage

German sausage /�d$��mən �sɒsd$/noun MEAT a frankfurter or other similarsmooth meat sausageGerman wineGerman wine /�d$��mən �wan/ nounBEVERAGES wine from Germanygetaway

getaway /�#etəwe/ noun a trip to some-where different from the place where youlive � The brochure includes weekend geta-ways in the British Isles.get backget back /�#et �b�k/ verb 1. to return to aplace � The coach leaves at 8.30 a.m., andwe should get back to the hotel by 9 o’clockin the evening. 2. to get something againwhich you had before � I got my money backafter I had complained to the manager.get off

get off /�#et �ɒf/ verb to come down froma vehicle � She got off the bus at the postoffice. � You have to get off the Undergroundat South Kensington.get onget on /�#et �ɒn/ verb to board a train, a busor an aircraft, or to mount a bicycle or horse� She got on at Charing Cross. � He got onthe plane at Frankfurt.get readyget ready /�#et �redi/ verb 1. to prepareyourself for something � How long will ittake you to get ready for the meeting? � Allguests must get ready to leave the hotel at7.30 a.m. 2. to get something prepared � Weneed to get the bedrooms ready by 12.00. �The courier is trying to get the tour notesready before the party leaves.get through

get through /�#et �θru�/ verb 1. to speakto someone on the phone � I tried to getthrough to the complaints department. 2. totry to make someone understand � I couldnot get through to her that I had to be at theairport by 2.15.get up

get up /�#et ��p/ verb 1. to get out of bed �It is 9.30 and Mr Jones has still not got up.Can you give him a call? 2. to make some-one get out of bed � We must get all the partyup by 7.30 if we are going to leave on time.geyser

geyser /�#i�zə/ noun a hot spring, wherewater shoots up into the air at regular inter-vals � There are famous geysers in Yellow-stone National Park.

Leisure.fm Page 134 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

135 glassgherkin

gherkin /�#��kn/ noun VEGETABLES asmall vegetable of the cucumber family usedfor picklinggiardiasis

giardiasis /�d$i�ɑ�|�daəss/ noun MEDICALa disorder of the intestine caused by the par-asite Giardia lamblia, usually with no symp-toms, but in heavy infections the absorptionof fat may be affected, causing diarrhoeagiblets

giblets /�d$bl(ə)ts/ plural noun MEAT theliver, heart and other internal organs of poul-try, removed before the bird is cookedgift

gift /#ft/ noun something given to some-one as a presentgift shop

gift shop /�#ft ʃɒp/ noun a shop sellingsmall items which are given as presentsgift token

gift token /�#ft �təυkən/, gift voucher/�#ft �vaυtʃə/ noun a voucher bought in ashop which is given as a present and whichmust be exchanged in that shop for goods �We gave her a gift token for her birthday.gift-wrap

gift-wrap /�#ft r�p/ verb to wrap apresent in attractive paper � Do you want thisbook gift-wrapped?gift-wrapping

gift-wrapping /�#ft �r�pŋ/ noun 1. aservice in a store for wrapping presents forcustomers 2. attractive paper for wrappingpresentsgigot

gigot /�$i�#əυ/ noun a French or Scottishcut of lamb or mutton taken from the leggill

gill /d$l/ noun CATERING a measure of liq-uids, equal to a quarter of a pintgin

gin /d$n/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a strong col-ourless alcohol, distilled from grain and fla-voured with juniper 2. a glass of this alcohol� She drank three gins before dinner.

COMMENT: Gin is usually drunk with tonicwater (making a ‘g & t’), but also forms thebasis of dry martinis. The word ‘gin’ is alsoused to refer to Dutch ‘genever’, which isdrunk cold and neat.

gin and French

gin and French /�d$n ən �frentʃ/ nounBEVERAGES gin and French vermouthgin and Italian

gin and Italian /�d$n ən |�t�ljən/ nounBEVERAGES gin and Italian vermouth. Abbrgin and itgin and lime

gin and lime /�d$n ən �lam/ noun BEV-ERAGES a drink made with gin, lime juiceand ice cubesgin and tonic

gin and tonic /�d$n ən �tɒnk/ nounBEVERAGES a drink made from gin, ice, aslice of lemon and tonic water � Two gin andtonics, please. Abbr G&Tginger

ginger /�d$nd$ə/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. aplant with a hot-tasting root used in cookingand medicine 2. a spice made from the pow-dered root of this plant

ginger ale

ginger ale /�d$nd$ə �el/ noun BEVER-AGES a fizzy drink flavoured with ginger,often served mixed with whisky or brandy.Also called dry gingerginger beer

ginger beer /�d$nd$ə �bə/ noun a fizzymildly alcoholic drink made by fermenting amixture of syrup and gingerginger biscuit

ginger biscuit, ginger nut noun BREAD,ETC. a hard sweet biscuit, flavoured with gin-gergingerbread

gingerbread /�d$nd$əbred/ nounBREAD, ETC. a cake made with treacle andflavoured with gingergin sling

gin sling /�d$n �slŋ/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made from gin, ice, sweetened waterand lemon or lime juicegippy tummy

gippy tummy /�d$pi �t�mi/ noun MEDI-CAL diarrhoea which affects people travel-ling in foreign countries as a result of eatingunwashed fruit or drinking water which hasnot been boiled (humorous)GIT

GIT abbreviation TOURISM group inclusivetourgîte

gîte /$i�t/ noun TOURISM a house or cottagein France which can be rented for self-cater-ing holidaysgiven name

given name /�#v(ə)n nem/ noun espe-cially US the first name or Christian name ofa person, as opposed to the surname or fam-ily nameglacier

glacier /�#l�siə/ noun a mass of ice like afrozen river which moves slowly down amountainglass

glass /#lɑ�s/ noun 1. a hard, smooth mate-rial which you can see through, used to makethings such as windows, vases and bowls 2.CATERING a vessel made of glass used espe-cially for drinking � Each place settingshould have two glasses. 3. the contents ofsuch a glass � He drank six glasses of whitewine. � Add a glass of red wine to the sauce.� to sell wine by the glass to sell singleglasses of named wines � You can have abottle of house wine, or we sell wines by theglass. � The wine bar has a wine-by-the-glass list.

COMMENT: There are various shapes ofglasses used for different drinks: cham-pagne is served in tall tapering glasses (or‘flutes’), and also sometimes in wide flatglasses called ‘coupes’. Bordeaux winesare served in taller narrower glasses thanthose for Burgundies, which are fatter. InGermany, wines are served in colouredglasses, usually pale yellow, with a greenor orange stem. Draught beer is served inmoulded glasses with handles, or in tallplain glasses without handles. Bottledbeers are served in glasses on stems.

Leisure.fm Page 135 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

glass-bottomed boat 136Water can be served in ordinary wineglasses or in tumblers. Sherry glasseshave short stems. Brandy glasses (or ‘bal-loons’) have wide bodies tapering to a nar-rower mouth.

glass-bottomed boatglass-bottomed boat /�#lɑ�s�bɒt(ə)md �bəυt/ noun TOURISM a boat witha bottom made of glass, so that tourists cansee into the water under the boatglass-breakerglass-breaker /�#lɑ�s �brekə/ noun analarm panel, with a glass window, which youhave to break to sound the alarmglassfulglassful /�#lɑ�sfυl/ noun the amount con-tained in a glass � Add two glassfuls of wineto the soup.glasswareglassware /�#lɑ�sweə/ noun HOTELS arti-cles made of glass, especially drinkingglasses used in a restaurant or hotelglass washerglass washer /�#lɑ�s �wɒʃə/ nounCATERING a special washing machine forwashing glassesglazeglaze /#lez/ noun CATERING a shiny sur-face on food � The glaze on her gâteau wasperfect. � verb to cover with a shiny coating� She glazed the cake and put six candles onit.global distribution systemglobal distribution system /�#ləυb(ə)l�dstr|�bju�ʃ(ə)n �sstəm/ noun a computersystem which provides information fortravel agencies, etc. so that people canreserve air tickets, theatre tickets, etc. AbbrGDSglobe artichokeglobe artichoke /#ləυb �ɑ�t |�tʃəυk/noun VEGETABLES � artichokeglobetrotter

globetrotter /�#ləυbtrɒtə/ noun someonewho travels all around the world (informal)Glorious Twelfth

Glorious Twelfth /�#lɔ�riəs �twelfθ/noun August 12th. See Comment at grouseglucoseglucose /�#lu�kəυz/ noun a simple sugarfound in some fruit, but also broken downfrom white sugar or carbohydrate andabsorbed into the body or secreted by thekidneysGlühwein

Glühwein /�#lu�ven/ noun same asmulled winegmgm abbreviation gramGMGM abbreviation genetically modifiedGMT

GMT abbreviation Greenwich Mean Timegnocchignocchi /�nɒki/ plural noun FOOD in Ital-ian cookery, dumplings made of potato, sem-olina or flour, usually boiled and served withsoup or a saucegogo /#əυ/ verb to move, or to make a journeyor trip � He’s going on a tour of the south ofSpain. (NOTE: going – went – has gone) �to go on board to move onto a ship, plane ortrain � They went on board the boat at 10.00.

goal

goal /#əυl/ noun an aim, the thing you aretrying to achievegoat

goat /#əυt/ noun a small farm animal withhorns and a beard, giving milk and wool(NOTE: Males are called bucks, females aredoes, and the young are kids.)

COMMENT: In Europe, goats are importantfor milk production; goat’s milk has ahigher protein and butterfat content thancow’s milk, and is used especially for mak-ing cheese. Elsewhere goats are rearedfor meat.

goat’s cheese

goat’s cheese /�#əυts tʃi�z/ noun DAIRYcheese made from the milk of a goatgoblet

goblet /�#ɒblət/ noun CATERING a drinkingglass with a stem, used for serving wine orbeergo down

go down /�#əυ �daυn/ verb to descend, togo to a lower level � After having a rest inher bedroom, she went down to the hotel bar.� Part of the tour is a visit to the coal mines,and you go down into the mine in a little lift.going

going /�#əυŋ/ adjective 1. active or busy �to sell a business as a going concern to sella business as an actively trading company �it is a going concern the company is work-ing and making a profit 2. � the going pricethe usual or current price, the price which isbeing charged now � What is the going pricefor two weeks in a three-star hotel inCyprus? � the going rate the usual or cur-rent rate of payment � We pay the going ratefor waitresses.gold card

gold card /�#əυld kɑ�d/ noun FINANCE acredit card issued to important customerswith a particular high level of income, whichgives privileges such as a higher spendinglimit than ordinary credit cardsgolden syrup

golden syrup /�#əυld(ə)n �srəp/ nounFOOD thick golden juice from sugar, used tomake dishes such as treacle tartgolden wedding

golden wedding /�#əυld(ə)n �wedŋ/noun an anniversary of 50 years of marriageGold Ribbon award

Gold Ribbon award /�#əυld �rbən ə|

�wɔ�d/ noun HOTELS an award given by theRAC to hotels which are committed to veryhigh standards of service and accommoda-tion

‘…the RAC has given its Gold Ribbon accoladeto 63 hotels and town houses in the UK and Ire-land. Thirteen have received it for the first time’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

golf

golf /#ɒlf/ noun SPORT a game for two peo-ple, or two couples, where a small hard ballis struck with long-handled clubs into aseries of holes, the object being to use as fewstrokes as possible � a round of golf a gameof golf, going round all 18 holes on the

Leisure.fm Page 136 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

137 granolacourse � The room price includes fourrounds of golf.golf club

golf club /�#ɒlf kl�b/ noun 1. ENTERTAIN-MENT a wooden- or metal-headed long-han-dled stick for striking a golf ball 2. SPORT agroup of people who play golf, and allowothers to join them on payment of a fee 3.ENTERTAINMENT a house where golfers meetgolf course

golf course /�#ɒlf kɔ�s/ noun SPORT alarge area of ground specially designed forplaying golf � They’ve cut down a lot of treesto make a new golf course. � The hotel is nextto an 18-hole golf course.golfer

golfer /�#ɒlfə/ noun SPORT somebody whoplays golfgolfing

golfing /�#ɒlfŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof playing golf � a golfing holiday � Theyorganise golfing tours of France.golf umbrella

golf umbrella /�#ɒlf �m |�brelə/ noun alarge colourful umbrella used by golfers, andalso by the general publicgoods

goods /#υdz/ plural noun things that areproduced for salegoods vehicle

goods vehicle /�#υdz �vi�k(ə)l/ nounROAD TRAVEL a lorry or other vehicle used totransport goodsgoodwill

goodwill /#υd |�wl/ noun BUSINESS thegood reputation of a business � He paid£10,000 for the goodwill of the restaurantand £4,000 for the fittings.

COMMENT: Goodwill can include the trad-ing reputation, the patents, the tradenames used, the value of a ‘good site’,etc., and is very difficult to establish accu-rately. It is an intangible asset, and so isnot shown as an asset in a company’saccounts, unless it figures as part of thepurchase price paid when acquiringanother company.

goose

goose /#u�s/ noun 1. a web-footed waterbird, larger than a duck � goose-liver pâté 2.MEAT meat from this bird � roast goose(NOTE: The plural form is geese.)gooseberry

gooseberry /�#υzb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT asmall soft fruit from a small prickly bush,which is green or red in colour and is usuallycooked or preserved � gooseberry fool �gooseberry jamgorge-walking

gorge-walking /�#ɔ�d$ �wɔ�kŋ/ nounSPORT same as canyoneeringGouda

Gouda /�#aυdə/ noun a mild Dutch cheese,typically sold in a thick round shape coveredin yellow waxgoujon

goujon /�#u�$ɒn/ noun a long strip of fishor chicken coated in egg and breadcrumbsand deep-fried

goulash

goulash /�#u�l�ʃ/ noun FOOD a Hungariandish of meat and vegetables, flavoured withpaprikagourmand

gourmand /�#ɔ�mɒnd/ noun somebodywho is fond of eating, and eats and drinks toomuch. Compare gourmetgourmet

gourmet /�#υəme/ noun somebody whoknows a lot about and appreciates food andwine � a gourmet meal � The restaurantoffers a gourmet menu. Compare gourmandgovernment loan

government loan /�#�v(ə)nmənt �ləυn/noun money lent by the governmentgovernment pension

government pension /�#�v(ə)nmənt�penʃən/ noun a pension paid by the state.Also called state pensiongovernment-regulated price

government-regulated price/�#�v(ə)nmənt �re#jυletd �pras/ nounBUSINESS a price which is imposed by thegovernmentgrade

grade /#red/ noun a category of some-thing which is classified according to qualityor size � verb to sort things according to sizeor quality � Eggs are graded into classes A,B, and C.

COMMENT: There are various systems ofgrading hotels and restaurants; the Eng-lish Tourism Council gives hotels andother accommodation stars or diamondsdepending on the type of facilities offered.Restaurants are graded for quality (shownby stars) by the Michelin organisation. TheFrench national system gives stars tohotels according to the facilities offered.

graded hotel

graded hotel /�#redd həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a good-quality hotelgrading system

grading system /�#redŋ �sstəm/ nounHOTELS a system of classifying hotels or res-taurants into different levels of qualitygrain whisky

grain whisky /�#ren �wski/ nounwhisky that is made from any fermentedcereal other than malted barleygram

gram /#r�m/, gramme /#r�m/ noun ameasure of weight equalling one thousandthof a kilo � She bought 500g of butter. � Cof-fee is sold in 250g packs. (NOTE: This is usu-ally written g or gm after figures: 25g.)granadilla

granadilla /�#r�nə|�dlə/ noun FRUIT sameas passion fruitgranary

granary /�#r�nəri/ noun a place wherethreshed grain is stored, now often used as atrade name for bread or flour containingmalted wheat graingrand total

grand total /�#r�nd �təυt(ə)l/ noun thefinal total made by adding several subtotalsgranola

granola /#rə|�nəυlə/ noun a breakfastcereal consisting of rolled oats mixed withother ingredients such as dried fruit and nuts

Leisure.fm Page 137 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

granulated sugar 138granulated sugar

granulated sugar /�#r�njυletd �ʃυ#ə/noun FOOD refined sugar in small white crys-tals. Also called white sugargrape

grape /#rep/ noun the fruit of the grape-vine

COMMENT: Grapes are grown in mostareas of the world that have a Mediterra-nean climate, and even in temperateareas like southern England and centralGermany. There are two main colours ofgrapes: black and white (actually they arevery dark blue and pale green). Grapesare not usually cooked, but are eaten rawor in fruit salads. They are crushed tomake grape juice and wine, and are alsodried to produce currants, raisins and sul-tanas. In some parts of the world (such asGreece) bunches of very small currantgrapes are sold as dessert grapes.

grapefruit

grapefruit /�#repfru�t/ noun the citrusfruit similar to and about twice as large as anorange, but not as sweet, that is lemon-yel-low when ripe and very juicy, and has fleshthat is usually pale greenish-yellow, but canalso be pink � a glass of grapefruit juice(NOTE: The plural form is grapefruit.)

COMMENT: Grapefruit are usually servedcut in half, with sugar; they are usuallyeaten at breakfast. They are also used tomake marmalade.

grapefruit segments

grapefruit segments /�#repfru�t�se#mənts/ plural noun FOOD sections ofpeeled grapefruit, served in a glass bowl asan hors d’oeuvre and at breakfastgrapevine

grapevine /�#repvan/ noun a plant withlong flexible stems on which grapes growgrate

grate /#ret/ verb to shred something intovery small pieces, using a metal tool withholes with rough edges � Do you wantgrated cheese on your pasta? � There was asalad of grated carrot and French dressing.grater

grater /�#retə/ noun CATERING a tool witha rough metal surface, or with rough holes,used for grating food such as cheesegratin

gratin /�#r�t�ŋ/ noun CATERING 1. foodwhich has been topped with breadcrumbs,cream sauce or cheese, and is then brownedunder a grill or in an oven � cauliflowergratin 2. a low flat dish in which food can bebrowned under a grillgratis

gratis /�#r�ts/ adverb free, without pay-ing anything � We got into the exhibitiongratis.gratuity

gratuity /#rə |�tju�ti/ noun FINANCE sameas tip noun 1 � The staff are instructed not toaccept gratuities.gravity feed slicer

gravity feed slicer /�#r�vti fi�d�slasə/ noun CATERING a type of slicer forcooked meat such as ham, where the meat is

placed on a sloping tray and slides furtherdown after each slice is cutgravlaxgravlax, gravadlax noun FOOD a Scandi-navian dish of raw salmon pickled in salt,sugar and herbs, served sliced thinly withbrown breadgravygravy /�#revi/ noun SAUCES, ETC. thejuices which come from meat during cook-ing, or a brown sauce made using thesewhich is served with meat � She poured thegravy over the meat.

COMMENT: In many British restaurants,gravy is prepared from dry powder, mixedwith water and meat juices. Real gravy ismade from the juices of the meat only.

greasegrease /#ri�s/ noun thick oil, used to makemachines run smoothlygreasygreasy /�#ri�si/ adjective oily � I don’t likethe chips they serve here – they’re too greasy.(NOTE: greasy – greasier – greasiest)greasy spoongreasy spoon /�#ri�si �spu�n/ noun asmall, cheap and often dirty cafegreedygreedy /�#ri�di/ adjective always wantingto eat a lot of food � Don’t be greedy –you’ve already had two pieces of cake.(NOTE: greedy – greedier – greediest)GreekGreek /#ri�k/ adjective referring to GreeceGreek coffeeGreek coffee /�#ri�k �kɒfi/ noun BEVER-AGES same as Turkish coffeeGreek saladGreek salad /�#ri�k �s�ləd/ noun FOOD asalad of tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber, olives,oregano and feta cheesegreengreen /#ri�n/ adjective referring to a con-cern about the environment � noun an areaof public land covered with grass in the mid-dle of a villagegreenbackgreenback /�#ri�nb�k/ noun US a dollarbill (informal )green beansgreen beans /�#ri�n �bi�nz/ plural nounVEGETABLES beans grown on low bushes andeaten when green in their pods. Also calledFrench beans, string beansGreen BeltGreen Belt /�#ri�n belt/ noun an area offarming land or woods and parks, which sur-rounds a town, and on which building isrestricted or completely banned � They can’tput houses in Old Oak Wood, it’s Green Beltland. � The Green Belt is supposed to stopthe remorseless advance of houses into thecountryside.

COMMENT: Green Belt land is protectedand building is restricted and often prohib-ited completely. The aim of setting up aGreen Belt is to prevent urban sprawl andreduce city pollution.

green cardgreen card /�#ri�n �kɑ�d/ noun 1. FINANCEa special British insurance certificate toprove that a car is insured for travel abroad 2.

Leisure.fm Page 138 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

139 gross earningsa work permit for a person going to live inthe USAgreen channelgreen channel /�#ri�n �tʃ�n(ə)l/ nounTRAVEL the exit from customs through whichyou pass if you are not importing goodswhich are liable to dutygreengagegreengage /�#ri�n#ed$/ noun FRUIT abitter green plum, used for cooking, makingpies, jam, etc. � My mother makes jam withour greengages.greengrocergreengrocer /�#ri�n#rəυsə/ noun some-body who sells fruit and vegetables � thegreengrocer’s a shop where you can buyfruit and vegetables � Can you buy somepotatoes at the greengrocer’s? � I went to thegreengrocer’s in the High Street to buy somefruit.green holidaygreen holiday /�#ri�n �hɒlde/ nounTOURISM a holiday spent in the countrysidedoing work which helps the environmentgreen olivegreen olive /�#ri�n �ɒlv/ noun VEGETA-BLES an unripe olivegreen peppergreen pepper /�#ri�n �pepə/ noun VEGE-TABLES an unripe sweet pepper with a greenskin, eaten raw or cookedgreen saladgreen salad /�#ri�n �s�ləd/ noun FOOD asalad made of lettuce or other green leaves,sometimes including other raw green vegeta-bles such as cucumber or green peppergreen spacegreen space /�#ri�n �spes/ noun an areaof land which has not been built on, contain-ing grass, plants and treesGreenwich Mean TimeGreenwich Mean Time /�#rntʃ �mi�n�tam/ noun the local time on the 0° merid-ian where it passes through Greenwich, Eng-land, used to calculate international timezones � At midnight Greenwich Mean Time itis 7 a.m. in Bangkok. Abbr GMTgreetergreeter /�#ri�tə/ noun US CATERING some-body whose job it is to receive guests as theyenter a restaurant and show them to theirtablesgriddlegriddle /�#rd(ə)l/ noun CATERING a flatmetal sheet which is heated and on whichfood can be cooked, used for short-orderbreakfasts, Japanese food, etc. � He fried theeggs on a griddle.

‘…cooking breakfast to order on the griddle pro-vides guests with a more direct service and helpsavoid the unattractive accumulation of fried foodwhich can easily occur on breakfast buffets atlarge hotels’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

griddlecakegriddlecake /�#rd(ə)lkek/ noun BREAD,ETC. a little pancake cooked on a griddlegridlockgridlock /�#rdlɒk/ noun ROAD TRAVEL atraffic jam in which the vehicles cannotmove for a very long time � The gridlockstretched from Hyde Park Corner to the City.

gridlocked

gridlocked /�#rdlɒkt/ adjective blockedby traffic jams � Downtown New York wasgridlocked for two hours.grill

grill /#rl/ CATERING noun 1. an open metalsurface with heat above or below, used tocook meat, fish and some vegetables 2. foodwhich has been cooked on a grill 3. a restau-rant, or part of a restaurant, which specialisesin grilled food � We didn’t eat in the hotel butwent across the road to a Mexican grill. �verb to cook food on or under a grill � I’llgrill the sausages as it makes them less fatty.grilled

grilled /#rld/ adjective CATERING cookedon a grill � Grilled fish is drier and lessgreasy than fried fish. � I’ll have a grilledchop, please.griller

griller /�#rlə/ noun CATERING a kitchendevice with an open metal rack with heatbeneath, used to cook meat, fish and somevegetablesgrillroom

grillroom /�#rlru�m/ noun CATERING arestaurant which specialises in grilled foodgrind

grind /#rand/ verb CATERING to pass foodthrough a machine which reduces it to pow-der or pulp (NOTE: grinding – ground –ground)grinder

grinder /�#randə/ noun CATERING 1. amachine for grinding food such as coffee orspices 2. US a machine for mincing meat(NOTE: The British English for this meaningis mincer or mincing machine.)grip

grip /#rp/ noun TRAVEL same as holdallgrits

grits /#rts/ plural noun US FOOD groundmaize, cooked in milk or water, then friedand eaten as a breakfast dishgrocer

grocer /�#rəυsə/ noun somebody who sellsmany types of food and often general house-hold goods � The grocer weighed out 500grams of coffee. � the grocer’s a shop whereyou can buy many types of food and generalhousehold goods � Can you buy some sugarat the grocer’s? � We went to the grocer’s inthe High Street to get some tea.groom

groom /#ru�m/ verb to make somethingsmart or neat � They groom ski slopes beforea competition.gross

gross /#rəυs/ noun twelve dozen � Sheordered four gross of paper towels. (NOTE:There is no plural form in this meaning.) �adjective total, with no deductions � adverbwith no deductions � Her salary is paidgross. � verb to make a gross profit � Thegroup grossed £25m in 1993.gross earnings

gross earnings /�#rəυs ���nŋz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS total earnings before tax andother deductions

Leisure.fm Page 139 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

gross income 140gross incomegross income /�#rəυs �nk�m/ nounBUSINESS income before tax is deductedgross profitgross profit /#rəυs �prɒft/, gross trad-ing profit /#rəυs �tredŋ/ noun BUSINESSprofit calculated as sales income less the costof the goods sold, i.e. without deducting anyother expensesgross receiptsgross receipts /�#rəυs r |�si�ts/ pluralnoun FINANCE the total amount of moneyreceived before expenses are deductedgross salarygross salary /�#rəυs �s�ləri/ noun BUSI-NESS salary before tax is deductedgross tonnagegross tonnage /�#rəυs �t�nd$/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS the total amount of spacein a shipgross turnovergross turnover /�#rəυs �t��nəυvə/ nounBUSINESS the total turnover including dis-counts, VAT charged, etc.gross weightgross weight /�#rəυs �wet/ noun theweight of both a container and its contentsgross yieldgross yield /�#rəυs �ji�ld/ noun BUSINESSthe profit from investments before tax isdeductedgrottogrotto /�#rɒtəυ/ noun a picturesque smallcave or room decorated with shells to looklike a cavegroundground /#raυnd/ noun soil or earth � onthe ground not in the air � verb 1. � toground an aircraft to say that an aircraftmust not fly, usually because of a mechanicalfailure � After the crash, all planes weregrounded until their engines were inspected.2. � grindground beefground beef /�#raυnd �bi�f/ noun USMEAT finely minced beef, used for makinghamburgersground coffeeground coffee /�#raυnd �kɒfi/ nounFOOD coffee beans which have been groundto small pieces, ready for making coffeeground engineerground engineer /�#raυnd �end$nə/noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who maintainsand repairs aircraft on the ground, asopposed to a flight engineerground floorground floor /�#raυnd �flɔ�/ noun a floorin a shop or office which is level with theground � The men’s department is on theground floor. � He has a ground-floor office.ground handlingground handling /�#raυnd �h�ndlŋ/noun AIR TRAVEL the activity of dealing withairline passengers on the ground, after theyhave arrived at an airportground hostessground hostess /�#raυnd �həυsts/noun AIR TRAVEL a woman who looks afterpassengers at the airport before they boardthe planegroundsgrounds /#raυndz/ plural noun 1. gardensround a large house � If the weather is fine,

the concert will be held in the grounds of thehouse. 2. basic reasons � Does he have goodgrounds for complaint? � There are nogrounds on which we can be sued for negli-gence.ground transportation

ground transportation /�#raυndtr�nspɔ� |�teʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL vehi-cles such as buses and taxis, available to takepassengers from an airport to the towngroup

group /#ru�p/ noun 1. several things orpeople together � a group of Japanese tour-ists 2. BUSINESS several companies linkedtogether in the same organisation � a majortravel group � The group owns hotels in sev-eral European cities. � verb � to grouptogether to put several items together �Sales from six different agencies are groupedtogether under the heading ‘Europeansales’.group booking

group booking /�#ru�p �bυkŋ/ nounHOTELS a reservation of seats, hotel rooms orrestaurant places for a group of people madetogether at the same timegrouper

grouper /�#ru�pə/ noun SEAFOOD a largetropical sea fish, used as foodgroup inclusive tour

group inclusive tour /�#ru�p n |�klu�sv�tυə/ noun TOURISM a tour for a group ofpeople, where the price per person includesall travel, accommodation and meals. AbbrGITgroup purchasing

group purchasing /�#ru�p �p��tʃsŋ/noun BUSINESS central purchasing for awhole group, which results in cost savingsgroup rate

group rate /�#ru�p ret/ noun a specialrate for larger groups of people travellingtogethergroup rates

group rates /�#ru�p rets/ plural nounHOTELS hotel room charges for groupsgroup results

group results /�#ru�p r |�z�lts/ pluralnoun BUSINESS the financial accounts of agroup of companies taken togethergroup travel

group travel /�#ru�p �tr�v(ə)l/ nountravel as a member of a group of people, asopposed to individual travelgrouse

grouse /#raυs/ noun 1. SPORT a smallblack game bird, found in the UK, especiallyin the north of England and in Scotland(NOTE: There is no plural form: two of thebirds are called a brace of grouse.) 2. acomplaint � The manager is tired of listeningto the guests’ grouses. � verb to complain �The group was grousing about the service inthe hotel restaurant.

COMMENT: Grouse are shot and eaten inseason; the season starts on August 12th,also called the ‘Glorious Twelfth’, andends on December 10th.

Leisure.fm Page 140 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

141 guest services directorygrouse moor

grouse moor /�#raυs �mυə/ noun an areaof open land where grouse livegrowth market

growth market /�#rəυθ �mɑ�kt/ nounBUSINESS an area where sales are going toincreaseGRS

GRS abbreviation global reservation sys-temgrub

grub /#r�b/ noun food (informal)guacamole

guacamole /�#w�kə|�məυle/ nounSAUCES, ETC. pureed avocado with chillis,used as a dip or as a filling for tacosguarantee

guarantee /�#�rən |�ti�/ noun a legal docu-ment which promises that a machine willwork properly, that an item is of good qualityor that a service will be provided � The tourcompany refused to give the guarantee thatthe group would be accommodated in thehotel mentioned in the brochure. � The guar-antee lasts for two years. � It is sold with atwelve-month guarantee. � the car is stillunder guarantee the car is still covered bythe maker’s guarantee � verb to give a firmpromise that something will work, thatsomething will be done � I guarantee thatthis will not happen again. � the product isguaranteed for twelve months the manu-facturer says that the product will work wellfor twelve months, and he will mend it freeof charge if it breaks downguaranteed priceguaranteed price /�#�rənti�d �pras/noun a price which the seller promises willnot changeguaranteed reservationguaranteed reservation /�#�rənti�d�rezə |�veʃ(ə)n/ noun a reservation that mustbe paid for in advance and ensures that thehotel keeps a room free until the guestarrivesguaranteed wage

guaranteed wage /�#�rənti�d �wed$/noun BUSINESS a wage which a companypromises will not fall below a particular fig-ureguard

guard /#ɑ�d/ noun a person or group ofpeople, whose job it is to protect someone orsomething � The tourist bus carries armedguards when going into the bandit country. �The hotel grounds are patrolled by securityguards.guava

guava /�#wɑ�və/ noun FRUIT an orange-coloured tropical fruit with pink fleshguéridon

guéridon /�#erdɒn/ noun CATERING 1. aFrench noun meaning side table, on whichthe waiter places dishes, and from which theguests are served 2. a trolley for bringingfood to the tableguest

guest /#est/ noun 1. somebody staying ina hotel or guesthouse 2. a person who isinvited to come to your home or to an event

� We’re expecting 300 guests at the launch.3. somebody who is visiting another person.� paying guest

‘…the relatively limited range of facilitiesoffered by many small hotels does not necessar-ily mean that guest care suffers’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

guest account

guest account, guest bill noun HOTELSa bill made out to a guest in a hotel, for room,restaurant and other servicesguest beer

guest beer /�#est bə/ noun a beer kept ondraught in a bar for a limited period only asan addition to the usual beersguest book

guest book /�#est bυk/ noun a book inwhich guests write their names and oftenmake comments when visiting a hotel, guest-house or place of interestguest care

guest care /�#est keə/ noun HOTELS thework of looking after guests in a hotelguest flow

guest flow /�#est fləυ/ noun the numberof guests requiring assistance, e.g. for check-ing in or outguest history

guest history /�#est �hst(ə)ri/ nounHOTELS details of a guest, his or her previousstays in the hotel, room preferences, etc.guesthouse

guesthouse /�#esthaυs/ noun 1. TOUR-ISM a privately owned house, which takesseveral guests, usually not more than ten 2.HOTELS (in the Far East) a small state-ownedhotel for official guests, but where other vis-itors may be offered accommodation

COMMENT: Guesthouses are similar tosmall hotels, but may not be licensed toserve alcohol, and may only offer bed andbreakfast. Guesthouses are always fam-ily-owned and -run.

guest ledger

guest ledger /�#est �led$ə/ noun 1. a listof all the money owed by a guest to a hotelthat must be paid before the guest checksout, including e.g. accommodation, bar billsand phone charges 2. same as guest bookguest relations manager

guest relations manager /�#est r|

�leʃ(ə)nz �m�nd$ə/ noun a person whosejob is to ensure that guests are well lookedafter while they are staying in a hotelguest rooms

guest rooms /�#est ru�mz/ plural nounHOTELS bedrooms and suites in a hotel whichare used only by guests as opposed to publicroomsguest room technology

guest room technology /�#est ru�mtek |�nɒləd$i/ noun HOTELS technical equip-ment, such as Internet links, in a hotel bed-room � Guest-room technology is veryexpensive. Also called in-room technologyguest services directory

guest services directory /�#est�s��vsz da |�rekt(ə)ri/ noun HOTELS abook in each bedroom of a hotel which lists

Leisure.fm Page 141 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

guide 142the services available to guests, and thephone numbers to callguide

guide /#ad/ TOURISM noun 1. somebodywho shows tourists round a site or house �

Our guide took us into the castle chapel. �

The guide to the museum spoke so rapidlythat we couldn’t understand what she wassaying. 2. a guide book � This is the bestguide to the region. � You can get a smallguide to walks round the town at the touristinformation office. � verb to show touristsround a siteguidebook

guidebook /�#adbυk/ noun TOURISM abook for tourists, explaining what there is tosee in a place, where to stay, how to travelaround and where to eat � The guidebooklists three hotels by the beach.guided tour

guided tour /�#add �tυə/ noun TOURISMa tour with a guide who shows places to tour-ists. Also called conducted tour

guinea fowlguinea fowl /�#ni faυl/ noun MEAT asmall black bird with white spots, raised forits meat which has a delicate flavour similarto that of game birdsguletgulet /�#�lət/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a tra-ditional Turkish wooden yacht with doublecabin and a large sundeck, that carriesaround 15 passengers � They advertise guletcruises leaving from the harbour near thehotel.gulletgullet /�#�lt/ noun the tube down whichfood and drink passes from the mouth to thestomach � She had a piece of bread stuck inher gullet. Also called oesophagusgumbogumbo /�#�mbəυ/ noun 1. CATERING sameas okra 2. FOOD a type of thick soup or stew,made with meat or fish and okra, from thesouthern USAgymgym /d$m/, gymnasium /d$m |�neziəm/noun SPORT a hall for indoor athletics andexercises

Leisure.fm Page 142 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Hhaddock

haddock /�h�dək/ noun SEAFOOD a com-mon white sea fish

COMMENT: Smoked haddock is smokeduntil yellow on the bone (called ‘Finnanhaddock’) or as fillets. Small whole had-dock smoked until they are brown arecalled ‘Arbroath smokies’. Smoked had-dock is used in various recipes includingkedgeree, and omelette Arnold Bennett.

haggis

haggis /�h�#s/ noun FOOD a Scottish dishmade of a sheep’s stomach stuffed with amixture of the sheep’s heart, liver and otherorgans and oatmeal, which is boiled in water(NOTE: In Scotland haggis is served on spe-cial occasions, such as Burns’ Night.)haggle

haggle /�h�#(ə)l/ verb to discuss pricesand terms and try to reduce them � To buyanything in the local market you will have tolearn to haggle. � After two hours’ hagglingover the price we bought the carpet. (NOTE:You haggle with someone over some-thing.)hail

hail /hel/ noun small pieces of ice whichfall like frozen rain � verb 1. to fall as frozenrain � It hailed for ten minutes and then thesun came out. 2. to wave to a taxi to stop �He whistled to hail a taxi.hailstone

hailstone /�helstəυn/ noun a piece of fro-zen rain � Hailstones bounced off the roof ofthe car. � Huge hailstones covered the road.hailstorm

hailstorm /�helstɔ�m/ noun a storm dur-ing which hail falls � After the hailstorm, theroad was white with hailstones.hair

hair /heə/ noun 1. a single long threadgrowing on the body of a human or animal �Waiter, there’s a hair in my soup! 2. a massof hairs growing on the head � Your hair istoo long, you must get it cut.hairbrush

hairbrush /�heəbr�ʃ/ noun a special brushfor keeping hair tidy (NOTE: The plural formis hairbrushes.)haircut

haircut /�heək�t/ noun an act of makinghair shorter by cutting it � He went to thehairdresser’s to get a haircut.hairdresser

hairdresser /�heə|�dresə/ noun a personwho cuts and washes your hair � the hair-

dresser’s a shop where people can have theirhair cut, dyed and styledhairdressing

hairdressing /�heədresŋ/ noun the workof cutting, dyeing or styling hairhairdressing salon

hairdressing salon /�heədresŋ �s�lɒn/noun a shop where people can have their haircut, dyed and styledhair drier

hair drier, hair dryer noun a machine fordrying wet hair � Each bathroom is equippedwith a hair dryer.hairnet

hairnet /�heənet/ noun a very fine coverput over the hair to keep it tidy � Kitchenstaff with long hair must wear hairnets.hake

hake /hek/ noun SEAFOOD a large whitesea fish (NOTE: The plural form is hake.)halal

halal /hə|�lɑ�l/ adjective CATERING preparedaccording to Islamic lawhalal butcher

halal butcher /hə|�lɑ�l �bυtʃə/ nounCATERING a butcher who prepares meataccording to Islamic lawhalf board

half board /�hɑ�f �bɔ�d/ noun HOTELS aspecial rate for guests staying at a hotel, whotake breakfast and dinner at the hotel, but notlunch. Also called demi-pensionhalf-carafe

half-carafe /�hɑ�f kə |�r�f/ noun CATERINGa half-litre carafe � He ordered a half-carafeof house wine.half-case

half-case /�hɑ�f �kes/ noun BARS a card-board or wooden box containing six bottlesof winehalf-day

half-day /�hɑ�f de/ adjective referring tothe morning or afternoon � a half-day tour ofthe island � A half-day excursion to the oldtown costs £10.00.half-day closing

half-day closing /�hɑ�f de �kləυzŋ/noun a system by which a shop closes, usu-ally at lunchtime, and remains closed for therest of that dayhalf-dollar

half-dollar /�hɑ�f �dɒlə/ noun US fiftycentshalf fare

half fare /�hɑ�f �feə/ noun TRAVEL a half-price ticket for a childhalf-fat milk

half-fat milk /�hɑ�f f�t �mlk/ noun DAIRYmilk from which some of the fat has beenremoved

Leisure.fm Page 143 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

halfpipe 144halfpipe

halfpipe /�hɑ�fpap/ noun SPORT a struc-ture in the shape of the bottom half of a pipe,built for freestyle snowboarding, in-lineskating, and skateboardinghalf price

half price /�hɑ�f �pras/ noun, adjective50% of the usual price � Tour operators areoffering tours at half price or half-pricetours to people making last-minute book-ings. � to sell goods off at half price to sellgoods at 50% of the usual pricehalf-price sale

half-price sale /�hɑ�f pras �sel/ nounMARKETING a sale of all goods at 50% of theusual pricehalibut

halibut /�h�lbət/ noun SEAFOOD a type offlat white sea fishhall

hall /hɔ�l/ noun 1. a large building for pub-lic meetings 2. � front hallhall of residence

hall of residence /�hɔ�l əv �rezd(ə)ns/a building on a university campus in whichstudents live while studying at the universityhall porter

hall porter /�hɔ�l �pɔ�tə/ noun HOTELSsomebody who is on duty in the hall of ahotel, especially somebody who stands nearthe main door of a hotel and deals with arriv-ing or departing guests and their baggageham

ham /h�m/ noun 1. � a ham the thigh ofthe back leg of a pig 2. MEAT meat from thispart of the pig, usually cured in brine andsometimes dried in smoke � a ham sandwich� a plate of salad with two slices of ham

COMMENT: Ham is cooked by boiling orroasting, and may be bought ready-cooked in a piece or in slices. Some typesof smoked ham, such as prosciutto andParma ham are sliced very thinly andeaten raw; Parma ham is sometimesserved with melon as an hors-d’oeuvre.

ham and eggs

ham and eggs /�h�m ən �e#z/ nounFOOD fried ham with fried eggshamburger

hamburger /�h�mb��#ə/ noun MEAT asmall flat cake of minced beef that is grilledor fried � The children want hamburgers andfries for lunch. Also called beefburger

COMMENT: The hamburger is so calledbecause it was originally minced beefsteak cooked in the style of Hamburg, atown in Germany. It has nothing to do withham. It is also called simply a ‘burger’ or‘beefburger’.

hamburger bar

hamburger bar /�h�m |�b��#ə bɑ�/ nounCATERING a simple restaurant serving ham-burgershamburger roll

hamburger roll /�h�mb��#ə rəυl/ nounBREAD, ETC. a soft round bread roll suitablefor serving a hamburger inhamlet

hamlet /�h�mlət/ noun a small village �Villagers from the surrounding hamlets cameto the town on market day.

hand

hand /h�nd/ noun 1. a part of the body atthe end of each arm � to shake hands to holdsomeone’s hand when meeting to show youare pleased to meet him or her or to show thatan agreement has been reached � The visi-tors shook hands and sat down at the table.� The restaurant proprietor always shakeshands with regular customers. � to shakehands on a deal to shake hands to show thata deal has been agreed 2. � by hand usingthe hands, not a machine � The chef makesall his pasta by hand. 3. � in hand kept inreserve � We have £10,000 in hand. 4. � tohand here, present � I have the invoice tohand I have the invoice in front of me 5. � tochange hands to be sold to a new owner �The hotel changed hands for £300,000.hand-dipped chocolates

hand-dipped chocolates /�h�nd dipt�tʃɒkləts/ plural noun FOOD chocolateswhich are coated by hand, as opposed tothose made by machineshand dryer

hand dryer /�h�nd �draə/ noun amachine for drying the hands. It switchesitself on when hands are placed under it orwhen a button is pressed, and blows hot aironto the hands.handjug

handjug /�h�ndd$�#/ noun a small jugwhich you can hold in one hand � Coffee isserved in individual handjugs.handle

handle /�h�nd(ə)l/ noun a part of an objectwhich is held in the hand � Don’t touch thepan – the handle is hot. � The handle hascome off my suitcase. � Push the knob in thedoor handle if you want to lock the door fromthe inside. � verb 1. to deal with something,to organise something � The accountsdepartment handles all the cash. � We canhandle up to 1,500 passengers per hour. �They handle all our overseas visitors. 2.MARKETING to sell or to trade in a sort of serv-ice or product � We do not handle tours forold-age pensioners. � They handle tours tothe Far East.handling

handling /�h�ndlŋ/ noun 1. the act ofmoving something by hand 2. the act of deal-ing with something � baggage handlingfacilities arrangements or machines formoving passengers’ baggage

‘…shipping companies continue to bear the extrafinancial burden of cargo handling operations atthe ports’ [Business Times (Lagos)]

hand luggage

hand luggage /�h�nd �l�#d$/ noun AIRTRAVEL same as carry-on baggagehandmade

handmade /�h�ndmed/ adjective madeby hand, not by a machine � handmade pastahand towel

hand towel /�h�nd �taυəl/ noun a smalltowel for drying the hands

Leisure.fm Page 144 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

145 HBVhandy

handy /�h�ndi/ adjective useful or conven-ient � Paper handkerchiefs are sold inhandy-sized packs. � This small case ishandy for use when travelling.hang

hang /h�ŋ/ verb CATERING to suspend meator a recently killed game animal until theflesh begins to decompose slightly andbecomes more tender and highly flavoured(NOTE: hangs – hanging – hung)hang-glider

hang-glider /�h�ŋ �#ladə/ noun SPORT1. a large cloth wing stretched over a light-weight frame, like a giant kite, under whichthe pilot hangs in a harness, holding onto abar which is used for steering � His hang-glider got caught in a tree. � paraglider 2.somebody who flies a hang-gliderhang-gliding

hang-gliding /�h�ŋ �#ladŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of flying a hang-glider � Hegoes hang-gliding every weekend. � I’d loveto have a go at hang-gliding. � paragliding

COMMENT: To get a hang-glider into theair, it is necessary either to run down a hillor jump off a cliff into the prevailing wind;by pushing the bar away from you, thenose of the glider dips and the glider picksup speed as it descends; by pulling the bartowards you, the nose lifts up and theglider decreases speed until it reachesstalling point.

happy hour

happy hour /�h�pi �aυə/ noun BUSINESSa time, usually in the early evening, when abar offers cheaper drinks to encourage cus-tomers to come in early � There’s a happyhour every day from 5 to 7.harassment

harassment /�h�rəsmənt, hə |�r�smənt/noun unpleasant behaviour towards some-body that usually involves persistentlythreatening or worrying them � The barowner complained of police harassment. �anti-harassment policy the policy of a workplace which is strict about harassment

‘…bullying and harassment at work can have anunsettling effect on the work force’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

harbour

harbour /�hɑ�bə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS aport, a place where ships come to load orunload (NOTE: The US spelling is harbor.)harbour dues

harbour dues /�hɑ�bə dju�z/ plural nounSHIPS AND BOATS a payment which a shipmakes to the harbour authorities for the rightto use the harbourharbour facilities

harbour facilities /�hɑ�bə �nstə|

�leʃ(ə)ns/, harbour installations pluralnoun SHIPS AND BOATS buildings or equip-ment in a harbourhard

hard /hɑ�d/ adjective not soft, firm to thetouch � We prefer to have a hard mattress.

hard-boiledhard-boiled /�hɑ�d �bɔld/ adjectiveCATERING (refers to an egg) cooked in boil-ing water until the white and yolk are sethard cashhard cash /�hɑ�d �k�ʃ/ noun FINANCEmoney in notes and coins, as opposed tocheques or credit cardshard cheesehard cheese /�hɑ�d �tʃi�z/ noun DAIRYcheese which has been pressed and so has afirm texture

COMMENT: Many German, British, Dutchand Swiss cheeses are hard. A very hardcheese is Parmesan from Italy, which isonly used grated and sprinkled on pastadishes, or sliced very thinly on salads.

hard currencyhard currency /�hɑ�d �k�rənsi/ nounFINANCE a currency which is issued by acountry with a strong economy and whichcan be changed into other currencies easilyharehare /heə/ noun a common field mammal,like a large rabbitharicot beansharicot beans /�h�rkəυ bi�nz/ pluralnoun VEGETABLES dry white beans which areused to make baked beansharissaharissa /hə |�rsə/ noun a spicy oily pastemade from chilli and tomatoes, used as aningredient in North African cookinghashhash /h�ʃ/ noun FOOD a dish preparedfrom chopped meat and vegetableshash brownshash browns /�h�ʃ �braυnz/ plural nounUS FOOD boiled potatoes, diced or mashedand fried till crisp and brownhathat /h�t/ noun a covering for the headhatchhatch /h�tʃ/ noun an opening in the flooror wall with a little doorhaute cuisinehaute cuisine /�əυt kw|�zi�n/ nounCATERING high-class French cookingHAVHAV abbreviation MEDICAL hepatitis A virushavehave /həv, əv, h�v/ verb 1. to own some-thing, or to be able to give somebody some-thing � Do you have a room for two peoplefor one night? � Do you have a table forthree, please? 2. to take something such as ameal or a bath � We had breakfast on the bal-cony. 3. � have a nice day! I hope the daypasses pleasantly for you � have a goodtrip! I hope your journey is pleasanthazehaze /hez/ noun mist, smoke or dust sus-pended in the atmosphere which reduces vis-ibility � The sun’s rays filtered through thehaze.hazelnuthazelnut /�hez(ə)ln�t/ noun NUTS a smallround nut with a smooth shiny shell. Alsocalled cob nuthazyhazy /�hezi/ adjective misty � It was toohazy for us to get a good view from the top ofthe cliff.HBVHBV abbreviation MEDICAL hepatitis B virus

Leisure.fm Page 145 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

HCIMA 146HCIMA

HCIMA abbreviation Hotel & CateringInternational Management Associationhead

head /hed/ noun 1. the most important per-son 2. one person, or one animal, whencounting 3. most important, mainhead buyer

head buyer /�hed �baə/ noun BUSINESSthe main person in a shop responsible forbuying goods which are to be soldheadcheese

headcheese /�hedtʃi�z/ noun US MEATsame as brawnhead chef

head chef /�hed �ʃef/ noun CATERING themain chef in a restauranthead concierge

head concierge /�hed �kɒnsi |�eə$/ nounHOTELS the main concierge in a hotel � He’sthe head concierge at the Savoy in London.head of department

head of department /�hed əv d |

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun somebody in charge of adepartmenthead office

head office /�hed �ɒfs/ noun an officebuilding where the board of directors worksand meets. Also called main officehead porter

head porter /�hed �pɔ�tə/ noun the porterwho is in charge of all the other portersheadrest

headrest /�hedrest/ noun TRAVEL a cush-ion to support your head, attached to a seat ina car or plane � You can adjust the headrestto the height you want.head waiter

head waiter /�hed �wetə/ noun CATERINGthe person in charge of a restaurant, who isresponsible for all the service and himselftakes orders from customersheadwind

headwind /�hedwnd/ noun TRAVEL awind blowing straight towards a ship or air-craft � Strong headwinds over the Atlanticmeant that the plane was half an hour late.health

health /helθ/ noun the fact of being well orbeing free from any illness � your health!,good health! a wish said when raising yourglass and drinking from it � to drink some-one’s health to wish someone good health,and celebrate it by raising your glass anddrinking from itHealth and Safety at Work Act

Health and Safety at Work Act /�helθən �sefti ət �w��k ��kt/ noun in the UK, anAct of Parliament which rules how the healthof workers should be protected by the com-panies they work forHealth and Safety Executive

Health and Safety Executive /�helθən �sefti #|�zekjυtv/ noun a British gov-ernment organisation responsible for check-ing the conditions of work of workers. AbbrHSEhealth club

health club /�helθ kl�b/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a club for people who want to improvetheir health by taking exercise, dieting, etc.

health diet

health diet /�helθ �daət/ noun CATERINGa diet for someone who wants to improve hisor her healthhealth farm

health farm /�helθ fɑ�m/ noun a clinic inthe country where people go who want toimprove their health and appearance by tak-ing exercise, dieting, etc.health food

health food /�helθ fu�d/ noun CATERINGfood with no additives or natural foodswhich are good for your health, e.g. cereals,yoghurt, dried fruit and nutshealth inspector

health inspector /�helθ n|�spektə/ nounHOTELS an official who inspects the kitchensof hotels, restaurants, etc., to see if they arecleanhealth resort

health resort /�helθ r|�zɔ�t/ noun TOUR-ISM a resort town which has special facilitiesto improve the health of its visitorshealth spa

health spa /�helθ spɑ�/ noun HOTELS anexercise and health centre in a hotelhealthy

healthy /�helθi/ adjective 1. in good phys-ical condition 2. making you stay fit and well� a healthy climate � a healthy dietheaped

heaped /hi�pt/ adjective containing some-thing in an amount large enough to rise up ina small heapheart

heart /hɑ�t/ noun VEGETABLES the compactcentral part of a vegetable such as lettuce,cabbage or celery, where the leaves or stalkscurl in tightlyheart-smart

heart-smart /�hɑ�t smɑ�t/ adjectivereferring to food that is low in fat and choles-terol and therefore reduces the risk of heartdiseaseheat

heat /hi�t/ noun the state of being hot �verb to make something hot � The room washeated by a small gas fire. � Heat the wateruntil it is almost boiling.heated pool

heated pool /�hi�td �pu�l/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a swimming pool where the wateris warmed before it is pumped into the poolheated towel rail

heated towel rail /�hi�td �taυəl �rel/noun a towel rail which is heated, and sokeeps towels warm and dryheater

heater /�hi�tə/ noun an apparatus whichwarms � There is an electric heater in thebedroom. � Cyprus can be cool in the winter,so the flat has several portable electric heat-ers.heat exhaustion

heat exhaustion /�hi�t #|�zɔ�stʃ(ə)n/noun MEDICAL collapse due to overexertionin hot conditionsheat haze

heat haze /�hi�t hez/ noun a reduction invisibility caused by warm air rising from theground � It’s hard to judge distances whenyou are driving and there’s a heat haze.

Leisure.fm Page 146 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

147 heritage attractionheatingheating /�hi�tŋ/ noun a means of makingsomething warmheat-sealingheat-sealing /�hi�t �si�lŋ/ noun CATER-ING a method of closing plastic food contain-ers in which air is removed from a plastic bagwith the food inside and the bag is thenpressed by a hot plate which melts the plasticand seals the contents in the vacuumheat waveheat wave /�hi�t wev/ noun a suddenperiod of high temperatureheavy contract carpetheavy contract carpet /�hevi�kɒntr�kt �kɑ�pt/ noun a type of carpetwhich is strong and can stand a lot of wear,such as is supplied under contract to publicareas of hotels and restaurantsheavy goods vehicleheavy goods vehicle /�hevi �#υdz�vi�k(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a very largetruck � Heavy goods vehicles can park in theloading bay. Abbr HGVheavy trafficheavy traffic /�hevi �tr�fk/ noun ROADTRAVEL a lot of cars, buses and lorries pass-inghelibikinghelibiking /�hel|�bakŋ/ noun a sport inwhich mountain-bike riders are taken by hel-icopter to the top of a mountain and then ridedownhelicopterhelicopter /�helkɒptə/ noun AIR TRAVELan aircraft with a large propeller on topwhich allows it to lift straight off the ground� He took the helicopter from the airport tothe centre of town. � It is only a short heli-copter flight from the centre of town to thefactory site. � Club class travellers have afree helicopter connection to the city centre.helipadhelipad /�helip�d/ noun a small area oftarmac for helicopters to land on or take offfrom � Visitors can land at the helipad nextto the hotel.heliportheliport /�helipɔ�t/ noun an airport usedonly by helicoptershelphelp /help/ noun something or somebodythat makes it easier for you to do something� She finds the word-processor a great helpin writing publicity material. � The safaripark was set up with financial help from thegovernment. � Her assistant is not much helpin the office – he can’t type or drive. � verbto make it easy for someone to do somethingor for something to be done � The porterhelped the visitors to get off the coach. � Thecomputer helps in the rapid processing ofreservations or helps us to process reserva-tions rapidly. � The government helpsexporting companies with easy credit.(NOTE: You help someone or something todo something.) � to help yourself to serveyourself � At the buffet, you are asked to helpyourself to food.

helpinghelping /�helpŋ/ noun CATERING a portionof food served to one person � She asked fora second helping of chips. � The helpings arevery small, and seem even smaller becausethe plates are so large.hemispherehemisphere /�hemsfə/ noun one half ofa sphere, or one of the two parts into whichthe Earth is divided � Northern Hemi-sphere, Southern Hemisphere the twohalves of the Earth, north and south, dividedby the equator � It is winter in the NorthernHemisphere when it is summer in the South-ern.hepatitishepatitis /�hepə|�tats/ noun MEDICALinflammation of the liver through disease ordrugs

COMMENT: Infectious hepatitis and serumhepatitis are caused by different viruses(called A and B), and having had one doesnot give immunity against an attack of theother. Hepatitis B is more serious than theA form, and can vary in severity from amild gastrointestinal upset to severe liverfailure and death. Hepatitis C and D havealso been identified.

hepatitis Ahepatitis A /�hepətats �e/ noun MEDI-CAL a relatively mild form of viral hepatitisthat is transmitted through contaminatedfood and water. Also called infectiousvirus hepatitishepatitis A virushepatitis A virus /�hepətats �e�varəs/ noun MEDICAL a virus which causeshepatitis A. Abbr HAVhepatitis Bhepatitis B /�hepətats �bi�/ noun MEDI-CAL a severe form of viral hepatitis that istransmitted by contact with infected blood orother body fluids. Also called serum hepa-titishepatitis B virushepatitis B virus /�hepətats �bi��varəs/ noun MEDICAL a virus which causeshepatitis B. Abbr HBVherbherb /h��b/ noun CATERING a plant whichcan be used to give a particular taste to foodor to give a particular scent � Add someherbs to the sauce. � Rosemary, thyme andsage are some of the herbs that are grown inthe hotel garden.herb gardenherb garden /�h��b �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun agarden where herbs are grownheritageheritage /�hertd$/ noun the history, tra-ditions, environment and historic buildingsof a country or area, seen as something to bepassed on in good condition to future gener-ations � The Highland Games are part ofScotland’s cultural heritage.heritage attractionheritage attraction /�hertd$ ə|

�tr�kʃ(ə)n/ noun TOURISM a tourist facilitywhich is based on a country’s historical orcultural background

Leisure.fm Page 147 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

herring 148herringherring /�herŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a commonsea fish � She had grilled herrings for din-ner. (NOTE: There is no plural form whenreferring to the live fish: a shoal of herring.)HGVHGV abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL heavygoods vehiclehighhigh /ha/ adjective 1. tall, situated orreaching up above other things � The shelvesare 30cm high. � The door is not highenough to let us get the wardrobe into thebedroom. � They are planning a 20-storey-high hotel next to the royal palace. 2. goingfar above other things � A very high moun-tain overlooks the town. 3. greater than aver-age, large, considerable � High overheadcosts increase the room price. � High pricesput customers off. � They are budgeting for ahigh level of expenditure on renovation. �High interest rates are killing small busi-nesses. 4. CATERING referring to meat, espe-cially game, which has been kept until it isbeginning to rot and has a strong flavourhigh-altitude climbinghigh-altitude climbing /�ha ��lttju�d�klamŋ/ noun SPORT the activity of climb-ing mountains over 5,000mhighballhighball /�habɔ�l/ noun US BEVERAGESany long drink, e.g. whiskey and soda � Thewaiters passed round with trays of highballs.high chairhigh chair /�ha �tʃeə/ noun a little chairon tall legs, so that a baby or small child cansit and eat at a table � Most restaurants pro-vide high chairs these days.high-classhigh-class /�ha �klɑ�s/ adjective of verygood quality � a high-class hotel or coachserviceHigh CommissionHigh Commission /�ha kə|�mʃ(ə)n/noun the building where a High Commis-sioner lives and works � the British HighCommission in Ottawa or the UK High Com-mission in Ottawa � British Embassies, HighCommissions and Consulates can issueemergency passport replacements. (NOTE: AHigh Commission is the equivalent of anembassy in a non-Commonwealth coun-try.)High CommissionerHigh Commissioner /�ha kə |�mʃ(ə)nə/noun somebody who represents a Common-wealth country in another Commonwealthcountry, having the same rank and the sameduties as an ambassadorhigh-energy foodhigh-energy food /�ha �enəd$i �fu�d/noun CATERING food containing a largenumber of calories, which give a lot ofenergy when they are broken down by thedigestive system, e.g. fat or carbohydratehigh-fibre diethigh-fibre diet /ha �fabə �daət/ noun adiet which contains a high percentage ofcereals, nuts, fruit and vegetables

high-gradehigh-grade /�ha #red/ adjective consid-ered to be of very good qualityhighlandshighlands /�haləndz/ noun TOURISM anarea of high hills or mountains � the ScottishHighlands � the Cameron Highlands ofMalaysiahigh officialhigh official /�ha ə|�fʃ(ə)l/ noun animportant person in a government depart-menthigh-qualityhigh-quality /�ha �kwɒlti/ adjectivevery good � The store specialises in high-quality imported cheese. Also called topqualityhigh-risk recreation

high-risk recreation /�ha rsk �rekri|

�eʃ(ə)n/ noun SPORT a leisure activity thatinvolves an element of danger, e.g. hang-gliding, skydiving, bungee jumping andwhite-water raftinghigh seasonhigh season /�ha �si�z(ə)n/ noun TOUR-ISM a period when there are lots of travellersand when fares are higher, usually the periodfrom July to September � Rates in high sea-son are 30% higher than in low season.high-speed

high-speed /�ha spi�d/ adjective runningor operating at a very high speed � We tookthe high-speed train to Paris.high-speed rail link

high-speed rail link /�ha spi�d �rel�lŋk/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a railway whichlinks two cities with high-speed trains � Theyare planning a high-speed rail link betweenBerlin and Warsaw.High StreetHigh Street /�ha stri�t/ noun the mostimportant street in a British town, where theshops and banks are � We’ll meet at the pubin the High Street. � She runs a High Streettravel shop. � the High Street banks themain British banks which accept depositsfrom individual customershigh teahigh tea /�ha �ti�/ noun CATERING (in theNorth of England and Scotland) an earlyevening meal � They arrived just in time forhigh tea.

COMMENT: ‘high tea’ is common in hotelsand guesthouses in the North, the Mid-lands, Wales and Scotland. It is eatenaround 5 o’clock in the afternoon and mayconsist of cold meat, hot or cold pies,salad, cakes, scones and, of course, tea.

high temperature short time methodhigh temperature short timemethod /�ha �temprtʃə ʃɔ�t �tam�meθəd/ noun CATERING the usual methodof pasteurising milk, where the milk isheated to 72°C for 15 seconds and then rap-idly cooled. Abbr HTST methodhigh-traffic sitehigh-traffic site /�ha �tr�fk �sat/ nouna place where a lot of people pass by � Youneed high-quality carpeting for restaurantsand other high-traffic sites.

Leisure.fm Page 148 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

149 holdhighway

highway /�hawe/ noun ROAD TRAVEL amain roadHighway Code

Highway Code /�hawe �kəυd/ nounROAD TRAVEL a British government publica-tion containing the rules for people travellingon roads � You need to know the HighwayCode if you’re taking your driving test.hike

hike /hak/ SPORT noun a strenuous walk �verb to go for a strenuous walk � Most peo-ple hike north to south. � You still have tohike another 10 miles before you come to thevillage.hiker

hiker /�hakə/ noun SPORT somebody whogoes for strenuous walkshiking

hiking /�hakŋ/ noun SPORT strenuouswalking as a sporthill

hill /hl/ noun a raised area of land, lowerthan a mountain � The Cheviot Hills arebetween England and Scotland.hill station

hill station /�hl �steʃ(ə)n/ noun TOURISMa resort town in a hill area, where the weatheris cooler in the summer than on the plainhill walking

hill walking /�hl �wɔ�kŋ/ noun SPORTwalking in hills as a recreationhinterland

hinterland /�hntəl�nd/ noun an areainland from a sea port or around a large townhire

hire /�haə/ noun 1. the act of paying moneyto rent a car, boat or piece of equipment for aperiod of time � boat hire, cycle hire, carhire the lending of boats, cycles, cars to peo-ple for money 2. � ‘for hire’ sign on a taxishowing it is empty � verb 1. � to hire staffto engage new staff to work for you � Wehave hired the best lawyers to represent us. �They hired a small company to repaint thedining room. � to hire and fire to engagenew staff and dismiss existing staff fre-quently 2. � to hire a car or a bus to paymoney to use a car or a bus for a period oftime � When their coach broke down, theyhired a van to take them to the next hotel. 3.� to hire (out) cars or coaches to own carsor coaches and lend them to customers whopay for their usehire car

hire car /�haə kɑ�/ noun ROAD TRAVEL acar which is rented � He was driving a hirecar when the accident happened.hitchhitch /htʃ/ verb � to hitch (a lift) to ask acar driver or truck driver to take you as a pas-senger, usually by signalling with the thumbor by holding a sign with your destinationwritten on it � He hitched a lift to Birming-ham. � Her car broke down and she hitcheda lift from a passing motorist. � thumbhitch-hike

hitch-hike /�htʃ hak/ verb TRAVEL totravel by hitching lifts from drivers � Hehitch-hiked his way all across the United

States. � Hitch-hiking is forbidden on motor-ways.hitch-hiker

hitch-hiker /�htʃ �hakə/ noun TRAVELsomebody who travels by hitching lifts fromdrivers � He picked up two hitch-hikers whowere going to Scotland.

COMMENT: In the UK, hitch-hikers are notallowed on motorways. Although it is acheap way of travelling, it can be danger-ous, and is not recommended.

HIV

HIV noun a virus that destroys the humanimmune system and causes AIDS. Full formHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHLTT

HLTT abbreviation hospitality, leisure,travel and tourismhob

hob /hɒb/ noun 1. CATERING the flat top ona cooker � Our new cooker has a ceramichob. � Do not use abrasive cleaner on thehob. 2. a metal stand by a fire � Put the kettleon the hob.hock

hock /hɒk/ noun 1. BEVERAGES any whitewine from the Rhine valley in Germany � Weopened a bottle of hock. 2. FOOD the lowerpart of a leg of a pig, used for foodHogmanay

Hogmanay /�hɒ#məne/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a festival in Scotland on 31stDecember, celebrating the New Year � Wewill be in Edinburgh for Hogmanay.

COMMENT: It is a tradition that the first per-son who comes through the door on NewYear’s Day (i.e. after midnight on NewYear’s Eve) should bring luck. If possiblethe person should be a dark stranger, andshould carry a piece of coal for the fire, aswell as food and drink, usually whisky.This tradition also exists in the north ofEngland and is called ‘first-footing’.

hoisin sauce

hoisin sauce /�hɔsŋ �sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a thick dark sweet and spicysauce made from fermented soya beans andused to flavour Chinese disheshold

hold /həυld/ noun TRAVEL the bottom partof a ship or an aircraft, in which cargo isstored � verb 1. to support or grip somethingwith your hands � Would you mind holdingmy coat while I sign the register? 2. to belarge enough to contain a certain quantity ofthings or people � The plane holds 250 pas-sengers. � Each box holds 250 sheets ofpaper. 3. to make an event happen � to holda reception or a party � The computer showwill be held in London next month. � Thewedding reception will be held in the BlueRoom. 4. to keep or reserve something � Wewill hold the room for you until 8.00. 5. �hold the line please (on telephone) pleasewait � The chairman is on the other line –hold the line please? (NOTE: holds – hold-ing – held)

Leisure.fm Page 149 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

holdall 150holdallholdall /�həυldɔ�l/ noun TRAVEL a soft bagfor carrying clothes and other belongingswhen travelling. Also called griphold uphold up /�həυld ��p/ verb 1. to lift, to sup-port � The roof is held up by those pillars. 2.to make someone or something late � Theplanes were held up by fog. � The traffic con-ditions will hold up deliveries.hold-uphold-up /�həυld �p/ noun a delay � Longhold-ups are expected as the air-traffic con-trollers go on strike.hold valethold valet /�həυld �v�le/ noun a placewhere a guest’s laundry is kept until he orshe collects itholiday

holiday /�hɒlde/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENTa day on which no work is done because ofnational or religious law 2. ENTERTAINMENTa period when an employee does not work,but rests, goes away and enjoys himself orherself � to take a holiday or to go on holiday� We always go on holiday or take our holi-days in June. � When is the manager takinghis holidays? � My head waiter is off on hol-iday tomorrow. � He will be away on holidayfor two weeks. (NOTE: The US English isvacation.) � the job carries five weeks’holiday one of the conditions of the job isthat you have five weeks’ paid holiday eachyearholiday camp

holiday camp /�hɒlde k�mp/ nounENTERTAINMENT a permanent facility wherepeople spend holidays in cabins and enjoyorganised entertainment and sportholiday centreholiday centre /�hɒlde �sentə/ nounTOURISM a town or area which is popular forholidaysholiday entitlementholiday entitlement /�hɒlde n |

�tat(ə)lmənt/ noun the number of days’paid holiday which an employee has theright to takeholiday homeholiday home /�hɒlde həυm/ nounTOURISM a small house or flat, used by a fam-ily for their holidaysholidaymakerholidaymaker /�hɒldemekə/ nounsomebody who is on holiday � In August thetown is full of holidaymakers.holiday pay

holiday pay /�hɒlde pe/ noun salarywhich is still paid during the holidayholiday periodholiday period /�hɒlde �pəriəd/ nounthe time when people take their holiday �The restaurant will be closed for the holidayperiod.holiday resort

holiday resort /�hɒlde r |�zɔ�t/ nounTOURISM a place where people often go onholidayholiday seasonholiday season /�hɒlde �si�z(ə)n/ nounTOURISM the time of year when most people

take their holidays � Late winter is the mainholiday season in the Alpine resorts. � Theholiday season on the North Italian coastlasts about three months.holiday village

holiday village /�hɒlde �vld$/ nounTOURISM a specially built village of smallhouses for holidaymakers, usually on the seaor near a lake or riverhollandaise sauce

hollandaise sauce /�hɒləndez �sɔ�s/noun SAUCES, ETC. a sauce for meat, fish orvegetables, made of egg yolks, butter, lemonjuice and sometimes vinegarhollowware

hollowware /�hɒləυweə/ noun CATERINGmetal or china dishes from which food isservedhome

home /həυm/ noun 1. the place where aperson lives � Please send the letter to myhome address, not my office. 2. � homecountry the country where a person lives

‘…people are far more appreciative of our effortsto provide freshly prepared, home-cooked meals’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

home address

home address /�həυm ə|�dres/ noun theaddress of a house or flat where someonelives � Please send the tickets to my homeaddress.homebound

homebound /�həυmbaυnd/ adjectivemoving or travelling towards homehome consumption

home consumption /�həυm kən|

�s�mpʃən/ noun same as domestic con-sumptionhome-cooked meals

home-cooked meals /�həυm kυkt�mi�lz/ plural noun CATERING meals cookedon the premises or which are intended toappear to be cooked on the premiseshome fries

home fries /�həυm fraz/ plural noun USFOOD potatoes which have been boiled,sliced and then friedhomemade

homemade /�həυm |�med/ adjectivemade at home and not bought from outside �a pot of homemade marmalade � The restau-rant offers homemade soup and roasts.

‘‘homemade’ should be made at home, using tra-ditional methods, prepared from first ingredientsto final dish on the premises. If you buy frozenpastry and put a tin of meat into it, you cannot sellit as ‘homemade’’ [Food Standards Agency]

homestay

homestay /�həυmste/ noun TOURISM avisit to stay in a private house � We canarrange homestays in several houses in theresidential neighbourhood.homeward

homeward /�həυmwəd/ adjective goingtowards the home country � homeward flight� homeward journeyhomewards

homewards /�həυmwədz/ adverbtowards the home country � journey home-wards

Leisure.fm Page 150 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

151 hospitality boxhominy

hominy /�hɒmni/ noun US FOOD groundmaize which can be cooked in milk or waterhomogenisation

homogenisation /hə|�mɒd$əna|

�zeʃ(ə)n/, homogenization noun the treat-ment of milk so that the cream does not sep-aratehomogenise

homogenise /hə|�mɒd$ənaz/ verbCATERING to mix various parts until theybecome a single whole, especially to treatmilk so that the cream does not separatehomogenised milk

homogenised milk /hə|�mɒd$ənazd�mlk/ noun BEVERAGES milk which hasbeen treated so that the cream is evenlymixed through the liquid � I prefer homoge-nised milk, although it doesn’t have creamon top.honey

honey /�h�ni/ noun FOOD a sweet sub-stance produced by bees � Yoghurt servedwith honey is a popular Greek dessert.honeycomb

honeycomb /�h�nikəυm/ noun a con-struction of wax cells in which bees storehoneyhoneydew melon

honeydew melon /�h�nidju� �melən/noun FRUIT a type of melon which has yel-low skin and pale green fleshhoneymoon

honeymoon /�h�nimu�n/ noun TOURISMa holiday taken by a husband and wife imme-diately after their wedding � verb to go on ahoneymoonhoneymoon couple

honeymoon couple /�h�nimu�n�k�p(ə)l/ noun two people on their honey-moonhoneymoon suite

honeymoon suite /�h�ni |�mu�n swi�t/noun HOTELS a specially decorated suite ofrooms for honeymoon coupleshoneypot site

honeypot site /�h�nipɒt sat/ noun aplace that attracts a large number of touristshop

hop /hɒp/ noun 1. AIR TRAVEL a short trip,especially in an aircraft � It’s only a shorthop from London to Paris. 2. FOOD a bitterfruit used in making beer � Hops are used togive the bitter flavour to British beer. (NOTE:Hops are not used in sweeter continentalbeers.)hopping

hopping /�hɒpŋ/ noun the act of makingshort trips from one place to anotherhorizontal integration

horizontal integration /�hɒrzɒnt(ə)l�nt |�#reʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS the processof joining together similar companies in thesame type of business, or of taking overanother company in the same line of busi-nesshors-d’oeuvre

hors-d’oeuvre /�ɔ� �d��vrə/ noun CATER-ING cold food served at the beginning of ameal (NOTE: Hors-d’oeuvre is a Frenchword, meaning ‘outside the main work’. In

English, the plural ‘hors-d’oeuvres’ can beused, although not in French.)

COMMENT: Hors-d’oeuvres can simplyconsist of pâté, prawns, radishes, etc., orcan be a more complicated dish, such asa salad with scallops, or hard-boiled eggswith mayonnaise. Several items can beserved together as ‘mixed hors-d’oeu-vres’, and in some restaurants are broughtto the table on an hors-d’oeuvre trolley.

hors-d’oeuvre trolleyhors-d’oeuvre trolley /�ɔ�|�d��v �trɒli/noun CATERING a trolley with various hors-d’oeuvres, from which the guest can choosehorsehorse /hɔ�s/ noun a large animal used forriding or for pulling vehicles � You can hirehorses to go into the mountains.horsebackhorseback /�hɔ�sb�k/ noun � on horse-back riding a horse � There were ten police-men on horseback outside the footballground.horse-drawnhorse-drawn /�hɔ�s drɔ�n/ adjectiveENTERTAINMENT pulled by a horse � holidaysin Ireland in horse-drawn caravans � Ahorse-drawn sleigh met them at the hotel. �You can go for rides in the woods in horse-drawn sleighs.horseradishhorseradish /�hɔ�sr�dʃ/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a plant with a large root which is gratedto make a sharp sauce

COMMENT: Horseradish sauce is verysharp, similar to hot mustard. It is servedwith meat, particularly beef, and also withsmoked fish, such as smoked eel. Jewishcuisine uses a type of red horseradishsauce flavoured with beetroot.

horse-ridinghorse-riding /�hɔ�s radŋ/ noun SPORTthe activity of riding horses for pleasure � Weoften go horse-riding in the summer. � Thehotel offers horse-riding holidays in themountains. � pony-trekkinghospitablehospitable /hɒ |�sptəb(ə)l/ adjective wel-coming and friendly to guests � The peoplein the village were very hospitable. � As arule, Americans are very hospitable people.hospitable climateshospitable climates /hɒ |�sptəb(ə)l�klaməts/ plural noun a system of keepingenergy bills down while still providing acomfortable environment for guestshospitalityhospitality /�hɒsp|�t�lti/ noun friendlyand welcoming treatment given to guests �The town is famous for its old-fashionedAmerican hospitality.

‘…respondents said hospitality was not takenseriously as a profession and still had a reputationfor unsociable hours, poor salaries and lack ofbenefits’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

hospitality boxhospitality box /�hɒsp |�t�lti bɒks/noun ENTERTAINMENT a special closed areaat a function where corporate guests can beentertained � They can organise any enter-

Leisure.fm Page 151 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

hospitality industry 152tainment, from cocktail parties and hospital-ity boxes in sports venues to prestigiousoccasions such as Royal Ascot.hospitality industryhospitality industry /�hɒsp |�t�ləti�ndəstri/ noun HOTELS all the companiesinvolved in providing services for guests,e.g. hotels, inns and restaurants, consideredas a grouphospitality managementhospitality management /�hɒsp |

�t�lti �m�nd$mənt/ noun HOTELS theorganisation of hotels, restaurants and otherguest services � Applicants for the job needa degree in Hospitality Management.hospitality padhospitality pad /�hɒsp |�t�lti p�d/noun CATERING a small portable electronicpad on which a waiter or waitress can keyorders for food or drink which are thenrelayed to the kitchenhospitality suitehospitality suite /�hɒsp|�t�ləti swi�t/noun BUSINESS a set of special receptionrooms for entertaining business guests in ahotel or conference centre, or at a TV orradio stationhospitality trayhospitality tray /�hɒsp |�t�lti tre/ nouna set of items such as an electric kettle, cups,milk and tea or coffee provided in a hotelroom to enable guests to make a hot drinkhosthost /həυst/ noun 1. a person who hasinvited guests � He was the host at the reun-ion. � The waiter presented the bill to theguest, not to the host. 2. BARS the landlord ofa hotel or inn, also sometimes of a restaurant� ‘mine host’ old-fashioned or humorousway of referring to the landlord of an inn �verb � to host a conference or a meeting tobe the place where a conference is held �Geneva is hosting the IATA conference thisyear. � Barcelona hosted the Olympic gamesin 1992.hostelhostel /�hɒst(ə)l/ noun TOURISM a buildingproviding rooms for students, etc. � a stu-dent hostel a building providing cheap lodg-ings for studentshostellerhosteller /�hɒst(ə)lə/ noun someone whostays at hostels while travelling for pleasure,especially a young person who stays at youthhostelshostellinghostelling /�hɒst(ə)lŋ/ noun the practiceof staying at hostels, especially youth hos-tels, while travelling for pleasurehostelryhostelry /�hɒst(ə)lri/ noun BARS an inn �We stayed at an old hostelry down by theriver. (NOTE: Hostelry is an ‘old-fashioned’word, suggesting that the inn is very tradi-tional.)hostesshostess /�həυsts/ noun 1. TRAVEL awoman who looks after passengers or clients2. US CATERING a woman whose job it is to

receive guests as they enter a restaurant andshow them to their tableshot

hot /hɒt/ adjective 1. very warm � Theguests complain that the rooms are too hot inthe daytime and too cold at night. � Thedrinks machine sells coffee, tea and hot soup.� Switch on the air-conditioner if you findthe room too hot. � Travellers in hot coun-tries are advised to take light clothes. �room with hot and cold running water aroom with a washbasin, providing both hotand cold water from taps 2. having a verystrong and spicy taste � This lime curry isparticularly hot.hot-air balloon

hot-air balloon /hɒt �eə bə |�lu�n/ nounAIR TRAVEL a very large balloon which risesinto the air as the air inside it is heated, withpeople travelling in a basket attached under-neath � For my birthday, my father took mefor a ride in a hot-air balloon.hot box

hot box /�hɒt bɒks/ noun an insulatedstorage trolley for plates with hot foodhot buffet

hot buffet /�hɒt �bυfe/ noun CATERING abuffet with hot dishes to choose fromhot chocolate

hot chocolate /�hɒt �tʃɒklət/ noun BEV-ERAGES a hot drink made of powdered choc-olatehot cross bun

hot cross bun /�hɒt krɒs �b�n/ nounBREAD, ETC. a spiced bun, with a cross on topof it, eaten at Easter time, and especially onGood Fridayhot cupboard

hot cupboard /�hɒt �k�bəd/ noun CATER-ING a special cupboard for keeping food hothot dog

hot dog /�hɒt dɒ#/ noun FOOD a snackmade of a hot frankfurter sausage in a longbun � You can buy hot dogs at the food stallby the station. � hot dog bun long thin breadroll suitable for serving a sausage inhotel

hotel /həυ |�tel/ noun TOURISM a buildingwhere travellers can rent a room for a night,or eat in a restaurant, or drink in the bar, andnon-residents can eat and drink also � Thehotel is situated across the river from theHouses of Parliament. � He is a hotel man-ager in Moscow. (NOTE: Although most peo-ple say a hotel, some people still use theolder form an hotel.) � the hotel business,the hotel industry, the hotel trade the busi-ness of running hotels � She did not knowanything about the hotel trade when shestarted her business.

‘…the hotel operator has called in the receiverafter failing to come to terms with trading diffi-culties coupled with a fall in hotel property val-ues’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

hotel accommodation

hotel accommodation /həυ |�tel ə|

�kɒmə |�deʃ(ə)n/ noun rooms available in

Leisure.fm Page 152 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

153 hourhotels � All hotel accommodation has beenbooked up for the exhibition.Hotel & Catering International Management Association

Hotel & Catering International Man-agement Association noun an interna-tional organisation which represents hotels,caterers, restaurants, fast-food outlets, pubs,educational institutions, hospitals and allprofessionals involved in the hospitalityindustry. Abbr HCIMAhotel bar

hotel bar /həυ |�tel bɑ�/ noun HOTELS thebar in a hotel, usually open to non-residentsas well as to guests staying at the hotelhotel bus

hotel bus /həυ |�tel b�s/ noun ROADTRAVEL a special bus belonging to a hotel,which takes guests between the hotel andvarious destinations, often the airport or rail-way stationhotel chain

hotel chain /həυ |�tel tʃen/ noun BUSI-NESS a group of hotels belonging to the samecompanyhotel division

hotel division /həυ |�tel d |�v$(ə)n/ nounBUSINESS a division of a large companywhich runs hotels � their profitable but slow-growing hotels divisionhôtel garni

hôtel garni /həυ |�tel #ɑ�|�ni�/ noun HOTELSa building with furnished rooms or apart-ments to let for periods of time, but usuallywith no restaurant, similar to an ‘apartmenthotel’hotel group

hotel group /həυ |�tel #ru�p/ noun BUSI-NESS a large public company which owns achain of hotelshotelier

hotelier /həυ |�telie/ noun HOTELS some-body who owns or manages a hotel � Seasidehoteliers say that the season has been poorso far.

‘…hoteliers are emerging from the recessionwith a new energy and enthusiasm for theirbrands, marketing and customer service’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

hotel inspector

hotel inspector /həυ |�tel n |�spektə/noun 1. a person who visits a hotel to assesswhat grade it should have 2. a person froman official body who visits hotels to checkthat they are observing health, hygiene andfire regulationshotelkeeper

hotelkeeper /həυ |�tel|�ki�pə/ nounHOTELS same as hotelierhotelman

hotelman /həυ|�telmən/ noun HOTELSsomebody who owns or works in a hotelhotel occupancy rate

hotel occupancy rate /həυ |�tel�ɒkjυpənsi �ret/ noun a figure that showshow many of the rooms in a hotel are used ata particular time or over a particular periodhotel plate

hotel plate /həυ |�tel plet/ noun CATERINGheavy EPNS cutlery, still used in some hotelrestaurants

hotel premiseshotel premises /həυ |�tel �premsz/noun HOTELS a building which houses ahotelhotel schoolhotel school /həυ|�tel sku�l/ nounHOTELS a college where students study hotelmanagementhotel securityhotel security /həυ|�tel s|�kjυərti/ nounHOTELS actions taken to protect a hotelagainst theft or firehotel taxhotel tax /həυ |�tel t�ks/ noun BUSINESS alocal government tax added to the basic ratefor a hotel roomhotel transferhotel transfer /həυ|�tel �tr�nsf��/ nounTRAVEL transport from an airport or railwaystation to a hotelhotelwarehotelware /həυ|�telweə/ noun CATERINGcups, saucers and plates specially made forhotel and restaurant use � The factory manu-factures several grades of hotelware.hotlinehotline /�hɒtlan/ noun a phone line forgiving urgent messages, or placing urgentorders � Call the ticket hotline for reserva-tions.hotplatehotplate /�hɒtplet/ noun CATERING apiece of metal heated usually by electricity,used to cook food or to keep it hothotpothotpot /�hɒtpɒt/ noun FOOD a meat stewwith sliced potatoes on top, cooked in theoven

COMMENT: ‘Lancashire hotpot’ is a stew oflamb chops, onions and carrots, cooked inthe oven with sliced potatoes on top.‘Mongolian hotpot’ is a very hot broth, in aspecial container in the centre of the table,into which guests dip thin slices of meat tobe cooked.

hot tubhot tub /�hɒt t�b/ noun ENTERTAINMENT alarge container full of hot water in whichseveral people can sit at the same time � Thehotel has a heated outdoor pool and a hottub.hot-water bottle

hot-water bottle /hɒt �wɑ�tə �bɒt(ə)l/noun a leakproof bag filled with hot waterwhich is placed in a bed to warm ithoummoshoummos /�hυməs/ noun FOOD same ashummushourhour /aυə/ noun 1. a period of time lastingsixty minutes � An hour’s ski lesson costs$25.00. � to work a thirty-five hour weekto work seven hours a day each weekday �the restaurant staff work an eight-hourday they work for eight hours a day, e.g.from 8.30 to 4.30, or from 16.00 to 24.00 2.sixty minutes of work � She earns £4 anhour. � We pay waiters £6 an hour. � to payby the hour to pay people a fixed amount ofmoney for each hour worked � The chamber-maids are paid by the hour.

Leisure.fm Page 153 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

hourly 154hourlyhourly /�aυəli/ adverb per hourhourly-paid workershourly-paid workers /�aυəli ped�w��kəz/ plural noun workers paid at a fixedrate for each hour workedhourly ratehourly rate /�aυəli �ret/ noun the amountof money paid for an hour workedhousehouse /haυz/ noun 1. a building in whichpeople live � We rented a house by the seafor the summer holidays. 2. BUSINESS a com-pany or business 3. a restaurant, hotel, bar orclub � drinks are on the house drinks arebeing offered free by the landlord or inn-keeper � verb to provide a place for some-body or something to stay or be kept � Theart gallery is housed in a former cinema. �The group of students will be housed withJapanese families.housecrafthousecraft /�haυskrɑ�ft/ noun HOTELSskill at looking after a house or hotelhouse doctorhouse doctor /�haυz �dɒktə/ noun MEDI-CAL a doctor who is on call to treat guestswho become ill in a hotelhouse flyhouse fly /�haυs fla/ noun a common flyliving in houses, which carries bacteria andother microorganisms onto food and canspread disease by laying its eggs in decayingmeat and vegetableshousehold goodshousehold goods /�haυshəυld �#υdz/plural noun items which are used in thehomehousekeeperhousekeeper /�haυski�pə/ noun HOTELSsomebody employed to look after the roomsin a hotel, be in charge of the cleaning staff,and make sure that linen is washed and readyhousekeepinghousekeeping /�haυski�pŋ/ nounHOTELS the work of looking after the roomsin a hotel � Housekeeping in one of the mostphysically demanding jobs in hotels.

‘…housekeeping tends to be a department that isforgotten about. But it is very important, andgives employees a wonderful opportunity to con-tribute to a department that makes the mostmoney for the hotel’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

housekeeping departmenthousekeeping department/�haυski�pŋ d |�pɑ�tmənt/ noun HOTELSthe department in a hotel which deals withlooking after the rooms, especially cleaningand providing linenhouse laundryhouse laundry /�haυs �lɔ�ndri/ nounHOTELS a laundry which is part of a hotel, sothat the dirty linen is not sent out for washinghousemaidhousemaid /�haυsmed/ noun HOTELS awoman or girl who looks after the cleaningof a hotel roomhousemanhouseman /�haυsmən/ noun US HOTELSa man who does general jobs in a hotelhouse mothhouse moth /�haυs mɒθ/ noun a smallmoth which sometimes lives in houses and

whose larvae can destroy clothes and blan-kets, etc., kept in cupboardshouse phonehouse phone /�haυs �fəυn/ noun HOTELSa telephone which links different rooms in ahotel, but is not connected to an outside line� Call room service on the house phone.Also called internal phonehouse porterhouse porter /�haυz �pɔ�tə/ nounHOTELS a porter at the main entrance to ahotel or large restauranthouse specialhouse special /�haυs �speʃ(ə)l/ nounCATERING a special dish for which a restau-rant is famoushouse swaphouse swap /�haυz swɒp/ noun TOURISMan arrangement where two familiesexchange houses for a holidayhouse-swappinghouse-swapping /�haυs �swɒpŋ/ nounTOURISM the activity of exchanging houseswith someone living in another countryhouse winehouse wine /�haυs wan/ noun BEVER-AGES a cheaper wine which a restaurant buysin bulk, often with its own label on ithovercrafthovercraft /�hɒvəkrɑ�ft/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a vehicle which moves over water orland on a cushion of air � We are taking thehovercraft from Dover to Calais.HSEHSE abbreviation Health and Safety Exec-utiveHTST methodHTST method /�etʃ ti� es �ti� �meθəd/CATERING same as high temperature shorttime methodhubhub /h�b/ noun 1. the centre of a wheelwhere it is connected to the axle � Thespokes of a wheel meet at the hub. 2. AIRTRAVEL a central airport, from which domes-tic flights called ‘spokes’ connect to interna-tional flights � Chicago is the American hubfor United Airlines. 3. BUSINESS a businesscentre � Frankfurt is hoping to take the placeof the City of London as the financial hub ofEurope.

‘Orlando International Airport will become thehub for Vacation Express, the largest tour opera-tor in the south of the USA. It is planned that theairport will then link six eastern and mid-westerncities and five Caribbean destinations’ [AirlinerWorld]

human relationshuman relations /�hju�mən r |

�leʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun BUSINESS relationsbetween people, especially between manag-ers and staff, or between staff and customershuman resourceshuman resources /�hju�mən r |�sɔ�sz/plural noun BUSINESS the workers which acompany has available, seen from the pointof view of their skills and experiencehumidhumid /�hju�md/ adjective damp, con-taining moisture vapour � The climate in thesummer is hot and humid. � I don’t like

Leisure.fm Page 154 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

155 hypermarkethumid weather – I much prefer a hot dry cli-mate.humidifierhumidifier /hju� |�mdfaə/ noun a devicefor adding moisture to dry air, often used incentrally heated buildings where the airremains very dry � We switch the humidifieron at night because the central heatingmakes the air too dry.humidifyhumidify /hju�|�mdfa/ verb to makesomething damp � The flat needs to behumidified in winter because the heatingdries the air so much.humidityhumidity /hju� |�mdti/ noun a measure-ment of how much water vapour is containedin the air � The temperature is 32° with 90%humidity.humidity controlhumidity control /hju� |�mdəti kən|

�trəυl/ noun a method of making the airhumidity remain at a particular level, oftenby adding moisture to the air circulating incentral heating systemshumidorhumidor /�hju�mdɔ�/ noun a special boxfor keeping cigars fresh, and preventingthem from drying outhummushummus /�hυməs/ noun FOOD a thickpaste made by combining mashed chickpeas,tahini, oil, lemon juice and garlichurricanehurricane /�h�rkən/ noun a violent trop-ical storm with extremely strong winds, inthe Caribbean or Eastern Pacific Ocean �The hurricane damaged properties all alongthe coast. (NOTE: In the Far East, this iscalled a typhoon.)husky sledginghusky sledging /�h�ski �sled$ŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of riding on sledges pulledby huskies � Are you going husky sledging inCanada?

huss

huss /h�s/ noun SEAFOOD a large sea fish.Also called dogfishhydro

hydro /�hadrəυ/ noun a hotel, resort orclinic offering hydrotherapy or other treat-ments involving waterhydrocooling

hydrocooling /�hadrəυ |�ku�lŋ/ nounCATERING the process of chilling food, espe-cially fruit and vegetables, by putting themin chilled water, which stops the process ofripening. � refrigeratehydrofoil

hydrofoil /�hadrəυfɔl/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a boat which has aerodynamic wing-like structures which allow it to skim fastover waterhydrotherapy

hydrotherapy /�hadrəυ |�θerəpi/ noun atype of physiotherapy where the patients areput in hot baths or are encouraged to swim �a health spa offering beauty treatment,hydrotherapy, etc. Compare thalassother-apyhygiene

hygiene /�had$i�n/ noun 1. actions tokeep people and places clean and healthy �The inspectors’ report criticised the hygienein the kitchen. 2. the science of health � Foodhandlers have to maintain strict personalhygiene.hygienic

hygienic /ha|�d$i�nk/ adjective 1. cleanand safe because all germs have beendestroyed � Don’t touch the food with dirtyhands – it isn’t hygienic. 2. producing or fos-tering healthy conditionshygienically

hygienically /ha|�d$i�nkli/ adverb in ahygienic wayhypermarket

hypermarket /�hapəmɑ�kt/ noun a verylarge supermarket, usually on the outskirts ofa large town

Leisure.fm Page 155 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

IIAPA

IAPA abbreviation AIR TRAVEL InternationalAirline Passengers’ AssociationIATA

IATA abbreviation International Air Trans-port Associationice

ice /as/ noun 1. water which is frozen andhas become solid � Can we have some ice forthe drinks, please? 2. FOOD ice cream � Sheordered a strawberry ice. 3. frozen water, asa surface for e.g. skating � verb 1. to add iceto something, such as a drink � She asked fora glass of iced water. 2. CATERING to puticing on a cake � She ordered a dozen cupcakes to be iced with chocolate icing.iceberg lettuce

iceberg lettuce /�asb��# �lets/ noun alarge round lettuce with a tight head of palecrisp juicy leavesicebox

icebox /�asbɒks/ noun 1. the part of arefrigerator for making or storing ice in 2.CATERING a box containing ice to keep foodor drink cool 3. US a refrigeratorice bucket

ice bucket /�as �b�kt/ noun CATERING acontainer of crushed ice and water in whicha wine bottle is placed to keep cool. Alsocalled wine bucketice cream

ice cream /�as �kri�m/ noun DAIRY a mix-ture of cream, eggs, sugar and flavouring orof milk, sugar, water and flavouring, frozenuntil quite hard � She ordered a strawberryice cream. � What flavours of ice cream doyou have?ice cream soda

ice cream soda /�as kri�m �səυdə/ nounBEVERAGES a sweet fizzy drink mixed withice creamice cube

ice cube /�as kju�b/ noun CATERING a lit-tle block of ice, used to cool a drinkice lolly

ice lolly /�as �lɒli/ noun DESSERTS a mix-ture of water and flavouring, frozen untilsolid with a stick in it (NOTE: The US Eng-lish is popsicle.)ice maker

ice maker, icemaker noun a machine formaking large quantities of iceice rink

ice rink /�as rŋk/ noun SPORT a specialarea of ice for ice skating or playing icehockey. Also called skating rink

ice skate

ice skate /�as sket/ noun SPORT a bootwith a sharp blade for sliding on ice � Youcan hire ice skates at the rink.ice skating

ice skating /�as �sketŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport or activity of skating on ice withskates fitted with bladesice station

ice station /�as �steʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELSa place in US hotels where you can get icefor the ice bucket in your room � The ice sta-tion is along the corridor from your room.icing

icing /�asŋ/ noun FOOD a covering ofsugar and flavouring, spread over a cake orbiscuitsicing sugar

icing sugar /�asŋ �ʃυ#ə/ noun FOOD afine powdered white sugar, mixed with wateror egg white and flavouring, used to covercakes or biscuitsID

ID /�a �di�/ noun a document or card thatproves that you are who you say you are �Have you got any ID on you?ID card

ID card /�a �di� �kɑ�d/ noun a card whichshows a photograph of the holder, with thename, date of birth and other details � Showyour ID card when entering the Ministry. �In some European countries you are legallyrequired to carry an ID card around withyou.IDD

IDD abbreviation international direct dial-lingideal

ideal /a |�dəl/ adjective perfect, very goodfor something � The cottage is an ideal placefor birdwatching. � This is the ideal site fora new swimming pool.Ideal Home Exhibition

Ideal Home Exhibition /a |�dəl �həυm�eksbʃən/ noun an annual exhibition inLondon showing new houses, new kitchens,new products for the home, etc.identification

identification /a |�dentf |�keʃ(ə)n/ noun1. the act of discovering or stating whosomeone is or what something is 2. a docu-ment which shows who someone is � Themanager asked him for identification.identity

identity /a|�dentti/ noun someone’s nameand personal details

Leisure.fm Page 156 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

157 import levyidentity documentidentity document /a|�dentti�dɒkjυmənt/ noun a document whichshows who someone is, e.g. a passportIFTOIFTO abbreviation International Federationof Tour OperatorsIHRAIHRA abbreviation International Hotel andRestaurant Associationillill /l/ adjective sick, not well � to be takenill to become sick suddenly � One of theguests was taken ill during the night and wehad to call the doctor.illegalillegal / |�li�#(ə)l/ adjective not legal,against the lawillegal connectionillegal connection / |�li�#(ə)l kə|

�nekʃən/ noun a connection between flightsthat would not allow a traveller enough timeto change planesillegal immigrantillegal immigrant /|�li�#(ə)l �m#rənt/noun somebody who has entered a countryillegally and wants to settle thereillegallyillegally / |�li�#əli/ adverb in an illegal way� He was accused of illegally importingarms into the country.illicitillicit / |�lst/ adjective not legal, not per-mitted � illicit sale of alcohol � trade inillicit alcoholillnessillness /�lnəs/ noun sickness � A lot of thestaff are absent because of illness.immediateimmediate / |�mi�diət/ adjective 1. hap-pening at once � He wrote an immediate let-ter of complaint. � Your order will receiveimmediate attention. 2. � immediate familymember a close family member, e.g. son,daughter, wife or husband, parent or grand-parentimmediatelyimmediately / |�mi�dətli/ adverb at once� As soon as he heard the news he immedi-ately phoned his wife. � Can you phoneimmediately the chalet becomes vacant?immigrantimmigrant /�m#rənt/ noun somebodywho comes to a country to settle � Immi-grants are rushing to Germany because theeconomy is booming. Compare emigrantimmigrateimmigrate /�m#ret/ verb to come into acountry to settle. Compare emigrateimmigrationimmigration /�m |�#reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. theact of settling in a new country � The govern-ment is encouraging immigration because ofthe shortage of qualified staff in key indus-tries. Compare emigration 2. � Immigra-tion the section of an airport where newarrivals have to show their passports � Hewas stopped at Immigration. � You will needto show all these documents when you gothrough Immigration.immigration controlimmigration control /�m |�#reʃ(ə)nkən |�trəυl/ noun restrictions placed by a

country on the numbers of immigrants whoare allowed to come to it � Many countrieshave imposed immigration controls.immigration office

immigration office /�m |�#reʃ(ə)n�ɒfs/ noun an office dealing with immi-grantsimmunisation

immunisation /�mjυna |�zeʃ(ə)n/,immunization noun MEDICAL treatment togive a person protection against an infection,either by injecting an antiserum or by givingthe body the disease in such a small dose thatthe body does not develop the disease, butproduces antibodies to counteract it � Checkwhat immunisation you need before youtravel.

‘…no particular immunization is required fortravellers to the United States, Europe, Australiaor New Zealand’ [British National Formulary]

immunisation centre

immunisation centre /�mjυna|

�zeʃ(ə)n �sentə/ noun MEDICAL a clinicwhere travellers can get immunisationbefore travellingimmunise

immunise /�mjυnaz/ verb MEDICAL togive someone protection against an infection� I was immunised against tetanus threeyears ago. (NOTE: You immunise someoneagainst a disease.)import

import noun /�mpɔ�t/ 1. an article or typeof goods brought into a country from abroad2. BUSINESS same as importation � verb/m |�pɔ�t/ BUSINESS to bring goods fromabroad into a country for sale � The companyimports television sets from Japan. � Thiscar was imported from France. � The unionorganised a boycott of imported cars. Com-pare export

‘European manufacturers rely heavily onimported raw materials which are mostly pricedin dollars’ [Duns Business Month]

importation

importation /�mpɔ� |�teʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS the act of bringing goods from abroadinto a country for sale � The importation ofarms is forbidden.import ban

import ban /�mpɔ�t b�n/ noun a law for-bidding imports � The government hasimposed an import ban on arms.import duty

import duty /�mpɔ�t �dju�ti/ noun sameas customs dutyimporting

importing /m |�pɔ�tŋ/ BUSINESS adjectivethat brings in or buys goods from other coun-tries � oil-importing countries � an import-ing company � noun same as importation �The importing of arms into the country isillegal.import levy

import levy /�mpɔ�t �levi/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax on imports, or, especially in theEU, a tax on imports of farm produce fromoutside the EU

Leisure.fm Page 157 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

import licence 158import licence

import licence /�mpɔ�t �las(ə)ns/,import permit /�mpɔ�t �p��mt/ nounBUSINESS a document which allows goods tobe importedimports

imports /�mpɔ�ts/ plural noun BUSINESSgoods brought into a country from abroad forsale � Imports from Poland have risen to$1m a year.import surchargeimport surcharge /�mpɔ�t �s��tʃɑ�d$/noun BUSINESS an extra duty charged onimported goods, to try to prevent them frombeing imported and to encourage local man-ufactureimprove

improve /m |�pru�v/ verb to make some-thing better or to become better � We are try-ing to improve our image with a series of TVcommercials. � The general manager haspromised that the bus service will improve. �They hope to improve the cash flow positionby asking for payment in advance. � We hopethe cash flow will improve or we will havedifficulty in paying the suppliers’ bills. � bartakings have improved sharply during thefirst quarter more money has been takenover the bar during the first quarter of theyearimproved

improved /m |�pru�vd/ adjective better �Improved service has resulted in anotherstar in the hotel’s grade.improvement

improvement /m |�pru�vmənt/ noun 1.the act of getting better � There has been noimprovement in the train service. � Hotelbookings are showing a sharp improvementover last year. 2. something which is better �The new annexe is a great improvement overthe old hotel.inin /n/ abbreviation inchinaugural flight

inaugural flight /|�nɔ�#jυrəl �flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL the first flight over a new route,the first flight of a new aircraft, etc.inboundinbound /�nbaυnd/ adjective returning tothe home country � The inbound flights allleave on the hour. � The copilot flew theinbound leg from Durban to London. Com-pare outboundinbound tourism

inbound tourism /�nbaυnd�tυərz(ə)m/ noun tourism by visitors to thehome countryincentive

incentive /n |�sentv/ noun BUSINESSsomething which encourages someone towork betterincentive bonus

incentive bonus /n |�sentv �bəυnəs/,incentive payment /n |�sentv �pemənt/noun BUSINESS extra pay offered to anemployee to make him or her work betterincentive schemeincentive scheme /n |�sentv ski�m/noun BUSINESS a plan to encourage better

work by paying higher commissions orbonuses � Incentive schemes are boostingproduction.incentive travelincentive travel /n |�sentv �tr�v(ə)l/noun AIR TRAVEL a travel scheme whichgives cheap or free flights to someone whohas earned them, e.g. to a salesperson forincreased salesincentive tripincentive trip /n |�sentv trp/ noun BUSI-NESS a journey or holiday awarded to anemployee to encourage him or her to workbetterinchinch /ntʃ/ noun a measurement of lengthequalling 2.54cm (NOTE: This is usually writ-ten in or " after figures: 2in or 2".)incidental expensesincidental expenses /�nsdent(ə)l k|

�spensz/ plural noun FINANCE smallamounts of money spent at various times, inaddition to larger amountsincludeinclude /n |�klu�d/ verb to count somethingalong with other things � The chargeincludes VAT. � The total comes to £1,000including service. � The total is £140 notincluding insurance and handling charges. �The room is £40 including breakfast. � Serv-ice is not included in the bill.inclusiveinclusive /n |�klu�sv/ adjective countingsomething in with other things � The totalcomes to £700, inclusive of VAT. � the con-ference runs from the 12th to the 16thinclusive it starts on the morning of the 12thand ends on the evening of the 16thinclusive chargeinclusive charge /n |�klu�sv �tʃɑ�d$/,inclusive sum /n |�klu�sv �s�m/ noun acharge which includes all costsinclusive tourinclusive tour /n |�klu�sv �tυ�ə/ nounTOURISM a package holiday, where the priceincludes travel, hotel accommodation andmeals and is cheaper than it would be if eachitem were bought separately. Abbr ITincomeincome /�nk�m/ noun money which youreceiveincome taxincome tax /�nk�m t�ks/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax on incomeincoming callincoming call /�nk�mŋ �kɔ�l/ noun aphone call coming into a building fromsomeone outsideincoming mailincoming mail /�nk�mŋ �mel/ nounmail which comes into an officeincoming tour

incoming tour /�nk�mŋ �tυə/ nounTOURISM a group of tourists who are arrivingat their destination, taking the place ofanother group which is just leavingincorrectincorrect /�nkə |�rekt/ adjective wrong,not correct � The details of the tour wereincorrect and the publicity had to bechanged.

Leisure.fm Page 158 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

159 infectious virus hepatitisincorrectlyincorrectly /�nkə |�rektli/ adverbwrongly, not correctly � The suitcase wasincorrectly labelled.increaseincrease /�nkri�s/ noun 1. growth, thefact of becoming larger � increase in tax ortax increase � increase in price or priceincrease � Profits showed a 10% increase oran increase of 10% on last year. � increasein the cost of living a rise in the annual costof living 2. a higher salary � increase in payor pay increase � increase in salary or salaryincrease � The government hopes to holdsalary increases to 3%. 3. � on the increasegrowing larger, becoming more frequent �Overseas travel is on the increase. � Stealingfrom shops is on the increase. � verb 1. togrow bigger or higher � The number of pack-age holidays sold has increased by 20% overthe last year. � Profits have increased fasterthan the increase in the rate of inflation. �The price of oil has increased twice in thepast week. � to increase in size or in valueto become larger or more valuable 2. to makea level or amount higher � Room chargeswere increased on January 1st. � The com-pany have increased their fares by 10%.incubation periodincubation period /�ŋkjυ |�beʃ(ə)n�pəriəd/ noun MEDICAL a period duringwhich a virus develops in your body afterinfection, before the symptoms of the dis-ease appear � The incubation period formeasles is 12–14 days.independentindependent /�nd |�pendənt/ adjective1. not owned by a group, or not controlled bythe state � The big chains are squeezing theindependent hotels out of the market. 2. notneeding or not relying on anyone else �She’s eighteen and wants to be independentof her family.independent auditindependent audit /�ndpendənt�ɔ�dt/ noun same as external auditindependent travellerindependent traveller /�ndpendənt�tr�v(ə)lə/ noun TOURISM a traveller whoorganises his or her own trips, without buy-ing package holidaysindicator boardindicator board /�ndketə �p�n(ə)l/,indicator panel noun TRAVEL a large devicewith letters or words on moving strips, usedto show information about arrivals anddepartures at railway stations and airportsindirect taxindirect tax /�ndarekt �t�ks/ nounBUSINESS a tax such as VAT paid to someonewho then pays it to the governmentindividualindividual /�nd |�vd$uəl/ noun one sin-gle person � We aim to cater for the privateindividual as well as for groups. � adjectivesingle, belonging to one person � We sellindividual portions of ice cream.

individually-wrapped

individually-wrapped /�ndvd$uəli�r�pt/ adjective with each piece of producewrapped in its own wrapping � The meatarrives from the butcher in individually-wrapped portions.individual travel

individual travel /�ndvd$uəl�tr�v(ə)l/ noun TOURISM the activity of trav-elling alone, or with a family group, but notin a group organised by a tour companyindoor

indoor /�ndɔ�/ adjective situated inside abuildingindoor pool

indoor pool /�ndɔ� pu�l/ noun a swim-ming pool which is indoors and usually hasheated waterindoors

indoors /n |�dɔ�z/ adverb inside a building� Since it is raining, we will hold the recep-tion indoors.industrial dispute

industrial dispute /n |�d�striəl d|

�spju�t/ noun an argument between man-agement and workers. Also called labourdisputeindustrial training

industrial training /n |�d�striəl �trenŋ/noun the training of new employees to workin an industryindustry

industry /�ndəstri/ noun BUSINESS a busi-ness activity that many people and compa-nies are involved in � the travel industry allcompanies and services dealing with traveland tourism, e.g. trains, buses, planes, travelagents and hotelsinedible

inedible /n |�edb(ə)l/ adjective not fit tobe eaten � The food was so burnt that it wasinedible.inexpensive

inexpensive /�nk |�spensv/ adjectivecheap, not expensiveinexpensively

inexpensively /nk |�spensvli/ adverbwithout spending much money � You canstill eat quite inexpensively in Greece.infant passenger

infant passenger /�nfənt �p�snd$ə/noun a child under 2 years of ageinfect

infect /n |�fekt/ verb MEDICAL to contami-nate someone or something with microor-ganisms that cause disease or toxins � Thedisease infected his liver. � His whole armsoon became infected.infection

infection /n |�fekʃən/ noun MEDICAL theentry or introduction into the body of micro-organisms, which then multiplyinfectious

infectious /n |�fekʃəs/ adjective MEDICALpossible to transfer from one person toanother � This strain of flu is highly infec-tious. � Chickenpox is infectious, so childrenwho have it must be kept away from others.infectious virus hepatitis

infectious virus hepatitis /n |�fekʃəs�varəs �hepətats/ noun MEDICAL same ashepatitis A

Leisure.fm Page 159 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

infest 160infestinfest /n |�fest/ verb (of parasite, vermin)to be present in large numbersinfestationinfestation /�nfe|�steʃ(ə)n/ noun thestate of having large numbers of parasites orvermin � The inspector reported cockroachinfestation in the kitchens.inflexibleinflexible /n |�fleksb(ə)l/ adjective notpossible to changeinflexible ticketinflexible ticket /n |�fleksb(ə)l �tkt/noun TRAVEL a ticket which cannot bechanged for anotherin-flightin-flight /�n flat/ adjective AIR TRAVELduring a flightin-flight cateringin-flight catering /�n flat �ketərŋ/noun AIR TRAVEL food served during a flightin-flight entertainmentin-flight entertainment /�n flat �entə|

�tenmənt/ noun AIR TRAVEL a film whichpassengers can watch, music which they canlisten to or games which they can play duringa long-distance flightin-flight servicein-flight service /�n flat �s��vs/ nounAIR TRAVEL service given to passengers dur-ing a flightinfluxinflux /�nfl�ks/ noun the rapid entry of acrowd of people � an influx of tourists insummerinforminform /n |�fɔ�m/ verb to tell someonedetails of something � Please inform thegroup that the coach will leave the hotel at10.30.informationinformation /�nfə|�meʃ(ə)n/ noundetails which explain something � a piece ofinformation � to answer a request for infor-mation � Please send me information on orabout holidays in the United States. � Haveyou any information on or about discountsfor groups of more than 10 people? � Ienclose this leaflet for your information. �For further information, please write toDepartment 27. (NOTE: There is no pluralform: for one item say a piece of informa-tion.)information bureauinformation bureau /�nfə |�meʃ(ə)n�bjυərəυ/, information office /�nfə|

�meʃ(ə)n �ɒfs/ noun TOURISM same astourist information officeinformation deskinformation desk /�nfə|�meʃ(ə)n desk/noun a desk in a hotel, on a ship, at an exhi-bition, etc., where you can ask for informa-tioninfrastructureinfrastructure /�nfrə |�str�ktʃə/ nounlarge-scale public systems and services, suchas roads and railways, that are necessary fora country’s economy to function properlyinfuseinfuse /n |�fju�z/ verb to soak tea or herbsin liquid to extract the flavour or other qual-ities from them

infusioninfusion /n |�fju�$(ə)n/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made by pouring boiling water on a drysubstance such as a herb tea or a powdereddrug � Instead of coffee could I have a cam-omile infusion? � My grandmother drinks aherbal infusion every evening before bed tohelp her get to sleep.ingredientingredient /n |�#ri�diənt/ noun CATERINGan item used in making a dish of food � Allthe ingredients for the barbecue can bebought locally. � The ingredients are listedon the packet.inhabitantinhabitant /n |�h�bt(ə)nt/ noun some-body who lives in a place � The local inhab-itants do not like noisy tourists in summer.in-housein-house /�n �haυs/ adverb, adjectiveworking inside a company’s building � thein-house staff � We do all our catering in-house.in-house trainingin-house training /�n haυs �trenŋ/noun BUSINESS training given to staff at theirplace of workinjureinjure /�nd$ə/ verb MEDICAL to hurt some-body in a fight or accident � Six people wereinjured in the car crash.injuryinjury /�nd$əri/ noun MEDICAL a hurt orwound � She received severe back injuries inthe accident. (NOTE: The plural form is inju-ries.)inlandinland /�nlənd/ adjective, adverb awayfrom the coast of a countryinland portinland port /�nlənd �pɔ�t/ noun a port ona river or canalInland RevenueInland Revenue /�nlənd �revənju�/noun BUSINESS a British government depart-ment which deals with taxes but not dutiessuch as VAT. These duties are collected byCustoms and Excise. (NOTE: The US equiv-alent is the Internal Revenue Service(IRS).)inland waterwaysinland waterways /�nlənd �wɔ�təwez/plural noun rivers and canalsin-line skatesin-line skates /�n lan �skets/ nounSPORT roller skates that run on little wheelsarranged in a linein-line skatingin-line skating /�n lan �sketŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of going on in-line skatesinninn /n/ noun BARS a building where alco-holic drinks are served, and which also hasaccommodation for visitors who wish to staythe night � We stayed in a little inn in themountains.innerinner /�nə/ adjective inside � The capitalhas an inner ring road.inner cityinner city /�nə �sti/ noun the central partof a large town � Inner city hotels are mostconvenient, but can be noisy.

Leisure.fm Page 160 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

161 instant teainnkeeperinnkeeper /�nki�pə/ noun BARS some-body who runs an inninoculateinoculate / |�nɒkjυlet/ verb MEDICAL tointroduce vaccine into a person’s body inorder to make the body create antibodies, soprotecting the person against a disease � Thebaby was inoculated against diphtheria.(NOTE: You inoculate someone with oragainst a disease.)inoculationinoculation / |�nɒkjυ |�leʃ(ə)n/ noun MED-ICAL 1. the act of inoculating somebody 2. aninjection to stop somebody catching a dis-ease � Has the baby had a diphtheria inocu-lation? � Make sure you have the right inoc-ulations before you go to the Far East.inquireinquire /n |�kwaə/ verb to ask questionsabout something � The chef inquired if any-thing was wrong. � She inquired aboutAPEX fares to Canada. � ‘inquire within’ask for more details inside the office or shopinquire intoinquire into /n |�kwaər �ntu�/ verb toinvestigate, to try to find out about some-thing � We are inquiring into the backgroundof the new chef.inquiries deskinquiries desk /n |�kwaəriz desk/ nouna desk in a hotel, train station, conferencehall, etc., where an inquiries clerk sits toanswer questionsinquiryinquiry /n |�kwaəri/ noun an official ques-tion � I refer to your inquiry of May 25th. �All inquiries should be addressed to thisdepartment.inquiry officeinquiry office /n |�kwaəri �ɒfs/ noun anoffice where somebody answers questionsfrom members of the publicin-room technologyin-room technology /�n ru�m tek|

�nɒləd$i/ noun HOTELS same as guestroom technology � In-room technology isvery expensive.in-seat power supplyin-seat power supply /�n si�t �paυə sə|

�pla/, in-seat power noun an onboardpower supply that enables passengers to uselaptops or similar machines during the flightinsectinsect /�nsekt/ noun a small animal withsix legs and a body in three parts, sometimeswith wings � Insects were flying round thelamp. � She was stung by an insect.insect biteinsect bite /�nsekt bat/ noun MEDICAL asting caused by an insect which puncturesthe skin to suck blood, and in so doing intro-duces irritants

COMMENT: Most insect bites are simplyirritating, but some patients can beextremely sensitive to certain types ofinsect bites (such as bee stings). Otherinsect bites can be more serious, asinsects can carry the bacteria which pro-duce typhus, sleeping sickness, malaria,filariasis, etc.

insecticide

insecticide /n |�sektsad/ noun a liquidor powder which kills insects � They sprayedthe bedrooms with insecticide.inside cabin

inside cabin /�nsad �k�bn/ noun acabin with no window or portholeinside lane

inside lane /�nsad �len/ noun ROADTRAVEL the track nearest the side of the road,used by slower-moving vehicles, or by vehi-cles planning to turn off the road. Also calledslow laneinsipid

insipid /n |�spd/ adjective CATERINGwithout much taste � This sauce has no taste– it’s really insipid.inspect

inspect /n |�spekt/ verb to examine some-thing in detail � to inspect a kitchen or a toi-let � to inspect the accounts of a hotel � toinspect a bedroom to see if it has beencleanedinspection

inspection /n |�spekʃ(ə)n/ noun a closeexamination of something � to make aninspection or to carry out an inspection of akitchen or a toilet � inspection of a room tosee if it has been cleaned � to carry out atour of inspection to visit various places,hotels or restaurants and examine them indetailinspector

inspector /n |�spektə/ noun an officialwho inspectsinspectorate

inspectorate /n |�spekt(ə)rət/ noun allinspectorsinspector of weights and measures

inspector of weights and measures/n |�spektər əv �wets ən �me$əz/ nounBUSINESS a government official who inspectsweighing machines and goods sold in shopsto see if the quantities and weights are cor-rectinstant

instant /�nstənt/ adjective referring tofood that is quickly and easily prepared, andis usually sold in a premixed, precooked orpowdered forminstant coffee

instant coffee /�nstənt �kɒfi/ noun 1.FOOD soluble freeze-dried granules or pow-der used to make coffee � The bedroom hasa kettle with tea bags and sachets of instantcoffee. 2. BEVERAGES a drink made fromfreeze-dried granules of coffee or from pow-der, over which boiling water is poured � Shemade a cup of instant coffee.instant purchase excursion fare

instant purchase excursion fare/�nstənt �p��tʃs k |�sk��ʃ(ə)n �feə/ nounAIR TRAVEL an excursion fare ticket whichyou purchase over the counter before board-ing a flight. Abbr IPEXinstant tea

instant tea /�nstənt �ti�/ noun BEVER-AGES tea made from freeze-dried granules orpowder, onto which boiling water is poured

Leisure.fm Page 161 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

instruct 162instruct

instruct /n |�str�kt/ verb 1. to give anorder to someone � to instruct someone todo something to tell someone officially todo something � He instructed the restaurantto replace its kitchen equipment. 2. to showsomeone how to do something � The hotelfire officer will instruct you in how to evacu-ate the building if a fire breaks out.instruction

instruction /n |�str�kʃən/ noun some-thing which explains how something is to bedone or used � to await instructions to waitfor someone to tell you what to do � inaccordance with or according to instruc-tions as the instructions show � failinginstructions to the contrary unless some-one tells you to do the oppositeinstructor

instructor /n |�str�ktə/ noun somebodywho shows how something is to be done �aerobics instructor, ski instructor, swim-ming instructor a person who teaches peo-ple how to do aerobics, to ski or to swiminstrument panel

instrument panel /�nstrυmənt�p�n(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL the flat part ofa car in front of the driver, with dials whichshow speed, etc.insulate

insulate /�nsjυlet/ verb to protect some-thing against e.g. cold, heat or noise � All thebedrooms are noise-insulated.insulation

insulation /�nsjυ|�leʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. theact of protecting something against cold,heat or noise 2. material which protectsagainst cold, heat or noiseinsurable

insurable /n |�ʃυərəb(ə)l/ adjectiveFINANCE possible to insure � The hotel is afiretrap and isn’t insurable.insurance

insurance /n |�ʃυərəns/ noun BUSINESS acontract stating that, in return for regularsmall payments, a company will pay com-pensation for loss, damage, injury or death(NOTE: For life insurance, British Englishprefers to use assurance, assure,assurer.) � to take out (an) insuranceagainst fire to make a small regular pay-ment, so that if a fire happens, compensationwill be paid � to take out (an) insurance onthe building to make a small regular pay-ment, so that if the building is damaged com-pensation will be paid � the damage is cov-ered by the insurance the insurancecompany will pay for the damage � to paythe insurance on a car to pay premiums toinsure a carinsurance agent

insurance agent /n |�ʃυərəns �ed$ənt/,insurance broker /n |�ʃυərəns �brəυkə/noun FINANCE somebody who arrangesinsurance for clientsinsurance claim

insurance claim /n |�ʃυərəns klem/noun FINANCE a request to an insurance com-pany to pay compensation for loss, damage,injury or deathinsurance company

insurance company /n |�ʃυərəns�k�mp(ə)ni/ noun BUSINESS a companywhose business is to receive payments andpay compensation for loss, damage, injury ordeathinsurance contractinsurance contract /n |�ʃυərəns�kɒntr�kt/ noun FINANCE an agreement byan insurance company to insure somebodyor somethinginsurance coverinsurance cover /n |�ʃυərəns �k�və/noun FINANCE protection guaranteed by aninsurance policy � Do you have insurancecover against theft?insurance policyinsurance policy /n |�ʃυərəns �pɒlsi/noun FINANCE a document which shows theconditions of an insuranceinsurance premiuminsurance premium /n |�ʃυərəns�pri�miəm/ noun FINANCE a regular smallpayment made by the insured person to theinsurerinsurance ratesinsurance rates /n |�ʃυərəns rets/ plu-ral noun FINANCE the amount of premiumwhich has to be paid per £1000 of insuranceinsureinsure /n |�ʃυə/ verb BUSINESS to protectsomebody or something by insurance � toinsure a building against fire � to insuresomeone’s life � to insure baggage againstloss � to insure against bad weather � toinsure against loss of earnings � He wasinsured for £100,000. � the life insured theperson whose life is covered by a life assur-ance policy � the sum insured the largestamount of money that an insurer will payunder an insurance policyinsurerinsurer /n |�ʃυərə/ noun BUSINESS a com-pany which insuresintangible assetsintangible assets /n |�t�nd$b(ə)l��sets/ plural noun BUSINESS assets whichhave a value, but which cannot be seen, suchas goodwill, a patent or a trademarkintegration

integration /�nt |�#reʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS the process of bringing several busi-nesses together under a central controlintensiveintensive /n |�tensv/ adjective involvinga concentrated effort or the use of a lot ofenergy and materialsinter-inter- /ntə/ prefix betweeninterchangeinterchange /�ntətʃend$/ noun ROADTRAVEL a large road junction where motor-ways cross � There was a massive pile-up atthe interchange.intercityintercity /�ntə |�sti/ adjective TRAVELbetween two cities � Intercity rail services

Leisure.fm Page 162 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

163 international lawhave been disrupted by ice. � Hourly inter-city trains give a good service between Lon-don and Glasgow.intercontinental

intercontinental /�ntəkɒnt |�nent(ə)l/adjective AIR TRAVEL between two continentsintercontinental flight

intercontinental flight/�ntəkɒntnent(ə)l �flat/ noun AIR TRAVELa flight between two continentsinterest

interest /�ntrəst/ noun 1. a feeling ofwanting to know about something � Themanager takes no interest in the guests. 2.FINANCE a payment made by a borrower forthe use of money, calculated as a percentageof the capital borrowed � high or low inter-est interest at a high or low percentage 3.BUSINESS part of the ownership of some-thing, e.g. money invested in a company giv-ing a financial share in it � he has a control-ling interest in the hotel he owns more than50% of the shares and so can direct how thehotel is run � majority interest, minorityinterest a situation where someone owns amajority or a minority of shares in a com-pany � He has a majority interest in a super-market chain. � to acquire a substantialinterest in a company to buy a large numberof shares in a company � verb to attractsomeone’s attention � She tried to interestthe guests in a game of tennis. � interestedin wanting to know about or do something �The chef is not interested in Greek food.interest charges

interest charges /�ntrəst �tʃɑ�d$z/plural noun BUSINESS the amount of interestpaidinterest-free credit

interest-free credit /�ntrəst fri��kredt/, interest-free loan /�ntrəst fri�ləυn/ noun FINANCE a credit or loan whereno interest is paid by the borrowerinterest rate

interest rate /�ntrəst ret/ noun FINANCEa percentage charge for borrowing money.Also called rate of interestinterior

interior /n |�təriə/ noun the inner part of abuildinginterior decorator

interior decorator /n |�təriə�dekəretə/, interior designer /n |�təriə d |

�zanə/ noun somebody who designs theinside of a building, including wall cover-ings, paint colours, furniture, fabrics, etc.interline

interline /�ntəlan/ adjective AIR TRAVELbetween two airlinesinternal

internal /n |�t��n(ə)l/ adjective insideinternal audit

internal audit /n |�t��n(ə)l �ɔ�dt/ nounBUSINESS an audit carried out by a depart-ment inside the company � He is the man-ager of the internal audit department.

internal auditorinternal auditor /n |�t��n(ə)l �ɔ�dtə/noun BUSINESS a member of staff who auditsa company’s accountsinternal flightinternal flight /n |�t��n(ə)l �flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL same as domestic flightinternal phoneinternal phone /n |�t��n(ə)l �fəυn/ nounHOTELS same as house phoneInternal Revenue ServiceInternal Revenue Service /n |�t��n(ə)l�revənju� �s��vs/ noun BUSINESS in theUS, the government department which dealswith tax. Abbr IRSinternationalinternational /�ntə |�n�ʃ(ə)nəl/ adjectivebetween countriesinternational access codeinternational access code/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl ��kses �kəυd/ noun thefirst number dialled when making a tele-phone call to another countryInternational Airline Passengers AssociationInternational Airline PassengersAssociation noun AIR TRAVEL an organi-sation which represents passengers on air-lines. Abbr IAPAInternational Air Transport AssociationInternational Air Transport Associ-ation /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl eə �tr�nspɔ�t ə |

�səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL an organisa-tion which regulates international air travel.Abbr IATAinternational callinternational call /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �kɔ�l/noun a telephone call to another countryInternational Date LineInternational Date Line/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �det �lan/ noun a line oflongitude in the Pacific Ocean which indi-cates the change in date from east to westinternational dialling codeinternational dialling code/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �daəlŋ �kəυd/ noun aspecial series of numbers used to make a callto another country, consisting of the interna-tional access code followed by the countrycodeinternational direct diallinginternational direct dialling/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �darekt �daəlŋ/ noun asystem for calling telephone numbers inother countries yourself without asking theoperator to do it for you. Abbr IDDinternational driving licenceinternational driving licence/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �dravŋ �las(ə)ns/ nounROAD TRAVEL a driving licence which allowsyou to drive legally in various countries pro-vided you have a valid driving licence fromyour own countryinternational hotelinternational hotel /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl həυ |

�tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel which is part of achain which has hotels in several countries,and which caters for guests of many differentnationalitiesinternational lawinternational law /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �lɔ�/noun laws referring to the way countries dealwith each other

Leisure.fm Page 163 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

international money order 164international money order

international money order/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �m�ni �ɔ�d�ə/ nounFINANCE same as foreign money orderinternational operator

international operator /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl�ɒpəretə/ noun a telephone operator whodeals with calls to other countriesinternational postal reply coupon

international postal reply coupon/�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl �pəυst(ə)l r |�pla ku�|�pɒn/noun a document which can be used inanother country to pay the postage of reply-ing to a letter � He enclosed an internationalpostal reply coupon with his letter.international tourist

international tourist /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl�tυərst/ noun TOURISM a tourist who visitsanother country for at least one night’s stayinternational travel

international travel /�ntən�ʃ(ə)nəl�tr�v(ə)l/ noun TRAVEL travel between dif-ferent countriesInternet

Internet /�ntənet/ noun an internationalnetwork allowing people to exchange infor-mation on computers using telephone lines �Much of our business is done on the Internet.� Internet sales form an important part ofour turnover. � He searched the Internet forinformation on cheap tickets to Alaska.Internet access

Internet access /�ntənet ��kses/ nounlinks to the Internet via computer terminals �All business lounges are air-conditioned andfeature workstations, Internet access, tele-phones, a bar and light refreshments.

‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing onguests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroomhotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve-nue a year from pay-per-view movies or meteredInternet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

Internet check-in

Internet check-in /�ntənet �tʃek �n/noun a procedure in which a passengerchecks in for a flight online before departureinterpret

interpret /n |�t��prt/ verb to translatewhat someone has said into another lan-guage � The courier knows Greek, so he willinterpret for us.interpretation

interpretation /n |�t��pr |�teʃ(ə)n/ nounexplanatory information to help peopleunderstand what they are seeing at a place ofinterestinterpretation centre

interpretation centre /n |�t��prə|

�teʃ(ə)n �sentə/ noun TOURISM same asvisitor centreinterpreter

interpreter /n |�t��prtə/ noun somebodywho translates what someone has said intoanother language � The hotel porter will actas interpreter. � We need an Italian inter-preter.interpretive centre

interpretive centre /n |�t��prətv�sentə/ noun TOURISM same as visitor cen-tre

Inter railInter rail /n |�t�� rel/ noun a pass that ena-bles young people to travel free on railwaysthroughout Europeinterstateinterstate /ntə|�stet/ adjective USTRAVEL between two or more states in theUSA � interstate bus companyinterviewinterview /�ntəvju�/ noun 1. a periodspent talking to a person who is applying fora job � We called six people for interview. �I have an interview next week or I am goingfor an interview next week. 2. ENTERTAIN-MENT a period spent asking a person ques-tions on radio or television or for a magazineor newspaper � The manager gave an inter-view to the local paper. � verb to talk to aperson applying for a job to see if they aresuitable � We interviewed ten candidates, butdid not find anyone suitable.in trayin tray /�n tre/ noun a container for lettersor memos which have been received and arewaiting to be dealt withintroductory offerintroductory offer /�ntrəd�kt(ə)ri�ɒfə/ noun BUSINESS a special price offeredon a new product to attract customersinventoryinventory /�nvənt(ə)ri/ noun 1. espe-cially US BUSINESS the goods kept in a res-taurant or hotel, warehouse or shop � Therestaurant carries a high inventory. � Ouraim is to reduce inventory. (NOTE: The usualBritish English is stock.) 2. a list of the con-tents of a house or hotel or restaurant for saleor for rent � to draw up an inventory of fix-tures � He checked the kitchen equipmentagainst the inventory. (NOTE: The plural formis inventories.) � to agree the inventory toagree that all the items on the inventory arethere and in the stated condition � verb tomake a list of stock or contentsinventory controlinventory control /�nvənt(ə)ri kən |

�trəυl/ noun US same as stock controlinvestinvest /n |�vest/ verb 1. BUSINESS to putmoney into shares or a business, hoping thatit will produce interest and increase in value� He invested all his money in a Chinese res-taurant. � She was advised to invest in a fast-food franchise. � to invest abroad to putmoney into businesses in overseas countries2. FINANCE to spend money on somethingwhich you believe will be useful � Weinvested in a new oven. � The hotel hasinvested in a fleet of courtesy cars.investmentinvestment /n |�vestmənt/ noun 1. BUSI-NESS the act of placing of money so that itwill increase in value and produce interest �investment in hotel property � to makeinvestments in travel companies � Theycalled for more government investment innew industries. 2. FINANCE a thing bought

Leisure.fm Page 164 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

165 itemised invoicewith invested money � a long-term orshort-term investment an investment whichis likely to increase in value over a long orshort period � he is trying to protect hisinvestments he is trying to make sure thatthe money he has invested is not lostinvestment income

investment income /n |�vestmənt�nk�m/ noun BUSINESS income frominvestments, e.g. interest and dividendsinvestor

investor /n |�vestə/ noun FINANCE some-body who invests money � the institutionalinvestor an organisation such as a pensionfund or insurance company with large sumsof money to invest � the small investor, theprivate investor a person with a small sumof money to investinvisible earnings

invisible earnings /n |�vzb(ə)l ���nŋz/plural noun BUSINESS foreign currencyearned by a country by providing services,not selling goodsinvisible trade

invisible trade /n |�vzəb(ə)l �tred/ nounFINANCE services which are paid for in for-eign currency or earn foreign currency with-out actually selling a product, e.g. banking,insurance or tourisminvoice

invoice /�nvɔs/ noun BUSINESS a noteasking for payment for goods or servicessupplied � your invoice dated November10th � to make out an invoice for £250 � tosettle or to pay an invoice � They sent in theirinvoice six weeks late. � the total is payablewithin thirty days of invoice date the totalsum has to be paid within thirty days of thedate on the invoice � verb BUSINESS to sendan invoice to someone � to invoice a cus-tomer � we invoiced you on November10th we sent you the invoice on November10thinvoice price

invoice price /�nvɔs pras/ noun BUSI-NESS the price of something as given on aninvoice, including discount and VATIPEX

IPEX /�apeks/ abbreviation AIR TRAVELinstant purchase excursion fareIrish coffee

Irish coffee /�arʃ �kɒfi/ noun BEVER-AGES hot coffee, served in a glass, with Irishwhiskey added to it and whipped creampoured on topiron

iron /�aən/ noun an electric householdinstrument for smoothing the creases fromclothes � Each room has an iron and ironingboard. � verb to make cloth smooth using anironironer

ironer /�aənə/ noun a large machine forironing big items like sheets and pillowcasesironing

ironing /�aənŋ/ noun 1. the work ofpressing clothes, sheets, etc., with an electric

iron 2. clothes, sheets, etc., which needpressingironing board

ironing board /�aənŋ bɔ�d/ noun a highnarrow table used for pressing clothes,sheets, etc., onirradiate

irradiate / |�rediet/ verb to treat food withelectromagnetic radiation in order to killgerms and slow down the process of ripeningand decayirradiation

irradiation / |�red |�eʃ(ə)n/ noun CATER-ING the use of rays to kill bacteria in food

COMMENT: Food is irradiated with gammarays from isotopes which kill bacteria. It isnot certain, however, that irradiated foodis safe for humans to eat, as the effects ofirradiation on food are not known. In somecountries irradiation is only permitted as atreatment of certain foods.

IRS

IRS abbreviation US BUSINESS InternalRevenue Serviceisland

island /�alənd/ noun a piece of landentirely surrounded by water � Greek islandholidays � The Channel Islands are favour-ite holiday destinations.island-hop

island-hop /�alənd hɒp/ verb to travelfrom island to island within the same chain,especially as part of a holidayisland hopping

island hopping /�alənd �hɒpŋ/ nounTOURISM travel from island to island, stayingonly a short time on each one � Greek islandhopping can be a nightmare without an itin-erary.IT

IT abbreviation TOURISM inclusive tourItalian dressing

Italian dressing / |�t�ljən �dresŋ/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a salad dressing typicallymade with oil and vinegar, garlic and oreg-anoitem

item /�atəm/ noun 1. a thing � Do youhave any items of jewellery in your luggage?� Valuable items should be left with thereception desk. � She declared several itemsto the customs. 2. a point on a list � Items 6and 7 on the fire drill instructions do notapply.itemise

itemise /�atəmaz/ verb to make adetailed list of thingsitemised account

itemised account /�atəmazd ə |�kaυnt/noun a detailed record of money paid oroweditemised bill

itemised bill /�atəmazd �bl/ noun apiece of paper giving details of each objector service and the priceitemised invoice

itemised invoice /�atəmazd �nvɔs/noun BUSINESS an invoice which lists eachitem separately

Leisure.fm Page 165 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

itinerary 166itineraryitinerary /a |�tnərəri/ noun TOURISM a listof places to be visited on one journey � Themembers of the group were given a detailed

tour itinerary by the courier. � The itinerarytakes us to six countries in ten days.IYHF

IYHF abbreviation International Youth Hos-tel Federation

Leisure.fm Page 166 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Jjabjab /d$�b/ noun MEDICAL an injection(informal) � Have you had your cholera jabsyet?jacketjacket /�d$�kt/ noun a short coat � Youhave to wear a jacket and tie to enter the res-taurant. � Chef’s jackets are mostly white,and worn with blue checked trousers.jacket potatojacket potato /�d$�kt pə|�tetəυ/ nounFOOD same as baked potatojacuzzijacuzzi, jacuzzi bath tdmk a trademark fora type of bath with jets which circulate thewater and keep it bubbling � The health clubhas two jacuzzis and a whirlpool.jalapeñojalapeño /�h�ləpenəυ/ noun a small hotpepper that is picked when green and is usedextensively in Mexican cookingjamjam /d$�m/ noun 1. CATERING a sweet foodmade with fruit and sugar � Each table haslittle pots of jam and honey. � Help yourselfat the buffet to individual packs of butter andjam. 2. a blockage which prevents somethingmoving � verb to stop working, to beblocked � The traffic lights failed and thetraffic was jammed for miles. � The switch-board was jammed with calls. (NOTE: jam-ming – jammed)jambalayajambalaya /�d$�mbə|�lajə/ noun FOOD aCreole dish of rice with a mixture of fish andmeat such as shrimps, chicken, ham andspicy sausagejarjar /d$ɑ�/ noun a pot, usually glass, forkeeping food in � There was a jar of marma-lade on the breakfast table.javajava /�d$ɑ�və/ noun US coffee, especiallybrewed coffee as opposed to instant coffeeJavaJava /�d$ɑ�və/ noun a variety of rich coffeegrown on Java and the surrounding islandsjawjaw /d$ɔ�/ � open-jaw arrangementjeepjeep /d$i�p/ tdmk ROAD TRAVEL a trademarkfor a strongly built four-wheel-drive vehicleused for travelling over rough ground � Theconvoy of jeeps crossed slowly over thebridge.jeep safarijeep safari /�d$i�p sə|�fɑ�ri/ noun anorganised sightseeing tour or excursion in ajeep or other four-wheel-drive vehicle

jell

jell /d$el/ verb (of liquid) to become a jelly� Boil the jam until it jells.jellied

jellied /�d$eli�d/ adjective FOOD cooked orpreserved in a jelly � jellied eelsJell-O

Jell-O /�d$el əυ/ tdmk US DESSERTS atrademark for a type of sweet food made ofgelatine, water and fruit flavouring, etc.(NOTE: The British English is jelly.)jelly

jelly /�d$eli/ noun 1. FOOD a semi-solid sub-stance, especially a type of sweet food madeof gelatine, water and fruit flavouring, etc. �The children had fish fingers and chips fol-lowed by jelly and ice cream. (NOTE: Theplural form is jellies. In the USA this is oftencalled by a trademark, Jell-O.) 2. CATERINGa type of preserve made of fruit juice boiledwith sugar � roast lamb served with mintjelly 3. US FOOD a sweet preserve, madewith fruit and sugar � She loves peanut but-ter and blackcurrant jelly sandwiches.(NOTE: The British English is jam.)jelly baby

jelly baby /�d$eli �bebi/ noun FOOD asweet of coloured jelly, shaped like a littlebaby � She gave the little girl a bag of jellybabies.jelly bean

jelly bean /�d$eli bi�n/ noun US FOOD asweet of coloured jelly, shaped like a beanjelly mould

jelly mould /�d$eli məυld/ noun CATER-ING a shape for making jellyjelly roll

jelly roll /�d$eli �rəυl/ noun US BREAD,ETC. a cake made by rolling a thin sheet ofsponge cake covered with jam (NOTE: TheBritish English is Swiss roll.)Jerusalem artichoke

Jerusalem artichoke /d$ə|�ru�sələm�ɑ�ttʃəυk/ noun VEGETABLES � artichokejet

jet /d$et/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft withjet engines � verb TRAVEL to travel by jet(informal ) � She jetted off to Los Angeles fora short holiday. � Nice airport was busy withstars jetting in for the Cannes Film Festival.jetbridge

jetbridge /�d$etbrd$/ noun AIR TRAVELsame as airbridgejet foil

jet foil /�d$et fɔl/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa boat which skims fast over water, propelledby gas turbine engines

Leisure.fm Page 167 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

jet lag 168jet lagjet lag /�d$et l�#/ noun AIR TRAVEL a tiredstate after flying by jet aircraft across severaltime zones � She suffered dreadful jet lagafter the flight from New York.jet-propelled aircraftjet-propelled aircraft /�d$et prə|�peld�eəkrɑ�ft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft withjet enginesjet setjet set /�d$et set/ noun wealthy peoplewho frequently travel by jet � What a party!– All the international jet set were there.jet-setterjet-setter /�d$et �setə/ noun a member ofthe jet setjettyjetty /�d$eti/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a land-ing stage for smaller boats � There were twoboats tied up to the jetty. (NOTE: The pluralform is jetties.)jetwayjetway /�d$etwe/ noun AIR TRAVEL sameas airbridgejeweljewel /�d$u�əl/ noun a valuable stone suchas a diamond � She decided it was safer tolock up her jewels in the hotel safe.jewelleryjewellery /�d$u�əlri/ noun ornaments to beworn, made from precious stones or preciousmetals, or of imitation stones � The burglarstole all her jewellery. (NOTE: The US spell-ing is jewelry.)JFKJFK abbreviation AIR TRAVEL John Fitzger-ald Kennedy International Airportjobjob /d$ɒb/ noun 1. a task, a particular pieceof work that has to be done � to do an excel-lent job (of work) to work extremely well �to do odd jobs to do general work � He doesodd jobs for us around the hotel. 2. regularpaid work � to apply for a job with an airline� He is looking for a job in the hotel industry.� She lost her job when the tourist officeclosed. � She got a job in a travel agency. �to look for a job to try to find workjob analysisjob analysis /�d$ɒb ə|�n�ləss/ noun adetailed examination and report on the dutiesof a jobjob applicationjob application /�d$ɒb �pl |�keʃ(ə)n/noun a written request for a job � You haveto fill in a job application form.job classificationjob classification /�d$ɒb kl�sf |

�keʃ(ə)n/ noun the work of sorting jobs intovarious categoriesjob descriptionjob description /�d$ɒb d |�skrpʃən/noun an official document from the manage-ment which says in detail what a job involvesjob evaluationjob evaluation /�d$ɒb v�lju |�eʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS the work of examining dif-ferent jobs within an organisation to seewhat skills and qualifications are needed tocarry them outjob of workjob of work /�d$ɒb əv �w��k/ noun apiece of work

job satisfaction

job satisfaction /�d$ɒb s�ts |�f�kʃən/noun a feeling which employees have ofbeing happy in their place of work andpleased with the work they dojob security

job security /�d$ɒb s |�kjυərti/ noun afeeling which employees have that they havea right to keep their jobs, or that they can stayin their jobs until they retirejob sharing

job sharing /�d$ɒb �ʃeərŋ/ noun a situa-tion where a job is done by more than oneperson, each working part-timejob specification

job specification /�d$ɒb�spesfkeʃ(ə)n/ noun a very detaileddescription of what is involved in a jobjob title

job title /�d$ɒb �tat(ə)l/ noun the namegiven to a person doing particular work �Her job title is ‘Chief Reservations Clerk’.job vacancies

job vacancies /�d$ɒb �vekənsi/ pluralnoun jobs which are available and need peo-ple to do themjog

jog /d$ɒ#/ noun SPORT a rather slow run,especially taken for exercise � She goes for ajog each morning. � verb 1. � to go jogging,to jog to run at an easy pace, especially forexercise � He was jogging round the park. �She goes jogging for half an hour everymorning. 2. to shake or to push lightly �When the turbulence started, my neighbourjogged my arm and made me spill my drink.jogger

jogger /�d$ɒ#ə/ noun SPORT somebodywho jogs for exercise � Joggers run roundthe park every morning.jogging

jogging /�d$ɒ#ŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof running at an easy pace for exercisejogging track

jogging track /�d$ɒ#ŋ tr�k/ nounSPORT a track in the grounds of a hotel,health farm, etc., where guests can go jog-ging, without having to run on the streetjoin

join /d$ɔn/ verb 1. to put things together �The two bedrooms are joined together tomake a suite. 2. � to join an association ora group to become a member of an associa-tion or a group � Two more people will jointhe group in Cairo.joint

joint /d$ɔnt/ noun 1. MEAT a piece of meat,especially one suitable for roasting � a jointof beef � a bacon joint � a cut off the jointa slice cut from a piece of roast meat 2. alow-class club or restaurant (informal) � ahamburger joint � adjective 1. BUSINESS inwhich two or more organisations are linkedtogether 2. for two or more peoplejoint account

joint account /�d$ɔnt ə |�kaυnt/ nounFINANCE a bank account for two peoplejoint bill

joint bill /�d$ɔnt �bl/ noun two billsadded together and paid by one person

Leisure.fm Page 168 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

169 jutjoint discussionsjoint discussions /�d$ɔnt d|

�sk�ʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun talks between man-agement and employees before something isdonejointlyjointly /�d$ɔntli/ adverb together with oneor more other people � to own a propertyjointly � The brother and sister manage thefamily hotel jointly.joint managementjoint management /�d$ɔnt�m�nd$mənt/ noun management done bytwo or more peoplejoint ownershipjoint ownership /�d$ɔnt �əυnəʃp/noun a situation where a property is ownedby several people or companiesjoint venturejoint venture /�d$ɔnt �ventʃə/ nounBUSINESS a very large business project wheretwo or more companies join together, oftenforming a new joint company to manage theprojectjourneyjourney /�d$��ni/ noun TRAVEL a period oftravelling that takes you from one place toanother � He planned his journey to visit allthe capitals of Europe in two weeks. � Thecar broke down and we had to complete ourjourney on foot.jugjug /d$�#/ noun a container with a handle,used for pouring liquids � a jug of milk �There is a jug of water by the bedside. �Could we have another jug of water, please?jugged harejugged hare /�d$�#d �heə/ noun FOODhare cooked slowly in a covered dishjuicejuice /d$u�s/ noun FOOD the liquid inside afruit or vegetable, or inside meat or poultry �She had a glass of orange juice for breakfast.� I’d like a tomato juice with Worcestersauce. � Make gravy using the meat juices inthe roasting pan.juice barjuice bar /�d$u�s bɑ�/ noun a café servingfreshly prepared fruit juices and otherhealthy food and drinksjuice extractorjuice extractor /�d$u�s k |�str�ktə/ nounCATERING a device for extracting juice froma fruit or vegetablejuicyjuicy /�d$u�si/ adjective full of juice � ajuicy orange � slices of juicy roast chicken �This grapefruit is not very juicy.

juke box

juke box /�d$u�k bɒks/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a machine which plays records whenmoney is insertedjulienne

julienne /�d$u�li|�en/ adjective cut intolong thin matchstick strips � verb to cut veg-etables into thin matchstick stripsjumbo jet

jumbo jet /�d$�mbəυ d$et/, jumbo/�d$�mbəυ/ noun AIR TRAVEL the Boeing747, a very large jet aircraft � They live closeto the airport, with jumbos roaring overheadall day long. � The airline is buying anotherten jumbo jets to add to its fleet.junior

junior /�d$u�niə/ adjective lower in rank �noun the son of the family (humorous) �Harry Markovitz Juniorjunior clerk

junior clerk /�d$u�niə �klɑ�k/ noun aclerk, usually young, who has lower statusthan a senior clerkjunior executive

junior executive /�d$u�niə # |�zekjυtv/,junior manager /�d$u�niə �m�nd$ə/noun BUSINESS a young manager in a com-panyjunior suite

junior suite /�d$u�niə swi�t/ nounHOTELS a large hotel room divided into livingroom and bedroom areasjunket

junket /�d$�ŋkt/ noun BUSINESS anexpensive business trip, paid for by a com-pany or by a governmentjunk food

junk food /�d$�ŋk fu�d/ noun CATERINGfood of little nutritional value, e.g. high-fatprocessed snacks, eaten between or insteadof meals � They just spent their holidaywatching TV and living off junk food.justice

justice /�d$�sts/ noun 1. fair treatment inlaw 2. a magistratejustices’ full on licence

justices’ full on licence /�d$�stsz fυlɒn �las(ə)ns/ noun BARS a licence to sellany type of alcohol for drinking on thepremises, such as in a bar or restaurant. Alsocalled full on licencejut

jut /d$�t/ verb � to jut out over somethingto stick out beyond something, usually hori-zontally � The balcony juts out over the mainstreet.

Leisure.fm Page 169 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Kkaraoke

karaoke /�k�ri|�əυki/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a type of entertainment, coming origi-nally from Japan, where people sing torecorded musickaraoke machine

karaoke machine /�k�ri|�əυki mə|�ʃi�n/noun ENTERTAINMENT a machine whichplays the music of well-known songs, anddisplays the words on a screen so that peoplecan sing alongkaraoke night

karaoke night /�k�ri |�əυki nat/ nounENTERTAINMENT a night at a pub or club,when people can use the karaoke machine �Friday night is karaoke night in our localpub.kayak

kayak /�ka�k/ noun SPORT a type of smallcanoe which is pointed at both ends, andalmost completely covered, with only a nar-row opening for the canoeist � A group ofkayaks from the canoe club raced up theriver.kayaking

kayaking /�ka�kŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of going in kayaks � The river is fast-flowing and ideal for kayaking.kebab

kebab /k |�b�b/ noun FOOD a dish of piecesof meat, fish or vegetables stuck on a skewerand cooked over a charcoal grill � a lambkebab � a pork kebabkedgeree

kedgeree /�ked$əri/ noun FOOD a spicymixture of rice, fish, curry and eggs, tradi-tionally eaten at breakfastkeeper

keeper /�ki�pə/ noun somebody who looksafter something � (zoo) keeper somebodywho looks after animals in a zookeg

keg /ke#/ noun BARS a small barrel, espe-cially an aluminium barrel in which beer isstored with gas mixed in with itkeg beer

keg beer /�ke# bə/ noun BEVERAGES beerwhich is stored in a keg and served from apressurised pumpkernel

kernel /�k��n(ə)l/ noun FOOD the softeredible part inside a nutketchup

ketchup /�ketʃəp/ noun SAUCES, ETC.thick savoury tomato sauce, eaten especiallywith fried food � The children asked forhamburgers with ketchup. � I know someonewho likes ketchup on his omelettes.

kettle

kettle /�ket(ə)l/ noun 1. a metal or plasticcontainer, with a lid and a spout, used forboiling water � Each bedroom has a kettle,tea bags and packets of instant coffee. 2. alarge container used in a kitchen for boilingsoup, stew, etc.key

key /ki�/ noun 1. a piece of shaped metalused to open a lock 2. a part of a computerkeyboard which you press with your fingers� There are sixty-four keys on the keyboard.key card

key card /�ki� kɑ�d/ noun 1. an electroniccard given to a guest at registration, whichacts as a key to their room 2. a card given toa guest on registration, which shows thenumber of their room and which they mayneed to show for identification purposes � �

card‘…staff create key cards for guests using a cardprogramming unit, linked to a point of sale sys-tem. The door lock updates itself with the guestidentity code each time a new card authorized forthat room is used.’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]COMMENT: There are two main types ofmagnetic key card: the ‘dip’ card, which ispushed down into a slot and then pulledout again when the door unlocks, and a‘swipe’ card, which you run down a slot tounlock the door.

key-drop boxkey-drop box /�ki� drɒp �bɒks/ noun abox at reception for guests to put their keysin as they leave the hotelkey lime pie

key lime pie /�ki� lam �pa/ noun a piemade from thickened sweetened condensedmilk flavoured with juice from key limeskey money

key money /�ki� �m�ni/ noun BUSINESS apremium paid when taking over the keys of aflat or office which you are rentingkey rackkey rack /�ki� r�k/ noun HOTELS a boardwith hooks or a series of pigeonholes whereroom keys are put near the front desk of ahotelkg

kg abbreviation kilogramkidneykidney /�kdni/ noun 1. one of a pair oforgans in animals that extract impuritiesfrom the blood 2. FOOD this organ used asfood � grilled kidneys with bacon

COMMENT: Lamb’s kidney, ox kidney andpig’s kidneys are all used in cooking; they

Leisure.fm Page 170 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

171 kiwi fruitcan be cooked in a red wine sauce, orused in kebabs. The best-known Englishdishes using kidneys are steak and kidneypie or pudding.

kidney beankidney bean /�kdni bi�n/ noun VEGETA-BLES a type of bean with reddish seeds,shaped like kidneys, used e.g. in ‘chilli concarne’kilokilo /�ki�ləυ/, kilogram /�klə#r�m/, kilo-gramme noun a measure of weight equal-ling one thousand grams � She bought a kiloof tomatoes. � You need two kilos of potatoesto serve six people. Abbr kg (NOTE: This isusually written kg after figures: 4kg.)kilometrekilometre /k|�lɒtə/ noun a measure ofdistance equal to one thousand metres. Abbrkm (NOTE: This is usually written km afterfigures: 25km. The US spelling is kilom-eter.) � the car does fifteen kilometres tothe litre the car uses a litre of petrol to travelfifteen kilometresking prawnking prawn /�kŋ �prɔ�n/ noun SEAFOOD atype of very large prawn, the type which isserved as scampiking roomking room /�kŋ ru�m/ noun a room witha king-sized bedking-sized bed

king-sized bed /�kŋ sazd �bed/, kingsize bed noun a double bed which is widerand longer than normalkioskkiosk /�ki�ɒsk/ noun a small wooden shel-ter, for selling goods out of doors � a news-paper kioskkipperkipper /�kpə/ noun SEAFOOD a smokedherring, which has been opened up and is flat

COMMENT: Kippers are traditionally eatenfor breakfast, grilled, and then served hotwith butter.

kipperedkippered /�kpəd/ adjective CATERINGsmokedkirkir /kə/ noun BEVERAGES a drink of coldwhite wine, served with a dash of blackcur-rant liqueurkir royal

kir royal /�ki�r rɔ |�jɑ�l/ noun BEVERAGESkir made with sparkling white winekitkit /kt/ noun TRAVEL clothes and personalequipment, usually packed for travellingkitchenkitchen /�ktʃn/ noun a room in whichfood is prepared before serving � Theinspector found cockroaches in the hotelkitchens.

COMMENT: The kitchen of a large restau-rant will be organised in brigades: the chef(or chef de cuisine) is in charge of all sec-tions of the kitchen; various sections (eachunder a chef de partie) include sauces,vegetables, pastries, etc. A clerk (the‘aboyeur’) takes orders from the waitersand shouts them out to the various sec-tions. Kitchen staff will also include assist-

ants (or commis chefs), porters, platewashers (plongeurs), etc.

kitchen assistant

kitchen assistant /�ktʃn ə|�sst(ə)nt/noun somebody who does general work in akitchenkitchen clerk

kitchen clerk /�ktʃn klɑ�k/ nounCATERING the person in the kitchen whoshouts the order from the waiter to the chefs,and pins the waiter’s written order on a hookrelating to the particular table. Also calledaboyeurkitchenette

kitchenette /�ktʃ |�net/ noun a smallkitchen in a corner of a living room � Eachstudio flat is equipped with a bathroom,kitchenette and balcony.kitchen garden

kitchen garden /�ktʃn �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ nouna garden where vegetables and fruit aregrown � The hotel has its own kitchen gar-den.kitchen porter

kitchen porter /�ktʃn �pɔ�tə/ nounsomebody who carries things about in akitchenkitchen roll

kitchen roll /�ktʃn rəυl/ noun CATERINGa roll of absorbent paper, used e.g. for mop-ping up spilled liquids and wiping panskitchen staff

kitchen staff /�ktʃən stɑ�f/ noun thepeople who work in a kitchenkitchen utensils

kitchen utensils /�ktʃən ju� |�tens(ə)lz/plural noun pans, knives, spoons, etc., usedfor work in the kitchenkitchenware

kitchenware /�ktʃənweə/ noun CATER-ING frying pans, saucepans and other cook-ing or preparing containers, used in a kitchenkite

kite /kat/ noun SPORT a large, often cres-cent-shaped, device, consisting of fabricstretched over a light frame, used by partici-pants in kiteboarding or kitesurfing to givepropulsion and liftkiteboarding

kiteboarding /�katbɔ�dŋ/ noun a sportin which the participants ride on skateboardsor snowboards with a kite attached to theirbodies to give propulsion and liftkite mark

kite mark /�kat mɑ�k/ noun BUSINESS amark on goods to show that they meet offi-cial standardskitesurfing

kitesurfing /�katbs��fŋ/ noun a watersport in which the participants ride on surf-boards with a kite attached to their bodies togive propulsion and liftkiwi fruit

kiwi fruit /�ki�wi fru�t/ noun FRUIT a sub-tropical woody climbing plant Actinidiachinensis which bears brownish oval fruitwith a green juicy flesh. The plant was devel-oped in New Zealand, and is now grown inmany subtropical regions including southernEurope. Also called Chinese gooseberry

Leisure.fm Page 171 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Kleenex 172KleenexKleenex /�kli�neks/ tdmk a trademark for apaper handkerchief � There is a box ofKleenex in the bathroom. (NOTE: There is aplural form Kleenexes which is used whenreferring to several handkerchiefs, but theword Kleenex can also be used as the plu-ral form: a box of Kleenex.)kloofingkloofing /�klu�fŋ/ noun SPORT theextreme sport of following the course of ariver through a gorge by climbing, swim-ming and jumpingkmkm abbreviation kilometre � It is 2km fromhere to the Post Office. � The furthest dis-tance I have travelled by train is 800km. �The road crosses the railway line about 2kmfrom here.kneadknead /ni�d/ verb CATERING to press andfold dough before it is cooked to make bread� Pizza dough must be kneaded for five min-utes.knifeknife /naf/ noun an implement with asharp blade, used for cutting and spreading

COMMENT: All chefs say that their knives(each one owns a set of several knives,which they take with them from job to job)are the most important part of their equip-ment. The best knives are forged (i.e. theblade, bolster and centre part of the han-dle are made from one piece of metal). Agood knife needs to balance easily and so

has to have a heavy handle: the tang is thecentral metal part of the handle, to whichwooden or plastic grips are attached withrivets. The tang is the part which gives theweight to the handle.

knot

knot /nɒt/ noun TRAVEL a unit of measure-ment of speed of ships, aircraft, water cur-rents or wind, equivalent to 1.85km per hour� wind speed of 60 knots � The ship wastravelling at 23 knots.knowledgeknowledge /�nɒld$/ noun the generalfacts or information that people know � theKnowledge familiarity with the street planof London, which taxi drivers have to knowby heart, and on which they are tested beforegetting their licence (informal)knuckleknuckle /�n�k(ə)l/ noun MEAT a joint onthe leg of an animalkormakorma /�kɔ�mə/ noun FINANCE in SouthAsian cooking, a mildly spiced dish of meat,seafood or vegetables cooked in a cream oryoghurt saucekosher

kosher /�kəυʃə/ adjective CATERING pre-pared according to Jewish law � There’s akosher restaurant on 21st Street.krona

krona /�krəυnə/ noun FINANCE the cur-rency used in Icelandkrone

krone /�krəυnə/ noun FINANCE the cur-rency used in Denmark and Norway

Leisure.fm Page 172 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Ll

l /el/ abbreviation litrelabel

label /�leb(ə)l/ noun 1. a piece of paper orcard attached to something to show its price,an address or instructions for use, etc. 2. �address label a label with an address on it �verb to attach a label to something � All handbaggage must be labelled. � incorrectlylabelled parcel a parcel with the wronginformation on the labellabelling

labelling /�leb(ə)lŋ/ noun the work ofputting labels on products, especially foodproducts, to show what the products containor how or where they are made

COMMENT: Government regulations coverthe labelling of food. The label shouldshow not only the price and weight of thefood, but also where it comes from, thequality grade, the ingredients, listing themain ingredient first, and a sell-by date.

Labor Day

Labor Day /�lebə de/ noun a US nationalholiday celebrated on the first Monday inSeptemberlabor union

labor union /�lebə �ju�njən/ noun USBUSINESS same as trade unionlabour

labour /�lebə/ noun 1. work, especiallyheavy work (NOTE: The US spelling islabor.) � to charge for materials andlabour to charge for both the materials usedin a job and also the hours of work involved� labour is charged at £10 an hour eachhour of work costs £10 2. workers, the work-force (NOTE: The US spelling is labor.)labour costs

labour costs /�lebə kɒsts/ plural nounBUSINESS the cost of the staff employed tomake a product or provide a service, notincluding materials or overheadslabour dispute

labour dispute /�lebə d |�spju�t/ nounsame as industrial disputelabour force

labour force /�lebə fɔ�s/ noun BUSINESSsame as workforcelabour laws

labour laws /�lebə lɔ�z/, labour legisla-tion /�lebə �led$ |�sleʃ(ə)n/ noun lawsconcerning the employment of workerslabour-saving

labour-saving /�lebə �sevŋ/ adjectivethat makes hard work easier � a labour-sav-ing device

labour shortagelabour shortage /�lebə �ʃɔ�td$/ noun asituation where there are not enoughemployees to fill jobslabour turnoverlabour turnover /�lebə �t��nəυvə/ nounBUSINESS changes in staff, when some leaveand others join. Also called employee turn-over, staff turnoverlactovegetarianlactovegetarian /�l�ktəυved$ |�teəriən/noun somebody who eats vegetables, grains,fruit, nuts and milk products but not meat oreggsladleladle /�led(ə)l/ noun a spoon with a largebowl, used for serving soup � verb � to ladle(out) to serve with a ladle � She ladled thesoup out into bowls.ladylady /�ledi/ noun 1. a polite way of refer-ring to a woman � Could you show this ladyto her table, please? � There are two ladieswaiting for you in reception. 2. � ‘ladies’(toilet) a public toilet for women (informal)� Can you tell me where the ladies or theladies’ toilet is? � The ladies is down thecorridor on the right.lady’s fingerlady’s finger /�lediz �fŋ#ə/ noun VEGE-TABLES same as okra

COMMENT: Also called ‘bhindi’ or ‘gumbo’.Used in Caribbean and Indian cooking;also used in the south of the USA.

lagerlager /�lɑ�#ə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a Ger-man type of beer, which is pale yellow in col-our, highly carbonated, and relatively sweet2. a glass of this beer � He came to the barand ordered six lagers.

COMMENT: Lager is served cold, and usu-ally from a pressurized metal keg. It is alsoavailable in bottles and cans.

lagoonlagoon /lə|�#u�n/ noun an area of sea wateralmost completely surrounded by land, espe-cially by coral reefs � You can swim safely inthe lagoon, the sharks are out in the ocean.laidlaid /led/ � laylaid-up tablelaid-up table /�led �p �teb(ə)l/ nounCATERING a table which has been preparedready for the guests

‘…the meal was served course by course on laid-up tables (the tray appears only for the hot entrée)and the bar service was more than generous’[Business Traveller]

Leisure.fm Page 173 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

lain 174lainlain /len/ � lielakelake /lek/ noun a large inland stretch offresh water � Let’s take a boat out on thelake. � We can sail across the lake. � Thehotel stands on the shores of Lake Winder-mere. � the Lake District an area of north-west England where there are several largelakeslakesidelakeside /�leksad/ adjective situated onthe shores of a lake � a lakeside villalamblamb /l�m/ noun MEAT meat from a sheep,especially from a young sheep � roast leg oflamb � lamb kebabs � lamb chops

COMMENT: Strictly speaking, meat from anolder sheep is called ‘mutton’, but thisterm is rarely used. The commonest formsof lamb in British cooking are lamb chopsor roast lamb. Traditionally, lamb is servedwith mint sauce.

lamplamp /l�mp/ noun an electric device whichproduces lightlampshadelampshade /�l�mpʃed/ noun a decora-tive cover over a light � The dining roomlooks very elegant with dark red lampshades.landland /l�nd/ verb 1. TRAVEL to put goods orpassengers on to land after a voyage by seaor by air � to land goods at a port � to landpassengers at an airport 2. AIR TRAVEL tocome down to the ground after a flight � Theplane landed ten minutes late.landaulandau /�l�ndɔ�/ noun TOURISM a widehorse-drawn carriage with a top which canbe lowered, often used for taking tourists ontrips round old townslandinglanding /�l�ndŋ/ noun the arrival of anaircraft on the ground after a flightlanding cardlanding card /�l�ndŋ kɑ�d/ noun 1.TRAVEL a card given to passengers who havepassed customs and can land from a ship 2.AIR TRAVEL a card given to passengers to fillin before passing through immigration andpassport controllanding chargeslanding charges /�l�ndŋ �tʃɑ�d$z/plural noun BUSINESS payments made to agovernment for the right to put goods on landand for any customs duties payable on thegoodslanding feeslanding fees /�l�ndŋ fi�z/ plural nounAIR TRAVEL payments made to an airport forlanding there. Airlines usually include thefee in the ticket price.landing rightslanding rights /�l�ndŋ rats/ pluralnoun AIR TRAVEL the right of an airline toland its aircraftlanding stagelanding stage /�l�ndŋ sted$/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a wooden platform builtout into a river, lake, or the sea for boats totie up to

landladylandlady /�l�ndledi/ noun 1. a womanwho owns a property which is let 2. HOTELSa woman who runs a public house or hotellandlordlandlord /�l�ndlɔ�d/ noun 1. a person orcompany which owns a property which is let2. HOTELS a man who runs a public house orhotellandscapelandscape /�l�ndskep/ noun the coun-tryside and its hills, valleys, woods andfields, considered as something beautiful tolook atlandscape gardeninglandscape gardening /�l�ndskep�#ɑ�d(ə)nŋ/ noun the work of making a gar-den more beautiful by shaping the ground,planting trees and bushes, making pools andwaterfalls etc.landsidelandside /�l�ndsad/ adjective AIR TRAVELreferring to the area of the airport before thesecurity checks, etc.landslidelandslide /�l�ndslad/ noun a situationwhere large amounts of earth and rock slipdown a hillside � After the rains, landslidesburied several houses. � Landslides haveblocked several roads through the moun-tains.land tax

land tax /�l�nd t�ks/ noun BUSINESS a taxon the amount of land ownedlane

lane /len/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a narrowroad, often in the country � a lane withhedges on both sides 2. a part of a road fortraffic going in a particular direction or at acertain speed � Motorways usually havethree lanes on either side. � One lane of themotorway has been closed for repairs.langlauflanglauf /�l�ŋlaυf/ noun SPORT a Germannoun meaning cross-country skiinglangoustinelangoustine /�lɒn#u� |�sti�n/ noun SEA-FOOD a very large prawnlanguagelanguage /�l�ŋ#wd$/ noun the wordsspoken or written by people in a particularcountry � The guidebook to the museum iswritten in three languages: English, Germanand Japanese.language school

language school /�l�ŋ#wd$ sku�l/noun a school that offers courses in thenative language of a country for visitors fromabroad, or a course in foreign languages forpeople travelling abroadlaptop computerlaptop computer /�l�ptɒp kəm |�pju�tə/,laptop /�l�ptɒp/ noun a small computerwhich can be held on the knees when sitting� I take my laptop with me onto the plane sothat I can write my reports. � Each of thebusinessmen arrived with one bag and a lap-top.lardlard /lɑ�d/ noun FOOD pig fat used in cook-ing � You need lard to make the pastry for

Leisure.fm Page 174 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

175 launchpies. � verb CATERING to cover meat withbacon, lard or other fat before cooking in theovenlarder

larder /�lɑ�də/ noun CATERING a cool roomor cupboard for storing food � Old housesoften have big larders.larder chef

larder chef /�lɑ�də ʃef/ noun CATERINGthe chef in charge of cold dishes, salads andsalad sauces, sandwiches, and who cuts meatand fish ready for cooking in the kitchen.Also called chef garde-mangerlarder fridgelarder fridge /�lɑ�də frd$/ noun CATER-ING a fridge for keeping food in until neededlardy cake

lardy cake /�lɑ�di �kek/ noun BREAD,ETC. a type of cake, made with fat and driedfruit and covered with sticky sugarlarva

larva /�lɑ�və/ noun a stage in the develop-ment of an insect, after the egg has hatchedbut before the animal becomes adult (NOTE:The plural form is larvae.)larvallarval /�lɑ�v(ə)l/ adjective referring to lar-vaelasagne

lasagne /lə |�z�njə/, lasagna noun FOODflat sheets of pasta, arranged in layers in adish, often with meat, sauce and cheese, andbaked in the ovenlast call

last call /�lɑ�st �kɔ�l/ noun US same aslast orders (informal)last minutelast minute /�lɑ�st �mnt/ noun the latesttime that it is possible to do something andstill be in timelast-minute

last-minute /�lɑ�st �mnt/ adjective veryvery late � Tour operators are offering toursat half price or half-price tours to peoplemaking last-minute bookings.last orders

last orders /�lɑ�st �ɔ�dəz/ plural noun thefinal orders which a bar or restaurant willaccept before closing time � Last orders:10.30 pm.latelate /let/ adjective 1. after the usual orexpected time 2. at the end of a period oftime � latest date for purchase of APEXtickets the last acceptable date for buyingAPEX tickets, usually 21 days before thedate of departure 3. � the latest the mostrecent � He always drives the latest model ofcar. � Here are the latest figures for passen-gers carried. � The latest snow reports arepublished each day in the papers. � adverbafter the time stated or agreed � The trainarrived late, and we missed the connectionto Paris. � The plane was two hours late.late arrival

late arrival /�let ə|�rav(ə)l/ noun 1.TRAVEL the arrival of a plane or train after thescheduled time � We apologise for the latearrival of the 14.25 Intercity express fromEdinburgh. 2. HOTELS a guest who arrives at

a hotel after the time when they wereexpected or after the date for which they hadbooked � Most of the tour party arrived ontime, but there were two late arrivals whowere delayed in traffic.late availabilitylate availability /�let ə|�velə |�blti/noun AIR TRAVEL cheaper airline ticketswhich are available when booking close tothe time of departurelate bookinglate booking /�let �bυkŋ/ noun a book-ing made after the final date allowedlate cancellationlate cancellation /�let �k�nsə |�leʃ(ə)n/noun the cancellation of a booking madeafter the normal time limitlate checkoutlate checkout /�let �tʃekaυt/ nounHOTELS a checkout that takes place after thetime at which hotel guests are usuallyrequired to check outlatecomerlatecomer /�letk�mə/ noun somebodywho arrives after others or after theappointed timelate-nightlate-night /�let nat/ adjective happeninglate at night � He had a late-night meeting atthe airport. � There is a late-night bus whichleaves at 23.45.late-night openinglate-night opening /�let nat�əυp(ə)nŋ/ noun an extension of the timewhen a shop is open until late in the eveninglate-night shoppinglate-night shopping /�let nat �ʃɒpŋ/noun shopping in the late evening, withshops opening much later than usuallatitudelatitude /�l�ttju�d/ noun a position on theEarth’s surface measured in degrees north orsouth of the equator

COMMENT: Together with longitude, lati-tude is used to indicate an exact positionon the earth’s surface. Latitude is meas-ured in degrees, minutes and seconds.The centre of London is latitude 51°30’N,longitude 0°5’W. The lines of latitude arenumbered, and called ‘parallels’, andsome of them act as national boundaries:the 49th parallel marks most of the borderbetween the USA and Canada.

lattelatte /�l�te/ noun an espresso coffee withfrothy steamed milklaunchlaunch /lɔ�ntʃ/ verb 1. SHIPS AND BOATS toput a new boat into the water for the first time2. MARKETING to put a new product on themarket, usually spending money on advertis-ing it � The company is spending thousandsof pounds to launch a new travel service. �noun MARKETING the act of putting a newproduct on the market � The launch of thenew caravan model has been put back threemonths. � The company is geared up for thelaunch of the new package holiday. � Themanagement has decided on a Septemberlaunch date.

Leisure.fm Page 175 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

launder 176launderlaunder /�lɔ�ndə/ verb to wash clothes,sheets, etc. � He asked to have two shirtslaundered.launderettelaunderette /�lɔ�ndə|�ret/, laundromatUS /�lɔ�ndrəm�t/ noun a shop with coin-operated washing machines for public use �I take my washing to the launderette once aweek.launderinglaundering /�lɔ�ndərŋ/ noun the washingof clothes, sheets, etc. � A chute from the firstfloor will speed up the laundering process.laundresslaundress /lɔ�n|�dres/ noun a woman whowashes clothes, sheets, etc., for other peoplelaundrylaundry /�lɔ�ndri/ noun 1. a room or build-ing where clothes are washed � The hotel’ssheets and towels are sent to the laundryevery day. (NOTE: The plural form in thismeaning is laundries.) 2. clothes that needto be washed � Please put any laundry intothe bag provided and leave it at the desk onyour hotel floor. (NOTE: no plural)laundry baglaundry bag /�lɔ�ndri b�#/ noun HOTELSa special bag in a hotel room, into which youcan put dirty clothes to be taken to be washedlaundry listlaundry list /�lɔ�ndri lst/ noun HOTELS aprinted form provided with a laundry bag,giving a list of items of clothing which youmay want to have washedlaundry service

laundry service /�lɔ�ndri �s��vs/ nounHOTELS a service in a hotel which takes awaydirty clothing and returns it washed andironedlaundry stafflaundry staff /�lɔ�ndri stɑ�f/ noun thestaff who run the laundry servicelavatorylavatory /�l�vətri/ noun 1. a room with atoilet, usually with a flushing bowl for get-ting rid of waste matter from the body � Thelavatories are situated at the rear of theplane. � There is a gentlemen’s lavatory onthe ground floor. 2. a bowl with a seat and aflushing system, for getting rid of waste mat-ter from the body � The drink was so awfulthat I poured it down the lavatory.lavatory attendantlavatory attendant /�l�vətri ə|�tendənt/noun somebody who is on duty in a publiclavatorylavatory paperlavatory paper /�l�vətri �pepə/ nounsame as toilet paperlaverlaver, laver bread noun VEGETABLES sea-weed, used as a breakfast food in Waleslawlaw /lɔ�/ noun 1. one of the rules by which acountry is governed and the activities of peo-ple and organisations are controlled 2. �inside the law, within the law obeying thelaws of a country � against the law, outsidethe law not according to the laws of a coun-try � The company is operating outside the

law. � to break the law to do somethingwhich is not allowed by law � She is break-ing the law by selling goods on Sunday. �You will be breaking the law if you try to takethat computer out of the country without anexport licence. 3. a general rulelaws

laws /lɔ�z/ plural noun the rules by which acountry is governed and the activities of peo-ple and organisations controlledlay

lay /le/ verb to put something down on asurface (NOTE: laying – laid) � to lay thetable to get a table ready for guests byputting out cutlery, glasses, napkins, etc. �The table was laid for six people, so whenonly five guests arrived the waiter removedone of the settings.layby

layby /�leba/, lay-by noun ROAD TRAVEL aplace at the side of a road where vehicles canparklayover

layover /�leəυvə/ noun US TRAVEL sameas stopoverlazy Susan

lazy Susan /�lezi �su�z(ə)n/ noun CATER-ING a revolving tray, placed in the centre of adining table to hold condiments, extradishes, hors d’oeuvres, etc.lb

lb /paυndz/ abbreviation pound � It weighs26lb.L/C

L/C abbreviation FINANCE letter of creditlead time

lead time /�li�d tam/ noun BUSINESS thetime between placing an order and receivingthe goodsleaflet

leaflet /�li�flət/ noun MARKETING a sheet ofpaper giving information about something orused to advertise something � to mail leafletsor to hand out leaflets describing services �They sent a leaflet mailing to 20,000addresses.lean

lean /li�n/ adjective referring to meat withlittle fat � noun same as lean meatlean meat

lean meat /�li�n �mi�t/ noun MEAT meatwith very little fat � Animals are bred to pro-duce lean meat. � Venison is a very lean formof meat.lease

lease /li�s/ noun a written contract for let-ting or renting a building, or a piece of landor a piece of equipment for a period againstpayment of a fee � the lease expires or runsout in 1999 the lease comes to an end in1999 � on expiration of the lease when thelease comes to an end � verb 1. to let or renta building, a piece of land or a piece ofequipment for a period � to lease offices tosmall firms � to lease equipment 2. to use abuilding, a piece of land or a piece of equip-ment for a period and pay a fee � to leasehotel premises from an insurance company �All the airline’s aircraft are leased.

Leisure.fm Page 176 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

177 leisureleasehold

leasehold /�li�shəυld/ noun, adjective,adverb the right to live in or use property onthe basis of a lease � to buy a property lease-hold � The company has some valuableleaseholds.leaseholder

leaseholder /�li�shəυldə/ noun some-body who use or lives in property on thebasis of a leaseleasing

leasing /�li�sŋ/ noun 1. the letting or rent-ing a building, a piece of land or a piece ofequipment for a period � an aircraft leasingcompany 2. the use of a building, a piece ofland or a piece of equipment for a periodafter paying a fee � to run a copier under aleasing agreementleave

leave /li�v/ noun permission to be awayfrom work � six weeks’ annual leave sixweeks’ holiday each year � verb to go awayfrom a place � He left his hotel early to go tothe airport. � The next plane leaves at 10.20.(NOTE: leaving – left)leave out

leave out /�li�v �aυt/ verb not to include �She left out the date on the cheque. � Thebrochure leaves out all details of travellingarrangements from the airport to the hotel.lectern

lectern /�lekt��n/ noun a stand with a slop-ing surface on which you can put a book orpapers from which you are going to readaloud in public � The conference room isequipped with a lectern.lecture

lecture /�lektʃə/ noun a talk on a particularsubject given to people such as studentslecture tour

lecture tour /�lektʃə �tυə/ noun TOURISMa tour with lectures on the places or buildingsvisited and the paintings or other objectsseen � The museum has a programme of lec-ture tours on 20th-century art. � The groupwent on a lecture tour of sites in Greece.lee

lee /li�/ noun the sheltered side of a hill orship � They rested on the lee of the hill, so asto be out of the wind.leek

leek /li�k/ noun VEGETABLES a vegetablerelated to the onion, with a white stem andlong green leaves � a bowl of leek soupleeward

leeward /�li�wəd/ adjective, adverb SHIPSAND BOATS on or to the sheltered side of aship, i.e. not the side onto which the wind isblowing � We anchored to the leeward of theisland. � The boat tied up on the leewardside of the jetty. Compare windwardleft

left /left/ adjective opposite of right � Theflight destinations run down the left side ofthe page. � They put the subtotals in the leftcolumn, and the final figure is at the bottomof the right-hand column. � leave (NOTE: Onships and aircraft, the left side is called theport side.)

left-handleft-hand /�left �h�nd/ adjective belong-ing to the left side � The subtotals are in theleft-hand column of the bill. � He keeps thepersonnel files in the left-hand drawer of hisdesk.left luggage officeleft luggage office /�left �l�#d$ �ɒfs/noun TRAVEL a room at a railway station,coach station, ferry terminal or airport wheresuitcases, bags and parcels can be left. Alsocalled baggage room (NOTE: The US Eng-lish is baggage room.)leftoversleftovers /�leftəυvəz/ plural noun what isnot used, especially food which has not beeneaten � The children will eat the leftoverstomorrow morning.legleg /le#/ noun 1. one of the parts of the bodywith which a person or animal walks. � leg-room 2. a stage of a journey � The last leg ofthe trip goes from Paris to the final destina-tion, Amsterdam.legal currencylegal currency /�li�#(ə)l �k�rənsi/ nounFINANCE money which can be legally used ina countrylegal expenseslegal expenses /�li�#(ə)l k |�spensz/plural noun money spent on fees paid to law-yerslegal tenderlegal tender /�li�#(ə)l �tendə/ nounFINANCE coins or notes which can be legallyused to pay a debt � These notes are not legaltender any more.legionnaires’ diseaselegionnaires’ disease /�li�d$ə|�neəz d |

�zi�z/ noun MEDICAL a bacterial disease sim-ilar to pneumonia

COMMENT: The disease is thought to betransmitted in droplets of moisture in theair, and the bacterium is often found incentral air-conditioning systems. It can befatal to old or sick people, and so is espe-cially dangerous if present in a hospital.

leg of lambleg of lamb /�le# əv �l�m/ noun MEAT theleg of a sheep, considered as food � a slice ofroast leg of lamblegroomlegroom /�le#ru�m/, leg room, leg-roomnoun TRAVEL the amount of space availablefor the legs of a person sitting down, asbetween the rows of seats in a cinema or air-craft or inside a car � There’s not much leg-room in tourist class.

‘…virtually every airline’s Boeing 747 will seatpassengers ten abreast (3–4–3) with a tight 31–33inches of legroom’ [Business Traveller]

legumelegume /�le#ju�m/ noun VEGETABLES aseed, pod, or other part of a plant such as apea or bean, used as foodleisureleisure /�le$ə/ noun free time to do whatyou want � at your leisure when there is anopportunity, without hurrying

‘…when hiring a car in Europe for three days ormore, never overlook the so-called ‘holiday rate’

Leisure.fm Page 177 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

leisure centre 178in the belief that it is intended for leisure custom-ers only’ [Business Traveller]

leisure centre

leisure centre /�le$ə �sentə/ nounENTERTAINMENT a public building that pro-vides the space and equipment for recrea-tional activities such as sports, games andhobbiesleisure club

leisure club /�le$ə kl�b/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a club where hotel guests can useleisure facilities, usually without payment �The price includes the use of the hotel leisureclub.

‘…a leisure club, including a 14-metre pool, spapool, sauna, steam room, gym and sunbeds’[Evening Standard]

leisure complex

leisure complex /�le$ə �kɒmpleks/noun ENTERTAINMENT a series of buildingswith various leisure facilitiesleisure facilities

leisure facilities /�le$ə fə |�slətiz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT facilities for enjoyingyourself, e.g. a swimming pool, puttinggreen, or cinemaleisure industry

leisure industry /�le$ə �ndəstri/ nounall the companies that provide goods andservices used during people’s leisure time,such as holidays, cinema, theatre and amuse-ment parksleisurely

leisurely /�le$əli/ adjective without hurry-ing � The group toured the museum at a lei-surely pace. � We enjoyed a leisurely lunchbefore going round the Prado.leisure pursuits

leisure pursuits /�le$ə pə|�sju�ts/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT hobbies, things youdo during your free time, for relaxation orenjoymentleisure traveller

leisure traveller /�le$ə �tr�v(ə)lə/ nounTOURISM somebody who is going on holidayand is not travelling on businesslemon

lemon /�lemən/ noun FRUIT the yellow edi-ble fruit of an evergreen citrus tree, withsour-tasting flesh and juice � a gin and tonicwith a slice of lemon in it � She ordered alemon sorbet.lemonade

lemonade /�lemə|�ned/ noun BEVERAGES1. a drink made from fresh lemon juice,sugar and water 2. a ready-made fizzy drink,flavoured with lemon, also used to mix withbeer to make shandy � Can I have a glass oflemonade with ice, please?lemon curd

lemon curd /�lemən k��d/ noun FOOD apreserve made with eggs and lemons, used tospread on breadlemon grass

lemon grass /�lemən #rɑ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a green lemon-flavoured herb,used especially in Thai cookinglemon meringue pie

lemon meringue pie /�lemən mə|�r�ŋ�pa/ noun DESSERTS pastry filled with

lemon-flavoured filling, topped with softmeringuelemon sole

lemon sole /�lemən səυl/ noun SEAFOODa common flatfish used as foodlemon squashlemon squash /�lemən �skwɒʃ/ nounBEVERAGES a drink made of concentratedlemon juice and waterlemon-squeezer

lemon-squeezer /�lemən �skwi�zə/noun CATERING a device for pressing slicesof lemon, to make the juice run outlemon tealemon tea /�lemən ti�/ noun BEVERAGESblack tea, served in a glass with a slice oflemon and sugarlemon thymelemon thyme /�lemən tam/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a variety of thyme whichsmells of lemonlength

length /leŋθ/ noun a measurement of howlong something is from end to end � a stayof some length quite a long staylength of servicelength of service /�leŋθ əv �s��vs/noun BUSINESS the number of years some-one has worked for a companylength of stay

length of stay /�leŋθ əv �ste/ nounHOTELS the number of days a guest stays in ahotellentil

lentil /�lentl/ noun VEGETABLES the smallround dried yellow or green seed of a plant ofthe pea family, used as food, especially insoups and stews � a bowl of lentil soup �fried sea bass and lentilslet

let /let/ verb to allow someone to use ahouse or office in return for payment (NOTE:letting – let) � to let a cottage to allowsomeone to use a cottage for a period againstpayment of rent � holiday flats to let fur-nished flats which are available to be leasedby people on holiday � noun a period duringwhich somebody leases a property � Theytook the house on a short let.let-out clauselet-out clause /�let aυt �klɔ�z/ noun BUSI-NESS a section in a contract which allowssomeone to avoid doing something in thecontract � He added a let-out clause to theeffect that the payments would be revised ifthe exchange rate fell by more than 5%.letterletter /�letə/ noun 1. a piece of writing sentfrom one person to another to pass on infor-mation � circular letter a letter sent to manypeople 2. � to acknowledge receipt by let-ter to write a letter to say that something hasbeen received 3. a written or printed symbolrepresenting a language sound or part of asound, e.g. A, B, C � Write your name andaddress in block letters or in capital letters.letterbox

letterbox /�letəbɒks/ noun 1. same aspostbox � There’s a letterbox at the cornerof the street. 2. a hole in a front door through

Leisure.fm Page 178 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

179 liewhich the postman pushes letters � The Sun-day paper is too big to go through the letter-box.letterheadletterhead /�letəhed/ noun BUSINESS thename and address of a company printed atthe top of a piece of notepaperletter of acknowledgementletter of acknowledgement /�letər əvək |�nɒld$mənt/ noun a letter which saysthat something has been receivedletter of applicationletter of application /�letər əv �pl |

�keʃ(ə)n/ noun a letter in which someoneapplies for somethingletter of appointmentletter of appointment /�letər əv ə|

�pɔntmənt/ noun a letter in which someoneis appointed to a jobletter of complaintletter of complaint /�letər əv kəm |

�plent/ noun a letter in which someonecomplainsletter of creditletter of credit /�letə əv �kredt/ nounFINANCE a document issued by a bank onbehalf of a customer authorising payment toa supplier when the conditions specified inthe document are met. Abbr L/C � irrevoca-ble letter of credit a letter of credit whichcannot be cancelledletter of referenceletter of reference /�letər əv�ref(ə)rəns/ noun BUSINESS a letter in whicha former employer recommends someone fora new joblettingletting /�letŋ/ noun the business of leasingpropertyletting agencyletting agency /�letŋ �ed$ənsi/ noun anoffice which deals in property to letletting agentletting agent /�letŋ �ed$ənt/ noun anagent who is responsible for letting accom-modation to visitors, and receives a fee orcommission from the owners for this serviceletting bedroomsletting bedrooms /�letŋ �bedru�mz/plural noun bedrooms which are let, asopposed to private bedrooms where theowner and staff sleep � The pub has 20 en-suite letting bedrooms.

‘…the guest house has 3 letting bedrooms plusfour private bedrooms’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

lettucelettuce /�lets/ noun VEGETABLES a greensalad plant

COMMENT: The commonest varieties oflettuce in Europe have relatively softgreen leaves: round lettuces, and tall coslettuces (or Romaine) are the commonestin the United Kingdom. Lettuces are notalways green: Italian varieties, such aslollo rosso, have red leaves. In the UnitedStates, iceberg lettuces, with stiff crunchyleaves, are preferred.

levylevy /�levi/ noun money which is demandedand collected by the government (NOTE: Theplural form is levies.) � levies on luxuryitems taxes on luxury items � verb BUSINESS

to demand payment of a tax or an extra pay-ment, and to collect it � to levy a duty on theimport of luxury items � The government hasdecided to levy a tax on imported cars. � tolevy members for a new club house to askmembers of the club to pay for the newbuilding

‘…royalties have been levied at a rate of 12.5%of full production’ [Lloyd’s List]

liaison

liaison /li|�ez(ə)n/ noun a thickening agentused in soups and sauces, e.g. egg yolks orflourlibrary

library /�labrəri/ noun 1. a place wherebooks are stored to be read, borrowed or con-sulted 2. a collection of things such as booksor records � Passengers can use the ship’slibrary. � The hotel has an excellent libraryof romantic novels.licence

licence /�las(ə)ns/ noun an official docu-ment which allows someone to do some-thing. � off-licence, on licence (NOTE: TheUS spelling is license.)license

license /�las(ə)ns/ noun US same aslicence � verb to give someone official per-mission to do something � The store islicensed to sell beers, wines and spirits. �The club is licensed for music. � licensedhotel, licensed restaurant a hotel or restau-rant which has a licence to sell alcohollicensed premises

licensed premises /�las(ə)nst�premisz/ noun CATERING a shop, restau-rant or public house which has a licence tosell alcohollicensee

licensee /�las(ə)n |�si�/ noun BARS some-body who has a licence, especially a licenceto sell alcohollicense plate

license plate /�las(ə)ns plet/ noun US aplate on a car, with its number (NOTE: TheBritish English is number plate.)licensing

licensing /�las(ə)nsŋ/ noun referring tolicences � a licensing agreement � licensinglaws

COMMENT: In England and Scotland, pubsand bars can serve alcohol throughout theday, from 10.30 to 11 p.m., though not allare open as long as this; some only openfor the full day on Fridays and Saturdays.Hotels can serve drinks to residents at anytime. In the USA and Canada, local dis-tricts can vote to allow the sale of alcohol,and some vote to ban it altogether (theseare said to be ‘dry’).

licensing hours

licensing hours /�las(ə)nsŋ �aυəz/ plu-ral noun BARS the hours of the day whenalcohol can be soldlichee

lichee /la |�tʃi�/ noun FRUIT same as litchilie

lie /la/ verb to be in a position � The townlies at the end of the valley.

Leisure.fm Page 179 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

life assurance 180life assurancelife assurance /�laf ə|�ʃυərəns/ nounsame as life insurancelife beltlife belt, life buoy noun a ring which canfloat, used to throw to someone who hasfallen into water � They threw life belts to thepassengers from the sinking ferry. (NOTE:The US English is life preserver.)lifeboatlifeboat /�lafbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa boat used to rescue passengers from sink-ing shipslifeguardlifeguard /�laf#ɑ�d/ noun somebody whois on duty on a beach or at a swimming pool,and who rescues people who get into diffi-culty in the water � Lifeguards have raisedred flags to show that the sea is dangerous. �Two lifeguards came to rescue us.life insurancelife insurance /�laf n |�ʃυərəns/ nounFINANCE an insurance policy which pays asum of money when someone dieslife jacketlife jacket /�laf �d$�kt/ noun 1. SHIPSAND BOATS a jacket with blocks of lightmaterial which allows it to float, providedfor sailors and passengers on boats � Chil-dren must all wear life jackets on the river. 2.AIR TRAVEL a jacket which can be inflatedand will make the wearer float in water, pro-vided by airlines for each passenger �Instructions for donning the life jacket are inthe pocket in front of your seat. (NOTE: TheUS English is life preserver.)life preserverlife preserver /�laf pr |�z��və/ noun USsame as life belt, life jacketlife raftlife raft /�laf rɑ�ft/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa construction which can float, carried by aship, and used to carry passengers if the shipsinksliftlift /lft/ noun 1. a machine which takes peo-ple or goods from one floor to another in abuilding � He took the lift to the 27th floor. �The guests could not get to their rooms whenthe lift broke down. (NOTE: The US Englishis elevator.) 2. � to give someone a lift toallow a pedestrian to ride in your car or lorry� Do you want a lift? � Several peoplestopped to offer us lifts. � verb 1. to go away� The fog had lifted by lunchtime. 2. to takeaway, to remove � to lift trade barriers � Thegovernment has lifted the ban on importsfrom Japan. � The minister has lifted theembargo on the export of computers to EastEuropean countries.lift attendantlift attendant /�lft ə|�tendənt/ nounHOTELS somebody, usually a young man,who operates a liftlightlight /lat/ adjective not heavy � You needlight clothing for tropical countries. � Heonly has a light holdall with him. (NOTE:light – lighter – lightest) � noun 1. bright-

ness, the opposite of darkness � candlelightlight given out by a candle 2. an electric bulbwhich gives light � a bedside light � There isan overhead light in the bathroom. � adverb� to travel light to travel with very little lug-gage � If you’re hitching across Australia,it’s best to travel light.lighthouselighthouse /�lathaυs/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a tall building on a coast containing alight to guide shipslighting-up time

lighting-up time /�latŋ ��p tam/ nounthe time at which street lamps and car lightshave to be switched on � In the autumn,lighting-up time is earlier each day.light penlight pen /�lat pen/ noun a pen with a tipwhich is sensitive to light and can ‘read’lines or images and transfer them to a com-puter, used to read bar codes on productslightshiplightship /�latʃp/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa ship which carries a large light to guideships, acting as a floating lighthouselight show

light show /�lat ʃəυ/ noun a form ofentertainment in which coloured lights moveand flash in time with recorded musiclimelime /lam/ noun FRUIT a green citrus fruitsimilar to, but smaller than, a lemonlime juicelime juice /�lam d$u�s/ noun BEVERAGES1. the juice of a lime 2. a concentrated drinkwhich tastes of limelime picklelime pickle /�lam �pk(ə)l/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a very hot-tasting Indian condimentlime tealime tea /�lam �ti�/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made from the dried flowers of thelime treelimitlimit /�lmt/ noun the point at which some-thing ends, or where you can go no furtherlimolimo /�lməυ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same aslimousine (informal)limousinelimousine /lmə |�zi�n/ noun ROAD TRAVELa large luxurious car � limousine transfer tohotel the transfer of passengers from an air-port to their hotel in a limousine, providedfree by the hotel or airlinelimousine service

limousine service /�lmə|�zi�n �s��vs/noun HOTELS service to and from a hotel orairport by limousinelineline /lan/ noun 1. a long thin mark � paperwith thin blue lines � I prefer notepaperwithout any lines. � She drew a thick lineacross the bottom of the column to showwhich figure was the total. 2. a row of writtenor printed words 3. a wire along which tele-phone messages pass � the line is bad it isdifficult to hear clearly what someone is say-ing � the line is engaged the person isalready speaking on the phone � the chair-man is on the other line the chairman is

Leisure.fm Page 180 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

181 listingsspeaking on his or her second telephone 4.US a row of people or vehicles waiting onebehind the other (NOTE: The British Englishis queue.) � to stand in line to wait in a linewith other people 5. to put a lining in some-thinglined

lined /land/ adjective 1. with lines on it �a pad of A4 lined paper 2. � lined with trees,tree-lined with trees along both sides � thetree-lined avenues of Phnom Penhline management

line management /�lan �m�nd$mənt/noun BUSINESS the organisation of a busi-ness where each manager is responsible fordoing what their superior tells them to dolinen

linen /�lnn/ noun 1. a cloth made fromflax � He was wearing a linen jacket. 2. �(household) linen sheets, pillowcases,tablecloths, etc.linen cupboard

linen cupboard /�lnn �k�bəd/ noun acupboard for keeping linenlinen keeper

linen keeper /�lnn �ki�pə/ noun HOTELSsomebody who is in charge of the linen in ahotel, and makes sure it is clean and readyfor use when neededlinen room

linen room /�lnn ru�m/ noun HOTELS aroom where clean linen is keptliner

liner /�lanə/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS alarge passenger ship 2. CATERING a dish onwhich another dish is placed containing foodready for servinglining

lining /�lanŋ/ noun a layer of materialused to cover the inner surface of something,especially a piece of clothing � a jacket witha lining of silklink

link /lŋk/ noun something which connectstwo things or places � verb to join or toattach something to something else � to linkbonus payments to productivity � His salaryis linked to the cost of living. � All rooms arelinked to the main switchboard.linoleic acid

linoleic acid /�lnəυli�k ��sd/ nounCATERING one of the essential fatty acids,found in grains and seedsliqueur

liqueur /l |�kjυə, l|�k��/ noun BEVERAGES astrong sweet alcohol, made from fruit orherbs � a glass of raspberry liqueur

COMMENT: Liqueurs are served after ameal as a digestif. The most popular areBénédictine, Chartreuse, Cointreau,Drambuie, Grand Marnier, Kirschwasser,Sambucca, Tia Maria.

liqueur chocolate

liqueur chocolate /l|�kjυə �tʃɒklət/noun FOOD a small chocolate containing aliqueur filling � My favourite liqueur choco-lates are the ones with cherries in brandy.liqueur trolley

liqueur trolley /l |�kjυə �trɒli/ nounCATERING a trolley brought to the table at the

end of a meal, with liqueurs, brandy, cigars,etc.liquid

liquid /�lkwd/ noun a substance whichflows easily like water, and which is neithera gas nor a solid � adjective neither gas norsolid, flowing easily � In the desert you musttake plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration.liquid assets

liquid assets /�lkwd ��sets/ pluralnoun BUSINESS cash, or investments whichcan be quickly converted into cashliquidise

liquidise /�lkwdaz/, liquidize verbCATERING to reduce fruit or vegetables to liq-uid � Liquidise the oranges and carrots.liquidiser

liquidiser /�lkwdazə/, liquidizer nounCATERING a machine which liquidises � Putthe oranges and carrots in the liquidiser.liquidity

liquidity /l |�kwdti/ noun BUSINESS liquidassets, or the fact of having enough liquidassets to meet your needsliquidity crisis

liquidity crisis /l |�kwdti �krass/ nounBUSINESS a situation where somebody doesnot have enough liquid assetsliquor

liquor /�lkə/ noun 1. BARS alcohol 2.CATERING liquid produced in cookingliquor licence

liquor licence /�lkə �las(ə)ns/ nounCATERING a document given by the Magis-trates’ Court allowing someone to sell alco-holliquor store

liquor store /�lkə stɔ�/ noun US a shopwhich sells alcohol (NOTE: The British Eng-lish is off-licence.)list

list /lst/ noun 1. several items written oneafter the other � to add an item to a list � tocross an item off a list 2. a catalogue � verbto write several items one after the other � tolist products by category � to list representa-tives by area � The guidebook lists twenty-five cheap hotels in the Bournemouth area.listed building

listed building /�lstd �bldŋ/ noun abuilding which is considered importantbecause of its architecture or associations,and which cannot be demolished or alteredwithout the consent of the local authorityListeria

Listeria /l |�stəriə/ noun MEDICAL bacteriafound in some prepared foods and in domes-tic animals, which can cause infections suchas meningitis

COMMENT: Listeria can be present inready-prepared meals which arereheated; it also occurs in cooked meatsand ready-made salads. Listeria is killedby heating to at least 70°C.

listings

listings /�lstŋz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT apublished list of information about eventssuch as films, plays and concerts � Cinemalistings are found on the back page of thelocal paper.

Leisure.fm Page 181 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

list price 182list price

list price /�lst pras/ noun the price ofsomething as marked in a catalogue or list.Also called catalogue pricelitchi

litchi /la|�tʃi�/, lichee, lychee /�latʃi�/noun FRUIT a subtropical fruit from Chinawith a hard red skin and a soft white juicypulp surrounding a hard shiny brown seedliterature

literature /�lt(ə)rətʃə/ noun written infor-mation about something � Please send meliterature about your tours to Italy.litre

litre /�li�tə/ noun a unit of measurement forliquids, equal to 1000 millilitres (NOTE: Thisis usually written l after figures: 25l. The USspelling is liter.) � the car does fifteen kilo-metres to the litre or fifteen kilometres perlitre the car uses one litre of petrol to travelfifteen kilometreslitter

litter /�ltə/ noun rubbish on streets or inpublic places � The council tries to keep themain street clear of litter.litterbasket

litterbasket /�ltəbɑ�skt/ noun a specialbasket for rubbishlitterbin

litterbin /�ltəbn/ noun a special metalcontainer for rubbish � The men from thecouncil come to empty the litter bins everymorning.Little Gem

Little Gem /�lt(ə)l �d$em/ noun HOTELSthe highest award given by RAC inspectorsto guesthouseslive

live adjective /lav/ carrying an electric cur-rent � Do not touch the live wires. � verb/lv/ to have your home in a place � They livein the centre of Paris. � Where do you live?live in

live in /�lv �n/ verb to live in the buildingwhere you work � Most of the restaurantstaff live in.live-in

live-in /�lv n/ adjective living in the build-ing where they work � We have six live-instaff.live-in doctor

live-in doctor /�lv n �dɒktə/ noun MED-ICAL a doctor who lives in a hotel and isemployed by the hotel to treat guests whobecome illlively

lively /�lavli/ adjective very active � It’sthe liveliest nightspot in town.live off

live off /�lv ɒf/ verb to earn money from �The whole population of the village lives offtourism.liver

liver /�lvə/ noun 1. an organ in the bodywhich helps the digestion by producing bile2. MEAT an animal’s liver used as food �calf’s liver, lamb’s liver, ox liver, pig’s liverliver from a calf, a lamb, an ox or a pig

COMMENT: The traditional English way ofeating liver is fried with bacon and onions.

liver pâtéliver pâté /�lvə �p�te/ noun FOOD acooked paste made from livers of animals �chicken-liver pâtéliverylivery /�lvəri/ noun 1. special clothingworn by the employees of an organisation �Every employee has to wear the hotel’s dis-tinctive livery. 2. BUSINESS a special designused to show that something belongs to anorganisation � British Airways have changedthe livery of all their planes.livery cab

livery cab /�lvəri k�b/ noun US ROADTRAVEL a limousine-style cab, which is avail-able for telephone booking, as opposed tothe ordinary ‘yellow cabs’livingliving /�lvŋ/ noun money that you needfor things such as food and clothes � Heearns his living from selling postcards totourists.living roomliving room /�lvŋ ru�m/ noun a room ina house for general use � They were sitting inthe living room watching TV.living standardsliving standards /�lvŋ �st�ndədz/ plu-ral noun the quality of people’s home life,looking at factors such as the amount of foodor clothes that they buy and the size of thefamily carLloyd’s register

Lloyd’s register /�lɔdz �red$stə/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a classified list showingdetails of all the ships in the worldloadload /ləυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL goods whichare transported in a vehicle � load of a truckor of a container goods carried by a truck orcontainer � verb 1. � to load a truck or aship to put goods into a truck or a ship fortransporting � a truck loaded with boxes � aship loaded with iron 2. (of ship, aircraft) totake on cargo � The ferry will start loadingin 15 minutes.load-carrying capacityload-carrying capacity /�ləυd �k�riŋkə |�p�sti/ noun ROAD TRAVEL the amount ofgoods which a truck is capable of carryingload factorload factor /�ləυd �f�ktə/ noun TRAVELthe number of seats in a bus, a train or an air-craft which are occupied by passengers whohave paid the full fareloadingloading /�ləυdŋ/ noun the act of puttinggoods into a ship, aircraft or vehicleloading dockloading dock /�ləυdŋ dɒk/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS the part of a harbour where shipscan load or unloadloafloaf /ləυf/ noun BREAD, ETC. a large singlepiece of bread, which is cut into slices beforebeing eatenloanloan /ləυn/ noun money which has beenlent � bank loan money lent by a bank �short-term loan, long-term loan loanswhich have to be repaid within a few weeks

Leisure.fm Page 182 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

183 loinor some years � interest on a loan interestwhich the borrower has to pay on the moneyborrowed � verb to lend � The furniture hasbeen loaned by the museum.lobbylobby /�lɒbi/ noun the main entrance hall ofa hotel, large restaurant or theatrelobsterlobster /�lɒbstə/ noun SEAFOOD a shellfishwith a long body, two large claws, and eightlegs, used as food

COMMENT: Lobster can be served cold(with mayonnaise, as ‘lobster salad’), andin this case the customer is provided witha pick and a pair of crackers to break theshell. Lobster is also served hot without itsshell, for example as ‘lobster Newburg’ orcooked and served in its open shell as, forexample, ‘lobster Thermidor’.

lobster bisquelobster bisque /�lɒbstə �bi�sk/ nounFOOD a thick rich soup made with lobsterlobster chowderlobster chowder /�lɒbstə �tʃaυdə/ nounFOOD milk soup made with lobster � We hada bowl of lobster chowder.locallocal /�ləυk(ə)l/ adjective relating to aplace or district near where you are or whereyou live � noun BARS the nearest pub towhere someone lives (informal) � He took usall to his local for lunch.

‘…each cheque can be made out for the localequivalent of £100 rounded up to a convenientfigure’ [Sunday Times]‘EC regulations insist that customers can buycars anywhere in the EC at the local pre-tax price’[Financial Times]

local authoritylocal authority /�ləυk(ə)l ɔ� |�θɒrti/ nounan elected section of government which runsa small area of the country such as a town orcountylocal calllocal call /�ləυk(ə)l �kɔ�l/ noun a tele-phone call to a number in the same area asthe person making the calllocal labourlocal labour /�ləυk(ə)l �lebə/ noun BUSI-NESS workers recruited near a business, notbrought in from somewhere elselocallylocally /�ləυk(ə)li/ adverb in the area neara hotel, restaurant or office � We recruit allour restaurant staff locally.local timelocal time /�ləυk(ə)l �tam/ noun the timeof day in a particular area � It will be 1 a.m.local time when we land.locatelocate /ləυ |�ket/ verb � to be located to bein a particular place � The hotel is conven-iently located near the motorway. � cen-trally located located in the centre of a town� We are staying in a centrally located hotel.locationlocation /ləυ |�keʃ(ə)n/ noun a placewhere something is � The hotel is in a verycentral location.locklock /lɒk/ noun 1. a device for closing adoor or box so that it can be opened only

with a key � The lock is broken on the safe. �She left her room key in the lock. � I have for-gotten the combination of the lock on mybriefcase. � We changed the locks on thedoors after a set of keys were stolen. 2. SHIPSAND BOATS a section of a canal or river withbarriers which can be opened or closed tocontrol the flow of water, so allowing boatsto move up or down to different levels � verbto close something with a key, so that it can-not be opened � The manager forgot to lockthe door of the reception office. � The pettycash box was not locked.locker

locker /�lɒkə/ noun a small cupboard forpersonal belongings which you can closewith a key � Luggage lockers can be rentedat the airport. � You will need a 20p coin forthe lockers at the swimming pool.lock-inlock-in /�lɒk n/ noun BARS a session ofafter-hours drinking inside a publock-up garage

lock-up garage /�lɒk �p �#�rd$/ nounHOTELS a garage attached to a hotel, which islocked at nightlock-up premises

lock-up premises /�lɒk �p �premsz/noun BUSINESS a restaurant or shop whichhas no living accommodation and which theproprietor locks at night when it is closedlodgelodge /lɒd$/ noun 1. TOURISM a smallhouse in the country used for parties of hunt-ers or ramblers 2. a type of motel, especiallyone where buildings are made of wood, andare, or appear to be, simple and rustic � verbTOURISM to rent a room in a boarding houselodge hotellodge hotel /�lɒd$ həυ |�tel/ noun 1. alarge main hotel building in a park or sportscomplex 2. a hotel with rooms in separatewooden or rustic buildingslodgerlodger /�lɒd$ə/ noun somebody who rentsa room � She has taken in three lodgers forthe summer.lodging

lodging /�lɒd$ŋ/ noun accommodationlodgingslodgings /�lɒd$ŋz/ plural noun rentedrooms � Are you still looking for lodgings orhave you found somewhere to stay?loganberry

loganberry /�ləυ#ənb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT asoft red fruit, a cross between a blackberryand a raspberryloggialoggia /�lɒd$iə/ noun (in southern Europe)a covered gallery which is open on one sidelogo

logo /�ləυ#əυ/ noun BUSINESS a symbol,design or group of letters used by a companyas a distinctive mark on its products and inadvertising � The hotel group uses a smallpine tree as its logo.loin

loin /lɔn/ noun MEAT a cut of meat takenbetween the neck and the leg � We had roastloin of pork for dinner.

Leisure.fm Page 183 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

lollo rosso 184lollo rossolollo rosso /�lɒləυ �rɒsəυ/ VEGETABLES atype of lettuce with curly red-tipped leaveslonglong /lɒŋ/ adjective for a large period oftime � The hot season is very long. � in thelong term over a long period of timelong-distancelong-distance /�lɒŋ �dstəns/ adjectivetravelling or extending to a point that is farawaylong-distance calllong-distance call /�lɒŋ dstəns �kɔ�l/noun a telephone call to a number which isin a different zone or area. Also called trunkcalllong-distance flightlong-distance flight /�lɒŋ �dstəns�flat/ noun AIR TRAVEL a flight to a destina-tion which is a long way awaylong-distance footpathlong-distance footpath /�lɒŋ �dstəns�fυtpɑ�θ/ noun TOURISM a path laid out byan official organisation, which goes for avery long waylong-distance skiinglong-distance skiing /�lɒŋ �dstəns�ski�ŋ/ noun SPORT skiing for long dis-tances following marked tracks across coun-trylong-distance ski traillong-distance ski trail /�lɒŋ �dstəns�ski� �trel/ noun SPORT a marked path forskiers over a long distancelong drinklong drink /�lɒŋ drŋk/ noun BEVERAGES1. a drink with a lot of liquid, such as a drinkof spirits (gin, whisky, etc.) to which sodawater, tonic water, fruit juice, etc., is added2. a drink of beer, cider, shandy, diluted fruitjuice, etc.long-grain ricelong-grain rice /�lɒŋ #ren �ras/ nounFOOD rice with long grains used in savourydisheslong-haullong-haul /�lɒŋ �hɔ�l/ adjective relating totravel or transport over long distanceslong-haul flightlong-haul flight /�lɒŋ hɔ�l �flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL a long-distance flight, especiallyone between continentslong-haul marketlong-haul market /�lɒŋ hɔ�l �mɑ�kt/noun AIR TRAVEL the market for long-haulflights � The long-haul market is booming.long-haul visitorslong-haul visitors /�lɒŋ hɔ�l �vztəz/plural noun TOURISM visitors who comefrom other continentslonghouselonghouse /�lɒŋhaυs/ noun a communaldwelling place, especially on the island ofBorneolongitudelongitude /�lɒŋ#tju�d/ noun a positionon the Earth’s surface measured in degreeseast or west

COMMENT: Longitude is measured fromGreenwich (a town in England, just east ofLondon) and, together with latitude, isused to indicate an exact position on theearth’s surface. Longitude is measured indegrees, minutes and seconds. The cen-

tre of London is latitude 51°30’N, longitude0°5’W.

long leaselong lease /�lɒŋ �li�s/ noun a lease whichruns for fifty years or morelong-range weather forecastlong-range weather forecast /�lɒŋrend$ �weðə �fɔ�kɑ�st/ noun a forecastcovering a period of more than five daysaheadlong-standing customerlong-standing customer /lɒŋ�st�ndŋ �k�stəmə/ noun BUSINESS some-body who has been a customer for manyyearslong-staylong-stay /�lɒŋ ste/ adjective referring toa stay of weeks or monthslong-stay car parklong-stay car park /�lɒŋ ste �kɑ� �pɑ�k/noun TRAVEL a car park, especially at an air-port, for people who will leave their carsthere for several days or weekslong-stay guestlong-stay guest /�vztə/, long-stayvisitor noun HOTELS somebody who stays ina hotel for some weeks or months, ratherthan just a few dayslong-termlong-term /�lɒŋ �t��m/ adjective plannedto last for a long time � a long-term projectlike building a new tunnel through the Alpslong-term car parklong-term car park /�lɒŋ t��m �kɑ��pɑ�k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as long-stay car parklong weekendlong weekend /�lɒŋ wi�k|�end/ noun theperiod from Friday to Mondaylooloo /lu�/ noun a toilet (informal) � Where’sthe loo? � She’s gone to the loo. (NOTE: Thisis the term which is used most often in Brit-ain.)looseloose /lu�s/ adjective not packed or pack-aged together � to sell sth loose to sell e.g.biscuits, sweets, flour or sugar in small quan-tities which are separately weighed, not inpacketsloose changeloose change /�lu�s �tʃend$/ nounmoney in coinsloose tealoose tea /�lu�s �ti�/ noun BEVERAGES teawhich is not in teabagslorrylorry /�lɒri/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a large vehi-cle used to transport goods. Also calledtrucklorry driverlorry driver /�lɒri �dravə/ noun ROADTRAVEL somebody who drives a lorryloselose /lu�z/ verb 1. not to have somethingany more � to lose customers to have fewercustomers � Their service is so slow that theyhave been losing customers. 2. to have less �the pound has lost value the pound is worthless � to lose weight to become thinner �She spent a week at a health farm trying tolose weight. 3. to drop to a lower price � Thedollar lost two cents against the yen. 4. � to

Leisure.fm Page 184 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

185 luggage claimlose your way to get lost, to be unable to findthe way to where you were goingloss

loss /lɒs/ noun 1. not having somethingwhich you had before � She reported the lossof her passport to the police. 2. having lessmoney than before, not making a profit � thecompany suffered a loss the company didnot make a profit � at a loss making a loss,not making any profit � The company istrading at a loss. � He sold the shop at a loss.� to cut one’s losses to stop doing somethingwhich was losing moneylost

lost /lɒst/ adjective that cannot be found �to get lost to lose your way, to be unable tofind the way to where you were going � Theygot lost in the fog and mountain rescue teamshad to be sent out to find them.lost and found office

lost and found office /�lɒst ən �faυnd�ɒfs/ noun US same as lost propertyofficelost property

lost property /�lɒst �prɒpəti/ noun per-sonal belongings which have been lost bytheir ownerslost property office

lost property office /lɒst �prɒpəti�ɒfs/ noun an office which collects objectswhich people have left behind and keepsthem until the owners claim them. Alsocalled lost and found office (NOTE: TheUS English for this is lost and foundoffice.)lounge

lounge /laυnd$/ noun a comfortable roomin a hotel, cruise liner, etc.lounge bar

lounge bar /�laυnd$ bɑ�/ noun a bar in apub or hotel which is more comfortable thanthe public bar, and where the drinks may beslightly more expensive

‘British Airways is to open a £1.6 million loungeat Heathrow for arriving passengers. The lounge,which is claimed to be the first of its kind in theworld, will enable passengers to freshen up afteran overnight intercontinental flight with a showerwhile a valet irons their clothes’ [The Times]‘…business passengers departing Heathrow Ter-minal 3 with hand luggage only, can avoid thequeues and hurry straight through to the airline’snew airside lounge to check in’ [Business Trav-eller]

low

low /ləυ/ adjective small, not high � Lowoverhead costs keep the room price low. �We try to keep our wages bill low. � Byrestricting the choice of dishes, the restau-rant can keep its prices lower than those ofthe competition. � The pound is at a very lowrate of exchange against the dollar. � Ouraim is to buy at the lowest price possible.(NOTE: low – lower – lowest) � low sales asmall amount of money produced by sales �low volume of sales a small number of itemssold

low-alcohollow-alcohol /�ləυ ��lkəhɒl/ adjectiveBEVERAGES containing very little alcohol �I’m driving, so I’ll have a low-alcohol lager.low-alcohol beerlow-alcohol beer /�ləυ ��lkəhɒl �bə/noun BEVERAGES beer containing very littlealcohollow-callow-cal /�ləυ k�l/ adjective same as low-calorielow-calorielow-calorie /�ləυ �k�ləri/ adjective con-taining very few calories or fewer caloriesthan normal � She’s on a low-calorie diet.low-costlow-cost /�ləυ kɒst/ adjective cheap �low-cost accommodationlow-cost travellow-cost travel /�ləυ kɒst �tr�v(ə)l/noun TRAVEL cheap travellower berthlower berth /�ləυə �b��θ/ noun a bottombedlower decklower deck /�ləυə dek/ noun ROADTRAVEL the ground level section of a double-decker buslow-fatlow-fat /�ləυ �f�t/ adjective CATERING con-taining very little fat � Do you have any low-fat yoghurt?low-gradelow-grade /�ləυ #red/ adjective of notvery good qualitylow seasonlow season /�ləυ �si�z(ə)n/ noun TOURISMsame as off-season � Tour operators urgemore people to travel in the low season. �Air fares are cheaper in the low season.loyal toastloyal toast /�lɔəl �təυst/ noun a toast tothe Queen, at the end of a banquet

COMMENT: The loyal toast is drunk beforecoffee is served, and after it, guests areallowed to smoke. The loyal toast comesbefore speeches and other toasts. Duringthe time when toasts are being called andspeeches made, waiters make sure thatguests’ glasses are filled.

LRVLRV abbreviation AIR TRAVEL light refresh-ment voucherlugeluge /lu�$/ noun SPORT a sledge for down-hill competition racing, on which two ormore people lie on their backs, with their feetgoing firstluggageluggage /�l�#d$/ noun TRAVEL suitcasesor bags for carrying clothes when travelling(NOTE: There is no plural form: to show onesuitcase, etc., you can say a piece of lug-gage. Note also that US English uses bag-gage more often than luggage.)luggage allowanceluggage allowance /�l�#d$ ə |�laυəns/noun AIR TRAVEL the weight of luggagewhich an air passenger is allowed to take freewhen they travel. Also called free luggageallowanceluggage claimluggage claim /�l�#d$ klem/ nounTRAVEL a place in an airport where luggagecomes off the plane onto a carousel to be

Leisure.fm Page 185 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

luggage lift 186claimed by the passengers. Also called bag-gage claimluggage liftluggage lift /�l�#d$ lft/ noun HOTELS aspecial lift for taking guests’ luggage up todifferent floors of a hotel. Also called bag-gage liftluggage lockersluggage lockers /�l�#d$ �lɒkəz/ pluralnoun TRAVEL series of small cupboards ine.g. an airport or railway station where pas-sengers can leave luggage locked awaysafelyluggage rackluggage rack /�l�#d$ r�k/ noun RAILTRAVEL a device above the seats in a train forholding luggage. Also called baggage rackluggage reclaimluggage reclaim /�l�#d$ �ri�klem/noun TRAVEL same as luggage claimluggage standluggage stand /�l�#d$ st�nd/ nounHOTELS a special low bench for holding lug-gage in a hotel room. Also called baggagestandluggage trolleyluggage trolley /�l�#d$ �trɒli/ nounTRAVEL a trolley at an airport, railway station,ferry terminal, etc. on which passengers canput their luggage. Also called baggage trol-ley, baggage cartlukewarmlukewarm /�lu�k |�wɔ�m/ adjective slightlywarm, not hot enough � The bathwater isonly lukewarm. � We sent back the coffeebecause it was lukewarm.lunchlunch /l�ntʃ/ noun CATERING a meal eatenin the middle of the day � The hours of workare from 9.30 to 5.30 with an hour off forlunch. � The chairman is out at lunch. � Therestaurant serves 150 lunches a day. � Takeyour seats for the first sitting for lunch.luncheonluncheon /�l�ntʃən/ noun same as lunch(formal) � Luncheon is served in the smalldining room from 12.30 to 2 p.m. (NOTE: Theword luncheon is usually used in formalmenus.)luncheon clubluncheon club /�l�ntʃən kl�b/ noun agroup of people who meet regularly to eat

lunch together and listen to someone make aspeech after the mealluncheon meatluncheon meat /�l�ntʃən mi�t/ nounMEAT a tinned meat loaf containing mostlyminced porkluncheon voucher

luncheon voucher /�l�nʃtən �vaυtʃə/noun CATERING a ticket given by anemployer to an employee in addition to theirwages, which can be exchanged for food in arestaurantlunch hour

lunch hour /�l�ntʃ aυə/, lunchtime/�l�ntʃtam/ noun the time when peoplehave lunch � a series of lunchtime concertsin the public gardens � The office is closedduring the lunch hour or at lunchtimes.luscious

luscious /�l�ʃəs/ adjective sweet and juicyluxuriousluxurious /l�# |�zjυəriəs/ adjective verycomfortable � The guest rooms have beenrefurnished with luxurious carpets and fit-tings. � Business class is not as luxurious asfirst class.luxury

luxury /�l�kʃəri/ noun an expensive thingwhich is not necessary but which is good tohave � a black market in luxury articlesluxury goods

luxury goods /�l�kʃəri #υdz/ pluralnoun expensive items which are not basicnecessitiesluxury hotel

luxury hotel /�l�kʃəri həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a very good hotel, with luxuriousrooms and higher pricesluxury rating

luxury rating /�l�kʃəri �retŋ/ nounHOTELS a rating system which grades hotelsaccording to their comfortluxury suite

luxury suite /�l�kʃəri �swi�t/ nounHOTELS a series of extremely comfortablerooms in a hotel, apartment block or on ashiplychee

lychee /�latʃi�/ noun FRUIT same as litchilyophiliselyophilise /la|�ɒflaz/ verb CATERING tofreeze-dry, a method of preserving food byfreezing it rapidly and drying in a vacuum

Leisure.fm Page 186 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Mmm abbreviation metre or mile or millionmacaronimacaroni /�m�kə|�rəυni/ noun FOOD shortthick tubes of pasta, often served with acheese saucemacaroonmacaroon /�m�kə |�ru�n/ noun BREAD,ETC. a small sweet almond biscuitmacchiatomacchiato /�m�ki |�ɑ�təυ/ noun BEVER-AGES a drink of espresso coffee with a smallamount of steamed milk on topmackerelmackerel /�m�krəl/ noun SEAFOOD a seafish with dark flesh, eaten grilled or smokedand also used for canning � We had smokedmackerel as a starter.macrobioticmacrobiotic /�m�krəυba |�ɒtk/ adjec-tive referring to a vegan diet of seeds, grains,and organically grown fruit and vegetables,said to prolong life and balance the body’ssystemsmad cow diseasemad cow disease /m�d �kaυ d |�zi�z/noun same as bovine spongiform enceph-alopathymade to measuremade to measure /�med tə �me$ə/adjective made specially to fit � He has hisclothes made to measure.madrasmadras /mə|�drɑ�s/ noun FOOD a fairly hotcurried dish made with meat, spices, chillies,and lentilsmaggotmaggot /�m�#ət/ noun the soft-bodied,legless larva of a fly, such as a bluebottle,warble fly or fruit fly � The meat was cov-ered in maggots.maidmaid /med/ noun 1. a girl or woman whohelps in the house, especially doing cleaningand serving at meals � The maid forgot tochange the towels. 2. HOTELS same as cham-bermaid � The chalet has a daily maid to dothe cleaning.maiden flightmaiden flight /�med(ə)n �flat/, maidenvoyage /�med(ə)n �vɔd$/ noun TRAVELthe first flight by an aircraft or first voyageby a ship � The ‘Titanic’ sank on her maidenvoyage across the Atlantic in 1912.maiden namemaiden name /�med(ə)n nem/ nounthe surname of a woman before she marriedmailmail /mel/ noun 1. a system of sending let-ters and parcels from one place to another �

to put a letter in the mail � The cheque waslost in the mail. � The invoice was put in themail yesterday. � Mail to some of the islandsin the Pacific can take six weeks. Also calledpost � by mail using the postal services, notsending something by hand or by messenger� by sea mail sent by post abroad, using aship � we sent the order by first-class mailby the most expensive mail service, designedto be faster 2. letters sent or received � Hasthe mail arrived yet? � Your cheque arrivedin yesterday’s mail. � My assistant opens mymail as soon as it arrives. � The receipt wasin this morning’s mail. � verb to send some-thing by post � to mail a letter confirming thebooking � We mailed our confirmation lastWednesday.mailbox

mailbox /�melbɒks/ noun 1. one of sev-eral boxes where incoming mail is put in alarge building, or a box for putting letters andpackages in which you want to post 2. anaddress where e-mail messages are receivedmailing list

mailing list /�melŋ lst/ noun same asaddress listmail rack

mail rack /�mel r�k/ noun HOTELS a rackwhere letters for guests or occupants are putmain

main /men/ adjective most important �main post office � main dining room � mainlounge � main barmain course

main course /�men kɔ�s/, main dishnoun CATERING the largest and most impor-tant part of a mealmain deck

main deck /�men �dek/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS the deck with the most importantfacilities, such as the restaurant and barsmain door

main door, main entrance noun HOTELSthe most important door or entrance to ahotelmain office

main office /�men �ɒfs/ noun same ashead officemain post office

main post office /�men �pəυst �ɒfs/noun a large post office in a big town, whichhandles all the services available throughpost offices. Also called central post officemain road

main road /men �rəυd/, main thorough-fare noun ROAD TRAVEL an important road,

Leisure.fm Page 187 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

mainstream tourism 188used by a lot of traffic � The hotel is noisy asit stands at the crossing of two main roads.mainstream tourism

mainstream tourism /�menstri�m�tυərz(ə)m/ noun tourism to well-estab-lished holiday destinations using ordinarymeans of transport and not requiring specialarrangementsMain Street

Main Street /�men stri�t/ noun US themost important street in a town, where theshops and banks are (NOTE: In British Eng-lish, this is High Street.)maintain

maintain /men |�ten/ verb 1. to keepsomething in good working order � to main-tain good relations with one’s customers � tomaintain contact with a courier overseas byphone 2. to make something stay the same �The restaurant has maintained the same vol-ume of business in spite of the recession.maintenance

maintenance /�mentənəns/ noun 1.actions intended to keep things going orworking � maintenance of contacts � main-tenance of supplies 2. the work of keeping amachine in good working ordermaintenance contract

maintenance contract /�mentənəns�kɒntr�kt/ noun BUSINESS a contract bywhich a company keeps a piece of equip-ment in good working order � We offer a fullmaintenance service. Also called servicecontractmaintenance staff

maintenance staff /�mentənəns stɑ�f/noun people employed to keep something ingood working conditionmaître d’hôtel

maître d’hôtel /�metrədəυ |�tel/, maîtred’ US /metrə|�di�/ noun CATERING the per-son in charge of a restaurant, who is respon-sible for all the service and takes orders him-self from customers � The maître d’hôtelshowed us to our table. Also called headwaitermaître d’hôtel de carré

maître d’hôtel de carré /�metrə dəυ |

�tel d� �k�re/ noun CATERING a chief waiterwho is in charge of a station, and takes theorders from customers. Also called stationhead waitermaize

maize /mez/ noun FOOD a widely growncereal crop. Also called corn (NOTE: The USEnglish is corn.)

COMMENT: In Europe only a small propor-tion of the crop is sold for human con-sumption as ‘corn on the cob’. Maize is theonly grain crop which was introduced fromthe New World into the Old World, and itowes its name of Indian corn to the factthat it was cultivated by American Indiansbefore the arrival of European settlers. It isthe principal crop grown in the UnitedStates; in Mexico it is the principal food ofthe people, being coarsely ground intoflour from which tortillas are made.

make

make /mek/ verb 1. to prepare or to do �to make the beds to tidy the beds after theyhave been slept in 2. � to make a call to usethe telephone � to make a deposit to paymoney as a deposit � to make a payment topaymake upmake up /�mek ��p/ verb � to make up aroom to prepare a room in a hotel for thenext guest, by cleaning it, putting cleansheets and pillowcases on the bed andputting fresh towels, shampoo and soap inthe bathroom � to make up the beds to putclean sheets and pillowcases on bedsmakeup

makeup /�mek�p/ noun cosmetic prod-ucts, e.g. lipstick, foundation and eyeshadow, used on the facemalaria

malaria /mə|�leəriə/ noun MEDICAL amainly tropical disease caused by a parasitewhich enters the body after a bite from thefemale anopheles mosquito � Some peoplegoing on holiday to African countries comeback with malaria.

COMMENT: Malaria is a recurrent diseasewhich produces regular periods of shiver-ing, vomiting, sweating and headaches asthe parasites develop in the body; thepatient also develops anaemia. Malariacan be treated with Chloroquine, althoughsome types of malaria are resistant to thedrug. Such cases are treated with quinine.Prevention of malaria is not 100% certain,but travellers to Africa, the Middle East,India, the Far East and Central and SouthAmerica should take a course of drugsbefore, during and after their trip.

malarious

malarious /mə |�leəriəs/ adjective MEDICALreferring to a region where malaria isendemicmall

mall /mɔ�l/ noun US same as shoppingmallmalt

malt /mɔ�lt/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a grainwhich has been prepared for making beer orwhisky by being allowed to sprout and thendried 2. US same as malted milkmaltedmalted /�mɔ�ltd/ adjective tasting of maltmalted milk

malted milk /�mɔ�ltd �mlk/ noun BEV-ERAGES 1. dried milk powder, flavoured withmalt 2. a drink made by adding fresh milk tothis powdermalt whiskymalt whisky /�mɔ�lt �wski/ noun BEVER-AGES a whisky made from barley which hasbeen allowed to sprout and then driedmanagemanage /�m�nd$/ verb 1. to direct, to bein charge of � She manages a restaurant. �He manages one of our hotel chains. 2. � tomanage property to look after rented prop-erty for the owner 3. � to manage to to beable to do something � Did you manage tocatch the train? � She managed to confirm

Leisure.fm Page 188 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

189 mapsix flight bookings and take three phone callsall in two minutes.management

management /�m�nd$mənt/ noun 1.BUSINESS the work of being in charge of abusiness � to study management � goodmanagement or efficient management � badmanagement or inefficient management � amanagement graduate or a graduate in man-agement 2. a group of managers or directors� The management has decided to give anoverall pay increase.management accountant

management accountant/�m�nd$mənt ə |�kaυntənt/ noun BUSI-NESS an accountant who prepares financialinformation for managers so that they cantake decisionsmanagement accounts

management accounts/�m�nd$mənt ə |�kaυnts/ plural noun BUSI-NESS financial information such as sales,expenditure, credit, and profitability, pre-pared for a manager so that he or she can takedecisionsmanagement committee

management committee/�m�nd$mənt kə |�mti/ noun a committeewhich manages a club, block of flats, pen-sion fund, etc.management consultant

management consultant/�m�nd$mənt kən |�s�ltənt/ noun BUSI-NESS somebody who gives advice on how tomanage a businessmanagement contract

management contract /�m�nd$mənt�kɒntr�kt/ noun HOTELS a contract with aperson or group of people to run a hotel, res-taurant, etc., for a fee which is fixed inadvance for a particular period of timemanagement course

management course /�m�nd$məntkɔ�s/ noun BUSINESS a training course formanagersmanagement team

management team /�m�nd$məntti�m/ noun BUSINESS a group of managersworking togethermanagement techniques

management techniques/�m�nd$mənt tek |�ni�ks/ plural noun BUSI-NESS ways of managing a businessmanagement trainee

management trainee /�m�nd$mənttre |�ni�/ noun BUSINESS somebody beingtrained to be a managermanagement training

management training /�m�nd$mənt�trenŋ/ noun BUSINESS training for staffwho want to be managers which makes themstudy problems and work out ways of solv-ing themmanager

manager /�m�nd$ə/ noun 1. the head ofa department in a company � personnel man-ager � sales manager � purchasing manager2. somebody in charge of a hotel, inn, branchor shop � Mr Smith is the manager of our

local pub. � The manager of our New Yorkhotel is in London for a series of meetings.manageressmanageress /�m�nd$ə|�res/ noun awoman in charge of a shop or departmentmanagerialmanagerial /�m�nə|�d$əriəl/ adjectivereferring to managers � managerial staff � tobe appointed to a managerial position tobe appointed a managermanaging directormanaging director /�m�nəd$ŋ da |

�rektə/ noun BUSINESS a director who is incharge of the whole companymandatory meetingmandatory meeting /�m�ndət(ə)ri�mi�tŋ/ noun a meeting which everyone hasto attendmandolinmandolin /�m�ndə|�ln/ noun CATERING akitchen tool for slicing vegetables, consist-ing of adjustable blades in a framemangetoutmangetout /�mɒn$tu�/ noun VEGETABLESa variety of pea in which the whole pod iseatenmangomango /�m�ŋ#əυ/ noun FRUIT a tropicalfruit, which is large, yellow or yellowish-green with a soft orange pulp surroundingthe very large flat seedmango chutneymango chutney /�m�ŋ#əυ �tʃ�tni/noun SAUCES, ETC. a spicy chutney madefrom mangoes, eaten with Indian dishes �They served mango chutney with the curry.mangosteenmangosteen /�m�n#əsti�n/ noun FRUITa fruit that has a dark shiny rind and a softsweet white fleshManhattanManhattan /m�n |�h�t(ə)n/ noun BEVER-AGES a cocktail of rye whisky, Italian ver-mouth and angostura bittersmanifestmanifest /�m�nfest/ noun TRAVEL a listof goods, cargo, or passengersmanpowermanpower /�m�npaυə/ noun the workersemployed in a business or industry or whoare available to be employed � manpowershortage, shortage of manpower lack ofworkersmanpower planningmanpower planning /�m�npaυə�pl�nŋ/ noun planning to obtain the rightnumber of employees in each jobmanpower requirementsmanpower requirements /�m�npaυər|�kwaəmənts/ plural noun the number ofemployees neededmanufacturer’s recommended pricemanufacturer’s recommendedprice /�m�njυf�ktʃərəz �rekəmendd�pras/ noun BUSINESS the price which amanufacturer suggests the product should besold at on the retail market, though it is oftenreduced by the retailer. Abbr MRP. Alsocalled recommended retail pricemapmap /m�p/ noun a diagram of a town orcountry as if seen from above � The hotel hasmaps of the centre of the town. � Do you

Leisure.fm Page 189 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

MAP 190have any maps of the region? � I’ll draw youa map of the town, otherwise you can easilyget lost.MAP

MAP abbreviation HOTELS modified Amer-ican Planmaple syrup

maple syrup /�mep(ə)l �srəp/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a sweet syrup made from thesap of the sugar maple treemaraschino

maraschino /�m�rə |�ʃi�nəυ/ noun FOOD acherry preserved in liqueur, used to decoratea drink or cakemarble

marble /�mɑ�b(ə)l/ noun a very hard typeof stone which can be polished so that itshines � The entrance hall has a marblefloor.Mardi Gras

Mardi Gras /�mɑ�di �#rɑ�/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a festival at the beginning of Lentcelebrated in many Catholic countries withelaborate festivals. Also called ShroveTuesdaymargarine

margarine /�mɑ�d$ə|�ri�n/ noun FOOD amixture of animal or vegetable fat which isused instead of buttermarge

marge /mɑ�d$/ noun FOOD same as mar-garine (informal )margin

margin /�mɑ�d$n/ noun BUSINESS the dif-ference between the money received whenselling a product and the money paid for itmarginal pricing

marginal pricing /�mɑ�d$n(ə)l�prasŋ/ noun BUSINESS basing the sellingprice of a product on its variable costs of pro-duction plus a margin, but excluding fixedcostsmarina

marina /mə|�ri�nə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa harbour with floating jetties where a largenumber of pleasure boats can be tied up �Her yacht was moored in the marina.marinade

marinade /�m�rned/ noun SAUCES, ETC.a mixture of wine and herbs in which meat orfish is soaked before cooking � verb CATER-ING to soak meat or fish in a mixture of wineand herbs � Marinade the meat for twelvehours before cooking.marinate

marinate /�m�rnet/ verb CATERINGsame as marinademarinated

marinated /�m�rntetd/ adjectiveCATERING soaked in a mixture of wine andherbs before being cooked � Anchovies arenot cured but are marinated in-house.marine park

marine park /mə |�ri�n pɑ�k/ noun TOUR-ISM a natural park created on the bottom ofthe sea, as on a tropical reef, where visitorsgo into observation chambers under the seato look at the fish and plant lifemarital

marital /�m�rt(ə)l/ adjective referring tomarriage

marital status

marital status /�m�rt(ə)l �stetəs/ nounthe state of being married, single, divorced,widowed or separatedmaritime

maritime /�m�rtam/ adjective referringto the sea and shipsmaritime law

maritime law /�m�rtam �lɔ�/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS laws referring to ships,ports and conduct at seamarjoram

marjoram /�mɑ�d$ərəm/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a herb used in Mediterranean cooking,especially pizzasmark

mark /mɑ�k/ noun a sign put on an item toshow something � verb to make a mark orwrite on something � to mark a product ‘forexport only’ � an article marked at £1.50 �to mark the price on somethingmark down

mark down /�mɑ�k �daυn/ verb to reducethe price of something � The holiday pack-age has been marked down to £224. � Wehave marked all prices down by 30% for thesale. � to mark down a price to reduce theprice of something � The holiday packagehas been marked down to £224. � We havemarked all prices down by 30% for the sale.mark-down

mark-down /�mɑ�k daυn/ noun 1. areduction of the price of something 2. a per-centage amount by which a price is lowered� We have used a 30% mark-down to fix thesale price.market

market /�mɑ�kt/ noun 1. a place, often inthe open air, where farm produce is sold �fish market � flower market � open-air mar-ket � antiques market a series of shops orstalls under one roof where antiques are sold2. BUSINESS demand for or possible sales ofa particular type of product � The market forfly-drive holidays has risen sharply. � Wehave 20% of the British caravan market. �There is no market for expensive packagetours in November. 3. � the black market asystem of buying and selling goods in a waywhich is not allowed by law, as in a time ofrationing � There is a flourishing black mar-ket in spare parts for cars. � to pay black-market prices to pay high prices to get itemswhich are not easily available 4. � up mar-ket, down market more expensive or lessexpensive � to go up market, to go downmarket to make products which appeal to awealthy section of the market or to a wider,less wealthy, section of the market � verb tosell something � This product is being mar-keted in all European countries.market day

market day /�mɑ�kt de/ noun a daywhen a market is regularly held � Tuesday ismarket day, so the streets are closed to traf-fic.

Leisure.fm Page 190 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

191 mashed potatoesmarket dues

market dues /�mɑ�kt �dju�z/ pluralnoun rent for a stall in a marketmarket forces

market forces /�mɑ�kt �fɔ�sz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS influences on the sales of aproductmarketingmarketing /�mɑ�ktŋ/ noun techniquesused in selling a product, e.g. packaging andadvertisingmarketing department

marketing department /�mɑ�ktŋ d|

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS the departmentin a company which specialises in ways ofselling a productmarketing manager

marketing manager /�mɑ�ktŋ�m�nd$ə/ noun MARKETING somebody incharge of a marketing departmentmarketing mix

marketing mix /�mɑ�ktŋ mks/ nounMARKETING a combination of elements thatmake up marketing, e.g. price, distributionand advertisingmarket leader

market leader /�mɑ�kt �li�də/ nounBUSINESS the company with the largest mar-ket share � We are the market leader in self-catering packages to Spain.market opportunities

market opportunities /�mɑ�kt ɒpə|

�tju�ntiz/ plural noun BUSINESS the possi-bility of finding new sales in a marketmarket penetration

market penetration /�mɑ�kt �pen |

�treʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS same as marketsharemarket price

market price /�mɑ�kt pras/ noun BUSI-NESS the price at which a product can be soldmarket research

market research /�mɑ�kt r|�s��tʃ/ nounBUSINESS the work of examining the possiblesales of a product before it is put on the mar-ketmarket segment

market segment /�mɑ�kt �se#mənt/noun a section of a market defined by partic-ular criteriamarket share

market share /�mɑ�kt �ʃeə/ noun BUSI-NESS the percentage of a total market whichthe sales of a company cover � We hope ournew product range will increase our marketshare. Also called market penetrationmarket square

market square /�mɑ�kt �skweə/ noun asquare where a market is held � The hotel isin the square opposite the town hall.market survey

market survey /�mɑ�kt �s��ve/ nounMARKETING a general report on the state of amarketmarket town

market town /�mɑ�kt taυn/ noun TOUR-ISM a town which has a regular marketmarket trend

market trend /�mɑ�kt �trend/ pluralnoun MARKETING gradual changes takingplace in a marketmark upmark up /�mɑ�k ��p/ verb to increase theprice of something � to mark a price up to

increase a price � These prices have beenmarked up by 10%.mark-upmark-up /�mɑ�k �p/ noun 1. an increase inthe price of something � We put into effect a10% mark-up of all prices in June. 2. BUSI-NESS an amount added to the cost price togive the selling price � we work to a 3.5times mark-up or to a 350% mark-up wetake the unit cost and multiply by 3.5 to givethe selling pricemarmalademarmalade /�mɑ�məled/ noun SAUCES,ETC. jam made of oranges, or other citrusfruit such as lemon or grapefruit � Sevilleorange marmalade marmalade made withbitter oranges

COMMENT: Marmalade is eaten with toastat breakfast, and not at any other time ofday.

marqueemarquee /mɑ� |�ki�/ noun ENTERTAINMENTa very large tent, used for wedding recep-tions, prize-givings, etc. � The weddingreception was held in a marquee in the gar-den.marquisemarquise /mɑ� |�ki�z/ noun 1. a coldFrench dessert consisting of whipped creamfolded into fruit-flavoured ice 2. a Frenchdessert consisting of either a rich chocolatemousse or a spongy chocolate cake, or acombination of chocolate mousse and cakemarrowmarrow /�m�rəυ/ noun VEGETABLES alarge green cylindrical vegetable withspongy white flesh from a plant of the melonfamily (NOTE: Usually marrows are pickedwhen very small; at this stage they arecalled courgettes or zucchini.)marsalamarsala /mɑ� |�sɑ�lə/ noun BEVERAGES asweet Italian winemarshmallowmarshmallow /mɑ�ʃ |�m�ləυ/ noun FOODa soft spongy sweet made from sugar syrup,egg whites, and flavouringmartinimartini /mɑ�|�ti�ni/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made of gin or vodka and dry or sweetvermouthmarzipanmarzipan /�mɑ�zp�n/ noun FOOD a pastemade from ground almonds, sugar and egg,used to cover a fruit cake before icing or tomake individual little sweetsmasalamasala /mə|�sɑ�lə/ noun FOOD a mixture ofspices ground into a paste, used to flavourSouth Asian dishes, or a dish flavoured withthis kind of a pastemashmash /m�ʃ/ noun FOOD mashed potatoes(informal ) � a plate of sausage and mash orbangers and mash � verb CATERING to crushfood to a soft pastemashed potatoesmashed potatoes /�m�ʃt pə |�tetəυz/plural noun FOOD potatoes which have beenpeeled, boiled and then crushed with butter

Leisure.fm Page 191 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

mass 192and milk until they form a soft cream. Alsocalled creamed potatoesmassmass /m�s/ noun 1. a large group of peo-ple 2. a large number or quantity of things �We have a mass of letters or masses of lettersto write. � They received a mass of inquiriesor masses of inquiries after the TV commer-cials.massagemassage /�m�sɑ�$/ ENTERTAINMENTnoun an act of rubbing the body to relievepain or to improve circulation � She went tothe sauna for a massage and a bath. � verbto rub someone’s body to relieve pain or toimprove circulationmasseurmasseur /m� |�s��/ noun a man who mas-sages � The health club employs a qualifiedmasseur. � A session with the masseur leavesyou feeling really fit.masseusemasseuse /m�|�s��z/ noun a woman whomassagesmass leisuremass leisure /�m�s �le$ə/ noun the eve-ryday leisure pursuits of the majority of apopulationmass marketingmass marketing /�m�s �mɑ�ktŋ/ nounMARKETING marketing which aims at reach-ing large numbers of peoplemass mediamass media /�m�s �mi�diə/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT the various means of communicat-ing information to the public, e.g. television,radio and newspapers, considered togethermass tourismmass tourism /�m�s �tυərz(ə)m/ nounTOURISM tourism involving large numbers ofpeoplemastermaster /�mɑ�stə/ adjective main, whichcontrols � the master copy of the guest listmaster bedroommaster bedroom /�mɑ�stə �bedru�m/noun the main bedroommaster franchisemaster franchise /�mɑ�stə �fr�ntʃaz/noun BUSINESS the main franchise for anarea, from which other outlets are sub- fran-chisedmaster keymaster key /�mɑ�stə ki�/ noun the mainkey which opens all doors in a buildingMaster of CeremoniesMaster of Ceremonies /�mɑ�stə əv�serəməni�z/ noun ENTERTAINMENT some-body who introduces the speakers at a din-ner, or at some official meeting. Abbr MCMaster of Culinary ArtsMaster of Culinary Arts /�mɑ�stə əv�k�ln(ə)ri �ɑ�ts/ noun CATERING an awardmade every four years by the Academy ofCulinary Arts to senior restaurant personnel.Abbr MCA

‘…the Master of Culinary Arts (MCA) has beenawarded to just 20 chefs and restaurant managerssince its inception in 1987’ [Caterer & Hotel-keeper]

master switchmaster switch /�mɑ�stə swtʃ/ noun aswitch which controls all other switches

matmat /m�t/ noun a small piece of carpet orwoven straw, etc., used as a floor coveringmaturemature /mə|�tʃυə/ verb to develop a fullerflavour over time � adjective old enough tohave acquired the maximum flavourmaximum loadmaximum load /�m�ksməm �ləυd/noun the largest weight of goods which alorry or aircraft can carryMaximum Permitted MileageMaximum Permitted Mileage nounAIR TRAVEL the distance calculated accordingto the IATA mileage allowance for a directflight between two towns. Abbr MPMMaydayMayday /�mede/ noun TRAVEL an interna-tional signal to show that you are in distress� The ship sent out a Mayday call. � the air-craft captain put out a Mayday the captainradioed a message to air traffic control to saythe aircraft was in dangermayomayo /�meəυ/ noun same as mayonnaisemayonnaisemayonnaise /�meə|�nez/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a sauce for cold dishes, made of oil,eggs and lemon juice or vinegar � Would youlike some mayonnaise on your salad? � Webought tuna mayonnaise sandwiches.

COMMENT: Mayonnaise is served withcold boiled eggs (oeufs mayonnaise), withcold lobster (lobster mayonnaise), andother cold dishes; it is also used as a basefor other sauces, such as tartare sauce,Thousand Island dressing, etc.

MCMC abbreviation ENTERTAINMENT Master ofCeremoniesMCAMCA /�em si� �e/ abbreviation CATERINGMaster of Culinary Artsmeadmead /mi�d/ noun BEVERAGES an alcoholicdrink made from honeymealmeal /mi�l/ noun CATERING 1. food eaten ata particular time of day � Full boardincludes three meals: breakfast, lunch anddinner. � You can have your meals in yourroom at a small extra charge. 2. roughlyground flour. � wholemeal flourmeal servicemeal service /�mi�l �s��vs/ noun AIRTRAVEL the serving of meals on a planemeal timemeal time /�mi�l tam/ noun CATERING thetime when a meal is usually served � Mealtimes are shown on the noticeboard.measuremeasure /�me$ə/ noun 1. a way of calcu-lating size or quantity 2. BEVERAGES a serv-ing of alcohol or wine when served by theglass � to give short measure to servesmaller quantities of alcohol than is allowedby law. � inspector of weights and meas-ures � verb to find out the size or quantity ofsomething � to measure the size of a package� to be measured for a suit to have yourmeasurements, e.g. arm length, chest, waist,taken by a tailor when making a suit for you

Leisure.fm Page 192 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

193 melonmeasurements

measurements /�me$əmənts/ pluralnoun size represented in inches or centime-tres � to take down a customer’s measure-mentsmeasuring tape

measuring tape /�me$ərŋ tep/ nounsame as tape measuremeat

meat /mi�t/ noun FOOD food from an ani-mal’s body � the meat course the maincourse in a meal, consisting of meat and veg-etables

COMMENT: The names of different types ofmeat are different from the names of theanimals from which they come. Full-growncows or bulls give ‘beef’; calves give ‘veal’;pigs give ‘pork’, or if salted, ‘bacon’ and‘ham’; sheep and lambs give ‘lamb’; deergive ‘venison’. Only the birds (chicken,duck, goose, and turkey) give meat withthe same name. In menus, meat is oftenreferred to by its French name: agneau (=lamb), boeuf (= beef), porc (= pork), jam-bon (= ham), etc.

meatball

meatball /�mi�tbɔ�l/ noun FOOD a smallball of minced meat with flavourings � meat-balls in tomato saucemeat extender

meat extender /�mi�l k |�stendə/ nounCATERING any edible material or mixtureadded to meat preparations to increase theirbulkmeat loaf

meat loaf /�mi�t ləυf/ noun FOOD a solidblock of minced meat, vegetables and fla-vourings cooked and usually served hotmeat products

meat products /�mi�t �prɒd�kts/ pluralnoun CATERING foods made from meat, e.g.pies, sausages and pâtésmédaillon

médaillon /�medaɒn/ noun a round thinslice of meat or other foodmedia

media /�mi�diə/ noun � the media, themass media the various means of communi-cating information to the public, e.g. televi-sion, radio and newspapers, considered as agroup � The restaurant has attracted a lot ofinterest in the media or a lot of media inter-est.media coverage

media coverage /�mi�diə �k�v(ə)rd$/noun reports about something in the media �We got good media coverage for the launchof the new tour guide.medical

medical /�medk(ə)l/ noun referring to thestudy or treatment of illnessmedical aid

medical aid /�medk(ə)l ed/ noun 1.treatment of someone who is ill or injured,given by a doctor. � first aid 2. medical sup-plies and experts sent to a country after a dis-astermedical assistance

medical assistance /�medk(ə)l ə|

�sst(ə)ns/ noun help given by a doctor ornurse

medical certificate

medical certificate /�medk(ə)l sə|

�tfkət/ noun MEDICAL a document signedby a doctor to show that an employee hasbeen illmedical inspection

medical inspection /�medk(ə)l n |

�spekʃ(ə)n/ noun MEDICAL an examinationof a place of work to check that the condi-tions will not make the employees illmedical insurance

medical insurance /�medk(ə)l n |

�ʃυərəns/ noun MEDICAL insurance whichpays the cost of medical treatment, espe-cially when travelling abroadmedium

medium /�mi�diəm/ adjective CATERINGcooked so that the meat is brown on the out-side but slightly pink and moist insidemedium-haul

medium-haul /�mi�diəm hɔ�l/ adjectiveAIR TRAVEL covering a distance longer than ashort-haul flight, but not as long as an inter-continental flightmedium-term

medium-term /�mi�diəm �t��m/ adjec-tive for a period of one or two yearsmeet

meet /mi�t/ verb 1. to come together withsomeone � to meet a tour party at the airport� to meet an agent at her hotel � We’re meet-ing our relatives at 2.00 at the main station.2. to be satisfactory for e.g. needs or require-ments (NOTE: meeting – met) � to meet thedemand for a new service to provide a newservice which has been asked for � we willtry to meet your price we will try to offer aprice which is acceptable to youmeeting

meeting /�mi�tŋ/ noun a coming togetherof a group of people � The staff meeting willbe held in the lounge.meeting place

meeting place /�mi�tŋ ples/ noun aroom or area where people can meetmeeting point

meeting point /�mi�tŋ pɔnt/ nounTRAVEL a point at an airport or railway stationwhere people can arrange to meetmeeting room

meeting room /�mi�tŋ ru�m/ noun sameas conference roommeet with

meet with /�mi�t wð/ verb US to cometogether with someone � I hope to meetwith him in New York I hope to meet him inNew YorkMelba sauce

Melba sauce /�melbə �sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. raspberry saucemelba toast

melba toast /�melbə �təυst/ noun BREAD,ETC. a toast made by grilling a slice of breadonce, then slicing it in half and grilling itagain quickly, so as to produce a sort ofcrackermelon

melon /�melən/ noun FRUIT a sweet roundor cylindrical fruit with flesh varying fromgreen to orange or white � We had melon andParma ham as a starter.

Leisure.fm Page 193 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

melt 194COMMENT: Melon may be served as a firstcourse (sometimes with Parma ham), oras a dessert. The fruit can be cut intowedges or halves, with the seedsremoved. The hole in a half melon canhave port poured into it.

melt

melt /melt/ noun an open toasted sandwich,usually with cheese melted on topmember

member /�membə/ noun 1. somebodywho belongs to a group or a society 2. BUSI-NESS an organisation which belongs to agroup or a society � the member countries ofthe EC � the member companies of ABTAménage

ménage /me|�nɑ�$/ noun CATERING thecleaning and preparing of a restaurant forguests (NOTE: ménage comes from theFrench noun meaning ‘housework’.)meningitis

meningitis /�menn |�d$ats/ noun MEDI-CAL inflammation of part of the brain, wherethe patient has violent headaches, fever, andstiff neck muscles, and can become delirious� aseptic meningitis a relatively mild viralform of meningitis

COMMENT: Meningitis is a serious viral orbacterial disease which can cause braindamage and even death. The bacterialform can be treated with antibiotics.

men’s room

men’s room /�menz ru�m/ noun espe-cially US a public toilet for menmenu

menu /�menju�/ noun CATERING a printedlist of food available in a restaurant � Thebreakfast menu is displayed on each table. �The menu changes every week. � Some spe-cial dishes are not on the menu, but are writ-ten on a special board. � The dinner menustarts at £30 per person.

COMMENT: The normal menu for a three-course meal (lunch or dinner) will consistof an hors d’oeuvre, starter or soup, fol-lowed by a main course of fish, meat or avegetarian dish, then a dessert or cheese.More elaborate menus will have a fish orpasta course as well as a meat course,and a dessert as well as cheese. Note thatin English menus, the dessert coursecomes before the cheese, while in Frenchmenus, the cheese comes before the des-sert.

menu card

menu card /�menju� kɑ�d/ noun CATER-ING a card placed on the table at a formal din-ner, showing the dishes which will be servedmenu holder

menu holder /�menju� �həυldə/ noun alittle metal or plastic holder for a menu on atablemenu planning

menu planning /�menju� �pl�nŋ/ nounCATERING planning menus for special occa-sions, as well as for daily usemenu pricing

menu pricing /�menju� �prasŋ/ nounCATERING the work of giving prices to dishes

on the menu so as to produce a profit, but notso high as to deter customersmerchandisingmerchandising /�m��tʃəndazŋ/ nounMARKETING the work of organising the dis-play and promotion of goods for salemerchantmerchant /�m��tʃənt/ noun BUSINESS 1. abusiness person who buys and sells goods,especially imported goods, in bulk for retailsale � wine merchant 2. a company or shopwhich accepts a particular type of credit cardfor purchasesmerchant numbermerchant number /�m��tʃənt �n�mbə/noun FINANCE the number of the merchant,printed at the top of the report slip whendepositing credit card paymentsmeringuemeringue /mə|�r�ŋ/ noun DESSERTS amixture of whipped egg white and castersugar, dried slowly in the oven

COMMENT: Small individual meringuescan be served with cream or fruit salad;meringue mixture can also be spread ontop of a fruit pie before cooking.

meshuvalmeshuval /mə|�ʃυvəl/ noun BEVERAGESwine which has been boiled to make itkosher. � kosher

‘…although a few Champagne houses alreadyproduce kosher Champagnes, Nicolas Feuillatteis the first Champagne brand to offer a meshuvalcuvée. Meshuval wine undergoes a special vinifi-cation close to the pasteurisation process thatenables it to be served by non-religious individu-als’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

messmess /mes/ noun a place where service-men or policemen live and eatmessagemessage /�mesd$/ noun informationwhich is sent to someone � I will leave amessage with the receptionist. � Can yougive Mr Smith a message from his wife? � Hesays he never received the message.message boardmessage board /�mesd$ bɔ�d/, mes-sage rack noun a special board or rackwhere messages are putmessengermessenger /�mesnd$ə/ noun somebodywho brings a message � She sent the packageby special messenger or by motorcycle mes-senger.messingmessing /�mesŋ/ noun ENTERTAINMENTarrangements for providing food, accommo-dation and leisure activities for servicemenmess managermess manager /�mes �m�nd$ə/ nounsomebody in charge of catering, housekeep-ing, etc., in a messmetal detectormetal detector /�met(ə)l d |�tektə/ nouna device that sounds an alarm if it senses thatmetal is present and is used to check whetherpeople are carrying weapons or other dan-gerous objects, e.g. at airportsmeteorologicalmeteorological /�mi�tiərə |�lɒd$k(ə)l/adjective referring to weather or climate

Leisure.fm Page 194 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

195 middle managementMeteorological Office

Meteorological Office /�mi�tiərə|

�lɒd$k(ə)l �ɒfs/, Met Office /met �ɒfs/noun a central government office whichanalyses weather reports and forecasts theweathermeteorological station

meteorological station /�mi�tiərə|

�lɒd$k(ə)l �steʃ(ə)n/ noun a research sta-tion which notes weather conditionsmeteorologist

meteorologist /�mi�tiə|�rɒləd$st/ nouna scientist who specialises in the study of theweather and the atmospheremeteorology

meteorology /�mi�tiə |�rɒləd$i/ noun thescience of studying the weather and theatmospheremeter

meter /�mi�tə/ noun 1. a device for count-ing how much of something has been used 2.US same as metremetered Internet access

metered Internet access /�mi�təd�ntənet ��kses/ noun HOTELS access to theInternet via the telephone in a guest’s room,which is paid for by the guestmethod

method /�meθəd/ noun a way of doingsomething � What is the best method of pay-ment? � What method of payment do youprefer?methylated spirits

methylated spirits /�meθəletd�sprts/, meths /meθs/ noun CATERINGalcohol, stained purple, used as fuel in smallburners to keep food hot at table, or for cook-ing particular dishes at tablemetre

metre /�mi�tə/ noun a measure of lengthequalling 3.4 feet (NOTE: This is usually writ-ten m after figures: The case is 2m wide by3m long. The US spelling is meter.)metric

metric /�metrk/ adjective using the metreas a basic measurement � the metric systema system of measuring using metres, litresand gramsmetric ton

metric ton /�metrk �t�n/, metric tonnenoun 1000 kilogramsmetro

metro /metrəυ/ noun RAIL TRAVEL anunderground railway system, or overgroundtram system � the Paris metro

COMMENT: The Paris underground railwaywas called the ‘métropolitain’, shortenedto ‘le métro’ or ‘the metro’ in English, andthis name is used in several other coun-tries, including Newcastle in the UK andBrussels in Belgium. In Germany, under-ground railways are called ‘U-Bahn’. TheLondon underground railway is called the‘underground’, or simply, the ‘tube’. InNorth American, an underground railwayis called a ‘subway’.

metropolis

metropolis /m |�trɒpəls/ noun a verylarge town � The plan will provide an inte-grated transport system suitable for a mod-ern metropolis.

metropolitan

metropolitan /�metrə|�pɒlt(ə)n/ adjec-tive referring to the whole of a large town �Metropolitan New York covers 200 squaremiles.meunière

meunière /�m��ni|�eə/ adjective CATERINGreferring to e.g. fish that is dredged in flour,fried in butter, and sprinkled with lemonjuice and chopped parsleymezemeze /�metsə/ noun FOOD an assortment ofsnacks, e.g. stuffed vine leaves, small pas-tries, or grilled sausages, served with drinksas an appetiser or a light meal in Greece andSouthwest Asiamezzaninemezzanine /�metsəni�n/ noun a floorbetween the ground floor and the first floor �The chalet has an open-plan living roomwith a mezzanine bedroom above.mezze

mezze /�metsə/ noun FOOD same as mezemgmg abbreviation milligrammi

mi abbreviation milemice

mice /mas/ � mouseMichelinMichelin /�mi�ʃəl�n/ noun CATERING aFrench tyre company, which produces guidebooks and awards stars to the best restau-rantsMichelin star

Michelin star /�mʃəln stɑ�/ nounCATERING an award made to the very bestrestaurants, graded from one to three starsmicrobrewerymicrobrewery /�ma,rəυ |�bru�əri/ nounBARS a small brewery that produces special-ised beers in small quantities, often sellingthem on the premisesmicrowavemicrowave /�makrəwev/ CATERINGnoun an oven which heats by using veryshort-wave radiation � Put the pie in themicrowave for two minutes to heat it up. �verb to heat a dish in a microwave (informal)� The pie isn’t very hot – can you microwaveit a bit more?

‘…among the 300 frequent travellers questioned,microwave ovens were cited as the single mostimportant item in a hotel room’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

microwaveable

microwaveable, microwavable adjec-tive CATERING possible to cook in a micro-wave � frozen microwaveable TV dinnersmid-mid- /md/ prefix middle � from mid-1998from the middle of 1998 � The hotel isclosed until mid-July.middle lane

middle lane /�md(ə)l �len/ noun ROADTRAVEL a track in the centre of a three-lanecarriagewaymiddle management

middle management /�md(ə)l�m�nd$mənt/ noun BUSINESS the depart-ment managers of a company who carry outthe policy set by the directors and organisethe work of a group of workers

Leisure.fm Page 195 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

mid-month 196mid-monthmid-month /�md �m�nθ/ adjective takingplace in the middle of the monthmid-range

mid-range /�md rend$/ adjective � amid-range hotel a hotel which is neithervery expensive and luxurious nor very cheapand simplemidweekmidweek /�md |�wi�k/ adjective, adverbhappening in the middle of the week � If youtravel midweek, the fares are higher than if aSaturday night is included. � midweek bar-gain break a special holiday package for themiddle of a weekmild

mild /mald/ noun BEVERAGES formerly, atype of brown beer, which is less alcoholicand sweeter than ‘bitter’ � adjective 1. notsharp or strong-tasting � yoghurt-basedsauces are milder � We’ll choose the mildestcurry on the menu. Opposite hot 2. notsevere, as of weather � Winters in the southof the country are usually milder than in thenorth. (NOTE: milder – mildest)mile

mile /mal/ noun a measure of length equal-ling 1.625 kilometres (NOTE: This is usuallywritten m after figures.) � the car doestwenty-five miles to the gallon, twenty-fivemiles per gallon the car uses one gallon ofpetrol to travel twenty-five milesmileagemileage /�mald$/ noun TRAVEL the dis-tance travelled in milesmileage allowancemileage allowance /�mald$ ə |�laυəns/noun BUSINESS money paid per mile asexpenses to someone who uses their own carfor business travelmilk

milk /mlk/ noun DAIRY a white liquid pro-duced by female mammals for feeding theiryoung, especially the milk produced by cows� verb to take the milk from an animalmilk bar

milk bar /�mlk bɑ�/ noun CATERING a barwhich serves milk, other milk products suchas ice cream, and non-alcoholic drinksmilk chocolatemilk chocolate /�mlk �tʃɒklət/ nounFOOD a sweet pale brown chocolate madewith milkmilk productsmilk products /�mlk �prɒd�kts/ pluralnoun CATERING milk and other foodstuffsproduced from it, which are sold for humanconsumption e.g. liquid milk, butter, cheese,cream, ice cream, condensed milk and milkpowdermilkshake

milkshake /�mlkʃek/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made from milk mixed with flavouringand sometimes ice creammill

mill /ml/ verb 1. to grind grain or seed bymachine 2. to whisk or shake somethingsuch as cream or chocolate until it is foamymillefeuillemillefeuille /�mi�l|�fɔ/ noun DESSERTS adessert or pastry consisting of several layers

of puff pastry with a filling of cream andjam, topped with icing sugar or icingmillet

millet /�mlt/ noun FOOD a common cerealcrop grown in many of the hot, dry regions ofAfrica and Asia, where it is a staple foodmilligram

milligram /�ml#r�m/, milligramme/�mli#r�m/ noun one thousandth of a gram(NOTE: This is usually written mg after fig-ures.)millilitre

millilitre /�mlli�tə/ noun one thousandthof a litre (NOTE: This is usually written mlafter figures. The US spelling is milliliter.)millimetre

millimetre /�mlmi�tə/ noun one thou-sandth of a metre (NOTE: This is usually writ-ten mm after figures. The US spelling ismillimeter.)million

million /�mljən/ noun the number1,000,000 � The company lost £10 millionon the North American route. � Our turnoverhas risen to $13.4 million. � The museumhad over one million visitors in its first year.(NOTE: Million can be written m after fig-ures: $5m (say ‘five million dollars’).)mincemince /mns/ noun MEAT meat, usuallybeef, which has been ground into very smallpieces or into a paste � She asked for a poundof mince. � verb CATERING to grind meat intovery small pieces or into a paste � a pound ofminced beef or minced pork (NOTE: The USEnglish for minced beef and mince isground beef.)mincemeat

mincemeat /�mnsmi�t/ noun FOOD amixture of dried fruit, suet, nuts and spices,used to make pies at Christmas timemince pie

mince pie /�mns �pa/ noun FOOD a smallpie, filled with mincemeat, eaten at Christ-mas time, usually hotmincermincer /�mnsə/, mincing machine/�mnsŋ mə |�ʃi�n/ noun CATERING amachine for grinding up meat into very smallpieces � Badly cleaned mincers are a sourceof contamination. (NOTE: The US English isa grinder.)mine host

mine host /�man �həυst/ BARS � hostmineral watermineral water /�mn(ə)rəl �wɔ�tə/ nounBEVERAGES water which comes naturallyfrom the ground and is sold in bottles

COMMENT: There are thousands of typesof mineral water, each with different prop-erties. From France, the commonest areEvian, Vichy, Perrier, Badoit, etc.; fromItaly: San Pelligrino; from Belgium: Spawater, etc. British waters include Malvern,Ashbourne, Highland Spring.

minestrone

minestrone /�mn |�strəυni/ noun FOOD asoup of Italian origin made of vegetables,beans, pasta and herbs and served withgrated parmesan cheese

Leisure.fm Page 196 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

197 mobile shopmini-

mini- /mni/ prefix very smallminibar

minibar /�mni |�bɑ�/ noun HOTELS a smallrefrigerator in a hotel bedroom, with drinksin it which are paid for on checking out of thehotelminibar key

minibar key /�mnibɑ� ki�/ noun HOTELSa small key given to a guest with the roomkey, used to open a locked minibarminibus

minibus /�mnib�s/ noun ROAD TRAVEL asmall bus, which carries approximately tenpassengers, often used to take passengersfrom an airport to a hotel or vice versaminicab

minicab /�mni |�k�b/ noun ROAD TRAVEL asmall car, used as a taximinimarket

minimarket /�mni |�mɑ�kt/ noun a verysmall self-service storeminor official

minor official /�manə ə |�fʃ(ə)l/ nounsomebody in a low position in a governmentdepartment � Some minor official tried tostop my request for building permission.mint

mint /mnt/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a commonherb Mentha used in cooking as a flavouring,and to flavour commercially made sweets

COMMENT: Mint is widely used in Britishcooking to flavour vegetables, such asnew potatoes or boiled peas. It is alsoused as a garnish for iced drinks. In Medi-terranean cooking it is used in lambdishes, such as keftedes.

mint jelly

mint jelly /�mnt �d$eli/ noun SAUCES,ETC. jelly made from apples flavoured withmint, served with lambmint julep

mint julep /�mnt �d$u�lp/ noun US BEV-ERAGES an alcoholic drink made from ryewhiskey or brandy and sugar over crushedice, garnished with leaves of mintmint sauce

mint sauce /�mnt �sɔ�s/ noun SAUCES,ETC. chopped mint mixed with vinegar andsugar, the traditional accompaniment in Brit-ain to roast lambmirror

mirror /�mrə/ noun a piece of glass with ametal backing which reflects an image �bathroom mirror a mirror in a bathroommiscellaneous charges order

miscellaneous charges order nounAIR TRAVEL a voucher given by an airlinewhich can be used to pay for meals oraccommodation at the airline’s expensemise en place

mise en place /�mi�z ɒn �pl�s/ nounCATERING 1. the act of setting out chairs,tables and linen in a restaurant, ready forcustomers 2. the act of preparing ovens,pans, etc., in a kitchen, ready to start cookingfor the day 3. the act of preparing the basicingredients for sauces, chopping vegetables,etc., ready for cooking (NOTE: mise enplace comes from the French phrasemeaning ‘putting in place’.)

miss

miss /ms/ verb 1. not to catch a bus, planeor train because you arrive late � You willhave to hurry if you don’t want to miss theplane. � He missed the bus and had to waitthirty minutes for the next one. 2. not to meetsomebody, e.g. because you arrive late � hemissed the person he was supposed tomeet by ten minutes he arrived ten minutesafter the person left, or he left ten minutesbefore the person arrivedMiss

Miss /ms/ noun a title given to a womanwho is not married � Miss Smith is ourreceptionist.mistake

mistake /m |�stek/ noun a wrong action orwrong decision � to make a mistake to dosomething wrong � The shop made a mistakeand sent the wrong items. � There was a mis-take in the address. � She made a mistake inaddressing the letter. � by mistake in error,wrongly � They sent the wrong items by mis-take. � She put my letter into an envelope forFrance by mistake.misunderstanding

misunderstanding /�ms�ndə|

�st�ndŋ/ noun a situation where somebodydoes not understand what another person issaying or doing, which can lead to an argu-ment � There was a misunderstanding overmy tickets.mixed grill

mixed grill /�mkst �#rl/ MEAT a dish con-sisting of grilled chops or steaks of variouskinds of meat, usually with grilled sausages,bacon, mushrooms and tomatoesmixer

mixer /�mksə/ noun BEVERAGES a non-alcoholic drink, e.g. tonic water or gingerale, used in a cocktail along with alcoholml

ml abbreviation millilitremm

mm abbreviation millimetremobile

mobile /�məυbal/ adjective able to moveor be moved � noun a mobile phone � I’llcall him on his mobile. � He gave me thenumber of his mobile.mobile home

mobile home /�məυbal �həυm/ noun alarge caravan in which people can live per-manently, and which is permanently based ina special park (NOTE: The US English is alsotrailer.)

COMMENT: Many ‘mobile homes’ are notmobile at all, but are firmly fixed in caravanparks.

mobile phone

mobile phone /�məυbal �fəυn/ noun asmall telephone which you can carry around� The sound is bad because I’m calling onmy mobile phone.mobile shop

mobile shop /�məυbal �ʃɒp/ nounCATERING a van fitted out like a small shopwhich travels round selling meat, fish, gro-ceries or vegetables

Leisure.fm Page 197 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

mocha 198mochamocha /�mɒkə/ noun 1. BEVERAGES adark-brown strong-tasting coffee fromYemen and some other countries on the Ara-bian peninsula 2. FOOD a flavouring or drinkmade by mixing coffee and cocoamodemode /məυd/ noun a way of doing some-thing. � à la modemodemmodem /�məυdem/ noun a device whichlinks a computer to the telephone lines, so asto send data � You’ll need a modem to con-nect to the Internet.modem pointmodem point /�məυdem pɔnt/ noun aspecial telephone point where a modem canbe plugged in � The hotel has 120 bedrooms,all with modem points.mode of payment

mode of payment /�məυd əv �pemənt/noun FINANCE the way in which a payment ismade, e.g. by cash or chequemoderatemoderate /�mɒd(ə)rət/ adjective not veryexpensive � The room rate is quite moderatein winter.moderately pricedmoderately priced /�mɒd(ə)rətli�prast/ adjective not very expensivemodified American Planmodified American Plan /�mɒdfad ə |

�merkən �pl�n/ noun HOTELS a room ratewhich includes breakfast and one other meal,either lunch or dinner. Abbr MAPmolassesmolasses /mə|�l�sz/ noun US FOOD athick dark-brown syrup produced whensugar is refined (NOTE: The British English istreacle.)moldmold /məυld/ noun, verb US same asmouldymoldymoldy /�məυldi/ adjective US same asmouldmolluscmollusc /�mɒləsk/ noun FOOD an animalwith a shell, e.g. an oyster or a snail � Ediblemolluscs such as clams are often made intosoup. (NOTE: The US spelling is mollusk.)monastery

monastery /�mɒnəst(ə)ri/ noun a groupof buildings where monks live or lived � Theold monastery has been completely modern-ised and turned into a luxury hotel. � Womentourists are not allowed to visit some Greekmonasteries.moneymoney /�m�ni/ noun coins and notes usedfor buying and selling � to earn money tohave a salary � to lose money to make a loss,not to make a profit � the hotel has been los-ing money for months the hotel has beenoperating at a loss � to get your money backto get a refund of money which you havepaid out � to make money to make a profit� to put money down to pay cash, espe-cially as a deposit � He put £25 down andpaid the rest in instalments. � they areworth a lot of money they are valuable

money belt

money belt /�m�ni belt/ noun a belt witha purse attached, which is worn round thewaist to prevent theftmoneylender

moneylender /�m�ni |�lendə/ noun BUSI-NESS somebody who lends money at interestmoney order

money order /�m�ni �ɔ�də/ noun FINANCEa document which can be bought for sendingmoney through the postmonkey nut

monkey nut /�m�ŋki n�t/ noun NUTSsame as peanutmonopoly

monopoly /mə |�nɒpəli/ noun MARKETING asituation where one person or company con-trols all the market in the supply of a product� to have the monopoly of alcohol sales or tohave the alcohol monopoly � The hotel is ina monopoly situation – it is the only hotel intown. � The company has the absolutemonopoly of imports of French wine.monosodium glutamate

monosodium glutamate/�mɒnəυsəυdiəm �#lu�təmet/ nounCATERING a substance added to processedfood to enhance the flavour, but causing areaction in hypersensitive people. � Chineserestaurant syndromemonsoon

monsoon /mɒn |�su�n/ noun 1. a season ofwind and rain in tropical countries � At lastthe monsoon brought relief after the hot drysummer. 2. a wind which blows in oppositedirections according to the season, espe-cially the wind blowing north from theIndian Ocean in the summer � They sailednorth with the monsoon.Montezuma’s revenge

Montezuma’s revenge /�mɒntzu�məzr |�vend$/ noun MEDICAL diarrhoea whichaffects people travelling in foreign countriesas a result of eating unwashed fruit or drink-ing water which has not been boiled (humor-ous)monument

monument /�mɒnjυmənt/ noun 1. astone, building or statue, built in memory ofsomeone who is dead � They put up a monu-ment to the people from the village who diedin the war. � the Monument a tall columnput up in the City of London to commemo-rate the Great Fire of 1666 2. a buildingwhich is very oldmoonlight

moonlight /�mu�nlat/ (informal) noun �to do a moonlight flit to go away at night,leaving behind responsibilities such asunpaid bills � verb to do a second job forcash, often in the evening, as well as a regu-lar jobmoonlighter

moonlighter /�mu�nlatə/ noun some-body who moonlights (informal)moonlighting

moonlighting /�mu�nlatŋ/ noun doinga second job (informal) � He makes thou-sands a year from moonlighting as a chef.

Leisure.fm Page 198 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

199 motor insurancemoormoor /mυə/ noun a large area of poor landcovered with grass and small bushes � TheLake District is wild country, full of moorsand forests. � verb SHIPS AND BOATS toattach a boat to something � The boat wasmoored to the river bank. � He rowed up tothe jetty and moored his boat with a piece ofrope.mooringmooring /�mυərŋ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa place where a boat is moored � The boathad been moved to new moorings.mooringsmoorings /�mυərŋz/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS 1. a place where a boat is moored �The boat had been moved to new moorings.2. ropes used to attach a boat � We cast offour moorings and rowed out into the river.morningmorning /�mɔ�nŋ/ noun the first part ofthe day, before 12 o’clock � There are sixflights to Frankfurt every morning. � Shetook the morning train to Edinburgh.morning callmorning call /�mɔ�nŋ �kɔ�l/ noun aphone call or knock on the door to wakesomeone up in the morning � He asked foran early morning call at 6.15. Also calledearly morning callmorning coffeemorning coffee /�mɔ�nŋ �kɒfi/ nounBEVERAGES coffee served with biscuits as amid-morning snackmorning dressmorning dress /�mɔ�nŋ dres/, morningsuit /�mɔ�nŋ su�t/ noun clothes for menconsisting of a black tail coat, light greywaistcoat and striped black and grey trou-sers, worn by men at formal occasions suchas weddingsmosquitomosquito /mɒ |�ski�təυ/ noun a small fly-ing insect which bites people and animalsand sucks their blood � I was woken up by amosquito buzzing round my head. � Mosqui-toes can be carriers of diseases such asmalaria. (NOTE: The plural form is mosqui-toes.)mosquito netmosquito net /mɒ |�ski�təυ net/ noun athin net spread over a bed to prevent mosqui-toes biting at nightmosquito repellentmosquito repellent /mɒ |�ski�təυ r |

�pelənt/ noun MEDICAL a substance which issprayed or applied to the skin, to keep offmosquitoesmotelmotel /məυ|�tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel forcar drivers, with special parking places nearto the rooms � They checked into the motellast Saturday. � The hotel is full, but there isa motel just out of town near the motorwayjunction. Also called motor hotel, motorinn, motor lodge

COMMENT: Motels are found on mainroads, and often on the outskirts of towns.They usually offer comfortable rooms, and

sometimes have a small restaurant.Larger motels may have swimming poolsand other facilities, but they are usuallyused for single-night stays.

motion sicknessmotion sickness /�məυʃ(ə)n �sknəs/noun MEDICAL same as travel sicknessmotivatemotivate /�məυtvet/ verb to encouragesomeone to do something, especially to workwell � It’s the job of the chef to motivate histeam. � highly motivated eager � The staffare all highly motivated and keen to tacklethe new job.

‘…if we don’t motivate and update our staff, wecan’t deliver to our clients. Coming up with newideas for attracting, retaining and motivating staffis a constant headache for all employers in thehospitality industry’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

motivationmotivation /�məυt|�veʃ(ə)n/ nounencouragement to do something, especiallyto work well � The staff lack motivation –hence the poor sales. � Staff recruitment,retention and motivation is extremely impor-tant.

‘…our ongoing investment in training is crucialto retaining the motivation of our staff’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

motormotor /�məυtə/ noun same as car � verbENTERTAINMENT to travel in a car for pleasure� We motored down to the coast.motor caravanmotor caravan /�məυtə �k�rəv�n/noun ROAD TRAVEL a van with the back partmade into a caravan, containing e.g. bunkbeds, kitchen equipment and a table, inwhich people can drive around during theday and park to stay overnightmotor homemotor home /�məυtə həυm/ noun ROADTRAVEL a large very well-equipped motorcaravanmotor hotelmotor hotel /�məυtə həυ|�tel/ noun sameas motelmotoring assistancemotoring assistance /�məυtərŋ ə|

�sst(ə)ns/ noun ROAD TRAVEL help given toa motorist who has broken down � You’d bewise to take out motoring assistance insur-ance cover before you go.motoring organisationmotoring organisation /�məυtərŋ�ɔ�#ənazeʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL anorganisation which represents the interestsof motorists, and provides services to motor-ists

COMMENT: Motoring organizations providebreakdown services for their members,and many other services, such as insur-ance, travel information, etc. The mainmotoring organizations in the UK are theAA, the RAC, and the RSAC; in Germany,the ADAC; in the USA, the AAA.

motor innmotor inn /�məυtə n/ same as motelmotor insurancemotor insurance /�məυtər n|�ʃυərəns/noun FINANCE same as car insurance

Leisure.fm Page 199 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

motorist 200motorist

motorist /�məυtərst/ noun ROAD TRAVELsomebody who drives a car � Motorists arewarned of long delays on all roads leading tothe coast.motor lodge

motor lodge /�məυtə lɒd$/ same asmotelmotorway

motorway /�məυtəwe/ noun ROADTRAVEL a main road, with few entrances andexits, constructed for high-speed long-dis-tance travel � We drove south along the newmotorway. � You will get there faster if youtake the motorway. � There is a lot of trafficon the motorway on bank holidays. (NOTE:Motorways in the UK are indicated by theletter M and a number, e.g. the M25 is themotorway that runs in a circular routearound London.)

COMMENT: Called in various ways in differ-ent countries: in France: ‘autoroute’; inGermany ‘Autobahn’; in Italy: ‘autostrada’,etc. In the USA, the term ‘motorway’ is notused, and the roads are called ‘thruway’,‘expressway’ or ‘turnpike’.

motorway services

motorway services /�məυtəwe�s��vsz/ plural noun ROAD TRAVEL a facil-ity next to a motorway, where drivers canbuy petrol, shop, eat in a choice of restau-rants, and in some cases, find hotel accom-modation

‘…the motorway services operator has admittedthat it has a rat problem at one of its service sta-tions’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

motorway services operator

motorway services operator/�məυtəwe �s��vsz �ɒpəretə/ nounROAD TRAVEL a company which runs motor-way servicesmould

mould /məυld/, mold US noun 1. CATER-ING a hollow shape into which a liquid ispoured, so that when the liquid becomeshard it takes that shape 2. a greyish-greenpowdery fungus � Throw the bread away – ithas got mould on it. � verb to shape some-thing (NOTE: The US spelling is mold.)moulded chocolates

moulded chocolates /�məυldd�tʃɒkləts/ plural noun FOOD chocolateswhich are made in moulds, not hand-dippedmouldiness

mouldiness, moldiness US noun thestate of being mouldymouldy

mouldy /�məυldi/ adjective covered withmould (NOTE: The US spelling is moldy.)mountain

mountain /�maυntn/ noun an area ofvery high land that often rises steeply to asharp peak � They spent August climbing inthe mountains.mountain bike

mountain bike /�maυntn bak/ nounSPORT a specially strong bike with thicktyres, designed for riding over rough groundbut not necessarily used on mountains �

Mountain bikes are great for going alongcountry paths.mountainboardingmountainboarding /�maυntn |�bɔ�dŋ/noun SPORT the sport of travelling downhillsides on a board similar to a skateboardbut with bigger wheelsmountain climbermountain climber /�maυntn �klamə/noun SPORT somebody who climbs moun-tains for pleasuremountain climbingmountain climbing /�maυntn�klamŋ/ noun SPORT the activity of climb-ing mountains for pleasuremountaineermountaineer /�maυnt |�nə/ noun SPORTsomebody who climbs mountains as a sport� Three mountaineers were killed by the ava-lanche.mountaineeringmountaineering /�maυnt|�nərŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of climbing mountains. Alsocalled climbingmountain guidemountain guide /�maυntn #ad/ noun alocal person who leads groups of peopleclimbing mountainsmountain hutmountain hut /�maυntn h�t/ noun asmall wooden or stone shelter on a mountainmountainousmountainous /�maυntnəs/ adjectivehaving mountains � It is a mountainousregion, and very good for bird-watching. �Parts of Scotland are very mountainous.mountain rescuemountain rescue /�maυntn �reskju�/noun a service which provides experiencedclimbers to help people in difficulties onmountainsmountain rescue servicemountain rescue service /�maυntn�reskju� �s��vs/ noun a group of trainedpeople who are on duty to help climbers andskiers who get into difficulties on mountainsmountain resortmountain resort /�maυntn r |�zɔ�t/noun TOURISM a holiday town in the moun-tainsmountain sicknessmountain sickness /�maυntn �sknəs/noun MEDICAL same as altitude sicknessmountain streammountain stream /�maυntn �stri�m/noun a little river in the mountainsmountain trailmountain trail /�maυntn �trel/ noun apath through mountainsmousemouse /maυs/ noun a small animal with along tail, often living in holes in the walls ofhouses (NOTE: The plural form is mice.)mousetrapmousetrap /�maυstr�p/ noun a devicefor catching and killing mice when they havebecome a pestmoussakamoussaka /mu� |�sɑ�kə/ noun FOOD aGreek dish, made of aubergines and mincedmeat in layersmoussemousse /mu�s/ noun DESSERTS a lightfood made of whipped egg whites and creamwith a gelatine base, flavoured with fruit,

Leisure.fm Page 200 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

201 mushroomvegetables, fish or shellfish and served as acold dessert or as a starter � You can havechocolate mousse for dessert. � We hadsalmon mousse as a starter.mousselinemousseline /�mu�səli�n/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a French noun meaning a type of lighthollandaise sauce made with whipped creamand egg whitesmouth-wateringmouth-watering /�maυθ �wɔ�tərŋ/adjective looking and smelling so deliciousthat it makes your mouth water � a plate ofmouth-watering cream cakesmoviemovie /�mu�vi/ noun usually US ENTER-TAINMENT moving pictures shown at a cin-ema or on TV � We go to the movies mostweekends.

‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing onguests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroomhotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve-nue a year from pay-per-view movies or meteredInternet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

movie theatermovie theater /�mu�vi �θətə/ noun USENTERTAINMENT a place where films areshown (NOTE: The British English is cin-ema.)mozzarellamozzarella /�mɒtsə |�relə/ noun a rubberywhite unsalted Italian cheese used in salads,cooking, and especially on pizzampgmpg /�empi� |�d$i�/ abbreviation miles pergallonMPMMPM abbreviation Maximum PermittedMileageMrMr /�mstə/ noun a title given to a man � MrSmith is the hotel manager.MRPMRP /�emɑ� |�pi�/ abbreviation manufac-turer’s recommended priceMrsMrs /�msz/ noun a title given to a marriedwoman � The guide is Mrs Smith.MsMs /məz, mz/ noun a title given to awoman where it is not known if she is mar-ried, or where she does not wish to indicateif she is married or not � Ms Smith is the cou-rier.MSAMSA abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL motorwayservice areaMSGMSG abbreviation monosodium glutamatemudmud /m�d/ noun wet earthmud bathmud bath /�m�d bɑ�θ/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a therapeutic treatment where a personis covered in hot mudmueslimuesli /�mju�zli/ noun FOOD a breakfastfood of flakes of cereal, dried fruit, etc.,eaten with milkmuffinmuffin /�m�fn/ noun BREAD, ETC. 1. asmall round flat bun eaten warm with butter� We toasted some muffins for tea. � Theyhad blueberry muffins for breakfast. 2. US asmall sweet cake that often contains fruit

mulled winemulled wine /�m�ld �wan/ noun BEVER-AGES red wine and brandy heated togetherwith sugar and spices. Also called Glühweinmulletmullet /�m�lt/ noun SEAFOOD a small seafishmulligatawnymulligatawny /�m�l#ə|�tɔ�ni/ noun FOODa hot soup made with currymulti-citymulti-city /�m�lti �sti/ adjective referringto travel in which people visit several citiesin the course of a tripmultigrainmultigrain /�m�lti#ren/ adjective refer-ring to bread that is made from several differ-ent types of grainmultigymmultigym /�m�lt |�d$m/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT an apparatus on which you can doexercises and weight training � The hotel hasthe very latest multigym in its fitness centre.multinationalmultinational /�m�lti |�n�ʃ(ə)nəl/ nounBUSINESS a company which has branches orsubsidiary companies in several countries �The hotel chain has been bought by one ofthe big multinationals.multiplemultiple /�m�ltp(ə)l/ adjective many �noun BUSINESS a company with stores inseveral different townsmultiple entry visamultiple entry visa /�m�ltp(ə)l �entri�vi�zə/ noun a visa allowing someone toenter a country as often as they likemultiple storemultiple store /�m�ltp(ə)l stɔ�/ nounone store in a chain of storesmultipotmultipot /�m�ltipɒt/ noun CATERING alarge tea or coffee urn, in which the liquidcan be prepared in advance and then kept hotmulti-terrain bikingmulti-terrain biking /�m�lti tə |�ren�bakŋ/ noun SPORT the sport of ridingbikes over different types of terrainmuscovadomuscovado /�m�skə|�vɑ�dəυ/ noun FOODa dark-brown sugar made by evaporating themolasses from sugar-cane juicemuseummuseum /mju� |�zi�əm/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a building in which a collection of val-uable or rare objects are put on show � Wewill visit the Victoria and Albert Museumthis afternoon. � The Natural HistoryMuseum has a special exhibition of dino-saurs.mushroommushroom /�m�ʃru�m/ noun VEGETA-BLES a small white fungus which grows wildin fields, but is usually grown commerciallyin mushroom farms � bacon and grilledmushrooms for breakfast � Do you wantfried mushrooms with your steak? � Sheordered a mushroom omelette.

COMMENT: In the UK, mainly white mush-rooms are used in cooking. In other partsof Europe, very many types of mushroomare eaten, and are either picked wild orbought in markets. You need to know

Leisure.fm Page 201 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

music festival 202which types of mushroom are good to eat,those which have an unpleasant taste,and those which are poisonous. In Eng-lish, the word ‘fungus’ is used for all typesof mushroom which are not the commonwhite variety.

music festivalmusic festival /�mju�zk �festv(ə)l/noun ENTERTAINMENT a series of concertsand recitals given over a short period of timemusselmussel /�m�s(ə)l/ noun SEAFOOD a smallshellfish, with a blue shell � We always eatmussels when we’re in Belgium.

COMMENT: The usual way of eating mus-sels is as ‘moules marinière’, where themussels are cooked quickly with onions,parsley and white wine.

mustardmustard /�m�stəd/ noun SAUCES, ETC. avery spicy yellow condiment, eaten withmeat � Would you like some mustard on yourbeef sandwich?

COMMENT: English mustard is yellow andcan be extremely strong. It is either sold aspowder made from finely ground seeds ofthe mustard plant, which is then mixedwith water to make a paste, or as ready-

made paste in jars or tubes. In England, itis eaten mainly with beef, ham, pork pies,sausages, etc. French and German mus-tards are milder and there are very manydifferent varieties of mustard with flavour-ings such as cider, garlic, herbs, etc.

mustard and cress

mustard and cress /�m�stəd ən �kres/noun VEGETABLES seedlings of white mus-tard and garden cress plants, usually soldgrowing in small plastic boxes, used in sal-ads and as a garnish. � cressmuster station

muster station /�m�stə �steʃ(ə)n/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a place where passengerson a ship must gather in an emergencymutton

mutton /�m�t(ə)n/ noun MEAT meat from afully-grown sheep (NOTE: The word is notmuch used, as most meat from sheep iscalled lamb even when it comes from anolder animal.)mycoprotein

mycoprotein /�makəυ |�prəυti�n/ noun afood, especially a meat substitute, made byfermenting a fungus and heating, drainingand texturing the resultant product

Leisure.fm Page 202 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Nnaan

naan /nɑ�n/ noun FOOD same as nannacho

nacho /�n�tʃəυ/ noun FOOD a tortilla chip,usually eaten in quantity covered withmelted cheese, salsa, or sliced pickled jala-peño peppersname

name /nem/ noun a word used to call aperson or a thing � What is the name in herpassport? � His first name is John, but I amnot sure of his other names. � under thename of using a particular name � They reg-istered under the names of Mr and MrsSmith.name tag

name tag /�nem �t�#/ noun a label witha name printed on it � Visitors to the factoryare given name tags.nam pla

nam pla /�n�m �plɑ�/ noun SAUCES, ETC.a thin sauce of fermented fish, which has astrong flavour and smell and a salty taste andis widely used in Southeast Asian cookerynan

nan /n�n/ noun a flat round or oval breadserved with South Asian foodnapkin

napkin /�n�pkn/ noun � (table) napkin asquare piece of cloth used to protect clothesand wipe your mouth at meal times. Alsocalled serviette

COMMENT: Napkins are usually placed onthe table as part of the setting, either sim-ply folded in the centre of the setting (onthe show plate, if there is one) or foldedinto elaborate shapes, like fans, etc.

napperon

napperon /�n�pərɒn/ noun a small squaretablecloth, placed over a larger tablecloth tokeep it clean. Also called slip clothnarrow

narrow /�n�rəυ/ adjective not widenarrowboat

narrowboat /�n�rəυbəυt/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS an especially long narrow boat,built for travelling on canals � The companyoffers two-week narrowboat holidays.narrow-bodied

narrow-bodied /�n�rəυ �bɒdid/ adjec-tive AIR TRAVEL having a narrow body, asopposed to a wide body

‘…the new seating provides a five across (2–3)layout on narrow-bodied planes like the A320,compared with the current six across (3–3) lay-out’ [Business Traveller]

narrow-bodied aircraft

narrow-bodied aircraft /�n�rəυ �bɒdid�eəkrɑ�ft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft witha narrow body, less than 5 metres widenational

national /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective belongingto the people of a particular country � nounsomebody from a particular country � Thepassenger list included nationals of sevencountries.national airline

national airline /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl �eəlan/noun AIR TRAVEL the most important airlinein a country, often seen as a symbol for thecountry itselfNational Forest

National Forest /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl �fɒrst/noun a large area of forest owned and man-aged by the government for the nationnationality

nationality /�n�ʃə|�n�lti/ noun the statusof being a citizen of a state � he is of Britishnationality he is a British citizenNational Nature Reserve

National Nature Reserve /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl�netʃə r|�z��v/ noun a nature reserve desig-nated by the Nature Conservancy Councilfor the protection of plants and animals liv-ing in itnational park

national park /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl �pɑ�k/ noun alarge area of unspoilt land, owned and man-aged by the government for recreational useby the publicNational Trust

National Trust /�n�ʃ(ə)nəl �tr�st/ nounTOURISM an organisation in England andWales which preserves historic buildings,parks and special areas of natural beauty.Abbr NTNational Trust for Scotland

National Trust for Scotland/�n�ʃ(ə)nəl tr�st fə �skɒtlənd/ noun TOUR-ISM an organisation similar to the NationalTrust that is based in Scotlandnationwide

nationwide /�neʃ(ə)nwad/ adjective allover a country � We offer a nationwide deliv-ery service. � The new camping van is beinglaunched with a nationwide sales campaign.natural

natural /�n�tʃ(ə)rəl/ adjective comingfrom nature, not made by human beings �the pure natural goodness of fresh applejuice

‘…processes such as freezing, pasteurization andsterilization do not accord with consumer expec-

Leisure.fm Page 203 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

natural heritage 204tations of natural foods’ [Food StandardsAgency]

natural heritage

natural heritage /�n�tʃ(ə)rəl �hertd$/noun geographical features, wildlife andplant life that are thought of as being valua-ble to a country and interesting to visitorsnature

nature /�netʃə/ noun the world of plantsand animalsNature Conservancy CouncilNature Conservancy Council/�netʃə kən |�s��v(ə)nsi �kaυns(ə)l/ nounan official body in the UK, established in1973, which takes responsibility for the con-servation of wild animals and plants. AbbrNCCnature reserve

nature reserve /�netʃə r |�z��v/ noun aspecial area where the wildlife is protectednature tourismnature tourism /�netʃə �tυərz(ə)m/noun travel to unspoiled places to experienceand enjoy naturenature trailnature trail /�netʃə trel/ noun TOURISMa path through a park or the countryside withsigns to draw attention to important andinteresting features, such as plants, trees,birds or animalsnaturism

naturism /�netʃərz(ə)m/ noun TOURISMa belief in the physical and mental advan-tages of going about naked. Also called nud-ismnaturist

naturist /�netʃərst/ adjective, nounTOURISM a person who believes in not wear-ing clothes outside. Also called nudistnaturist beach

naturist beach /�netʃərst bi�tʃ/ nounTOURISM a beach where people are allowedto not wear clothes. Also called nudistbeachnautical

nautical /�nɔ�tk(ə)l/ adjective SHIPS ANDBOATS referring to ships and the seanautical milenautical mile /�nɔ�tk(ə)l �mal/ nounTRAVEL a unit of measurement of distanceused at sea and in the air, equalling 1.852 kil-ometresnavel orangenavel orange /�nev(ə)l �ɒrnd$/ noun asweet seedless orange with a small bump atthe top enclosing a smaller secondary fruitnavigatornavigator /�n�v#etə/ noun 1. AIRTRAVEL a member of the flight deck crew, theperson who calculates the distances anddirection taken by the aircraft 2. ROADTRAVEL somebody who deals with the maps,signs and timing for a car rally driverNCC

NCC abbreviation Nature ConservancyCouncilneap tideneap tide /�ni�p �tad/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a tide which occurs at the first and lastquarters of the moon, when the differencebetween high and low water is less than nor-mal

near missnear miss /�nə �ms/ noun ROAD TRAVELan incident where two vehicles come veryclose by accident and almost crash into eachotherneatneat /ni�t/ adjective with no water or anyother liquid added � a glass of neat whisky �I prefer my whisky neat. (NOTE: US Englishonly uses straight in this meaning.)neckneck /nek/ noun 1. a part of the body con-necting the head to the shoulders 2. MEATthis part of an animal eaten as food � bestend of neck a joint of lamb consisting of theribs nearest the neckneckerchief

neckerchief /�nekətʃi�f/ noun CATERINGa scarf worn by chefs round the neck to pre-vent sweat falling on food being prepared. �

toquenectarinenectarine /�nektəri�n/ noun FRUIT a fruitlike a peach with a smooth skinnegative cash flownegative cash flow /�ne#ətv �k�ʃfləυ/ noun BUSINESS a situation where moremoney is going out of a company than iscoming inneighbourhoodneighbourhood /�nebəhυd/, neighbor-hood US noun 1. a district and its people �The hotel is pleasantly situated in a quietneighbourhood. 2. � in the neighbourhoodof near to in space or amount � There arethree hotels in the neighbourhood of the con-ference centre. � They spent in the neigh-bourhood of £12,000 on redecorating therestaurant.nestlenestle /�nes(ə)l/ verb to be in a sheltered orcomfortable position � a chalet nestling inthe hills � The cottage nestles at the bottomof the valley.net

net /net/ adjective 1. BUSINESS after alldeductions have been made � net pay � netloss (NOTE: The spelling nett is sometimesused on containers.) 2. � terms strictly netpayment has to be the full price, with no dis-count allowednet cash flownet cash flow /�net �k�ʃ �fləυ/ nounFINANCE the difference between the moneycoming in and the money going outnet marginnet margin /�net �mɑ�d$n/ noun BUSI-NESS the percentage difference betweenreceived price and all costs, including over-headsnet price

net price /�net �pras/ noun BUSINESS aprice which cannot be reduced by a discountnet profit

net profit /�net �prɒft/ noun BUSINESS aresult where income from sales is more thanall expenditurenet receipts

net receipts /�net r |�si�ts/ plural nounBUSINESS the total money taken after deduct-ing commission, tax and discounts

Leisure.fm Page 204 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

205 nightstandnet salarynet salary /�net �s�ləri/ noun BUSINESSsalary which is left after deducting tax andnational insurance contributionsnet salesnet sales /�net �selz/ plural noun BUSI-NESS sales less damaged or returned itemsnet turnovernet turnover /net �t��n |�əυvə/ noun BUSI-NESS turnover before VAT and after tradediscounts have been deductednet weightnet weight /�net �wet/ noun BUSINESSthe weight of goods after deducting theweight of the packing material and containernetworknetwork /�netw��k/ noun 1. a system ofthings such as roads or railways connectingdifferent places � the Belgian railway net-work or rail network 2. a system of comput-ers which are connected together � You canbook at any of our hotels throughout thecountry using our computer network.new potatoesnew potatoes /�nju� pə|�tetəυz/ pluralnoun VEGETABLES small potatoes picked atthe beginning of the seasonnewsnews /nju�z/ noun spoken or written infor-mation about what has happened � it’s in thenews it is of topical interestnewspapernewspaper /�nju�zpepə/ noun a daily orweekly paper containing news and informa-tion � Newspapers are available in the resi-dents’ lounge. � Do you want a newspaperwith your morning tea? � He ordered anewspaper and a call at 6.45.next

next /nekst/ adjective 1. (in time) comingafter � When’s the next plane for Paris? �The next train to London leaves in ten min-utes’ time. 2. (in space) adjoining � theroom next door to mine the room next tomine � She’s in the room next door to herparents. � There was a lot of noise in theroom next door or in the next-door room dur-ing the night.NGO

NGO abbreviation BUSINESS non-govern-mental organisationniche

niche /ni�ʃ/ noun BUSINESS a special placein a market, occupied by one companyniche market

niche market /�ni�ʃ �mɑ�kt/ noun BUSI-NESS a market for a very special product orservice, which can be exploited by only afew suppliers � Holidays in the Antarctic area niche market.nickelnickel /�nk(ə)l/ noun US FINANCE a five-cent coin � Can you lend me a nickel?nightnight /nat/ noun 1. the period of time fromevening to morning 2. HOTELS a night spentin a hotel � The tour ends with a three-nightstay in Madrid. 3. ENTERTAINMENT anevening’s entertainment � a night on thetown an evening spent enjoying yourself inthe restaurants, theatres, bars, etc. of a town

night audit

night audit /�nat �ɔ�dt/ noun HOTELS theact of checking at night which rooms areoccupied, and reconciling these with guestaccountsnight bell

night bell /�nat bel/ noun HOTELS a belloutside a hotel, which you ring to wake upthe porter during the night after the frontdoor has been lockednight clerk

night clerk /�nat klɑ�k/ noun HOTELSsomebody who is on duty at the receptiondesk during the nightnightclub

nightclub /�natkl�b/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a club only open at night � Our daugh-ter will only come with us on holiday if we goto a resort with lots of nightclubs.night duty

night duty /�nat �dju�ti/ noun a period ofwork done at night � She is on night dutythree days a week.night ferry

night ferry /�nat �feri/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a boat which travels during the nightnight flight

night flight /�nat flat/ noun AIR TRAVELa flight which takes place during the nightnight life

night life /�nat laf/ noun ENTERTAINMENTthe entertainment available in a town at night� The place is dead – there’s no night life. �The beaches are fine, but the night life is verydull.night light

night light /�nat lat/ noun a weak elec-tric light which gives a faint light and is usedto light passages, stairs or a child’s room atnightnight manager

night manager /�nat �m�nd$ə/ nounHOTELS somebody in charge of a hotel dur-ing the nightnight out

night out /�nat �aυt/ noun an eveningspent outside the home � They’re planning tohave a night out tomorrow.night porter

night porter /�nat �pɔ�tə/ noun HOTELS aporter who is on duty at a hotel during thenight, answering calls from guest rooms aswell as dealing with any late arrivalsnight rate

night rate /�nat ret/ noun a cheap ratefor telephone calls made at nightnight safe

night safe /�nat sef/ noun a safe with aspecial door in the outside wall of a bank,where money and documents can be depos-ited when the bank is closednight shift

night shift /�nat ʃft/ noun a shift workedduring the night � He works the night shift.nightspot

nightspot /�natspɒt/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT an entertainment place open at night,e.g. a nightclub � It’s the most expensivenightspot in town.nightstand

nightstand /�natst�nd/ noun a tablenext to a bed, often with a telephone, note-pad, glass and water jug

Leisure.fm Page 205 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

night-time 206night-timenight-time /�nat tam/ noun the periodwhe it is nightnightwatchmannightwatchman /nat |�wɒtʃmən/ noun aman who guards a building at night. Alsocalled watchmannilnil /nl/ noun zero, nothingnil returnnil return /�nl r|�t��n/ noun BUSINESS areport showing no sales, income or taxnipnip /np/ noun BARS a single measure ofalcohol � Scotch: £1 per nipNITBNITB abbreviation TOURISM Northern Ire-land Tourist Boardnono /nəυ/ adjective, adverb showing the neg-ative � no admission, no admittanceentrance not allowed � no entry you cannotgo in � no parking do not leave your carhere � no smoking do not smoke here � a‘no smoking’ sign a sign to show that smok-ing is not allowed � The captain hasswitched on the ‘no smoking’ sign. � ‘novacancies’ a sign to show that the hotel orguesthouse is fullno-claims bonusno-claims bonus /nəυ �klemz �bəυnəs/noun FINANCE the reduction of premiums onan insurance policy because no claims havebeen madeno-frillsno-frills /�nəυ �frlz/ adjective simple,with no special luxuriesno-frills airlineno-frills airline /�nəυ frlz �eəlan/ nounAIR TRAVEL an airline flying planes with sim-ple cabins and not offering meals or drinksduring flightsno-frills chainno-frills chain /�nəυ frlz �tʃen/ nounHOTELS a chain of simple restaurants orhotels, without bars or room servicenoisenoise /nɔz/ noun a loud, usually unpleas-ant sound � The noise of the street kept usawake at night. � Noise readings of 90–95decibels are unacceptable.noise abatement noticenoise abatement notice /�nɔz ə|

�betmənt �nəυts/ noun a court order tell-ing someone to reduce the levels of noisewhich they make � He pleaded guilty on sixcounts of breaching a noise abatementnotice.noisettenoisette /nwɑ� |�set/ noun a piece of bonedand rolled meat, especially the neck or loinof lambnoisynoisy /�nɔzi/ adjective making a lot ofnoise, or affected by a lot of noise � The bestrooms are quiet, and overlook a garden:unfortunately, the hotel also has some roomsoverlooking a noisy crossroads. � She askedfor her room to be changed, because it wastoo noisy.nominal rentnominal rent /�nɒmn(ə)l rent/ noun avery small rent

non-

non- /nɒn/ prefix notnon-alcoholic drink

non-alcoholic drink /�nɒn ��lkəhɒlk�drŋk/ noun BEVERAGES a drink which doesnot contain alcoholnon-budget hotel

non-budget hotel /�nɒn �b�d$t əυ|

�tel/ noun HOTELS an up-market hotel, notcatering for budget visitors � They aim toraise more than £30m through the sale of thenon-budget hotels.non-business guest

non-business guest /�nɒn �bzns�#est/ noun BUSINESS a hotel guest who is aprivate individual and not on a business tripnondairy

nondairy /�nɒndeəri/ adjective referringto ingredients or foods that contain no dairyproducts and can be substituted for them,e.g. some kinds of margarinenonfat

nonfat /�nɒnf�t/ adjective without fat sol-ids, or with the fat content removednonfattening

nonfattening /nɒn |�f�t(ə)nŋ/ adjectivenot likely to cause a gain in weightnon-food itemsnon-food items /�nɒn �fu�d �atəmz/plural noun items for sale which are notfood, such as cigarettes, hotel rooms, etc.non-governmental organisation

non-governmental organisation/�nɒn �#�vənment(ə)l �ɔ�#əna |�zeʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS an organisation such as acharity or voluntary agency, which is notfunded by a government, but which works onan international as well as a national level.Abbr NGO

COMMENT: Oxfam, the Red Cross,Médecins sans Frontières and otherNGOs work in many countries to bring aidto people in need.

nonperishable

nonperishable /nɒn |�perʃəb(ə)l/ adjec-tive referring to food products that remainedible, without spoiling, for long periodswithout special storage, e.g. in a refrigerator� noun a non-perishable item of foodnon-refundable

non-refundable /�nɒn r |�f�ndəb(ə)l/adjective not possible to refundnon-refundable deposit

non-refundable deposit /�nɒn r|

�f�ndəb(ə)l d |�pɒzt/ noun a deposit whichwill not be refunded under any circum-stancesnon-resident

non-resident /�nɒn �rezdənt/ noun,adjective 1. HOTELS (somebody who is) notstaying in a hotel 2. (somebody who is) notliving in a placenon-resident entry visa

non-resident entry visa /�nɒn�rezdənt �entri �vi�zə/ noun TOURISM avisa allowing a person who is not a residentof a country to go into that countrynon-revenue passenger

non-revenue passenger /�nɒn�revənju� �p�snd$ə/ noun AIR TRAVEL apassenger who travels free, e.g. an employeeof the airline

Leisure.fm Page 206 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

207 noticenon-smoker

non-smoker /�nɒn �sməυkə/ noun some-body who does not smoke � There is a spe-cial section of the restaurant for non-smok-ers.non-smoking room

non-smoking room /�nɒn �sməυkŋ�ru�m/ noun a room in which smoking is notallowednon-stick

non-stick /�nɒn �stk/ adjective CATERINGcovered with a substance which preventsfood from sticking when cookingnon-stop

non-stop /�nɒn �stɒp/ adjective, adverbTRAVEL travelling from departure point todestination without stopping � a non-stopflight to Tokyo � to fly to Tokyo non-stopnon-transferable

non-transferable /�nɒn tr�ns|

�f��rəb(ə)l/ adjective TRAVEL impossible totransfer to another person � Almost all air-line tickets are non-transferable.noodles

noodles /�nu�d(ə)lz/ plural noun FOOD flatstrips of pasta � I ordered spicy meatballswith noodles. � We started with chicken noo-dle soup.

COMMENT: Noodles are widely used in ori-ental cooking, as well as in many westerndishes.

Nordic skiing

Nordic skiing /�nɔ�dk �ski�ŋ/ nounSPORT competitive cross-country skiing andski-jumpingnorm

norm /nɔ�m/ noun the usual or standardpatternnorth

north /nɔ�θ/ noun 1. one of the points ofthe compass, the direction to which a com-pass needle points 2. the northern part of acountry � adjective relating to the north �the north coast of Scotland � adverb towardsthe north � Drive north along the motorwayfor ten miles.northbound

northbound /�nɔ�θbaυnd/ adjectivegoing towards the north � The northboundcarriageway of the motorway is closed.north-east

north-east /�nɔ�θ �i�st/ adverb in a direc-tion between north and east � They weretravelling north-east at the time. � Our bed-room windows faced north-east. � noun thepart of a country to the north and east � TheNorth-East of England will have snow show-ers.north-easterly

north-easterly /�nɔ�θ �i�stəli/, north-eastern /�nɔ�θ �i�stən/ adjective referringto the north-east, especially towards or fromthe north-eastnortherly

northerly /�nɔ�ðəli/ adjective 1. towardsthe north 2. blowing from the northnorthern

northern /�nɔ�ð(ə)n/ adjective from, of orin the north

northernernortherner /�nɔ�ð(ə)nə/ noun somebodywho lives in or comes from the northern partof a countryNorthern Ireland Tourist BoardNorthern Ireland Tourist Board/�nɔ�ð(ə)n �aələnd �tυərst �bɔ�d/ nounTOURISM an organisation which promotestourism in Northern Ireland and promotestourism to Northern Ireland from other partsof the UK. Abbr NITBnorthernmostnorthernmost /�nɔ�ð(ə)nməυst/ adjec-tive furthest northnorthwardnorthward /�nɔ�θwəd/ adjective, adverbtowards the northnorthwardsnorthwards /�nɔ�θwədz/ adverb towardsthe northnorth-westnorth-west /�nɔ�θ �west/ adverb thedirection between west and north � noun thepart of a country to the north and west � TheNorth-West of England is wetter than theeast coast. � We can expect rain when thewind blows from the north-west. � The oldcastle stood to the north-west of the cathe-dral.north-westerlynorth-westerly /�nɔ�θ �westəli/, north-western /�nɔ�θ �westən/ adjective referringto the north-west, especially towards or fromthe north-westno-showno-show /�nəυ �ʃəυ/ noun HOTELS some-body who has booked a room in a hotel or atable in a restaurant or a seat on an aircraftand does not come � Seats were still availa-ble on the aircraft because there were sev-eral no-shows.no-smoking policyno-smoking policy /�nəυ �sməυkŋ�pɒlsi/ noun a policy that smoking is notallowed in a place � We have been sayingthat the pub went bankrupt because of its no-smoking policy.notenote /nəυt/ noun 1. a very short letter, or avery brief written or printed document 2.same as bank note � a £10 note (NOTE: TheUS English is bill.)notepapernotepaper /�nəυtpepə/ noun 1. writingpaper for letters � There is some hotel note-paper in the drawer of the desk in the bed-room. 2. US rough paper for writing notesnoticenotice /�nəυts/ noun 1. advance informa-tion or warning about something � You mustgive at least 24 hours’ notice of cancellation.� at short notice giving only a few hours’warning � She found it difficult to get a hotelroom at short notice. � without notice with-out giving any warning � The train timeswere changed without notice. 2. a piece ofwriting giving information, usually put in aplace where everyone can see it � The cou-rier pinned a notice on the hotel notice-board.

Leisure.fm Page 207 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

noticeboard 208noticeboardnoticeboard /�nəυtsbɔ�d/ noun a boardfixed to a wall where notices can be put up �Did you see the list of tours on the notice-board?notifiable diseasenotifiable disease /�nəυtfaəb(ə)l d |

�zi�z/ noun MEDICAL a serious infectious dis-ease which, in the UK, has to be reported bya doctor to the Department of Health so thatsteps can be taken to stop it spreading

COMMENT: The following are notifiable dis-eases: cholera, diphtheria, dysentery,encephalitis, food poisoning, jaundice,malaria, measles, meningitis, ophthalmianeonatorum, paratyphoid, plague, polio-myelitis, relapsing fever, scarlet fever,smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus,whooping cough, yellow fever.

notifynotify /�nəυtfa/ verb to inform someoneofficially � The local doctor notified theHealth Service of the case of cholera. (NOTE:notifies – notifying- notified. Note alsothat you notify someone of something.)Notting Hill CarnivalNotting Hill Carnival /�nɒtŋ �hl/ nounENTERTAINMENT a big carnival held everyyear in August in Notting Hill, in the west ofLondon � Thousands of people take part inthe Notting Hill Carnival every year.noughtnought /nɔ�t/ noun zero, nothing �nought-per cent finance interest-free creditnourishingnourishing /�n�rʃŋ/ adjective providingthe substances that people need to grow andbe healthynourishmentnourishment /�n�rʃmənt/ noun food orthe valuable substances in food that helppeople to grow and be healthynouvelle cuisinenouvelle cuisine /�nu�vel kw |�zi�n/noun CATERING a type of French cookingwhich aims at less heavy traditional dishesand attractive presentation and often servedin very small portionsntnt abbreviation night � Stay 5 nts, only payfor 4.NTNT /�en �ti�/ abbreviation National Trustnudismnudism /�nju�dz(ə)m/ noun TOURISMsame as naturismnudistnudist /�nju�dst/ noun, adjective TOUR-ISM same as naturistnudist beachnudist beach /�nju�dst bi�tʃ/ nounTOURISM same as naturist beachnudist colonynudist colony /�nju�dst �kɒləni/ nounTOURISM a club or camp for those who wantto go about nakednumbernumber /�n�mbə/ noun 1. the quantity ofpeople or things � The number of passengerscarried has increased over the last year. �The number of days of rain is very small. �The number of tickets sold was disappoint-ing. 2. � a number of some � A number of

the staff will be retiring this year. � A numberof guests fell ill after the banquet. 3. a writ-ten figure � account number � seat number� phone number or telephone number � Hewas sitting in seat number 6A, but he had aticket for 12B. � verb to mark or identifysomething with a number � The seats arenumbered from the front of the aircraft to theback. � I refer to your invoice numbered1234.

COMMENT: Flight numbers are identifiedwith the airline code (in letters) followed bya series of figures.

numbered account

numbered account /�n�mbəd ə |�kaυnt/noun FINANCE a bank account, usually inSwitzerland, which is referred to only by anumber, the name of the person holding itbeing kept secretnumber plate

number plate /�n�mbə plet/ noun ROADTRAVEL one of two plates on a vehicle, one onthe front and one on the back, which showsthe individual number of the vehicle � Thethieves had changed the van’s numberplates.numerical order

numerical order /nju�|�merk(ə)l �ɔ�də/noun arrangement by numbersnursery

nursery /�n��s(ə)ri/ noun a room or build-ing where babies or young children arelooked after � There is a children’s nurseryon ‘C’ Deck.nursery slope

nursery slope /�n��s(ə)ri sləυp/ pluralnoun snow-covered mountain slopes wherepeople learn to skinut

nut /n�t/ noun FOOD a fruit with an ediblecentre inside a hard shell � to crack nuts toopen the shells to get at the edible centresnut allergy

nut allergy /�n�t ��ləd$i/ noun an allergyto nuts, often quite seriousnutcracker

nutcracker /�n�t |�kr�kə/ noun CATERINGa device for cracking the shells of nutsnut cutlet

nut cutlet /�n�t �k�tlət/ noun FOOD a veg-etarian cake, patty, or burger made fromchopped nuts and other vegetable ingredi-ents mixed together and sometimes formedinto the shape of a meat chop or cutletnutmeg

nutmeg /�n�tme#/ noun SAUCES, ETC. theseed of a tropical tree, grated and used as aspice � Add some grated nutmeg to the cakemixture.nutmeg grater

nutmeg grater /�n�tme# �#retə/ nounCATERING a small device on which a nutmegis rubbed, to produce fine nutmeg powdernutrient

nutrient /�nju�triənt/ noun, adjective asubstance that provides nourishmentnutriment

nutriment /�nju�trmənt/ noun some-thing which is nourishing

Leisure.fm Page 208 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

209 nuttynutritionnutrition /nju� |�trʃ(ə).n/ noun 1. the wayin which food affects health � a scheme toimprove nutrition in the poorer areas 2. thestudy of food � We are studying nutrition aspart of the food science course.nutritionistnutritionist /nju� |�trʃ(ə)nst/ noun a per-son who specialises in the study of nutritionand advises on diets � The nutritionistwarned me not to eat too much red meat.nutritiousnutritious /nju� |�trʃəs/ adjective provid-ing food which is necessary for growth � Icecream is not a very nutritious food.

nutritive

nutritive /�nju�trətv/ noun a food whichis necessary for growth � adjective provid-ing food or nourishmentnut roast

nut roast /�n�t �rəυst/ noun FOOD a vege-tarian loaf made from chopped or ground-upnuts with onions, herbs, and seasonings,bound with breadcrumbs and bakednutshell

nutshell /�n�tʃel/ noun the hard outer cov-ering of a nutnutty

nutty /�n�ti/ adjective tasting of or contain-ing nuts � a nutty chocolate bar

Leisure.fm Page 209 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Ooatcake

oatcake /�əυtkek/ noun BREAD, ETC. adry biscuit made of oatmeal, often servedwith cheese or eaten for breakfastoatmeal

oatmeal /�əυtmi�l/ noun FOOD coarse flourmade from oats

COMMENT: Oatmeal is used to make por-ridge.

oats

oats /əυts/ plural noun FOOD a cereal food,grown in northern European countries

COMMENT: Oats are widely grown andused in Scotland, where the most com-mon use for them is in making porridgeand biscuits.

obligatory

obligatory /ə|�bl#ət(ə)ri/ adjective neces-sary according to the law or rules � Is themedical examination obligatory?observation car

observation car /�ɒbzə|�veʃ(ə)n kɑ�/noun RAIL TRAVEL a special wagon with aglass roof, so that passengers can enjoy themountain sceneryoccasional

occasional /ə |�ke$(ə)n(ə)l/ adjectivehappening sometimes, but not very oftenoccasional labour

occasional labour /ə |�ke$(ə)n(ə)l�lebə/ noun US workers hired for a shortperiod (NOTE: The British English is casuallabour.)occasional licence

occasional licence /ə |�ke$(ə)n(ə)l�las(ə)ns/ noun BARS a licence to sell alco-hol at a given place and time onlyoccupancy

occupancy /�ɒkjυpənsi/ noun the fact ofliving, working or staying in a property suchas a house, an office or a hotel room � withimmediate occupancy empty and availableto be moved into straight away

‘…hotel occupancies in the high tariff B or four-star hotels recorded an average occupancy of88.5 per cent for the first half of this year, com-pared with the previous year’s 84 per cent’[South China Morning Post]

occupancy rate

occupancy rate /�ɒkjυpənsi ret/ nounHOTELS same as room occupancy � Duringthe winter months the occupancy rate wasdown to 50%.

‘…while occupancy rates matched those of 1984in July, August has been a much poorer monththan it was the year before’ [Economist]

occupationoccupation /�ɒkjυ |�peʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.same as occupancy 2. a person’s job or pro-fessionoccupational pensionoccupational pension/�ɒkjυpeʃ(ə)nəl �penʃə/ noun BUSINESS apension which is paid by the company bywhich an employee has been employedoccupation densityoccupation density /�ɒkjυ|�peʃ(ə)n�densti/ noun HOTELS the number of peoplein a hotel or restaurant, shown as a ratio ofthe floor areaoccupyoccupy /�ɒkjυpa/ verb to live in or workin � All the rooms in the hotel are occupied.� The company occupies three floors of anoffice block. (NOTE: occupies – occupying– occupied)oceanocean /�əυʃ(ə)n/ noun a large area of sea

COMMENT: The oceans are: the Atlantic,the Pacific, the Indian, the Antarctic (orSouthern) and the Arctic.

oceanariumoceanarium /əυʃə|�neəriəm/ noun TOUR-ISM a type of large saltwater aquarium wheremarine animals are keptocean terminalocean terminal /�əυʃ(ə)n �t��mn(ə)l/noun TRAVEL the main building at a portwhere passengers arrive and departoddodd /ɒd/ adjective 1. (of an amount)almost, not exactly � a hundred-oddapproximately one hundred 2. one of a group� an odd shoe one shoe of a pair � we havea few odd boxes left we have a few boxesleft out of the total shipmentodd-job-manodd-job-man /�ɒd �d$ɒb �m�n/ noun aman who does general work, such as repairs,in a building or on an estateoddmentsoddments /�ɒdmənts/ plural noun itemsleft overoffoff /ɒf/ adjective 1. CATERING not on themenu any more � Liver is off today. 2. notgood, rotten � That fish smells a bit off. � Themilk has gone off. � I’m afraid these prawnsare off. 3. away from work � We have quite afew staff off today. � preposition a particulardistance from or quite close to � They spenttheir holiday on an island off the coast ofBrittany. � The restaurant is just off the HighStreet.

Leisure.fm Page 210 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

211 off the boneoff-airport car rental firm

off-airport car rental firm /�ɒf �eəpɔ�tkɑ� �rent(ə)l �f��m/ noun a rental firmwhich is not based within an airport and socan offer cheaper ratesoffal

offal /�ɒf(ə)l/ noun MEAT the inside parts ofan animal when used as food, e.g. liver, kid-ney or intestines (NOTE: There is no pluralform. The US English is variety meats.)offer

offer /�ɒfə/ noun 1. a statement that you arewilling to pay a particular amount of moneyto buy something � we are open to offers weare ready to discuss the price which we areasking � cash offer an offer to pay in cash �or near offer, or nearest offer or an offer ofa price which is slightly less than the priceasked � The car is for sale at £2,000 or nearoffer. 2. a statement that you are willing tosell something for a particular amount ofmoney � verb 1. � to offer someone a job totell someone that he can have a job in yourcompany � He was offered a job as a recep-tionist. 2. to say that you are willing to pay aparticular amount of money for something �She offered £200 for the carpet. 3. to say thatyou are willing to sell something � They areoffering cheap weekend tours to Europeancities.office

office /�ɒfs/ noun 1. BUSINESS a set ofrooms where a company works or wherebusiness is done 2. � for office use only thatmust only be used in an office, usually saidof a part of a form which must only be filledin by the people in the office which issues theform 3. BUSINESS a room where someoneworks and does business � Come into myoffice. � The manager’s office is on the thirdfloor. 4. a government department � the For-eign Office the ministry dealing with foreignaffairs � Foreign Office officials asked to seethe prisoners.office hours

office hours /�ɒfs �aυəz/ plural noun thetime when an office is open � Do not tele-phone during office hours.office space

office space /�ɒfs spes/ noun a spaceavailable for offices or occupied by offices �We are looking for extra office space.office staff

office staff /�ɒfs �stɑ�f/ noun people whowork in offices. Also called clerical staffofficial

official /ə|�fʃ(ə)l/ adjective relating to anorganisation, especially one which is part ofa government or some other authority � He istravelling on official business. � He left offi-cial documents in his car. � She received anofficial letter of explanation. � speaking inan official capacity speaking as a personwith special knowledge or responsibilities �to go through official channels to deal with

officials, especially when making a request �the official exchange rate the exchange ratewhich is imposed by the government � Theofficial exchange rate is ten to the dollar, butyou can get twice that on the black market. �noun somebody working in a governmentdepartment � Airport officials inspected theshipment. � Government officials stoppedthe import licence.officially

officially /ə|�fʃ(ə)li/ adverb according towhat is said in public � Officially, you are notsupposed to take money out of the country.Compare unofficiallyofficial return

official return /ə|�fʃ(ə)l r |�t��n/ nounBUSINESS an official reportofficial strike

official strike /ə|�fʃ(ə)l �strak/ nounBUSINESS a strike which has been approvedby the main office of a unionoff-licence

off-licence /�ɒf �las(ə)ns/ noun 1. a shopwhich sells alcohol for drinking away fromthe shop (NOTE: The US English is packagestore.) 2. BARS a licence to sell alcohol to bedrunk away from the place where it is boughtoff-peak

off-peak /�ɒf �pi�k/ adjective not duringthe busiest time � during the off-peakperiod at the time when business is less busyoff-peak tariff

off-peak tariff /�ɒf pi�k �t�rf/, rate/ret/ noun lower charges applied when aservice is not busyoff-piste skiing

off-piste skiing /�ɒf pi�st �ski�ŋ/ nounSPORT skiing away from the marked tracks.Compare on-piste skiingoff-season

off-season /�ɒf �si�z(ə)n/ adjective hap-pening during the time of year when fewerpeople are travelling or using facilities �noun TOURISM the time of year when thereare fewer travellers, and so fares and roomprices are cheaper � Tour operators urgemore people to travel in the off-season. � Airfares are cheaper in the off-season. Alsocalled low seasonoff-season tariff

off-season tariff /�ɒf �si�z(ə)n �t�rf/,rate /ret/ noun TOURISM cheaper fares androom prices which are charged when thereare fewer travellersoffshore

offshore /�ɒfʃɔ�/ adjective, adverb on anisland or in the sea near to the coast � an off-shore floating casinooffshore wind

offshore wind /�ɒf|�ʃɔ� wnd/ noun awind which blows from the coast towards thesea. Compare onshore windoff the beaten track

off the beaten track /�ɒf ðə �bi�t(ə)n�tr�k/ adjective in a place which is not usu-ally visited by many peopleoff the bone

off the bone /�ɒf ðə �bəυn/ adjectiveCATERING with the bones removed

Leisure.fm Page 211 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

off-the-road 212off-the-road

off-the-road /�ɒf ðə �rəυd/ adjectivereferring to a destination or sight not visitedby the average touristoff the tourist trail

off the tourist trail /�ɒf ðə �tυərst�trel/ adjective not in a place which is usu-ally visited by many touristsOgen melonOgen melon /�əυ#ən �mel(ə)n/ nounFRUIT a type of melon which has yellowishskin striped with green, and pale yellow fleshoiloil /ɔl/ noun FOOD a thick smooth-runningliquid of various kinds used in cooking �verb to put oil on � Oil the tin before puttingthe dough in.

COMMENT: The commonest cooking oil ismade from sunflower seeds; many othersexist, such as olive oil, walnut oil, etc.

oiliness

oiliness /�ɔlnəs/ noun the state of beingoilyoilyoily /�ɔli/ adjective like oil, containing oilor covered with oil � Oily fish such as mack-erel or sardines are good for you.okraokra /�ɒkrə/ noun VEGETABLES a vegetablewith a green pod used in soups. Also calledgumbo 1, lady’s finger

COMMENT: Also called ‘bhindi’, ‘gumbo’ or‘lady’s finger’. Used in Caribbean andIndian cooking; also used in the south ofthe USA.

old age pension

old age pension /�əυld ed$ �penʃən/noun a state pension given to men over 65 orwomen over 60. Also called retirementpension, pensionolive

olive /�ɒlv/ noun FRUIT a small black orgreen fruit from a Mediterranean tree, whichis crushed to produce oil and is also eaten asfoodolive oilolive oil /�ɒlv �ɔl/ noun FOOD oil madefrom olivesomeletteomelette /�ɒmlət/ noun FOOD a dish madeof beaten eggs, cooked in a frying pan andfolded over before serving. Various fillingsmay be added. � I had a cheese omelette andchips for lunch. (NOTE: The US spelling isomelet.)

COMMENT: The commonest forms of ome-lette are cheese omelette and ham ome-lette. A Spanish omelette is made withonion, tomato, peppers, potatoes, etc.,and is not folded over, but served flat.

on-airport car rental firmon-airport car rental firm /�ɒn �eəpɔ�tkɑ� �rent(ə)l �f��m/ noun ROAD TRAVEL acar rental firm with its base inside an airportcomplex, which is more convenient for trav-ellers, although the rates may be higheron boardon board /�ɒn �bɔ�d/ on a ship, plane ortrainon-call timeon-call time /�ɒn �kɔ�l �tam/ noun thetime during which an employee is not actu-

ally on duty but may be called to do a job, ifneededone-wayone-way /�w�n �we/ adjective involvingor allowing travel in only one direction.Abbr OWone-way fareone-way fare /�w�n we �feə/ nounTRAVEL same as single fareone-way streetone-way street /�w�n we �stri�t/ nounROAD TRAVEL a street where the traffic isallowed to go only in one direction � Theshop is in a one-way street, which makes itvery difficult for parking.one-way ticketone-way ticket /�w�n we �tkt/ nounTRAVEL same as single ticketoniononion /��njən/ noun VEGETABLES a strong-smelling vegetable with a round white bulb �fried onion ringson licenceon licence /�ɒn �las(ə)ns/ noun a licenceto sell alcohol for drinking on the premises,e.g. in a bar or restaurantonlineonline /ɒn |�lan/, on line, on-line adverbthrough a direct link to a computer networkor the Internet � The sales office is online tothe airline’s headquarters. � You need toknow the password to access the data online.� to book online to book a ticket or make areservation by connecting to the company’scomputer system � You can book your ownticket online. � an on-line travel company atravel company which does its businessonline

‘…when it come to booking business travel, mostpeople still opt for an agency or in-house travelarranger rather than going online’ [EveningStandard]

o.n.o.o.n.o. abbreviation or near offeron-piste skiingon-piste skiing /�ɒn pi�st �ski�ŋ/ nounSPORT skiing along marked tracks. Compareoff-piste skiingonshoreonshore /�ɒnʃɔ�/ adjective towards thecoastonshore windonshore wind /�ɒnʃɔ� �wnd/ noun awind which blows from the sea towards thecoast. Compare offshore windon-siteon-site /�ɒn �sat/ adjective on thepremises � The on-site courier is completelyreliable.on-the-rockson-the-rocks /�ɒn ðə �rɒks/ served in aglass with ice cubesonwardonward /�ɒnwəd/ adjective next, furtherforward � Passengers with onward connec-tions should check at the transit desk onarrival.onward destinationonward destination /�ɒnwəd �dest |

�neʃ(ə)n/ noun the next destination afterarriving here

‘…arriving passengers move from the arrivalgate, down one floor to pick up their bags, and

Leisure.fm Page 212 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

213 operational planningout of the door to their onward destination, viatheir chosen method of ground transportation’[Airliner World]

onward flight

onward flight /�ɒnwəd �flat/ noun AIRTRAVEL a flight to the next destinationon-your-own package

on-your-own package /�ɒn jɔ� �əυn�p�kd$/ noun TRAVEL arrangements madeby a travel agency for an independent travel-ler who only wants the airline reservationand a hotelopen

open /�əυpən/ adjective doing business,not closed � Most slopes are open on Sundaymornings. � Our offices are open from 9 to 6.� They are open for business every day of theweek. � verb 1. BUSINESS to start a new busi-ness working � She has opened a shop in theHigh Street. � We have opened an office inLondon. 2. to start work, to be at work � Theinformation office opens at 9 a.m. � We openfor business on Sundays. 3. to make some-thing begin officially � The new hotel wasopened by the Minister of Tourism. � We areopening a new courier service to Japan.open-air

open-air /�əυpən �eə/ adjective in theopen, not in a building � an open-air per-formance of ‘Twelfth Night’ � an open-airconcert in Central Parkopen bar

open bar /�əυpən �bɑ�/ noun a bar at aparty, wedding, or other social functionwhere the drinks are served free of chargeopen-cap mushroom

open-cap mushroom /�əυpən k�p�m�ʃru�m/ noun VEGETABLES a large flattertype of mushroomopen cheque

open cheque /�əυpən �tʃek/ nounFINANCE same as uncrossed chequeopen deck

open deck /�əυpən �dek/ noun TOURISMthe top deck of a bus without a roof, to allowtourists to see and take photographs moreeasilyopening time

opening time /�əυp(ə)nŋ tam/ noun thetime when a shop or office starts workopen-jaw arrangement

open-jaw arrangement /�əυpən �d$ɔ� ə|

�rend$mənt/ noun AIR TRAVEL 1. a systemwhere a passenger flies to one airport on theoutward flight and returns from another air-port, having travelled between the two bybus, train, car, etc. 2. a system where a pas-senger leaves from one airport on the out-ward trip and returns to another on the returntrip, or flies to one airport and then returnsfrom another airportopen sandwich

open sandwich /�əυpən �s�nwd$/noun FOOD one slice of bread with meat,cheese or some other filling on itopen sea

open sea /�əυpən �si�/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS an area of sea away from land, withno islands or rocks

open spaceopen space /�əυpən �spes/ noun an areaof land which has no buildings or trees on it� The parks provide welcome open space inthe centre of the city.open ticketopen ticket /�əυpən �tkt/ noun TRAVEL aticket which can be used on any dateopen upopen up /�əυpən ��p/ verb � to open up anew air route to start flying a regular serviceon a route where such a service has not oper-ated beforeopen-view kitchenopen-view kitchen /�əυpən vju��ktʃn/ noun CATERING a kitchen where thecustomers can watch the chefs at work � arestaurant with an open-view kitchen builtaround a rôtisserieoperaopera /�ɒp(ə)rə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. adramatic performance with music, in whichthe words are partly or wholly sung � We aregoing to see the new production of an operaby Britten. � ‘The Marriage of Figaro’ is oneof Mozart’s best-known operas. 2. a com-pany which performs operasopera glassesopera glasses /�ɒp(ə)rə �#lɑ�sz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT small binoculars forlooking at performers on the stageopera houseopera house /�ɒp(ə)rə haυs/ nounENTERTAINMENT a theatre in which operasare performedoperateoperate /�ɒpəret/ verb to make a machinework � He knows how to operate the glass-washer.

‘…the company gets valuable restaurant loca-tions which will be converted to the family-stylerestaurant chain that it operates and franchisesthroughout most parts of the US’ [Fortune]

operating profitoperating profit /�ɒpəretŋ �prɒft/noun BUSINESS a result where sales fromnormal business activities are higher than thecostsoperationoperation /�ɒpə|�reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. BUSI-NESS a business organisation and work � Thecompany’s tour operations in West Africa. �He is in charge of our hotel operations inNorthern Europe. 2. � in operation work-ing, being used � The computerised bookingsystem will be in operation by June. � Thenew schedules came into operation on June1st.operationaloperational /�ɒpə|�reʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective 1.referring to how something works 2. � thesystem became operational on June 1st thesystem started working on June 1stoperational costsoperational costs /�ɒpəreʃ(ə)nəl�kɒsts/ plural noun BUSINESS same as run-ning costsoperational planningoperational planning /�ɒpəreʃ(ə)nəl�pl�nŋ/ noun BUSINESS planning how abusiness is to be run

Leisure.fm Page 213 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

operations director 214operations directoroperations director /�ɒpə|�reʃ(ə)nz da |

�rektə/ noun BUSINESS somebody in chargeof the way in which a company worksoperativeoperative /�ɒp(ə)rətv/ adjective � tobecome operative to start working � Thenew ticketing system has been operativesince June 1st.operatoroperator /�ɒpəretə/ noun 1. somebodywho works a machine � a keyboard operator2. same as telephonist � switchboard oper-ator � to call the operator or to dial the oper-ator � to place a call through or via the oper-atoroperator-controlled calloperator-controlled call /�ɒpəretəkən |�trəυld �kɔ�l/ noun a telephone callwhere the operator makes the connection,usually charged at a higher rateoptionoption /�ɒpʃən/ noun 1. a choice oranother possibility � The tour offers severaloptions as half-day visits. � When you hire acar, you have the option of a two-door orfour-door model. 2. � option to purchase, tosell a possibility to buy or sell somethingwithin a period of timeoptionaloptional /�ɒpʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective possibleto add if the customer wants � The insurancecover is optional.optional extrasoptional extras /�ɒpʃ(ə)n(ə)l �ekstrəz/plural noun items which can be added for anextra charge, e.g. a visit to a market when ona tourorangeorange /�ɒrnd$/ noun FRUIT a sweet citrusfruit with a reddish-yellow skin � roast duckand orange sauce � We saw orange treesgrowing in California. � She asked for anorange sorbet.

COMMENT: The orange’s nutritional valueis due mainly to its high vitamin C content;it is eaten as fresh fruit or used for juiceand for making preserves. Blood orangesare coloured by the presence of anthocy-anins; mandarin oranges such as satsu-mas and tangerines have loose peel. TheSeville orange is a bitter orange, grown inSpain and used to make marmalade.

orange marmaladeorange marmalade /�ɒrnd$�mɑ�məled/ noun SAUCES, ETC. marmalademade from oranges, usually bitter orangesorderorder /�ɔ�də/ noun 1. a state of neatnessand tidiness or a logical arrangement ofthings such as records, filing cards orinvoices � alphabetical order arrangementby the letters of the alphabet A, B, C, etc. 2.a state of working properly � machine infull working order a machine which isready and able to work properly � the tele-phone is out of order the telephone is notworking � is all the documentation inorder? are all the documents valid and cor-

rect? 3. BUSINESS an official request forgoods to be supplied � to give someone anorder or to place an order with someone fortwenty loaves of bread � to fill, to fulfil anorder to supply items which have beenordered � terms: cash with order condi-tions of sale showing that payment has to bemade in cash when the order is placed � onorder ordered but not delivered � This itemis out of stock, but is on order. � items avail-able to order only items which will be man-ufactured only if someone orders them 4.CATERING food or drink which a customerhas asked for in a restaurant � This is not myorder. � We only had twenty orders for thechef’s special. � to take an order (of awaiter ) to write down the dishes and drinkswhich a guest orders � verb 1. BUSINESS toask for goods to be supplied � The hotel hasordered a new set of dining room furniture.2. CATERING to ask for food or drink in a res-taurant � He ordered a full English break-fast.order book

order book /�ɔ�də bυk/ noun a record ofordersorder taker

order taker /�ɔ�də �tekə/ noun CATERINGa person whose job is to take orders for e.g.food or drink that is to be served or deliveredto customersOrdnance Survey

Ordnance Survey /�ɔ�dnəns �s��ve/noun formerly, a British government agency,now a public company, which is responsiblefor producing detailed maps of the UK � Weused an Ordnance Survey map to plot ourroute.oregano

oregano /�ɒr|�#ɑ�nəυ/ noun SAUCES, ETC.a common herb, used in Italian dishes suchas pizzasorganic

organic /ɔ�|�#�nk/ adjective cultivatednaturally, without any chemical fertilisers orpesticides

COMMENT: Organic farming uses naturalfertilizers and rotates the raising of ani-mals with crop farming.

organically grown

organically grown, organically pro-duced adjective grown or produced natu-rally, without any chemical fertilisers or pes-ticidesorganic farming

organic farming /ɔ� |�#�nk �fɑ�mŋ/noun a method of farming which does notinvolve using chemical fertilisers or pesti-cidesorganisation

organisation /�ɔ�#əna |�zeʃ(ə)n/,organization noun 1. a way of arrangingsomething so that it works efficiently 2. agroup or institution which is arranged forefficient work

Leisure.fm Page 214 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

215 outwardorganisation chartorganisation chart /�ɔ�#əna |

�zeʃ(ə)n(ə)l tʃɑ�t/ noun BUSINESS a dia-gram of people working in various depart-ments, showing how a company or office isorganisedorganiseorganise /�ɔ�#ənaz/, organize verb toarrange something so that it works effi-ciently � to organise a tour of Egyptorganisedorganised /�ɔ�#ənazd/, organizedadjective arranged in advance � They wenton an organised tour of Sicily.organised labourorganised labour /�ɔ�#ənazd �lebə/noun BUSINESS workers who are members oftrade unionsorganiser

organiser /�ɔ�#ənazə/, organizer nounsomebody who arranges things efficiently �Address any queries about the venue to theconference organiser.orienteeringorienteering /�ɔ�riə|�ntərŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of finding your way through roughterrain which you do not know, using mapsand compasses � He skis with the orienteer-ing team.originorigin /�ɒrd$n/ noun TRAVEL wheresomething comes from, or the place where atraveller has started his or her journeyoriginaloriginal /ə |�rd$ən(ə)l/ adjective 1. newand different � She produced some very orig-inal ideas for the design of the new town cen-tre. 2. that is not a copy � I kept the originalinvoice and sent a copy. 3. first, or made forthe first time � Bath is the home of the orig-inal Bath Oliver.originateoriginate /ə|�rd$net/ verb to come fromor to start fromounceounce /aυns/ noun a measure of weightequalling 28 grams (NOTE: This is usuallywritten oz after figures: 14oz.)outboard motoroutboard motor /�aυtbɔ�d �məυtə/noun SHIPS AND BOATS an engine which isattached to the outside of a boat � If there’snot enough wind to sail the yacht we willhave to use the outboard motor.outbound

outbound /�aυtbaυnd/ adjective goingaway from the home base � The outboundflight departs at 09.15. � The captain flewthe outbound leg from London to Durban.Compare inboundoutbreakoutbreak /�aυtbrek/ noun MEDICAL aseries of cases of a disease which start sud-denly � Tourists have been advised to drinkonly bottled water, as there is an outbreak oftyphoid fever or a typhoid outbreak in thetown.outdoor

outdoor /aυt|�dɔ�/ adjective in the open air� The hotel offers all sorts of outdoor activi-ties.

outdoor catering

outdoor catering /�aυtdɔ� �ketərŋ/noun CATERING catering for large numbersof people in the open air, as at sportingevents, shows, etc.outdoors

outdoors /aυt |�dɔ�z/ adverb in or to theopen air � The concert will be held outdoorsif the weather is good. � noun the open air

‘…the initiative is aimed at encouraging interestin outdoor pursuits for those who have neverexperienced the outdoors’ [TGO – The GreatOutdoors]

outgoing call

outgoing call /�aυt#əυŋ �kɔ�l/ noun aphone call going out of a building to some-one outsideoutgoing mail

outgoing mail /�aυt#əυŋ �mel/ nounmail which is sent outout of season

out of season /�aυt əv �si�z(ə)n/ adjec-tive FOOD more expensive because the grow-ing season is over and it has to be imported,or which is not found on menus because thetime for growing it is overoutside

outside /�aυtsad/ adverb, adjective not ina company’s office or building � to sendwork to be done outside to send work to bedone in other offices � preposition � outsideoffice hours, outside restaurant hourswhen the office or restaurant is not openoutside broadcast

outside broadcast /�aυtsad�brɔ�dkɑ�st/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a radioor television programme recorded in theopen air, not in a studiooutside cabin

outside cabin /�aυtsad �k�bn/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a cabin with a window orporthole � We asked for an outside cabin. �We booked an inside cabin since there wereno outside cabins left.outside caterer

outside caterer /�aυtsad �ketərə/noun CATERING a person or company whosupplies food and drink to be consumed in adifferent placeoutside catering

outside catering /�aυtsad �ketərŋ/noun CATERING the work of preparing foodto be eaten in a different placeoutside lane

outside lane /�aυt|�sad len/ noun ROADTRAVEL the track nearest the centre of a road,used by the fastest- moving vehicles. Alsocalled fast laneoutside line

outside line /�aυtsad �lan/ noun a linefrom an internal office telephone system tothe main telephone exchangeout tray

out tray /�aυt tre/ noun a container forletters or memos which have been dealt withand are ready to be sent outoutward

outward /�aυtwəd/ adjective going awayfrom the home base � On the outward voy-age the ship will call in at the CanaryIslands.

Leisure.fm Page 215 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

outward-bound 216outward-bound

outward-bound /�aυtwəd baυnd/ adjec-tive SHIPS AND BOATS sailing away from itshome portoutward mission

outward mission /�aυtwəd �mʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS a visit by a group of busi-nesspeople to a foreign countryouzo

ouzo /�u�zəυ/ noun BEVERAGES a Greekalcoholic drink flavoured with aniseedoven

oven /��v(ə)n/ noun CATERING an enclosedbox which can be heated for cooking � Thekitchen has three large gas ovens. � Cook thevegetables in a microwave oven.ovenproof

ovenproof /��v(ə)n |�pru�f/ adjectiveCATERING possible to put into a hot ovenwithout it being damaged by the heat � Thepotatoes are served in an ovenproof bowl.ovenware

ovenware /��vənweə/ noun CATERINGdishes which can be put in a hot oven withoutbeing damaged by the heatover-

over- /əυvə/ prefix more than � shop whichcaters for the over-60s a shop which hasgoods which appeal to people who are morethan sixty years oldoverboard

overboard /�əυvəbɔ�d/ adverb SHIPS ANDBOATS from a boat into the water � manoverboard! someone has fallen into thewater!overbook

overbook /�əυvə|�bυk/ verb to book morepeople than there are rooms or seats availa-ble � The hotel or the flight was overbooked.overbooking

overbooking /�əυvə|�bυkŋ/ noun the factof booking more people than there are roomsor seats availableovercapacity

overcapacity /�əυvəkə|�p�sti/ nounTOURISM the state of having more seats orspace than there are travellers or guests

‘…with the present overcapacity situation in theairline industry the discounting of tickets is wide-spread’ [Business Traveller]

overcast

overcast /�əυvəkɑ�st/ adjective dull orcloudyovercharge

overcharge noun /�əυvətʃɑ�d$/ a chargewhich is higher than it should be � to payback an overcharge � verb /�əυvə|�tʃɑ�d$/ toask too much money � They overcharged usfor meals. � We asked for a refund becausewe had been overcharged.overcook

overcook /�əυvə|�kυk/ verb CATERING tocook something so long that it loses its fla-vour and textureovercrowded

overcrowded /�əυvə|�kraυdd/ adjectivecontaining too many people � We need totravel in the middle of the day to avoid theovercrowded commuter trains.overdo

overdo /�əυvə|�du�/ verb CATERING to cookfood for too long

overdone

overdone /�əυvə |�d�n/ adjective CATER-ING having been cooked too long � I com-plained because my steak was overdone.overdue

overdue /�əυvə |�dju�/ adjective not paidon time � interest payments are threeweeks overdue interest payments shouldhave been made three weeks agoover easy

over easy /�əυvər �i�zi/ adjective USCATERING an egg fried on both sides. Com-pare sunny side upoverfly

overfly /�əυvə|�fla/ verb AIR TRAVEL to flyover a countryoverhead

overhead /�əυvəhed/ adjective aboveone’s headoverhead budget

overhead budget /�əυvəhed �b�d$t/noun BUSINESS a plan of probable overheadcostsoverhead costs

overhead costs /�əυvəhed �kɒsts/,overhead expenses /�əυvəhed k|

�spensz/, overheads /�əυvəhedz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS same as running costsoverhead reading light

overhead reading light /�əυvəhed�ri�dŋ �lat/ noun AIR TRAVEL a small lightdirectly over a passenger’s head in an aircraftoverheads

overheads /�əυvəhedz/ plural noun BUSI-NESS same as running costsoverland

overland /�əυvə|�l�nd/ adjective, adverbacross land, as opposed to over the sea � anoverland journey to China � They went downthe river in small boats, and then went over-land for a day to reach the safari station. �They took the overland route to Egypt.overload

overload /�əυvə|�ləυd/ verb to put tooheavy a load on something � With so manypeople trying to get on board, there was adanger of the boat being overloaded.overlook

overlook /�əυvə |�lυk/ verb 1. to look outover � We want a room which overlooks thegardens, not one overlooking the car park. 2.not to notice something, or not to penalise orpunish somebody for something � In thisinstance we will overlook the delay.overnight

overnight /�əυvə|�nat/ adverb for thewhole night � We will stay overnight inFrance on our way to Italy. � They stay in theboat overnight, and make trips ashore ateach port. � adjective lasting all night �They took an overnight flight back fromChina. � There are three sleeping cars on theovernight express.overpass

overpass /�əυvəpɑ�s/ noun ROAD TRAVELa place where one road is built over another.Compare underpassoverrider

overrider /�əυvəradə/, overriding com-mission /�əυvəradŋ kə|�mʃ(ə)n/, over-ride /�əυvə |�rad/ noun a special extra com-

Leisure.fm Page 216 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

217 ozmission which is paid on top of othercommissionsoverripeoverripe /�əυvə|�rap/ adjective too ripeand past its best flavour and textureoverseasoverseas adjective /�əυvəsi�z/ relating toforeign countries � noun /�əυvə |�si�z/ for-eign countries � The profits from overseasare far higher than those of the home divi-sion.overseas calloverseas call /�əυvəsi�z �kɔ�l/ noun aphone call to another countryoverseas money orderoverseas money order /�əυvəsi�z�m�ni �ɔ�də/ noun FINANCE same as foreignmoney orderoverseas tradeoverseas trade /�əυvəsi�z �tred/ nounBUSINESS trade with foreign countries. Alsocalled external trade, foreign tradeoverseas traveloverseas travel /�əυvəsi�z �tr�v(ə)l/noun TOURISM travel to other countriesoverseas visitoroverseas visitor /�əυvəsi�z �vztə/noun a visitor from another country. Alsocalled foreign visitorovertakeovertake /�əυvə |�tek/ verb ROAD TRAVELto go faster than another vehicle on the roadand pass it to get in front � The road is toonarrow to overtake. � The coach overtookour car on the motorway.overtimeovertime /�əυvətam/ BUSINESS nounhours worked more than the usual workingtime � Overtime is paid at one and a halftimes the standard rate. � adjective workingmore than the usual working day � Overtimepay is calculated at one and a half times thestandard rate. � They worked overtime whenthe hotel was full.overweightoverweight /�əυvə|�wet/ adjective heav-ier than the allowed weight limitovolactovegetarianovolactovegetarian /�əυvəυla�ktəυ|

�ved$ |�teəriən/ noun a vegetarian who eatseggs and dairy products, but no products thatinvolve the killing of animalsOWOW abbreviation TRAVEL one-wayownown /əυn/ verb to have or possess some-thing � He owns 50% of the shares in thehotel chain. � a state-owned airline airlinewhich belongs to the stateownerowner /�əυnə/ noun somebody who ownssomething � a restaurant owner � She’s the

owner of the chain of hotels. � goods sent atowner’s risk a situation where the owner hasto insure the goods while they are beingtransported � cars parked here at owner’srisk if a car parked here is damaged or sto-len, the owner will have to claim on his orher insuranceowner-managed hotelowner-managed hotel /�əυnə�m�nd$d həυ |�tel/ noun HOTELS a hotelwhich is owned and managed by the samepersonowner-managerowner-manager /�əυnə �m�nd$ə/noun HOTELS somebody who owns a hotel orrestaurant and manages itowner-occupierowner-occupier /�əυnər �ɒkjυpaə/noun somebody who owns and lives in apropertyownershipownership /�əυnəʃp/ noun the fact ofowning somethingoxtailoxtail /�ɒkstel/ noun MEAT the tail of a cowor bull, used in stews or to make oxtail soupoxygen baroxygen bar /�ɒksd$ən bɑ�/ noun a placesimilar to a café where customers can pay tobreathe in oxygen through a face mask for itsreviving effectsoysteroyster /�ɔstə/ noun SEAFOOD a shellfish,with two rough, roundish shells

COMMENT: Oysters are usually servedraw, opened, with the flat half of the shellremoved; they are usually served withlemon and slices of brown bread and but-ter. Traditionally, Guinness or dry cham-pagne can be served with oysters, thoughnowadays a dry white wine is more usual.In restaurants oysters are served by thedozen or half-dozen. British oysters areonly available between September andApril, leading to the belief that they mayonly be eaten ‘when there is an ‘r’ in themonth’.

oyster baroyster bar /�ɔstə bɑ�/ noun CATERING abar serving oysters, white wine, and usuallyother types of shellfishoyster sauceoyster sauce /�ɔstə sɔ�s/ noun a saltybottled sauce flavoured with oysters, used inChinese cookingozoz abbreviation ounce � According to therecipe I need 12oz flour and 5oz butter.(NOTE: Say ‘twelve ounces of flour’, ‘fiveounces of butter’.)

Leisure.fm Page 217 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Ppack

pack /p�k/ noun 1. same as packet � packof items items put together in a container forselling � a pack of cigarettes � a pack of bis-cuits � a pack of envelopes � items sold inpacks of 200 sold in boxes containing 200items 2. a rucksack, a bag carried on theback. � backpack � verb 1. TRAVEL to putthings into a case for travelling � Did youremember to pack your winter underwear? �He didn’t pack his toothbrush. � We’re leav-ing tonight, and you haven’t finished packingyet. 2. to put things into a container for sell-ing or sending � to pack goods into cartons� The biscuits are packed in plastic wrap-pers.package

package /�p�kd$/ noun 1. goods packedand wrapped for sending by mail � The PostOffice does not accept bulky packages. � Thegoods are to be sent in airtight packages. 2.a number of different things or operationsgrouped together and considered as a singleitem � a package of financial incentives forthe staff � Free use of the swimming pool andsauna is part of the package.package deal

package deal /�p�kd$ �di�l/ noun a dealwhere several items are agreed at the sametimepackage holiday

package holiday /�p�kd$ �hɒlde/noun TOURISM a holiday where the travel, theaccommodation and sometimes meals are allincluded in the price and paid for in advance� The travel company is arranging a pack-age trip to the international computer exhi-bition.package plan

package plan /�p�kd$ pl�n/ nounHOTELS a rate which includes the use of otherfacilities or services, e.g. meals, tennis les-sons or massages, as well as accommodationpacked lunch

packed lunch /�p�kt �l�ntʃ/ nounCATERING cold food, such as sandwiches,fruit, etc., packed in a box or basket for eat-ing when travelling � The party took packedlunches went they set off on their walk in themountains. � We will ask the hotel to preparepacked lunches for us tomorrow.

packetpacket /�p�kt/ noun a wrapping, con-tainer or box � Empty cigarette packets lit-tered the floor of the compartment.packing casepacking case /�p�kŋ kes/ noun a largewooden box for carrying items which can beeasily brokenpadpad /p�d/ noun CATERING a small terminalwith keys, linked to a central computer,allowing orders to be keyed directly by awaiter or waitress

‘…pads are part of a network, so that in outletswith two or more pads, servers can move frompad to pad, and their orders move with them.Orders entered on any pad can be transmitted tokitchen or bar printers’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

paddle steamerpaddle steamer /�p�d(ə)l �sti�mə/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a steam-driven boat whichmoves forward with two large paddlewheels, one on either side � An old paddlesteamer runs tours across the lake. Comparesternwheelerpaellapaella /pa|�elə/ noun FOOD a Spanish dishof cooked rice with fish, shellfish and vege-tables in itpagepage /ped$/ HOTELS noun also pageboya young man who takes messages and carriesluggage in a hotel � verb to call someone tothe reception desk or to answer a telephonecall in a hotel � He is not in his room, so wewill page him in the restaurant.pagerpager /�ped$ə/ noun a small portableradio which makes a tone when it receives amessage. Also called radiopager

COMMENT: Pagers are used in many situ-ations: to call members of staff to takeincoming messages on an outside line, tocall a doctor to an emergency, etc. Somepagers have small screens on which shortwritten messages can be displayed.

paid-up capitalpaid-up capital /�ped �p �k�pt(ə)l/noun BUSINESS the amount of money paidfor the issued share capitalpalacepalace /�p�ls/ noun a large ornate build-ing, in which a king or nobleman lives �Blenheim Palace is the home of the Duke ofMarlborough. � Buckingham Palace wasopened to the public for the first time in1993.

Leisure.fm Page 218 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

219 paragliderCOMMENT: Note that a ‘palace’ wouldoften be called ‘château’ in French, and inGerman, ‘Schloss’. See note at CASTLE.

palm oil

palm oil /�pɑ�m ɔl/ noun FOOD an edibleoil produced from the seed or fruit of an oilpalmpalm tree

palm tree /�pɑ�m tri�/ noun a large tropi-cal plant with branching fern-like leaves,producing fruits which give oil and otherfoodstuffs � coconut palm, date palm apalm which produces coconuts or datespaludism

paludism /�p�lju�dzm/ noun MEDICALsame as malaria

COMMENT: Paludism is a recurrent dis-ease which produces regular periods ofshivering, vomiting, sweating and head-aches as the parasites develop in thebody; the patient also develops anaemia.

pamper

pamper /�p�mpə/ verb to make sure thatsomeone is very comfortable and very welltreated and has everything he or she wishesforpan

pan /p�n/ noun CATERING a metal cookingcontainer with a handlepanada

panada /pə |�nɑ�də/ noun CATERING a verythick paste of flour and a liquid such as milkor stock, used as a base for sauces, or forbinding for stuffingpancake

pancake /�p�nkek/ noun BREAD, ETC. athin soft flat cake made of flour, milk andeggs � We ate pancakes and maple syrup forbreakfast.Pancake Day

Pancake Day /�p�nkek de/ noun theTuesday before Lent starts, when pancakesare traditionally eaten � You must have pan-cakes on Pancake Day. Also called ShroveTuesday

COMMENT: It is the last day before Lent,and so a day when feasts are held. In Brit-ain, pancakes are traditionally eaten onPancake Day, usually with lemon andsugar, but also with other sweet fillings. InFrance and French-speaking countries,the festival is called ‘Mardi Gras’; it is cel-ebrated particularly in Brazil.

pancetta

pancetta /p�n |�tʃetə/ noun MEAT a salt-cured and spiced form of belly of pork, usedin Italian dishespanel

panel /�p�n(ə)l/ noun 1. a group of peoplewho answer questions or who judge a com-petition � She’s on the panel that will inter-view candidates for the post. 2. a flat piece ofsomething such as wood or metal, whichforms part of something � Unscrew the panelat the back of the washing machine.panettone

panettone /�p�nə |�təυni/ noun BREAD,ETC. a tall Italian yeast cake flavoured withvanilla and dried and candied fruits, tradi-tionally eaten at Christmas

pan-friedpan-fried /�p�n frad/ adjective CATERINGcooked in shallow oil or fat in a frying pan �pan-fried fillets of solepaninipanini /pə |�ni�ni/ plural noun BREAD, ETC.Italian white bread rolls, or sandwichesmade with thempanoramicpanoramic /�p�nə |�r�mk/ adjectivelooking out over a large area or commandinga wonderful view of scenery � a panoramicview from the top of the tower � There is apanoramic restaurant on the top floor of thehotel.pantry

pantry /�p�ntri/ noun 1. cool cupboard orroom for keeping food in � My grandmotherdidn’t own a refrigerator and kept all herfood in the pantry. 2. CATERING (in a restau-rant) a small room where dirty plates, glassesand cutlery are put after being cleared fromthe table, and where hot plates, cruets, etc.,can be kept for service to guests’ tables. Alsocalled service roompantryman

pantryman /�p�ntrim�n/ noun CATER-ING somebody who deals with the dirtydishes and glasses in a restaurant pantrypapayapapaya /pə |�paə/, pawpaw noun FRUIT agreenish-yellow tropical fruit with a softpulp which is eaten rawpaperpaper /�pepə/ noun 1. thin, often white,material, which you write on, and which isused for wrapping or to make books, news-papers and magazines 2. a newspaper � Thecottage was advertised in our local paper. �Check in the paper to find out the times ofhigh tides.paper money

paper money /�pepə �m�ni/ nounFINANCE money in notes, not coinspaper napkin

paper napkin /�pepə �n�pkn/ noun anapkin made from paperpaper towel

paper towel /�pepə �taυəl/ noun absorb-ent paper used for drying the hands, wipingspilled liquids, etc. � There is a paper toweldispenser in the bathroom.pappardellepappardelle /�p�pɑ� |�delə/ noun FOODpasta in the shape of broad flat ribbonspaprika

paprika /�p�prkə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. ared spice made from powdered sweet pep-pers (NOTE: Paprika is used in CentralEuropean cooking, such as goulash.)paradorparador /�p�rədɔ�/ noun HOTELS in Spain,a hotel operated by the national governmentand usually located in a castle, monastery,convent, or other historic siteparagliderparaglider /�p�rə#ladə/ noun SPORT alarge glider formed like a segment of a para-chute, under which the pilot hangs in a har-ness, holding onto a bar which is used forsteering. � hang-glider

Leisure.fm Page 219 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

paragliding 220paragliding

paragliding /�p�rə#ladŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of flying a paraglider. � hang-glid-ingparallel

parallel /�p�rəlel/ noun an imaginary linerunning round the earth, linking points at anequal distance from the equator

COMMENT: The parallels are numberedand some of them act as national bounda-ries: the 49th parallel marks most of theborder between the USA and Canada.

parapente

parapente /�p�rəpɒnt/ noun SPORT amodified parachute used for paraskiing andparagliding, similar to a hang-gliderparasailing

parasailing /�p�rəselŋ/ noun SPORT asport in which somebody wearing a para-chute rises high into the air at the back of amoving motorboat and is towed alongparascending

parascending /�p�rəsendŋ/ nounSPORT a sport in which somebody wearingan open parachute is towed along by a speed-boat or land vehicle, rises into the air, anddescends independently using the parachuteparasite

parasite /�p�rəsat/ noun a plant or ani-mal which lives on or inside a host plant oranimal and derives its nourishment and otherneeds from it � Many diseases are carried byparasites.

COMMENT: The commonest parasitesaffecting animals are lice on the skin andvarious types of worms in the intestines.Many diseases of humans (such asmalaria and amoebic dysentery) arecaused by infestation with parasites.Viruses are parasites on animals, plantsand even on bacteria.

parasitic

parasitic /�p�rə|�stk/ adjective MEDICALreferring to parasites � fleas and other para-sitic insects � a parasitic plantparaskiing

paraskiing /�p�rəskiŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of skiing off high mountains anddescending through the air using a parapenteparasol

parasol /�p�rəsɒl/ noun a light umbrellato protect you from the rays of the sunparatyphoid fever

paratyphoid fever /�p�rə|�tafɔd�fi�və/ noun MEDICAL an infectious diseasewhich has similar symptoms to typhoid andis caused by bacteria transmitted by humansor animals

COMMENT: There are three forms of para-typhoid fever, known by the letters A, B,and C. They are caused by three types ofbacterium, Salmonella paratyphi A, B, andC. TAB injections give immunity againstparatyphoid A and B, but not against C.

parboil

parboil /�pɑ�bɔl/ verb CATERING to half-cook food in boiling waterpare

pare /peə/ verb 1. CATERING to cut the skinor peel off a fruit, vegetable, etc. 2. to cutback expenses � margins have been pared

to the bone to keep our prices low theyhave been reduced as much as possibleparfaitparfait /�pɑ�fe/ noun a rich dessert con-sisting of frozen whipped cream or rich icecream flavoured with fruitparingsparings /�peərŋz/ plural noun CATERINGpieces of peel or skin cut off a fruit, vegeta-ble, etc.parkpark /pɑ�k/ noun an open space with grassand trees. � national park � verb ROADTRAVEL to leave your car in a place while youare not using it � The rep parked her car out-side the shop. � You cannot park here duringthe rush hour. � Parking is difficult in thecentre of the city.park and flypark and fly /�pɑ�k ən �fla/ verb to leaveyour car at the airport while you are away ona tripparkingparking /�pɑ�kŋ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL theact of leaving your car in a place while youare not using it, or places where cars can beleft � There is plenty of free parking behindthe conference centre. � ‘no parking’ do notleave your car hereparking attendantparking attendant /�pɑ�kŋ ə|�tendənt/noun ROAD TRAVEL somebody who looksafter a car park, telling people where to park,guarding the empty vehicles, collecting pay-ment, etc.parking facilitiesparking facilities /�pɑ�kŋ fə |�sltiz/plural noun ROAD TRAVEL arrangements forparking cars, either in a covered or open carpark � The hotel has parking facilities for 60cars.parking lightsparking lights /�pɑ�kŋ lats/ plural nounsame as side lightsparking lotparking lot /�pɑ�kŋ lɒt/ noun US ROADTRAVEL a car parkparking spaceparking space /�pɑ�kŋ spes/ noun aspace for parking a single car � The restau-rant has six parking spaces allocated in thepublic car park next door.parking ticketparking ticket /�pɑ�kŋ �tkt/ noun apiece of paper showing that you have parkedillegally and must pay a finepark keeperpark keeper /�pɑ�k �ki�pə/ noun a keeperwho looks after a park, especially a townparkpark rangerpark ranger /pɑ�k �wɔ�d(ə)n/, park war-den noun somebody who looks after a forestor national parkparkwayparkway /�pɑ�kwe/ noun US ROADTRAVEL a highway with a grass strip in themiddle with trees and shrubsParmesanParmesan /�pɑ�m|�z�n/ noun DAIRY apale yellow hard Italian cheese, often servedgrated as a garnish on pasta dishes

Leisure.fm Page 220 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

221 passion fruitparquet floorparquet floor /�pɑ�ke �flɔ�/ noun a floorsurface made of small pieces of wood, stuckdown and polished � Ladies with high heelsshould wear slippers when visiting the houseto avoid damaging the parquet floors.parsleyparsley /�pɑ�sli/ noun SAUCES, ETC. agreen herb with either curly or flat leaves,used in cooking as a flavouring or garnish �Sprinkle some chopped parsley on top of thesalad.parsley sauceparsley sauce /�pɑ�sli �sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a white sauce, flavoured withparsley, served with fishparsnipparsnip /�pɑ�snp/ noun VEGETABLES aplant whose long white root is eaten as a veg-etable

COMMENT: Parsnips are eaten roasted(with roast beef and roast potatoes) or canbe boiled and made into a purée. They arenot eaten in most European countries,except in Britain.

part exchangepart exchange /�pɑ�t ks|�tʃend$/ nounan arrangement where an old product isgiven by a buyer to a seller as part of the pay-ment for a new one � to take a car in partexchangeparticipantparticipant /pɑ� |�tspənt/ noun some-body who takes part in somethingparticipateparticipate /pɑ� |�tspet/ verb to take part� Not all the hotels in the chain are partici-pating in this special Christmas offer.partiepartie /�pɑ�ti/ noun CATERING a specialisedsection of a restaurant kitchen, makingsauces, pastries, etc.partitionpartition /pɑ� |�tʃ(ə)n/ noun a thin wallbetween two spaces, especially splitting alarge room into two � There’s only a thinpartition between the bedrooms, so we canhear everything that is said in the room nextdoor. � verb to divide by means of a partition� Part of the old dining room has been parti-tioned off to make a small function room.partridgepartridge /�pɑ�trd$/ noun a large brownand grey bird, shot for sport and food, in sea-son between September 1st and February 1stpart-timepart-time /�pɑ�t �tam/ adjective, adverbnot for a whole working day � She has apart-time job at the hotel reception desk. �We employ several people part-time at week-ends.part-timerpart-timer /�pɑ�t �tamə/ noun somebodywho works part-timepartyparty /�pɑ�ti/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT aspecial occasion when several people meet,usually in someone’s house � We’re having aparty on New Year’s Eve. � A number ofChristmas parties are already booked. � Sheinvited twenty friends to her birthday party.

2. a group of people doing somethingtogether � Parties of tourists walking roundthe gardens. � A party of four arrived for abooking we did not have.pass

pass /pɑ�s/ noun TRAVEL 1. a lower areabetween two mountain peaks � The trailcrosses nine major passes. 2. a bus or trainseason ticket, or a permit to go in or out of abuilding, etc. � A monthly pass costs lessthan four weekly passes. � airpass, railpass� verb to go past � You pass the Post Officeon your left as you go to the station.

‘…the snow tends to lie on the passes well intoJuly’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors]

passage

passage /�p�sd$/ noun 1. a long narrowcorridor � The toilets are at the end of thepassage. � Go down the passage and turnleft for the dining room. 2. SHIPS AND BOATSa voyage by ship � to work your passage towork on a ship so as to get a free voyage to aparticular destinationpassata

passata /pə|�sɑ�tə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. athick tomato sauce with a rough texture,sometimes flavoured with herbspassenger

passenger /�p�snd$ə/ noun TRAVELsomebody who travels in a plane, bus, taxi,train, car or ship, but is not the driver or amember of the crewpassenger facility charge

passenger facility charge /�p�snd$əfə|�slti �tʃɑ�d$/ noun US AIR TRAVEL acharge added to each ticket, levied by air-ports and collected by airlines as a way ofpaying for the cost of airports. Abbr PFCpassenger ferry

passenger ferry /�p�snd$ə �feri/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS a ferry which carries onlypassengerspassenger manifest

passenger manifest /�p�snd$ə�m�nfest/ noun TRAVEL a list of passengerson a ship or planepassenger name record

passenger name record /�p�snd$ə�nem �rekɔ�d/ noun an electronic recordwhich identifies every airline passenger andprovides information on their itinerary andtravel reservations. Abbr PNRpassenger terminal

passenger terminal /�p�snd$ə�t��mn(ə)l/ noun AIR TRAVEL the mainbuilding at an airport or port for peoplepassenger train

passenger train /�p�snd$ə tren/ nounRAIL TRAVEL a train which carries only pas-sengers, as opposed to freight trains whichcarry only goodspassing trade

passing trade /�pɑ�sŋ �tred/ nounBUSINESS customers who walk or drive pasta restaurant or hotel, and decide to stop andeat or stay the night, without having bookedpassion fruit

passion fruit /�p�ʃ(ə)n fru�t/ noun FRUITa purple fruit with a hard case filled with

Leisure.fm Page 221 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

passito 222juicy pulp and many seeds. Also called gra-nadillapassito

passito /p�|�si�təυ/ noun dried grapes formaking sweet winespassport

passport /�pɑ�spɔ�t/ noun an official doc-ument with your photograph and variouspersonal details, proving that you are a citi-zen of a country � We had to show our pass-ports at the customs post. � His passport isout of date. � The immigration officerstamped my passport.passport controlpassport control /�pɑ�spɔ�t kən |�trəυl/noun AIR TRAVEL a place where passengers’passports are checked � We had to wait forhalf an hour in passport control.passport number

passport number /�pɑ�spɔ�t �n�mbə/noun a serial number which is unique to eachpassportpassport photo

passport photo /�pɑ�spɔ�t �fəυtəυ/noun TRAVEL a small photograph of a per-son’s face, used in passports or on seasonticketspass through

pass through /�pɑ�s �θru�/ verb to gothrough something � The road passesthrough the national park. � we’re justpassing through we are on our way to some-where else � to pass through customs to gothrough a customs checkpointpasta

pasta /�p�stə/ noun FOOD a type of foodmade from flour from durum wheat andshaped into forms such as lasagne, macaroni,noodles, ravioli and spaghetti � Spaghetti,macaroni, etc., are all types of pasta. � I’lljust have some pasta and a glass of wine.(NOTE: There is no plural form: some pasta,a bowl of pasta. Pasta takes a singularverb: The pasta is very good here.)

COMMENT: Pasta is available both driedand freshly made. It can be coloured invarious ways, flavoured with basil, spin-ach, tomato, etc. There are a largenumber of different forms of pasta andthey form a basic part of Italian cooking.

paste

paste /pest/ noun 1. FOOD thin glue, usu-ally made of flour and water 2. a soft sub-stance � verb to stick with glue � The postersadvertising the bullfight are pasted ontoshop windows.pasteurisation

pasteurisation /�pɑ�stʃəra |�zeʃ(ə)n/,pasteurization noun CATERING heatingfood or food products to destroy bacteria, butwithout changing the flavour very much �Pasteurisation kills off harmful bacteria.

COMMENT: Pasteurisation is carried out byheating food for a short time at a lowertemperature than that used for sterilisa-tion: the two methods used are heating to72°C for fifteen seconds (the high-temper-ature short-time method) or to 65° for half

an hour, and then cooling rapidly. This hasthe effect of killing tuberculosis bacteria.Pasteurisation is used principally in thepreservation of milk, though cheese madefrom unpasteurised milk is thought to havea better flavour.

pasteurisepasteurise /�pɑ�stʃəraz/ verb CATERINGto heat food to destroy bacteria � The gov-ernment is telling people to drink only pas-teurised milk.

‘…a recommendation that caterers use pasteur-ized eggs for products such as mayonnaise,mousse and ice cream. In addition, lightly cookeddishes such as meringue, hollandaise sauce andWelsh rarebit should not be served to the elderly,sick, babies or pregnant women’ [Caterer &Hotelkeeper]

pastispastis /�p�sti/ noun BEVERAGES a Frenchalcoholic drink, flavoured with aniseedpastramipastrami /p� |�strɑ�mi/ noun MEATsmoked and strongly seasoned beef, usuallyprepared from a shoulder cut, that is servedcold in thin slicespastrypastry /�pestri/ noun BREAD, ETC. 1. apaste made of flour, fat and water which isused to make pies 2. a sweet cake made ofpastry filled with cream or fruitpastry casepastry case /�pestri kes/ noun FOOD apiece of pastry used to line a dish and filledeither before or after bakingpastry chefpastry chef /�pestri ʃef/ noun CATERINGa chef who specialises in preparing pastriesand sweet dishes. Also called chef pâtissierpastry forkpastry fork /�pestri fɔ�k/ noun CATERINGsame as cake forkpastypasty /�p�sti/ noun FOOD a small pie madewith meat or vegetables wrapped in a pastrycase and cookedPA systemPA system /�pi� �e �sstəm/ same as pub-lic address systempâtépâté /�p�te/ noun MEAT a paste made ofcooked meat or fish finely minced � I’ll startwith chicken liver pâté. � He brought somepâté home with him from France.pâté de foie graspâté de foie gras /�p�te də �fwɑ��#rɑ�/ noun MEAT a fine pâté made fromgoose or duck liverpathpath /pɑ�θ/ noun a narrow way for walking,cycling or ridingpathwaypathway /�pɑ�θwe/ noun a track for walk-ing along � A concrete pathway connects thetwo buildings.patisseriepatisserie /p�|�ti�səri/ noun 1. BREAD,ETC. sweet pastries or cakes 2. a shop whichsells these pastries or cakespatronpatron /�petrən/ noun BUSINESS a cus-tomer, especially a regular one, of a pub orrestaurant, or a visitor to a theatre � Patronsare asked not to smoke in the auditorium. �

Leisure.fm Page 222 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

223 pay slipThe car park is for the use of hotel patronsonly.patty

patty /�p�ti/ noun FOOD a small flat indi-vidual cake made from minced meat, vegeta-bles, or other foodpavlova

pavlova /p�v |�ləυvə/ noun DESSERTS alarge circle of meringue filled with fruit andwhipped cream

COMMENT: Named after the Russian balle-rina, Anna Pavlova (1885–1931).

pawpaw

pawpaw /�pɔ�pɔ�/ FRUIT same as papayaPAX

PAX /p�ks/ abbreviation TRAVEL passen-gerspay

pay /pe/ noun salary or wage, the moneygiven to someone for regular work � holi-days with pay a holiday which an employeecan take by contract and for which he or sheis paid � verb 1. to give money to buy anitem or a service � They paid £1,000 for thefirst-class tickets. � How much did you payto have your suit cleaned? � to pay inadvance to give money before you receivethe item bought or before the service hasbeen completed � You have to pay a depositin advance when buying a made-to- measuresuit. � to pay in instalments to give moneyfor an item or service by giving smallamounts regularly � We are paying for ourholidays in instalments of £50 a month. � topay by credit card to pay by using a creditcard, and not a cheque or cash � to pay thedifference to pay an amount which is the dif-ference between two prices � The second-class fare is £35.00 and first-class £49.00,but you can move to first-class if you arewilling to pay the difference. 2. to give some-body money for work done � The restaurantstaff have not been paid for three weeks. �We pay good wages for skilled workers. �How much do they pay you per hour? � to bepaid by the hour to get a fixed amount ofmoney for each hour worked 3. to givemoney which is owed or which has to be paid� to pay a bill � to pay an invoice � to payduty on imports (NOTE: paying – paid)payable

payable /�peəb(ə)l/ adjective due to bepaid � electricity charges are payable bythe tenant the tenant, not the landlord, mustpay for the electricitypayable in advance

payable in advance /�peəb(ə)l n əd |

�vɑ�ns/ adjective FINANCE due to be paidbefore you receive the item bought or beforethe service has been finishedpayable on demand

payable on demand /�peəb(ə)l ɒn d |

�mɑ�nd/ adjective FINANCE due to be paidwhen payment is asked for

pay chequepay cheque /�pe tʃek/ noun FINANCE amonthly cheque which pays a salary to aworkerpay daypay day /�pe de/ noun BUSINESS the dayon which wages are paid to employees, usu-ally Friday for employees paid once a week,and during the last week of the month foremployees who are paid once a monthpay deskpay desk /�pe desk/ noun a place in astore where you pay for the goods boughtpay downpay down /�pe �daυn/ verb � to paymoney down to make a deposit � She paid£50 down and the rest in monthly instal-ments.payingpaying /�peŋ/ adjective 1. giving or pro-viding money 2. making a profit � It is a pay-ing business. � it is not a paying proposi-tion it is not a business which is going tomake a profitpaying guestpaying guest /�peŋ �#est/ noun 1. aperson who stays with a family in their homeand pays a rent 2. a person who stays at aboarding house and pays for room and boardpayloadpayload /�peləυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL theload of an aircraft which produces income,i.e. the passengers and cargopaymentpayment /�pemənt/ noun 1. the act ofgiving money for something 2. money paidpayment by resultspayment by results /�pemənt ba r |

�z�lts/ noun BUSINESS a method of paying aworker in which the amount of money he orshe receives increases with the amount ofwork done or goods producedpayment in fullpayment in full /�pemənt n �fυl/ nounFINANCE payment of all money owed. Alsocalled full paymentpayment on accountpayment on account /�pemənt ɒn ə|

�kaυnt/ noun FINANCE payment of part of themoney owedpayment on invoicepayment on invoice /�pemənt ɒn�nvɔs/ noun FINANCE payment as soon asan invoice is receivedpayment receiptpayment receipt /�pemənt r |�si�t/ nounFINANCE a piece of paper showing thatmoney has been receivedpay-per-view filmpay-per-view film /�pe p�� vju� �flm/noun ENTERTAINMENT a film which is availa-ble on the room TV, but which the guest ischarged for watching

‘…it also suggests that, by not capitalizing onguests’ IT interest, the average 150-bedroomhotel is missing out on at least £50,000 of reve-nue a year from pay-per-view movies or meteredInternet access’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

payphonepayphone /�pefəυn/ noun a public phonewhere you insert money to make a callpay slippay slip /�pe slp/ noun BUSINESS a pieceof paper showing the full amount of an

Leisure.fm Page 223 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

pea 224employee’s pay, and the money deducted astax, pension and insurance contributionspea

pea /pi�/ noun VEGETABLES a climbing plantwith round green seeds that are eaten as veg-etables

COMMENT: Peas are available fresh inseason, or frozen or canned. Peas can beserved out of their pods, or the whole podis cooked rapidly as ‘mangetout’.

peach

peach /pi�tʃ/ noun FRUIT a juicy fruit witha soft hairy yellow or red-and-yellow skinand sweet yellow flesh � We had peachesand cream for dessert.

COMMENT: Peaches grow particularly inMediterranean areas, though they can begrown as far north as southern England.The fruit are large and juicy, with a downyskin; they cannot be kept for any length oftime. Peaches are divided into two groups:the freestone (where the flesh is notattached to the stone), and the clingstone.The nectarine is a form of peach with asmooth skin.

peach Melba

peach Melba /�pi�tʃ �melbə/ noun DES-SERTS a dessert of sliced peaches with icecream and raspberry saucepeak

peak /pi�k/ noun 1. the top of a mountain 2.the highest pointpeak period

peak period /�pi�k �pəriəd/ noun theperiod of the day when most electricity isused or when most traffic is on the roadspeak rate

peak rate /�pi�k ret/ noun the mostexpensive tariff for something such as a tele-phone callpeak season

peak season /�pi�k �si�z(ə)n/ noun sameas high season (US)peanut

peanut /�pi�n�t/ noun NUTS a nut whichgrows in the ground in pods like a pea. Alsocalled monkey nut

COMMENT: Roasted salted peanuts arecommonly served as a cocktail snack.

peanut butter

peanut butter /�pi�n�t �b�tə/ noun FOODa paste made from crushed peanutspear

pear /peə/ noun FRUIT a fruit with a green-ish or yellowish skin and soft white flesh

COMMENT: Pears are commonly used asdessert fruit, also for cooking. In the UK,William’s Bon Chrétien, Conference andDoyenné du Comice are popular dessertvarieties, while William’s is also commonlyused for canning. Pears are also used forfermenting to make perry.

pearl barley

pearl barley /�p��l �bɑ�li/ noun FOODgrains of barley used in cookingpebble

pebble /�peb(ə)l/ noun a small round stone� There’s no sand on the beach – it’s all peb-bles.pebbly

pebbly /�pebli/ adjective covered with peb-bles � The beach is pebbly.

pecanpecan /�pi�kən, p|�k�n/ noun NUTS asweet nut from a tree which grows in thesouth of the USApecan piepecan pie /�pi�kən �pa/ noun DESSERTS apie made from corn syrup, cornflour, andpecanspecorinopecorino /�pekə|�ri�nəυ/ noun DAIRY ahard pungent Italian cheese made from ewe’smilkpectinpectin /�pektn/ noun CATERING a sub-stance in fruit which helps jam to setpedalpedal /�ped(ə)l/ noun a lever worked byyour foot � If you want to stop the car putyour foot down on the brake pedal.pedal binpedal bin /�ped(ə)l bn/ noun rubbish binwith a lid worked by a pedalpedalopedalo /�pedələυ/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSa type of little boat, with seats for two peoplewho make it go forward by pedalling to turnpaddle wheels (NOTE: The plural form ispedalos.)pedestrianpedestrian /pə |�destriən/ noun somebodywho goes about on footpedestrian crossingpedestrian crossing /p |�destriən�krɒsŋ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a place markedwith white lines where pedestrians can crossa road. Also called zebra crossingpedestrian precinctpedestrian precinct /pə|�destriən�pri�sŋkt/ noun same as shopping pre-cinctpeelpeel /pi�l/ noun FOOD the outer skin of afruit, or the skin of a potato � Oranges havea thick peel. � Lemon peel is used as flavour-ing. � verb CATERING to take the skin off afruit or vegetable � Peel the potatoes and cutinto chunks.peelerpeeler /�pi�lə/ noun a tool for taking theskins off fruit or vegetablespeelingspeelings /�pi�lŋz/ plural noun CATERINGbits of skin from vegetables or fruitPeking duckPeking duck /�pi�kŋ �d�k/ noun FOODduck cooked in the Chinese style with asweet brown glaze, eaten with pancakes andraw onionspencepence /pens/ � pennypennepenne /�pene/ noun FOOD short tube-shaped pasta cut diagonally at the endspennypenny /�peni/ noun FINANCE 1. a smallcoin, of which one hundred make a pound(NOTE: This is usually written p after figures:26p (say ‘twenty-six pee’). The plural ispennies or pence.) 2. US a small coin, onecent (informal)pensionpension /�penʃən/ noun 1. money paidregularly to someone who no longer works2. /�pɒ̃sjɑ̃/ TOURISM a guesthouse or board-ing house

Leisure.fm Page 224 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

225 perishablespension contributionspension contributions /�penʃənkɒntr |�bju�ʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun BUSINESSmoney paid regularly by a company oremployee to be saved up to make a pensionpension entitlementpension entitlement /�penʃən n|

�tat(ə)lmənt/ noun the amount of pensionwhich someone has the right to receive ontheir retirementpension planpension plan /�penʃən pl�n/, pensionscheme /�penʃən ski�m/ noun FINANCE aplan worked out by an insurance companywhich arranges for an employee to pay partof his or her salary over many years andreceive a regular payment when he or sheretirespenthousepenthouse /�penthaυs/ noun a flat on thetop floor of a high building � The family hasbooked the penthouse suite for two weeks.pepperpepper /�pepə/ noun 1. SAUCES, ETC. acondiment, made from the crushed seeds ofthe pepper plant � Add salt and pepper totaste. � black pepper, white pepper, greenpepper, pink pepper different types of pep-per which are commonly available 2. sameas capsicum � Add salt and pepper to taste.� verb to sprinkle with pepper

COMMENT: There are two types of groundpepper: black and white (the white is notas strong as the black). The pepper vege-table is either green, yellow or red. It isalso called ‘sweet pepper’ to distinguish itfrom the chilli pepper.

peppercornpeppercorn /�pepəkɔ�n/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a dried seed of the pepper plantpeppered steakpeppered steak /�pepəd �stak/ nounFOOD a steak covered with crushed pepper-corns before cookingpeppermillpeppermill /�pepəml/ noun CATERING adevice which twists to crush peppercornspeppermintpeppermint /�pepəmnt/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a flavouring prepared from the oil of amint plantpepperpotpepperpot /�pepəpɒt/ noun CATERING apot with holes on the lid, filled with groundpepper

COMMENT: In the UK, a pepper pot hasseveral holes in it, sometimes in the shapeof the letter ‘P’ to differentiate it from thesalt cellar; in the USA, the pepper pot willhave only one hole while it is the salt cellarwhich has several.

pepper salamipepper salami /�pepə sə|�lɑ�mi/ nounMEAT salami with crushed peppercorns cov-ering the outsidepepperypeppery /�pepəri/ adjective CATERINGtasting of pepper � a very peppery soupperper /p��, pə/ preposition 1. � as peraccording to � as per the attached schedule� as per invoice as stated in the invoice 2. at

a rate of � per hour, per day, per week, peryear for each hour, day, week or year � Therate is £5 per hour. � He makes about £250per month. � we pay £10 per hour we pay£10 for each hour worked � the car wastravelling at twenty-five miles per hour ata speed which covered 25 miles in one hour� per head, per person, per capita for eachperson � Allow £15 per head for lunch. � Thetotal cost for the tour comes to £150 per per-son.per cent

per cent /pə �sent/ adverb out of eachhundred, for each hundred � 10 per cent tenin every hundred � What is the increase percent? � 12 per cent is added to the bill forservice. � The airline has reduced thenumber of seats in Business Class, soincreasing the leg room by about 15%.percentage

percentage /pə|�sentd$/ noun an amountshown as part of one hundredpercentage discount

percentage discount /pə|�sentd$ ds|

�kaυnt/ noun a discount calculated at anamount per hundredpercentage increase

percentage increase /pə |�sentd$�nkri�s/ noun an increase calculated at anamount per hundredpercentage of occupancy

percentage of occupancy /pə |�sentd$əv �ɒkjυpənsi/ noun HOTELS same as roomoccupancy � During the winter months theoccupancy rate was down to 50%.percentage point

percentage point /pə |�sentd$ pɔnt/noun 1 per centperch

perch /p��tʃ/ noun SEAFOOD a type offreshwater fishpercolate

percolate /�p��kəlet/ verb to filterthroughpercolation

percolation /�p��kə |�leʃ(ə)n/ noun theact of making e.g. coffee by filteringpercolator

percolator /�p��kəletə/ noun CATERING acoffeemaker where the water boils upthrough a tube and filters through groundcoffee

COMMENT: In a percolator, the coffee isboiled again and again, as opposed toexpresso-type coffeemakers where thehot water only rises once.

period

period /�pəriəd/ noun a length of time �for a period of time or for a period of monthsor for a six-year period � Bookings for theholiday period are down on last year.period of validity

period of validity /�pəriəd əv və|�ldti/noun BUSINESS the length of time for whicha document may be used lawfullyperishable

perishable /�perʃəb(ə)l/ adjectiveCATERING likely to go bad quicklyperishablesperishables /�perʃəb(ə)lz/ plural nounCATERING perishable food

Leisure.fm Page 225 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

perishable stores 226perishable stores

perishable stores /�perʃəb(ə)l �stɔ�z/noun CATERING a storeroom for food whichcan go bad quickly, such as meat and fruitpermission

permission /pə|�mʃ(ə)n/ noun the fact ofbeing allowed to do something � to givesomeone permission to do something toallow someone to do something � She askedpermission of the manager or she asked themanager’s permission to take a day off.permit

permit noun /�p��mt/ an official docu-ment which allows someone to do something� export permit, import permit an officialdocument which allows goods to be exportedor imported � verb /pə |�mt/ to allow some-one to do something � This document per-mits you to import twenty-five cases of wine.� The ticket permits three people to go intothe exhibition.perry

perry /�peri/ noun BEVERAGES an alcoholicdrink made from pear juiceperson

person /�p��s(ə)n/ noun a human beingpersonalpersonal /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective refer-ring to one personpersonal assetspersonal assets /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l ��sets/plural noun moveable assets which belong toa personpersonal callpersonal call /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l kɔ�l/ noun 1.a telephone call not related to business 2. atelephone call where you ask the operator toconnect you with a named person � Staff arenot allowed to make personal calls duringoffice hours.personal effects

personal effects /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l |�fekts/plural noun same as personal property(formal) � The hotel does not accept liabilityfor any loss of personal effects of delegatesattending the conference.personal hygienepersonal hygiene /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l�had$i�n/ noun actions to keep yourselfclean and healthy, e.g. washing your body,hands and hair often, and keeping yourclothes cleanpersonal message

personal message /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l�mesd$/ noun a message for a particularpersonpersonal organiser

personal organiser /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l�ɔ�#ənazə/ noun a very small pocket com-puter in which you can enter details ofnames, addresses, telephone numbers,appointments and meetings. Also calledelectronic organiserpersonal property

personal property /�p��s(ə)n(ə)l�prɒpəti/ noun items which belong to a per-son � The storm caused considerable dam-age to personal property. � The managementis not responsible for property left in thehotel rooms.

personnel

personnel /�p��sə|�nel/ noun BUSINESS thepeople who work in a particular place or fora particular company � the personnel of thehotel or the hotel personnel � We are lookingfor experienced personnel for our touristinformation office. � the personnel depart-ment the section of the company whichdeals with the staffpersonnel management

personnel management /�p��sənel�m�nd$mənt/ noun BUSINESS the organis-ing and training of staff so that they workwell and profitablypersonnel manager

personnel manager /�p��sə|�nel�m�nd$ə/, personnel officer /�p��sə|�nel�ɒfsə/ noun the head of the personneldepartment (NOTE: This has been replacedin some cases by human resources:human resources manager, humanresources department.)person-to-person call

person-to-person call /�p��s(ə)n tə�p��s(ə)n kɔ�l/ noun a telephone call whereyou ask the operator to connect you with anamed personpeso

peso /�pesəυ/ noun FINANCE the currencyused in Mexico and many other countriessuch as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,Cuba, Dominican Republic, Philippines andUruguaypest

pest /pest/ noun a plant, animal or insectwhich causes problems � a spray to removeinsect pests

COMMENT: The word is a relative term: apest to one person may not be a pest toanother, so foxes are pests to chickenfarmers, but not to naturalists.

pest control

pest control /�pest kən |�trəυl/ nounaction to restrict the spread of pests by kill-ing thempesticide

pesticide /�pestsad/ noun a poisonoussubstance used to destroy pests

COMMENT: There are three basic types ofpesticide. 1. organochlorine insecticides,which have a high persistence in the envi-ronment of up to about 15 years (DDT,dieldrin and aldrin). 2. organophosphates,which have an intermediate persistence ofseveral months (parathion, carbaryl andmalathion). 3. carbamates, which have alow persistence of around two weeks(Temik, Zectran and Zineb). Most pesti-cides are broad-spectrum, that is they killall insects in a certain area and may killother animals like birds and small mam-mals. Pesticide residue levels in food inthe UK are generally low. Pesticide resi-dues have been found in bran products,bread and baby foods, as well as in milkand meat. Where pesticides are found, thelevels are low and rarely exceed interna-tional maximum residue levels.

Leisure.fm Page 226 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

227 photocopypestopesto /�pestəυ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sauceor paste made by crushing together basilleaves, pine nuts, oil, Parmesan cheese, andgarlicpetpet /pet/ noun an animal kept in the hometo give pleasure, e.g. a cat or dog � Pets arenot allowed into the restaurant. � This littlesign in the directory indicates hotels whichwelcome pets.petits fourspetits fours /pə|�ti� �fɔ�/ plural noun FOODvery small cakes and biscuits, often contain-ing marzipan, served with coffee after a mealpetrolpetrol /�petrəl/ noun ROAD TRAVEL liquid,made from petroleum, used to drive a carengine � The car is very economic on petrol.� We are looking for a car with a low petrolconsumption. (NOTE: The US English isgasoline or gas.)petrol stationpetrol station /�petrəl �steʃ(ə)n/ noun aplace where you can buy petrol � He stoppedat a petrol station to get some petrol beforegoing on to the motorway.petrol tankpetrol tank /�petrəl t�ŋk/ noun a con-tainer built into a car, for holding petrolPet Travel SchemePet Travel Scheme, ‘pet passport’noun a scheme by which cats and dogs canbe brought into the UK from Europe withouthaving to spend six months in quarantine(NOTE: Before arrival the animal must bechecked for worms and ticks, and then hasa microchip implanted, giving it a uniquenumber. The animal is then vaccinatedagainst rabies and has to have regularblood tests after arrival to check if the vac-cine has taken.)petty cashpetty cash /�peti �k�ʃ/ noun FINANCEsmall amounts of moneyPFCPFC abbreviation AIR TRAVEL passengerfacility chargepheasantpheasant /�fez(ə)nt/ noun a large birdwith a long tail, shot for sport and food andin season from October 1st to February 1st

COMMENT: The male bird is brightly col-oured and larger than the female. Theyare usually sold as a pair or ‘brace’ – thatis, one male and one female.

phonephone /fəυn/ noun a telephone, a machineused for speaking to someone � We had anew phone system installed last week. � byphone using the telephone � to place anorder by phone � to be on the phone to bespeaking to someone by telephone � She hasbeen on the phone all morning. � He spoketo the manager on the phone. � to make aphone call to dial and speak to someone onthe telephone � verb � to phone a person, aplace to call someone or a place by tele-phone � Don’t phone me, I’ll phone you. �

His secretary phoned to say he would be late.� She phoned the reservation through to thehotel. � The travel agency phoned to say thatthe tickets were ready for collection. � Shephoned room service to order some coffee. �It’s very expensive to phone Singapore at thistime of day. � to phone about something tomake a telephone call to speak about some-thing � She phoned about the table he hadreserved for 8 p.m. � to phone for some-thing to make a telephone call to ask forsomething � He phoned for a taxi.phone back

phone back /�fəυn �b�k/ verb to make aphone call in reply to another � The manageris in a meeting, can you phone back in abouthalf an hour? � Mr Smith called while youwere out and asked if you would phone himback.phone book

phone book /�fəυn bυk/ noun a bookwhich lists names of people and businessesin alphabetical order with their telephonenumbers and addresses � Look up heraddress in the phone book. � He looked upthe number of the company in the phonebook. Also called telephone directoryphone booking

phone booking /�fəυn �bυkŋ/ noun areservation made by phone of somethingsuch as a room in a hotel, a table in a restau-rant, etc. � Phone bookings must be con-firmed in writing.phone booth

phone booth /�fəυn bu�ð/, phone box/�fəυn bɒks/ noun a small cabin for a publictelephonephone call

phone call /�fəυn kɔ�l/ noun a conversa-tion with someone on the telephonephonecard

phonecard /�fəυnkɑ�d/ noun a plasticcard which you can buy at a post office, andinsert into a special slot in a public telephonebooth to make a phone callphone link

phone link /�fəυn lŋk/ noun same as tel-ephone linephone number

phone number /�fəυn �n�mbə/ noun aseries of numbers that you press on a tele-phone to contact a particular person � Hekeeps a list of phone numbers in a little blackbook. � The phone number is on the hotelnotepaper. � Can you give me your phonenumber?photocopier

photocopier /�fəυtəυkɒpiə/ noun amachine which makes a copy of a documentby photographing and printing itphotocopy

photocopy /�fəυtəυkɒpi/ noun a copy ofa document made by photographing andprinting it � Make six photocopies of the let-ter. � verb to make a copy of a document byphotographing and printing it � She photo-copied the town plan.

Leisure.fm Page 227 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

photocopying 228photocopying

photocopying /�fəυtəυkɒpiŋ/ noun theact of copying a document by photographingand printing it � there is a mass of photo-copying to be done there are many docu-ments waiting to be photocopiedphotocopying bureau

photocopying bureau /�fəυtəkɒpiŋ�bjυərəυ/ noun an office which photocopiesdocuments for companies which do not pos-sess their own photocopiersphotocopying service

photocopying service /�fəυtəυkɒpiŋ�s��vs/ noun a service that makes photo-copies for customers � The business centrehas a photocopying service.physical map

physical map /�fzk(ə)l m�p/ noun adiagram showing mountains, rivers andother geographical featuresphysician

physician /f |�zʃ(ə)n/ noun US a doctor(formal) � Consult your physician beforetaking this medicine. � The tour will beaccompanied by a qualified physician.pichet

pichet /�pi�ʃe/ noun CATERING a small jugfor serving carafe wine, usually holding aquarter-litre or half-litrepick

pick /pk/ noun 1. the act of choosing, orthe thing, person or place chosen � takeyour pick choose what you want � the pickof the bunch, of the group the best item inthe group 2. CATERING a small metal tool,like a long needle, used to remove flesh fromshellfish or from nutshells, or to break up ice� a lobster pick � verb to choose something� The board picked the finance director tosucceed the retiring MD. � The Associationhas picked Paris for its next meeting.pickle

pickle /�pk(ə)l/ noun FOOD vegetables pre-served in vinegar � verb CATERING to pre-serve e.g. vegetables in vinegar � pickledgherkins, pickled onions, pickled walnutsgherkins, onions or walnuts preserved bysoaking in vinegar and herbspick up

pick up /�pk ��p/ verb 1. to take a passen-ger into a vehicle � He picked up two hitch-hikers at the entrance to the motorway. � Thecoach will call to pick up passengers at thehotel. 2. to get better, to improve � businessor trade is picking uppickup and delivery service

pickup and delivery service /�pk�pən d|�lv(ə)ri �s��vs/ noun BUSINESS aservice which takes goods from the ware-house and delivers them to the customerpickup point

pickup point /�pk�p pɔnt/ noun TRAVELa place where a group of people arranges tobe collected by a coach, etc.pick-up station

pick-up station /�pk �p �steʃ(ə)n/noun CATERING the place in a kitchen wherethe prepared meals are left ready for thewaiters to collect and deliver them

pickup truckpickup truck /�pk�p tr�k/ noun ROADTRAVEL a type of small van with an open areafor transporting goodspicnicpicnic /�pknk/ noun 1. TOURISM anexcursion with a meal eaten in the open air �We have organised a picnic in the woods. 2.CATERING a meal eaten outdoors � verb to eata picnic � Picnicking is not allowed in thebotanical gardens. (NOTE: picnicking – pic-nicked)picnic areapicnic area /�pknk �eəriə/ noun CATER-ING a place where people can have a picnicpicnickerpicnicker /�pknkə/ noun CATERINGsomebody who goes on a picnic � The riverbank is a favourite spot for picnickers.picnic lunchpicnic lunch /�pknk l�ntʃ/ nounCATERING lunch eaten in the open air, takenwith you in a bag, box or basketpiepie /pa/ noun FOOD a cooked dish of pastrywith a filling of meat or fruit, eaten hot orcold � a slice of veal and ham pie � apple piewith ice creampie chartpie chart /�pa tʃɑ�t/ noun a diagramwhere information is shown as a circle cut upinto sections of different sizespied-à-terrepied-à-terre /p |�e dɑ�|�teə/ noun a smallflat or studio, used by someone as a tempo-rary place to live � She lives in the countrybut has a pied-à-terre in London.pierpier /pə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a con-struction going out into the water, used as alanding place for shipspigeonpigeon /�pd$ən/ noun a fat grey birdwhich is common in towns � Let’s go andfeed the pigeons in Trafalgar Square. � woodpigeonpigeonholepigeonhole /�pd$ənhəυl/ noun one of aseries of small spaces for filing documents orfor putting letters for delivery to separaterooms or for collection � There was a mes-sage in his pigeonhole when he returned tothe hotel.pilaffpilaff /�pi�l�f/, pilau noun FOOD an Easterndish of rice with vegetables, herbs andspices, and sometimes with meat � We hadlamb pilaff.pilchardpilchard /�pltʃəd/ noun SEAFOOD a smallfish similar to a herring, sold in tinspilgrimpilgrim /�pl#rm/ noun TOURISM some-body who travels to an important religiousplace � a coach carrying a group of 50 pil-grims to Lourdes � Pilgrims travel to Meccain specially chartered planes.pilgrimagepilgrimage /�pl#rmd$/ noun TOURISM ajourney to an important religious place � Thechurch is organising a pilgrimage to Rome inApril.

Leisure.fm Page 228 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

229 place of workpillar box

pillar box /�plə bɒks/ noun (in Britain) acylindrical red metal container into whichmail is put to be collected and delivered �There’s a pillar box at the corner of thestreet.pillow

pillow /�pləυ/ noun a soft cushion on a bedwhich the head lies on when the person islying down � I like to sleep with two pillows.pillowcase

pillowcase /�pləυkes/, pillowslip/�pləυslp/ noun a cloth bag to cover a pil-low � The maids change the room and putclean sheets and pillowcases on the bedsevery morning.pilot

pilot /�palət/ noun 1. TRAVEL somebodywho flies a plane � The pilot reported badvisibility over the airport. � captain, copilot2. a test which, if successful, will then beexpanded into a full operation � The hotelgroup set up a pilot project to see if the pro-posed staff training scheme was efficient. �He is directing a pilot scheme for trainingunemployed young people.pimento

pimento /p |�mentəυ/, pimiento US /p |

�mjentəυ/ noun VEGETABLES same assweet pepperpin

pin /pn/ noun a small thin sharp metalobject with a round piece at the top, used forfastening things such as pieces of cloth orpaper � verb � to pin up a notice to attach anotice to a wall or noticeboard with pinspineapple

pineapple /�pan�p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT afruit of a tropical plant, which has a toughknobbly skin, pale yellow flesh, and leavessprouting from the toppink gin

pink gin /�pŋk �d$n/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made by putting a little Angostura bit-ters into a glass, swirling it round and pour-ing it out, then adding ginpint

pint /pant/ noun BEVERAGES a measure ofliquids equalling one eighth of a gallon �Two pints of bitter, please. � The recipe takeshalf a pint of milk.

COMMENT: A British pint is equal to 0.568of a litre; an American pint is equal to0.473 of a litre. The pint is also used tomeasure seafood, such as prawns ormussels.

pip

pip /pp/ noun CATERING a small seedpipe

pipe /pap/ verb CATERING to squeeze softfood mixture through a small tube, so as tomake decorative shapes � Duchesse potatoesare piped into spiral shapes and cooked.pistachio

pistachio, pistachio nut noun NUTS asmall green tropical nut, eaten salted as anappetiser or used as a flavouring in sweetdishes, especially ice cream � She had pista-chio ice cream for dessert.

piste

piste /pi�st/ noun SPORT a track for skiingpit

pit /pt/ noun CATERING the stone in somefruit such as cherries, plums, peaches, ordried fruit such as prunes and dates. � pittedpitch

pitch /ptʃ/ verb (of a ship) to move up anddown lengthwise. Compare rollpitcher

pitcher /�ptʃə/ noun CATERING a large jug,often used to serve beer or cocktailspith

pith /pθ/ noun CATERING the soft whitematerial under the skin of a lemon, orange orother citrus fruitpitta bread

pitta bread /�ptə �bred/ noun BREAD,ETC. flat white unleavened bread, servedwith Greek and Turkish foodpitted

pitted /�ptd/ adjective CATERING havinghad the stone taken out � pitted datespizza

pizza /�pi�tsə/ noun FOOD an Italiansavoury dish, consisting of a flat round pieceof dough cooked with tomatoes, onions,cheese, and often sliced meat or vegetableson top. � deep pan pizzapizzeria

pizzeria /�pi�tsə|�riə/ noun CATERING a res-taurant which sells pizzaspizzeria chef

pizzeria chef /�pi�tsə |�ri�ə ʃef/ nounCATERING a chef who prepares pizzas in arestaurantplace

place /ples/ noun 1. where something is orwhere something happens � to take place tohappen � The meeting will take place in theconference room. 2. a position in a competi-tion � Three companies are fighting for firstplace in the package holiday market. 3. a job� He was offered a place with a restaurantchain. � She turned down three places beforeaccepting the one we offered. � verb 1. to putsomething somewhere � The soup spoon isplaced on the right-hand side of the placesetting. � to place a contract to decide thata particular company will have the contractto do work � to place something on file tofile something � to place an order to ordersomething � He placed an order for 250 tinsof instant coffee. 2. � to place staff to findjobs for staff � how are you placed forwork? have you enough work to do?placemat

placemat /�plesm�t/ noun CATERING apiece of cloth, cork, etc., which a person’splate is put on to protect the table wherethere is no tablecloth. Also called table matplace of birth

place of birth /�ples əv �b��θ/ noun thetown where a person was bornplace of issue

place of issue /�ples əv �ʃu�/ noun thetown where a passport was issuedplace of work

place of work /�ples əv �w��k/ noun theplace, e.g. an office or a hotel, where a per-son works

Leisure.fm Page 229 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

place setting 230place settingplace setting /�ples �setŋ/ noun CATER-ING a set of knives, forks, spoons, glasses,etc., for one personplaces of interestplaces of interest /�plesz əv �ntrəst/plural noun TOURISM buildings or parts of thecountryside which are interesting to visit � atour to visit places of interest in south Italy �There are lots of places to visit within 50miles of central London.plaiceplaice /ples/ noun SEAFOOD a flat whitesea fish � fried fillets of plaice (NOTE: Theplural form is plaice.)plain chocolateplain chocolate /�plen �tʃɒklət/ nounFOOD a dark, bitter chocolateplain flourplain flour /�plen �flaυə/ noun FOOD flourthat has had no baking powder added to itplain yoghurtplain yoghurt /�plen �jɒ#ət/ noun DAIRYa yoghurt without any sweetening or flavour-ingplanplan /pl�n/ noun 1. an idea or descriptionof how you intend to do something 2. a draw-ing which shows how something is arrangedor how something will be built � The design-ers showed us the first plans for the newhotel. � verb to arrange how you are going todo something (NOTE: planning – planned)� to plan for an increase in visitors to themusic festival to change a way of doingthings because you think there will be morevisitors to the music festivalplaneplane /plen/ noun AIR TRAVEL same as aer-oplane � I intend to take the 5 o’clock planeto New York. � He could not get a seat onTuesday’s plane, so he had to wait untilWednesday. � There are twenty planes a dayfrom London to Paris.planetariumplanetarium /�pl�n |�teəriəm/ nounENTERTAINMENT a domed building in whichyou sit and watch as pictures of the stars areprojected against the ceiling � We visited theplanetarium with a school party.plane ticketplane ticket /�plen �tkt/ noun AIRTRAVEL a ticket which allows a passenger totravel by planeplannerplanner /�pl�nə/ noun 1. somebody whoplans something, especially what buildingsare to be built in an area 2. a chart or note-book where you can write down the dates offuture eventsplanningplanning /�pl�nŋ/ noun 1. BUSINESS thework of organising how something should bedone, especially how a company should berun to make increased profits � long-termplanning, short-term planning makingplans for a long or short period 2. � the plan-ning department the section of a local gov-ernment office which deals with requests forplanning permission

‘…buildings are closely regulated by planningrestrictions’ [Investors Chronicle]

planning permissionplanning permission /�pl�nŋ pə|

�mʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS an official docu-ment allowing a person or company to con-struct new buildings � The group wasrefused planning permission. � We are wait-ing for planning permission before we canstart building the cinema. � The land is to besold with planning permission for a motel.plantainplantain /�pl�nten/ noun VEGETABLESthe name given to various types of largebanana used for cooking, which have a lowersugar content than dessert bananasplat du jourplat du jour /�plɑ� du� �$ɔ�/ noun CATER-ING a special dish prepared for the day andnot listed in the printed menu (NOTE: plat dujour comes from the French phrase mean-ing ‘dish of the day’.)plateplate /plet/ noun a flat dish for puttingfood onplateauplateau /�pl�təυ/ noun CATERING a Frenchnoun meaning large dish with a display offood (NOTE: The plural form is plateaux.) �a plateau de fromages a large plate with aselection of cheesesplatedplated /�pletd/ adjective CATERINGserved on plates � plated six-course meal ameal of six courses, each served ready on theplate

‘…the competition gave chefs just 30 minutes toprepare, cook and present two plated portions ofa free-interpretation dish centred on a bonelessloin of lamb’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

plated coverplated cover /�pletd �k�və/ nounCATERING part of a meal served on a plateplatefulplateful /�pletfυl/ noun the quantity heldby a plateplate rackplate rack /�plet r�k/ noun CATERING adevice for holding several plates side by sideas in a dishwasherplate roomplate room /�plet ru�m/ noun CATERINGa room in a hotel where plates, glasses andcutlery are stored, ready for use in the restau-rantplate serviceplate service /�plet �s��vs/ nounCATERING a type of restaurant service, wherethe food is put onto the plate before the plateis carried to each guestplatformplatform /�pl�tfɔ�m/ noun RAIL TRAVEL ahigh pavement in a station, running along-side the track, where passengers can get onor off trains � The train for Birminghamleaves from Platform 12. � The ticket office ison Platform 2.platinum cardplatinum card /�pl�tnəm kɑ�d/ nounBUSINESS a credit card issued to very impor-tant customers with a high level of income,

Leisure.fm Page 230 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

231 poisonouswhich gives privileges such as a higherspending limit, but also costs more than ordi-nary credit cardsplatter

platter /�pl�tə/ noun 1. CATERING a largeflat serving plate � A huge joint of meat wascarried in on a platter. 2. CATERING a largeplate of prepared food, arranged in a decora-tive way � cheese platter, seafood platter,shellfish platter large plate with variouscheeses, fish or shellfish � We ordered a sea-food platter.playplay /ple/ verb to take part in an enjoyableactivity, especially a game, simply for thesake of amusementplayground

playground /�ple#raυnd/, play areanoun ENTERTAINMENT an area, especiallyround a building, where children can play �There is a children’s play area near themotel.playing cards

playing cards /�pleŋ kɑ�dz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT ordinary cards,marked in either diamonds, hearts, clubs,spadesplongeur

plongeur /plɒn |�$��/ noun CATERING aFrench noun meaning person who washesdishes in a restaurantplonkplonk /plɒŋk/ noun BEVERAGES inferiorwine (informal) � I bought a bottle of Span-ish plonk from the supermarket.plough

plough /plaυ/ � snowploughploughman’s lunchploughman’s lunch /�plaυmənz �l�ntʃ/noun FOOD a cold lunch, typically served ina pub, consisting of a plate of bread, cheese,pickle or chutney, and a pickled onionpluckpluck /pl�k/ verb CATERING to take thefeathers off a bird, before it is cooked � Askthe butcher to pluck the pheasants for you.plug

plug /pl�#/ noun 1. a device at the end of awire for connecting a machine to the elec-tricity supply 2. a flat round rubber objectwhich covers the hole in a bath or sink �There is no plug in my bath. 3. � to give aplug to a new leisure centre to publicise anew leisure centre (informal) 4. same assocket � verb 1. � to plug in to connect amachine to the electricity supply � The TVwas not plugged in. 2. MARKETING to publi-cise or advertise something (informal ) �They ran six commercials plugging holidaysin Spain. (NOTE: plugging – plugged)plum

plum /pl�m/ noun FRUIT a gold, red or pur-ple fruit with a smooth skin and a large stoneplum puddingplum pudding /�pl�m �pυdŋ/ noun DES-SERTS a rich fruit pudding, cooked by steam-ing and usually eaten at Christmasplum tomatoplum tomato /�pl�m tə|�mɑ�təυ/ nounVEGETABLES a variety of tomato which is

longer and egg-shaped, the variety most usu-ally used for canningp.m.p.m. /�pi� �em/, P.M. US abbreviation refer-ring to the period between midday and mid-night, in the afternoon or in the evening �The train leaves at 6.50 p.m. � If you phoneNew York after 8 p.m. the calls are at acheaper rate.pnpn abbreviation per nightPNRPNR abbreviation AIR TRAVEL passengername recordPOPO abbreviation post officepoachpoach /pəυtʃ/ verb CATERING to cooksomething, e.g. eggs without their shells orfish, in gently boiling liquid � sole poachedin white winepoached eggpoached egg /�pəυtʃt �e#/ noun FOOD anegg which is taken out of its shell and cookedwhole in boiling water, usually eaten on toastat breakfastpocketpocket /�pɒkt/ noun a small bag attachedto the inside of a piece of clothing to holdmoney, keys and other small articlespointpoint /pɔnt/ noun 1. a place or position 2.� the dollar gained two points the dollarincreased in value against another currencyby two hundredths of a cent � verb � to pointout to show � The report of the fire depart-ment points out the mistakes made by thebuilders of the hotel. � He pointed out thatthe bookings for the Christmas season werebetter than in previous years.

‘…banks refrained from quoting forwardUS/Hongkong dollar exchange rates as premi-ums of 100 points replaced discounts of up to 50points’ [South China Morning Post]

point of salepoint of sale /�pɔnt əv �sel/ noun MAR-KETING a place where a product is sold, e.g. ashop. Abbr POSpoint-of-sale materialpoint-of-sale material /�pɔnt əv �selmə|�təriəl/ noun MARKETING display mate-rial used to advertise a product where it isbeing sold. Also called POS materialpoisonpoison /�pɔz(ə)n/ noun MEDICAL a sub-stance which can kill or harm when eaten,drunk, breathed in or touched � poison ivy,poison oak North American plants whoseleaves can cause a painful and itchy rash iftouched � verb MEDICAL to kill or harmsomeone or something with poisonpoisoningpoisoning /�pɔz(ə)nŋ/ noun MEDICALkilling or harming someone or somethingwith a poisonpoisonouspoisonous /�pɔz(ə)nəs/ adjective MEDI-CAL full of poison � Some mushrooms aregood to eat and some are poisonous.

COMMENT: The commonest poisons, ofwhich even a small amount can kill, are

Leisure.fm Page 231 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

poivre 232arsenic, cyanide and strychnine. Manycommon foods and drugs can be poison-ous if taken in large doses. Commonhousehold materials such as bleach, glueand insecticides can also be poisonous.Some types of poisoning, such as Salmo-nella, can be passed to other peoplethrough lack of hygiene.

poivre

poivre /�pwɑ�vrə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. aFrench noun meaning pepperpolar bear

polar bear /�pəυlə �beə/ noun a big whitebear which lives in the snow near the NorthPole � The explorers were attacked by polarbears.pole

pole /pəυl/ noun a long wooden or metalrodpolenta

polenta /pə|�lentə/ noun FOOD in Italiancooking, fine yellow maize meal cooked to amush with water or stock, sometimes set,sliced, and served baked or friedpolice escort

police escort /pə|�li�s |�skɔ�t/ noun agroup of policemen who escort someone �The president had a police escort to the air-port.policy

policy /�pɒlsi/ noun 1. a set of decisions orrules on the general way in which somethingshould be done (NOTE: The plural form ispolicies.) 2. a contract between an insur-ance company and a person or organisationthat wants insurance � an accident policy aninsurance which will pay if an accidentoccurs � all-risks policy an insurance policywhich covers risks of any kind, with noexclusions � a comprehensive, an all-inpolicy an insurance policy which covers youagainst all risks which are likely to happen �contingent policy a policy which pays outonly if something happens, such as if the per-son named in the policy dies before the per-son due to benefit � to take out a policy tosign the contract for an insurance and startpaying the premiums � She took out a lifeinsurance policy or a house insurance pol-icy.policy holder

policy holder /�pɒlsi �həυldə/ nounFINANCE somebody who is insured by aninsurance companypolish

polish /�pɒlʃ/ noun a substance used tomake things shiny (NOTE: The plural form ispolishes.) � verb to rub something to makeit shiny � She polished the table until itshone. � Each bedroom has a mending kitand a shoe polishing kit.polite

polite /pə|�lat/ adjective pleasant towardsother people, not rude � We stipulate that oursalesgirls must be polite to customers. � Wehad a polite letter from the hotel manager.

politelypolitely /pə|�latli/ adverb in a pleasantway � She politely answered the guests’questions.polyunsaturated fatpolyunsaturated fat/�pɒl�ns�tʃəretd �f�t/ noun CATERING afatty acid capable of absorbing more hydro-gen, typical of vegetable and fish oils � Veg-etable oils and fish oils are polyunsaturated.polyvinyl chloridepolyvinyl chloride /�pɒlvnl �klɔ�rad/noun a type of plastic that is not biodegrada-ble, used for floor coverings, clothes, shoes,pipes, etc. Abbr PVCpomegranate

pomegranate /�pɒm#r�nt/ noun FRUITa fruit with yellowish pink or red skin,masses of seeds and sweet red flesh � Pome-granate juice stains badly.ponypony /�pəυni/ noun a small horse � My bestfriend lets me ride her pony sometimes.(NOTE: The plural form is ponies.)pony-trekkingpony-trekking /�pəυni �trekŋ/ nounSPORT the activity of riding ponies in thecountry for pleasure � We often go pony-trekking in the summer. � The hotel offerspony-trekking holidays in the mountains. �

horse-ridingpool

pool /pu�l/ noun 1. same as swimmingpool 2. ENTERTAINMENT a game similar tosnookerpoolroom

poolroom /�pu�lru�m/ noun US ENTER-TAINMENT a public room where you can playpoolpool tablepool table /�pu�l �teb(ə)l/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a table on which pool is playedpoor

poor /pɔ�/ adjective 1. with little or nomoney � It is one of the poorest countries inthe world, but the scenery is magnificent. 2.not very good � We all complained about thepoor service in the hotel coffee lounge. �Poor turnround time of aircraft can affectschedules. � The restaurant is okay but haspoor air-conditioning or poor noise insula-tion.poorlypoorly /�pɔ�li/ adverb badly � The recep-tion area is poorly laid out. � The tour waspoorly planned. � poorly paid staff staffwith low wagespopcornpopcorn /�pɒpkɔ�n/ noun FOOD corn seedwhich is heated, sometimes with sugar, untilit bursts, eaten as a snack and often served inlarge cardboard containers at cinemas andfairgrounds � We always buy a carton ofpopcorn when we go to the cinema.poppadom

poppadom /�pɒpədɒm/ noun BREAD,ETC. a thin round crisp Indian pancake, friedor grilledPopsiclePopsicle /�pɒpsk(ə)l/ tdmk US FOOD atrademark for a mixture of water and fla-

Leisure.fm Page 232 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

233 POS materialvouring, frozen until solid with a stick in it �I keep some Popsicles in the freezer for thekids. (NOTE: The British English is ice lolly.)popular

popular /�pɒpjυlə/ adjective liked bymany people � This is our most popularresort. � The South Coast is the most populararea for holidays. � popular prices priceswhich are low and therefore likedpork

pork /pɔ�k/ noun MEAT fresh meat frompigs, as opposed to cured meat, which isbacon or ham (NOTE: There is no pluralform.)

COMMENT: Roast pork is traditionallyserved with apple sauce and sage andonion stuffing. In some countries pork andother meat from pigs is not eaten as it isconsidered unclean by the religion of thecountry (this applies to the Muslim andJewish religions).

pork pie

pork pie /�pɔ�k �pa/ noun FOOD mincedpork in a pastry case, usually eaten cold �Let’s buy a pork pie to eat on the picnic.porridge

porridge /�pɒrd$/ noun FOOD oatmealcooked in water � She had a bowl of por-ridge for breakfast.

COMMENT: Porridge is served at break-fast; in Scotland it is traditionally servedwith salt, but elsewhere it is served withsugar and milk or cream.

porridge oats

porridge oats /�pɒrd$ əυts/ plural nounFOOD oats which have been crushed ready tobe made into porridgeport

port /pɔ�t/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS a har-bour, a place where ships come to load orunload � the port of Rotterdam � to call at aport to stop at a port to load or unload cargoor drop or taken on passengers 2. BEVERAGESa dessert wine from Portugal, usually servedafter a meal 3. SHIPS AND BOATS the left-hand side of a ship when facing the bow, alsoused of the left-hand side of an aircraftport authority

port authority /�pɔ�t ɔ� |�θɒrti/ nounBUSINESS an organisation which runs a portport charges

port charges /�pɔ�t �tʃɑ�d$z/, portdues plural noun SHIPS AND BOATS pay-ments which a ship makes to the port author-ity for the right to use the portporter

porter /�pɔ�tə/ noun 1. AIR TRAVEL some-body who carries luggage for travellers at anairport, a railway station, in a hotel, etc.(NOTE: In the USA and Canada they arecalled ‘redcaps’, because they wear redcaps as part of their uniform.) 2. a personwho is on duty at the entrance to a buildingand checks on or helps people who want tocome in or go out 3. BEVERAGES a type ofdark sweet beer brewed from malt

port installations

port installations /�pɔ�t nstə|

�leʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun TRAVEL the buildingsand equipment of a portportion

portion /�pɔ�ʃ(ə)n/ noun CATERING a smallquantity, especially enough food for one per-son � We serve ice cream in individual por-tions. � Foil-wrapped butter portions areserved in a dish of ice.portion control

portion control /�pɔ�ʃ(ə)n kən |�trəυl/noun CATERING keeping a check on theamount of food served by splitting it up intoindividual portions, e.g. by serving butter insmall individual packets or potsport of call

port of call /�pɔ�t əv �kɔ�l/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS a port at which a ship often stopsport of embarkation

port of embarkation /�pɔ�t əv �mbɑ�|

�keʃ(ə)n/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a port atwhich you get onto a shipport of entry

port of entry /�pɔ�t əv �entri/ noun aplace where passengers and goods may entera country under the supervision of customsofficials, e.g. a port or an airportp.o.s.

p.o.s. /�pi�əυ |�es/, POS abbreviation MAR-KETING point of saleposada

posada /pə|�sɑ�də/ noun HOTELS in aSpanish-speaking country, a hotel, pension,or hostelposh

posh /pɒʃ/ adjective expensive and attrac-tive, or suitable for special occasions(informal ) � He took us for lunch to one ofthe poshest restaurants in town.position

position /pə|�zʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a situationor state of affairs � what is the cash posi-tion? what is the state of the company’s cur-rent account? 2. a site, the place where abuilding is � The hotel occupies a centralposition in the town. � The restaurant’s lake-side position makes it very popular in sum-mer. 3. a job, or a rank in an organisation �to apply for a position as hotel manager �We have several positions vacant in ourfront-of-the-house area. � All the vacantpositions have been filled. � She retired fromher position in the corporate reservationsdepartment. � he is in a key position he hasan important job 4. (at a bank, post office,check-in) a separate place where a customeris dealt with � ‘position closed’ a notice toshow that a counter is not openpositive cash flow

positive cash flow /�pɒztv �k�ʃ fləυ/noun BUSINESS a situation where moremoney is coming into a company than isgoing outPOS material

POS material /�pi� əυ �es mə |�təriəl/noun MARKETING same as point-of-salematerial

Leisure.fm Page 233 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

post 234post

post /pəυst/ noun 1. a system of sendingletters and parcels from one place to another� He put the letter in the post. � The chequewas lost in the post. � Post to the FalklandIslands can take up to a week. Also calledmail � by post using the postal services, notsending something by hand or by messenger� to send the tickets by post � we sent theorder by first-class post by the most expen-sive mail service, designed to be faster � tosend a reply by return of post to reply bythe next post service � letter post, parcelpost a service for sending letters or parcels2. letters and parcels that are sent andreceived � Has the post arrived yet? � Myassistant opens the post as soon as it arrives.� The receipt was in this morning’s post. �The tickets did not arrive by first post thismorning. 3. a job, paid work in a company �She is going to apply for a post as cashier. �We have three posts vacant. � All our postshave been filled. � We advertised three postsin the ‘Hotel Gazette’. Also called position� verb 1. to send a letter or parcel � Weposted our confirmation of the booking lastWednesday. 2. � to post up a notice to put anotice on a wall or on a noticeboard � Thecourier posted up a list of ski runs whichwere open.postage

postage /�pəυstd$/ noun payment forsending a letter or parcel by post � What isthe postage to New Zealand?postage paid

postage paid /�pəυstd$ �ped/ adjectivewords printed on an envelope to show thatthe sender has paid the postage even thoughthere is no stamp on itpostage stamp

postage stamp /�pəυstd$ st�mp/ nouna small piece of gummed paper which youbuy from a post office and stick on a letter orparcel so it can be sent through the postpostal

postal /�pəυst(ə)l/ adjective referring tothe postpostal charges

postal charges /�pəυst(ə)l �tʃɑ�d$z/,postal rates plural noun money to be paidfor sending letters or parcels by post � Postalcharges are going up by 10% in September.postal order

postal order /�pəυst(ə)l �ɔ�də/ nounFINANCE a document which can be bought ata post office for sending small amounts ofmoney through the postpostbox

postbox /�pəυstbɒks/ noun a public boxinto which mail is put to be collected anddelivered. Also called letterbox 1postcard

postcard /�pəυstkɑ�d/ noun a piece ofcardboard for sending a message by post(NOTE: With a picture on one side it is calleda picture postcard.)

postcode

postcode /�pəυstkəυd/ noun letters andnumbers used to indicate a town or street inan address (NOTE: The US English is ZIPcode.)poster

poster /�pəυstə/ noun MARKETING a largenotice or advertisement to be stuck up on awall � In the underground we saw postersadvertising holidays in Spain.poste restante

poste restante /�pəυst �restɑ�nt/ noun asystem where letters can be addressed tosomeone at a post office, where they can becollected � Send any messages to ‘PosteRestante, Athens’. (NOTE: The US Englishfor this is General Delivery.)post-free

post-free /�pəυst �fri�/ adverb withouthaving to pay any postage � The timetable isobtainable post-free from the airline offices.postmark

postmark /�pəυstmɑ�k/ noun a markstamped by the post office on a letter, cover-ing the postage stamp, to show that the postoffice has accepted it, and giving the name ofthe post office or town and the date � a letterwith a London postmark � verb to stamp aletter with a postmark � The letter was post-marked New York.post office

post office /�pəυst �ɒfs/ noun 1. a build-ing where you can do such things as buyingstamps, sending letters and parcels and pay-ing bills � sub-post office a small postoffice, often part of a shop 2. � the PostOffice a national organisation which dealswith sending letters and parcels � Post Officeofficials or officials of the Post Office � APost Office van comes to collect the mail.

‘…travellers cheques cost 1% of their face valueand can be purchased from any bank, main postoffices, travel agents and several building socie-ties’ [The Sunday Times]

Post Office box number

Post Office box number /�pəυst �ɒfs�bɒks �n�mbə/ noun a reference numberused when asking for mail to be sent to a postoffice. Abbr P.O. box numberpost-paid

post-paid /�pəυst �ped/ adjective withthe postage already paid � The price is £5.95post-paid.postpone

postpone /pəυst |�pəυn/ verb to arrangefor something to take place later thanplanned � He postponed the meeting for aweek. � They asked if they could postponepayment until the cash situation was better.postponement

postponement /pəυs|�pəυnmənt/ nounthe act of arranging for something to takeplace later than planned � I had to change myappointments because of the postponementof the board meeting.post room

post room /�pəυst ru�m/ noun a room inan office where the post is sorted and sent to

Leisure.fm Page 234 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

235 precincteach department or collected from eachdepartment for sendingpot

pot /pɒt/ noun a container made of glass,metal or clay � Can we have a pot of tea fortwo, please? � verb to put in a potpotable

potable /�pɒtəb(ə)l/ adjective clean andsafe to drink � The hotel has a potable watersupply.potage

potage /pɒ |�tɑ�$/ noun FOOD thick soup,especially one made from vegetablespotato

potato /pə|�tetəυ/ noun VEGETABLES avegetable that grows from the roots of aplant, has a brown skin and white flesh, andcan be eaten boiled, roasted, fried or baked �Do you want any more potatoes? � We’rehaving roast lamb and potatoes for Sundaylunch.

COMMENT: In Britain potatoes were tradi-tionally eaten at every main meal, alongwith another vegetable, such as cabbage,carrots, peas, etc. The potato is an impor-tant source of carbohydrate, but nowa-days is replaced at some meals by pasta,rice or bread. More than a dozen differentvarieties are grown commercially in Brit-ain, and some are better than others fordifferent cooking purposes.

potato peeler

potato peeler /pə |�tetəυ �pi�lə/ nounCATERING a special tool for peeling potatoesand other vegetablespothole

pothole /�pɒthəυl/ noun 1. a hole in rockworn away by water � They were exploring apothole in the Mendip Hills. 2. ROAD TRAVELa hole in a road surface � The council stillhasn’t filled in the potholes in our street.potholer

potholer /�pɒthəυlə/ noun SPORT some-body who climbs down inside pot-holes as asport � Several potholers were trapped in thecave by a flash flood.potholing

potholing /�pɒthəυlŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of climbing down inside pot-holes �We spent the weekend potholing in the lime-stone hills.potluck

potluck /pɒt |�l�k/ noun � to take potluckto take whatever food is served, with no pos-sibility of choicepotted

potted /�pɒtd/ adjective CATERING cookedor preserved in a vessel such as a pot or jarpotted shrimps

potted shrimps /�pɒtd �ʃrmps/ pluralnoun FOOD shrimps which have been cookedand put in a small pot with melted butter,served with lemon and brown bread and but-terpoultry

poultry /�pəυltri/ noun MEAT a generalterm for domestic birds kept for meat andegg production, e.g. chickens, turkeys, ducksetc. (NOTE: The word is mainly used inbutchers’ shops and recipe books.)

poundpound /paυnd/ noun 1. a measure ofweight, equal to about 450 grams � to selloranges by the pound � a pound of oranges� Oranges cost 50p a pound. � She weighs140 pounds. (NOTE: In the USA, body weightis given in pounds, while in Britain it is givenin stones; pound is usually written lb afterfigures: 25lb.) 2. FINANCE the currency usedin the UK and many other countries (NOTE:This is usually written £ before the figure:£25.) � a ten-pound note a banknote for tenpoundspound sterlingpound sterling /�paυnd �st��lŋ/ nounFINANCE the official term for the unit ofmoney used in the UKpoussinpoussin /�pu�s�n/ noun MEAT a chickenreared to be eaten when very young and ten-derpowderedpowdered /�paυdəd/ adjective CATERINGcrushed so that it forms a fine dry dust � a tinof powdered milk � an omelette made withpowdered eggspowder roompowder room /�paυdə ru�m/ noun awomen’s toilet in a public place such as arestaurant or shoppowerpower /�paυə/ noun electricity used todrive machines or devicespower packpower pack /�paυə p�k/ noun a portablesource of electricitypower pointpower point /�paυə pɔnt/ noun a wallplug which supplies electricity � There is apower point for shavers in the bathroom. �Each bedroom has a safe large enough for alaptop and with in-built power point forrecharging.pppp abbreviation HOTELS per personpppnpppn abbreviation HOTELS per person pernightPRPR abbreviation MARKETING public rela-tions � a PR man � the PR departmentpralinepraline /�preli�n/ noun FOOD a sweetmade of crushed nuts and caramelised sugarprawnprawn /prɔ�n/ noun SEAFOOD a type ofshellfish, like a large shrimp � She ordered aprawn curry and rice. � I had a prawn andmayonnaise sandwich.prawn cocktailprawn cocktail /�prɔ�n �kɒktel/ nounFOOD a starter consisting of shelled prawnsin mayonnaise and tomato dressing, servedin a glasspre-pre- /pri�/ prefix before or in front of. � pre-booked, prepay, pre-theatre menupre-bookedpre-booked /�pri� �bυkt/ adjectivebooked in advanceprecinctprecinct /�pri�sŋkt/ noun US an adminis-trative district in a town � the 10th precinctpolice station

Leisure.fm Page 235 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

precipitation 236precipitationprecipitation /pr |�sp |�teʃ(ə)n/ nounwater which falls from clouds as rain, snowor hail � Precipitation in the mountain areasis higher than in the plains.precookprecook /pri� |�kυk/ verb CATERING to cookfood completely or partially in advance,especially before it is sold, so that it onlyneed minimal cooking or reheating before itis eatenpredictpredict /pr|�dkt/ verb to say in advancewhat will happenpre-existingpre-existing /�pri� #|�zstŋ/ adjectiveexisting from before, already presentpre-existing conditionpre-existing condition /�pri� #|�zstŋkən |�dʃ(ə)n/ noun MEDICAL an illness fromwhich someone was already suffering whenhe or she took out a medical insurance policypreheatpreheat /pri� |�hi�t/ verb CATERING to heatan oven, dish, or other item before using itpremisespremises /�premsz/ plural noun a build-ing and the land it stands on � on thepremises in the building � There is a doctoron the premises at all times.premiumpremium /�pri�miəm/ noun 1. same asinsurance premium 2. a special prize 3.BUSINESS the amount to be paid to a landlordor a tenant for the right to take over a lease �flat to let with a premium of £10,000 �Annual rent: £8,500, premium: £25,000. 4.an extra chargepremium cabinpremium cabin, premium section nounAIR TRAVEL part of a plane where the passen-gers have special service, usually the first-class sectionpremium offerpremium offer /�pri�miəm �ɒfə/ nounMARKETING a free gift offered to attract morecustomerspremium qualitypremium quality /�pri�miəm �kwɒlti/adjective top quality � The hamburger chainsays it only uses premium-quality beef.premium ratepremium rate /�pri�miəm ret/ nounHOTELS a special rate for high-quality roomspremixpremix /�pri�mks/ noun a product consist-ing of previously mixed ingredients or ele-mentsprepaidprepaid /pri� |�ped/ adjective paid inadvanceprepaid reply cardprepaid reply card /�pri�ped r |�plakɑ�d/ noun MARKETING a stamped addressedcard which is sent to someone so that theycan reply without paying the postageprepayprepay /pri� |�pe/ verb to pay in advance(NOTE: prepaying – prepaid)prepaymentprepayment /pri�|�pemənt/ noun pay-ment in advance � to ask for prepayment ofa fee to ask for the fee to be paid before thework is done

prep counterprep counter /�prep �kaυntə/ nounCATERING a metal counter on which food ispreparedpre-platedpre-plated /�pri� �pletd/ adjectiveCATERING put on the plates in the kitchenbefore being served

‘…a classier food and beverage service will be onoffer. The airline will be experimenting withchefs on board to serve food as meals will nolonger arrive pre-plated’ [Business Traveller]

pre-platingpre-plating /�pri� �pletŋ/ noun CATER-ING a type of service where food is servedready on the platepre-registerpre-register /�pri� �red$stə/ verbHOTELS to register a guest before he or sheactually checks into the hotelpre-registrationpre-registration /�pri� �red$ |�streʃ(ə)n/noun HOTELS the registration of guestsbefore they actually check into the hotel, soas to save time when a group of guests arriveall togetherpresentationpresentation /�prez(ə)n |�teʃ(ə)n/ noun1. the act of showing something, e.g. a docu-ment � free admission on presentation ofthe card you do not pay to go in if you showthis card 2. a demonstration or exhibition ofa proposed plan � The manufacturer made apresentation of her new product line to pos-sible hotel customers. � We have asked twoPR firms to make presentations of proposedpublicity campaigns.preservativepreservative /pr|�z��vətv/ noun CATER-ING a substance, e.g. sugar or salt, added tofood to preserve it by slowing natural decaycaused by bacteria � The label says that thejam contains no artificial preservatives.preservepreserve /pr |�z��v/ noun FOOD a foodconsisting of fruit or vegetables, cooked andkept in jars or cans for future use, e.g. jam ormarmalade � Small pots of grapefruit pre-serve were on the breakfast table. � verbCATERING to treat something such as food sothat it keeps for a long timepre-servicepre-service /�pri� �s��vs/ adjectiveCATERING before a meal is servedpre-service checkspre-service checks /�pri� �s��vs�tʃeks/ plural noun CATERING checks tomake sure that the tables and food are ready,before the meal is servedpreserving panpreserving pan /pri|�s��vŋ p�n/ nounCATERING a very large pan for making jam orchutneypresspress /pres/ noun 1. newspapers and mag-azines � the local press newspapers whichare sold in a small area of the country � thenational press newspapers which are sold inall parts of the country 2. CATERING a deviceor machine for crushing fruit or vegetables to

Leisure.fm Page 236 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

237 primeextract the juice � garlic press � verb 1. toiron the creases from clothes 2. CATERING tocrush fruit or seeds to extract juice or oilpress conference

press conference /�pres �kɒnf(ə)rəns/noun MARKETING a meeting where newspa-per and TV reporters are invited to hear newsof e.g. a new product, a takeover bid or acourt casepress cutting

press cutting /�pres �k�tŋ/ noun a piececut out of a newspaper or magazine, whichrefers to an item which you find interestingpressing service

pressing service /�presŋ �s��vs/ nounsame as valet servicepress release

press release /�pres r |�li�s/ noun MAR-KETING a sheet giving news about somethingwhich is sent to newspapers and TV andradio stations so that they can use the infor-mationpressure cooker

pressure cooker /�preʃə �kυkə/ nounCATERING a type of pan with a tight-fittinglid, which cooks food rapidly under pressurepressure steaming

pressure steaming /�preʃə �sti�mŋ/noun CATERING a method of cooking vegeta-bles or meat in which a purpose-builtsteamer is used to create steam under highpressure so that the food cooks rapidly �Pressure steaming is much quicker thansteaming in the usual way.pressure steam oven

pressure steam oven /�preʃə �sti�m��v(ə)n/ noun CATERING a special ovenwhere food can be steamed under pressurepressurisation

pressurisation /�preʃəra |�zeʃ(ə)n/,pressurization noun AIR TRAVEL a systemwhere the pressure inside an aircraft isincreased for the comfort of the passengerspressurise

pressurise /�preʃəra|�zeʃ(ə)n/, pressu-rize verb AIR TRAVEL to increase the pressureinside an aircraft to keep a safe and comfort-able environment, even at very high altitude� the pressurised cabin

COMMENT: Jet passenger aircraft fly atvery high altitudes for reasons of fueleconomy. At around 30,000 to 40,000 feetthe air is very cold and too thin to breathe.To make a safe and comfortable environ-ment for passengers and crew, warm air ispumped into the cabin to increase thetemperature and pressure.

pre-theatre menu

pre-theatre menu /�pri� �θətə �menju�/noun CATERING a special dinner menu oflight dishes, prepared for quick service tocustomers who are going on to the theatreafter dinnerprevention

prevention /pr |�venʃən/ noun the act ofstopping something from happeningprice

price /pras/ noun 1. money which has tobe paid to buy something � bargain price avery cheap price � cut price a cheaper price

than usual � discount price the full priceless a discount � holidays in the £6–700price range different types of holidays, sell-ing for between £600 and £700 2. � toincrease in price to become more expensive� Petrol has increased in price or the price ofpetrol has increased. � to increase prices, toraise prices to make items more expensive �to cut prices to make items suddenlycheaper � to lower prices, to reduce pricesto make items cheaper � verb to give a priceto a product � We sell mainly package tourspriced at under £200. � competitivelypriced sold at a low price to compete with arival product or service � the company haspriced itself out of the market the companyhas raised its prices so high that its productsdo not sellprice controlprice control /�pras kən |�trəυl/ nounBUSINESS legal measures to stop prices risingtoo fastprice cutting

price cutting /�pras �k�tŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS a sudden lowering of pricesprice differentialprice differential /�pras dfə |�renʃəl/noun BUSINESS the difference in pricebetween products in a rangeprice fixingprice fixing /�pras �fksŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS an illegal agreement between compa-nies to charge the same price for competingproductsprice freeze

price freeze /�pras fri�z/ noun BUSINESSa period when prices are not allowed to beincreasedprice labelprice label /�pras �leb(ə)l/, price tag/�pras t�#/, price ticket /�pras �tkt/noun a label which shows a priceprice listprice list /�pras lst/ noun BUSINESS asheet giving prices of goods for saleprice per person

price per person /�pras p�� �p��s(ə)n/noun the price for one adultprice rangeprice range /�pras rend$/ noun BUSI-NESS a series of prices for similar productsfrom different suppliersprice war

price war /�pras wɔ�/ noun BUSINESS acompetition between companies to get alarger market share by cutting pricespricingpricing /�prasŋ/ noun the work of decid-ing on the prices at which products are to besoldprimavera

primavera /�pri�mə|�veərə/ adjectiveCATERING made with an assortment of freshspring vegetables, especially sliced as anaccompaniment to pasta, meat or seafoodprime

prime /pram/ adjective most important,first-rate � a fish restaurant in a prime sea-front location � A prime Soho nightclub isfor sale.

Leisure.fm Page 237 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

prime costs 238prime costs

prime costs /�pram �kɒsts/ plural nounBUSINESS the cost of sales plus the cost ofstaffprincipal

principal /�prnsp(ə)l/ noun BUSINESS 1.a person or company which is represented byan agent � The agent has come to London tosee his principals. 2. money invested or bor-rowed on which interest is paid � to repayprincipal and interestprint

print /prnt/ noun words made on paperwith a machine � to read the small print,the fine print on a contract to read the con-ditions of a contract which are often printedvery small so that people will not be able toread them easily � verb 1. to make letters onpaper with a machine � printed agreement �printed regulations 2. to write capital lettersor letters which are not joined together �Please print your name and address on thetop of the form.printer

printer /�prntə/ noun a machine whichprints from instructions given by a computersystem, as in a kitchen, where orders areinstructed by a keypad and the printer printstickets for each item of food orderedprint out

print out /�prnt �aυt/ verb to print infor-mation from a computer through a printerprivate

private /�pravət/ adjective 1. belonging toone person, not to everyone � room withprivate bath room with a bathroom attachedto it, which is only used by the occupant ofthe room and by no one else 2. belonging toindividuals, but not to the state or the generalpublic � ‘private’ belonging to a person, andnot open to the public (notice) � To see themanager, knock at the door marked ‘pri-vate’. 3. not holding an official position in agovernment � a private citizen � a privateindividual � the private sector all compa-nies which are owned by private sharehold-ers, not by the stateprivate enterprise

private enterprise /�pravət�entəpraz/ noun BUSINESS businesseswhich are owned by private shareholders,not by the state � The theme park is fundedby private enterprise.private grounds

private grounds /�pravət �#raυndz/plural noun HOTELS gardens round a hotel,which can only be used by the guests, andnot by the publicprivate hotel

private hotel /�pravət həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a hotel which is family owned andrun, in which the proprietor may refuse toaccept someone as a guestprivate ownership

private ownership /�pravət �əυnəʃp/noun BUSINESS a situation where a companyis owned by private shareholders

private propertyprivate property /�pravət �prɒpəti/noun buildings or land which belong to a pri-vate person and not to the publicprivate sectorprivate sector /�pravət �sektə/ nounBUSINESS all companies which are owned byprivate shareholders, not by the state � Theleisure centre is funded completely by theprivate sector. � Salaries in the private sec-tor have increased faster than in the public.private transferprivate transfer /�pravət �tr�nsf��/ atransfer from an airport to a hotel by a carrather than in a bus with other peopleprivate viewprivate view /�pravət �vju�/, privateviewing noun ENTERTAINMENT a preview ofan exhibition for a group of invited guestsPROPRO abbreviation MARKETING public rela-tions officerprocedureprocedure /prə|�si�d$ə/ noun a method fordoing somethingprocessprocess /prəυ |�ses/ verb 1. � to processfigures to sort out numbers to make themeasily understood � The sales figures arebeing processed by our accounts depart-ment. � Flight data is being processed by ourcomputer. 2. to deal with something in theusual routine way � to process a flight reser-vation or an insurance claim � Claims formissing baggage are processed in our insur-ance department. 3. CATERING to treat foodin a way so that it will keep longer or becomemore palatable

COMMENT: Food can be processed inmany different ways: some of the com-monest are drying, freezing, canning, bot-tling and chilling.

processed cheeseprocessed cheese /�|�prəυsesd tʃi�z/noun DAIRY a product made by beating andmixing one or more types of cheese and add-ing colouring, flavouring and emulsifiersprocessed meatsprocessed meats /�prəυsest �mi�ts/plural noun MEAT products made from meatthat has been treated in some way, e.g. baconor sausagesprocessingprocessing /�prəυsesŋ/ noun 1. thework of sorting information 2. � theprocessing of a claim for insurance thework of dealing with a claim for insurancethrough the usual office routine in the insur-ance companyprocessorprocessor /�prəυsesə/ noun a machine orperson that processesproductproduct /�prɒd�kt/ noun an item of goodsthat is made or a service that is offeredprofessionalprofessional /prə|�feʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective1. referring to one of the professions � Theaccountant sent in his bill for professionalservices. � We had to ask our lawyer for pro-fessional advice on the contract. 2. expert or

Leisure.fm Page 238 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

239 promotionalskilled � Her work is very professional. �They did a very professional job in designingthe new reception area. 3. doing work formoney � a professional tennis player � nouna skilled person, or a person who does skilledwork for money � A golf professional isattached to the hotel.professional body

professional body /prə |�feʃ(ə)n(ə)l�bɒdi/ noun BUSINESS an organisation repre-senting members who work in one of theprofessions, such as lawyers, doctors oraccountantsprofessional qualifications

professional qualifications /prə|

�feʃ(ə)n(ə)l �kwɒlf |�keʃ(ə)nz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS documents showing thatsomeone has successfully finished a courseof study which allows him or her to work inone of the professionsproficiency

proficiency /prə |�fʃ(ə)nsi/ noun skill indoing something � She has a certificate ofproficiency in English. � To get the job hehad to pass a proficiency test.proficient

proficient /prə|�fʃ(ə)nt/ adjective skilled,capable of doing something well � She isquite proficient in English.profit

profit /�prɒft/ noun BUSINESS moneygained from a sale which is more than themoney spent � to make a profit to havemore money as a result of a deal � to moveinto profit to start to make a profit � The res-taurant is breaking even now, and expects tomove into profit within the next two months.� to show a profit to make a profit and stateit in the company accounts � We are showinga small profit for the first quarter.profitability

profitability /�prɒftə|�blti/ noun BUSI-NESS 1. ability to make a profit 2. the amountof profit made as a percentage of costsprofitable

profitable /�prɒftəb(ə)l/ adjective BUSI-NESS making a profitprofitably

profitably /�prɒftəbli/ adverb BUSINESSmaking a profitprofit and loss account

profit and loss account /�prɒft ən�lɒs ə |�kaυnt/ noun BUSINESS a statement ofa company’s expenditure and income over aperiod of time, almost always one calendaryear, showing whether the company hasmade a profit or loss. Abbr P&L account(NOTE: The US English is profit and lossstatement or income statement.)

COMMENT: The balance sheet shows thestate of a company’s finances at a certaindate; the profit and loss account showsthe movements which have taken placesince the end of the previous accountingperiod, that is, since the last balancesheet.

profit centre

profit centre /�prɒft �sentə/ noun BUSI-NESS a person or department which is con-sidered separately for the purposes of calcu-lating a profitprofiterole

profiterole /prə |�ftərəυl/ noun DESSERTSa small ball of choux pastry filled with creamand usually served with chocolate sauceprofit margin

profit margin /�prɒft �mɑ�d$n/ nounBUSINESS the percentage difference betweensales income and the cost of salesprofit-sharing

profit-sharing /�prɒft �ʃeərŋ/ nounBUSINESS an arrangement where employeesget a share of the profits of the company theywork for � The company runs a profit-shar-ing scheme.programme

programme /�prəυ#r�m/ noun 1. a planof things which will be done � the pro-gramme of events during the music festival2. ENTERTAINMENT a printed list of items inan entertainment � a theatre programme 3.ENTERTAINMENT a show or item on TV orradio � Did you see the travel programme onItaly last night? � There’s a new food pro-gramme starting tonight. (NOTE: [all senses]The US spelling is program.)prohibit

prohibit /prəυ |�hbt/ verb to ban or forbidsomething � Women wearing shorts are pro-hibited from visiting the monastery.prohibitive

prohibitive /prəυ|�hbtv/ adjective MAR-KETING referring to a price that is so high thatyou cannot afford to pay it � The cost oftravel to the Far East is prohibitive.projector

projector /prə |�d$ektə/ noun an apparatusfor making pictures appear on a screen � Theprojector broke down so we couldn’t see theend of the film.promote

promote /prə|�məυt/ verb 1. to give some-one a better job � He was promoted from chefde rang to head waiter. 2. MARKETING to usemethods such as publicity or special offers topersuade people to buy something � to pro-mote a new product to try to increase thesales of a new product by publicity, by a salescampaign or TV commercials or by free giftspromotion

promotion /prə |�məυʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. amove up to a more important job � to earnpromotion to work hard and efficiently andso be moved to a more important job 2. �promotion of a product the selling of a newproduct by publicity, a sales campaign, TVcommercials or free gifts � We haveincreased our promotion budget. � The storehas a special promotion on French cheese.promotional

promotional /prə|�məυʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjec-tive MARKETING used in an advertising cam-paign � The admen are using balloons aspromotional material.

Leisure.fm Page 239 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

promotional trip 240‘…the promotional fare (now available untilMarch) offers a £100 saving for passengers whobook the airline’s early morning flight and returnthe same day’ [Business Traveller]

promotional trip

promotional trip /prə|�məυʃ(ə)n(ə)ltrp/ noun a trip during which passengersare offered the opportunity to buy cheap orduty-free goodspromotion chances

promotion chances, promotion pros-pects plural noun the possibility of beingmoved to a more important job � He ruinedhis promotion prospects when he arguedwith the chef.proof

proof /pru�f/ noun BEVERAGES the relativestrength of an alcoholic drink expressed by anumber that is twice the percentage of thealcohol present in the liquid � adjective hav-ing a particular alcoholic strength that isexpressed by a proof number-proof

-proof /pru�f/ suffix meaning ‘not affectedby’proof of identity

proof of identity /�pru�f əv a |�dentti/noun proof in the form of a document suchas a driving licence that a person is who theysays they are � The police asked her forproof of identity.property

property /�prɒpəti/ noun 1. the things thata person owns 2. buildings or land � After thestorm, damage to property or property dam-age was considerable. � the property mar-ket 1. possibilities for letting offices � Thecommercial property market is booming. 2.possibilities for developing offices as invest-ments 3. the buying or selling houses or flatsby individual peopleproprietor

proprietor /prə|�praətə/ noun the owner� the proprietor of a hotel or a hotel propri-etorprosciutto

prosciutto /prə|�ʃu�təυ/ noun MEAT Italiancured ham, usually served cold anduncooked in thin slicesprotect

protect /prə|�tekt/ verb to keep someone orsomething safe from harm or danger � Trav-ellers are protected against unscrupuloushoteliers by international agreement. � Theengine is protected by a plastic cover. � Thecover is supposed to protect the machinefrom dust.protection

protection /prə|�tekʃən/ noun somethingwhich protects � The legislation offers noprotection to part-time workers.protein

protein /�prəυti�n/ noun CATERING a com-pound which is an essential part of livingcells, one of the elements in food which isnecessary to keep the human body workingproperly � The doctor told her she neededmore protein in her diet.

COMMENT: Proteins are necessary forgrowth and repair of the tissue of the body;they are mainly formed of carbon, nitrogenand oxygen in various combinations asamino acids. Certain foods (such asbeans, meat, eggs, fish and milk) are richin protein.

protest strike

protest strike /�prəυtest strak/ noun astrike in protest at a particular grievanceProvençale

Provençale /�prɒvɒn|�sɑ�l/ adjectiveCATERING prepared with olive oil, garlic,herbs, and tomatoesprovince

province /�prɒvns/ noun 1. a large divi-sion of a country � the ten provinces of Can-ada 2. � the provinces the parts of any coun-try away from the capital � There are fewerretail outlets in the provinces than in the cap-ital.provincial

provincial /prə|�vnʃəl/ adjective referringto a province or to the provinces � a provin-cial government � a provincial branch of anational bankprovisional

provisional /prə |�v$(ə)n(ə)l/ adjectivetemporary, not final or permanent � Shemade a provisional booking for a table forten people. � He drew up a provisionaladvertising budget. � They faxed throughtheir provisional acceptance of the contract.provisionally

provisionally /prə |�v$(ə)nəli/ adverbtemporarily, not finally � The contract hasbeen accepted provisionally.prune

prune /pru�n/ noun a dried plumCOMMENT: Stewed prunes in syrup aresometimes offered as part of a ‘full Englishbreakfast’.

pt

pt abbreviation BEVERAGES pintpub

pub /p�b/ noun BARS same as publichouse (informal) � The hotel has no restau-rant, but you can go to the pub next door formeals.pub grub

pub grub /�p�b #r�b/, pub food nounCATERING simple snacks which are typicallyavailable in most pubs, e.g. pies, sandwichesand saladspublic

public /�p�blk/ adjective 1. referring to allthe people in general 2. referring to the gov-ernment or the state � noun � the public, thegeneral public the people � in public infront of everyonepublic address system

public address system /�p�blk ə |�dres�sstəm/ noun MARKETING a system of loud-speakers, by which messages can be given tothe public in e.g. a supermarket, exhibitioncentre or airport. Also called PA systempublican

publican /�p�blkən/ noun BARS some-body who keeps a public house � Publicanswork very long hours.

Leisure.fm Page 240 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

241 public transport systemPublic AnalystPublic Analyst /�p�blk ��nəlst/ noun agovernment official who examines productsto analyse their contentspublic barpublic bar /�p�blk �bɑ�/ noun BARS a barin a public house which is less comfortablethan the saloon bar and where the drinks maybe slightly cheaperpublic bathspublic baths /�p�blk �bɑ�ðz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT a large public buildingwith a swimming poolpublic conveniencespublic conveniences /�p�blk kən|

�vi�niənsz/ plural noun toilets which areopen for anyone to usepublic fundspublic funds /�p�blk �f�ndz/ pluralnoun government money available forexpenditurepublic gardenspublic gardens /�p�blk �#ɑ�d(ə)ns/ plu-ral noun ENTERTAINMENT a space in a townwhere plants are grown and the public isallowed to visit, usually free of chargePublic Health InspectorPublic Health Inspector /�p�blk �helθn |�spektə/ noun same as EnvironmentalHealth Officerpublic holidaypublic holiday /�p�blk �hɒlde/ nounENTERTAINMENT a day when all employeesrest and enjoy themselves instead of working

COMMENT: Public holidays in England andWales are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday,Easter Monday, the first Monday in May(May Day), the last Monday in May(Spring Bank Holiday), the last Monday inAugust (Summer Bank Holiday), Christ-mas Day and Boxing Day (December26th). In Scotland, the first Monday inAugust and January 2nd are also publicholidays, but Easter Monday and the lastMonday in August are not. In the USA,New Year’s Day, 21st January (MartinLuther King Day), February 12th (Lincoln’sBirthday), the third Monday in February(Washington’s birthday), the last Mondayin May (Memorial Day), July 4th (Inde-pendence Day), the first Monday in Sep-tember (Labor Day), the second Mondayin October (Columbus Day), 11th Novem-ber (Veterans’ Day), the fourth Thursdayin November (Thanksgiving) and Christ-mas Day are public holidays nationally,although there are other local holidays.

public housepublic house /�p�blk �haυs/ noun BARS1. a licensed building selling beer, wines,spirits, and often food, to the public for con-sumption on the premises. Compare bar,off-licence 2. US a small hotel or inn

COMMENT: In Britain a public house (orpub) usually offers simple meals, softdrinks and coffee for people who do notwant to drink alcohol. Most pubs do notoffer accommodation, but some do. Pubsnormally have at least two bars, oftencalled the ‘public bar’ and the ‘lounge bar’or ‘saloon bar’ (the second is more expen-

sive, and has more comfortable seating).Children are usually allowed into pubs,especially if they are part of a group eatingfood, and some pubs have special chil-dren’s rooms.

publicitypublicity /p�|�blsti/ noun MARKETINGefforts to attract the attention of the public toproducts or services by mentioning them inthe mediapublicity agencypublicity agency /p� |�blsti �ed$ənsi/,publicity bureau /p� |�blsti �bjυərəυ/noun MARKETING an office which organisespublicity for companies that do not havepublicity departmentspublicity budgetpublicity budget /p� |�blsti �b�d$t/noun MARKETING money allowed forexpected expenditure on publicitypublicity departmentpublicity department /p� |�blsti d |

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of acompany which organises the company’spublicitypublicity expenditurepublicity expenditure /p�|�blsti k |

�spendtʃə/ noun MARKETING money spenton publicitypublic ownershippublic ownership /�p�blk �əυnəʃp/noun BUSINESS ownership of industries bythe state. Also called state ownershippublic phonepublic phone /�p�blk �fəυn/ noun a tel-ephone which anyone can use, either by pay-ing cash or by using a card � There’s a publicphone in the hotel foyer.public relationspublic relations /�p�blk r |�leʃ(ə)nz/plural noun BUSINESS the work of keepinggood relations between an organisation andthe public and ensuring that people knowwhat the organisation is doing and are likelyto approve of it � a public relations man �She works in public relations. � A publicrelations firm handles all our publicity. AbbrPR � a public relations exercise a cam-paign to improve public relationspublic relations officerpublic relations officer /�p�blk r|

�leʃ(ə)nz �ɒfsə/ noun BUSINESS somebodyin an organisation who is responsible forpublic relations activities. Abbr PROpublic roomspublic rooms /�p�blk �ru�mz/ pluralnoun HOTELS rooms in a hotel which areused by both non-residents and guests (asopposed to ‘guest rooms’)public sectorpublic sector /�p�blk �sektə/ nounnationalised industries and services � areport on wage rises in the public sector oron public sector wage settlementspublic transportpublic transport /�p�blk �tr�nspɔ�t/noun TRAVEL transport which is used by anymember of the publicpublic transport systempublic transport system /�p�blk�tr�nspɔ�t �sstəm/ noun TRAVEL a system

Leisure.fm Page 241 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

published price 242of trains, buses, etc., used by the generalpublicpublished pricepublished price /�p�blʃd �pras/ nounAIR TRAVEL the price which an airline sug-gests the ticket should be sold at, though it isoften reduced by travel agencies, etc.pudpud /pυd/ noun FOOD same as pudding(informal) � steak and kidney pud � What’sfor pud? (NOTE: Very informal, used by chil-dren, but also sometimes by adults as ajoke.)puddingpudding /�pυdŋ/ noun 1. CATERING sameas dessert � What do you want for pudding?� I’ve eaten too much, so I won’t have anypudding. � What’s on the menu for pudding?2. FOOD food made with flour and suet,which is cooked by boiling or steaming �steak and kidney pudding � treacle puddingpudding basinpudding basin /�pυdŋ �bes(ə)n/ nounCATERING a bowl used for cooking steamedpuddingspuff pastrypuff pastry /�p�f �pestri/ noun BREAD,ETC. a type of soft pastry made from flourand butter, in which air is trapped byrepeated folding and rolling of the doughpullpull /pυl/ verb to move something towardsyou � to pull a pint to serve a pint of beerfrom a cask in the cellar, by pulling on thebeer pullpull outpull out /�pυl �aυt/ verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL todrive away from the side of the road towardsthe middle � The bus suddenly pulled out infront of us. 2. to start to leave a station (train)� The train was pulling out as the partyarrived on the platform.pulppulp /p�lp/ noun a soft mass that resultswhen something with liquid in it is crushed �verb 1. to crush something into pulp 2. toremove the soft fleshy tissue from fruit orvegetablespulsepulse /p�ls/ noun FOOD a general term forseeds that grow in pods � Pulses are used alot in Mexican cooking.

COMMENT: Very many species of vegeta-ble have this type of fruit. The term is oftenapplied to edible seeds of leguminousplants (lentils, beans and peas) used asfood.

pumppump /p�mp/ noun a device for transfer-ring liquid from one place to another, such asfor serving beer or petrol � verb to transferliquid from one place to another using apump � All our beer is hand-pumped.pumpkinpumpkin /�p�mpkn/ noun VEGETABLES alarge round orange-coloured vegetable

COMMENT: Pumpkins are used as decora-tions for Halloween (31st October). Eachpumpkin is hollowed out, and holes cut toimitate eyes, nose and a mouth with teeth.

A lighted candle is put inside so that thewhole pumpkin glows orange.

pumpkin piepumpkin pie /�p�mpkn �pa/ noun DES-SERTS a pie made of pumpkin flavoured withcinnamon, nutmeg and other spices � Pump-kin pie is a favourite American dish.punchpunch /p�ntʃ/ noun BEVERAGES a drinkmade with a mixture of fruit juice, spices,and often wine or spirits, usually served hotpunctualpunctual /�p�ŋktʃuəl/ adjective on time �The commuter trains are never punctual.punctualitypunctuality /�p�ŋktʃu |��lti/ noun thequality of being on time and never being late� an airline with a reputation for punctualitypunctuallypunctually /�p�ŋktʃuəli/ adverb on time� The train left punctually at 18.00.pungentpungent /�p�nd$ənt/ adjective CATERINGstrong and sharp in flavour or odour � a par-ticularly pungent type of goat’s cheese � Thepungent odour of curry came from thekitchen.puntpunt /p�nt/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATS along flat-bottomed boat, which is pushedwith a long pole 2. FINANCE the currencyused in the Republic of Ireland before theeuro � verb to gamble, to bet on somethingpurchasepurchase /�p��tʃs/ noun an item whichhas been bought � to make a purchase tobuy something � verb to buy something � topurchase something for cash to pay cashfor somethingpurchase bookpurchase book /�p��tʃs bυk/ nounBUSINESS a written record of purchasespurchase ledgerpurchase ledger /�p��tʃs �led$ə/ nounBUSINESS a book in which expenditure isnotedpurchase orderpurchase order /�p��tʃs �ɔ�də/ nounBUSINESS an official order made out by a pur-chasing department for goods which a com-pany wants to buypurchaserpurchaser /�p��tʃsə/ noun somebodywho buys something � Purchasers shouldexamine the goods bought before takingthem away from the shop.purchase taxpurchase tax /�p��tʃs t�ks/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax paid on things which are boughtpurchasingpurchasing /�p��tʃsŋ/ noun buyingpurchasing departmentpurchasing department /�p��tʃsŋ d|

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of arestaurant, hotel, or other business whichdeals with buying of stock, raw materials andequipmentpurchasing managerpurchasing manager /�p��tʃsŋ�m�nd$ə/ noun BUSINESS the head of apurchasing departmentpurchasing officerpurchasing officer /�p��tʃsŋ �ɒfsə/noun BUSINESS somebody in an organisation

Leisure.fm Page 242 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

243 PVCwho is responsible for buying stock, rawmaterials or equipmentpurchasing power

purchasing power /�p��tʃsŋ �paυə/noun BUSINESS the quantity of goods whichcan be bought by a group of people or with aparticular amount of money � the decline inthe purchasing power of the poundpure

pure /pjυə/ adjective with nothing added �The drink is made from pure orange juice.

‘…the word ‘pure’ should be used only todescribe a single food to which nothing has beenadded – sugar or honey, for instance’ [FoodStandards Agency]

puree

puree, purée noun FOOD a semi-liquidpulp made by mashing and crushing a vege-table or fruit � apple puree � She made somestrawberry purée to serve with the ice cream.� verb CATERING to make something into apuree � pureed tomatoes � She decided topuree the potatoes.purser

purser /�p��sə/ noun TRAVEL a member ofthe crew of an aircraft or ship who deals withfinancial matters and, on a ship, also helps tolook after the passengers � See the purser ifyou have a complaint about your cabin.pursuit

pursuit /pə|�sju�t/ noun a pastime, hobby,or leisure activitypush

push /pυʃ/ verb to press or to move some-thing by pressing � He pushed the button forthe ground floor.pushbike

pushbike /�pυʃbak/ same as bicycle

putput /pυt/ verb to lay or stand something ina particular place � to stay put to stay whereyou are (informal )put backput back /�pυt �b�k/ verb to move a watchor clock to an earlier time � Put yourwatches back one hour when you cross fromFrance to England.put forwardput forward /�pυt �fɔ�wəd/ verb to movea clock or watch to a later time � When cross-ing from England to France, watches shouldbe put forward one hour.put offput off /�pυt �ɒf/ verb to delay � The visitto the winery has been put off till Friday.puttputt /p�t/ ENTERTAINMENT noun a shortshot on a green in golf � He sank a fifteen-foot putt to win the game. � verb to hit a shortshot in golf � He putted much better than hisopponent.putterputter /�p�tə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a golfclub for puttingputting greenputting green /�p�tŋ #ri�n/ nounENTERTAINMENT 1. an area on a golf coursewhere the ground is even and the grass isvery short, allowing short shots to be madeclose to the hole 2. a small golf course whereonly short shots are neededput upput up /�pυt ��p/ verb to find a place forsomeone to sleep � When the blizzard closedthe airport, stranded travellers were put upin local schools.PVCPVC abbreviation polyvinyl chloride

Leisure.fm Page 243 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

QQAU

QAU abbreviation Quality Assurance Unitquad room

quad room /�kwɒd ru�m/ noun HOTELS aroom for four people, usually with four sin-gle bedsquail

quail /kwel/ noun MEAT a little game bird,often eaten roasted or stuffedquails’ eggs

quails’ eggs /�kwalz e#z/ plural nounFOOD tiny eggs, which are hard-boiled andserved as toppings on canapésquaint

quaint /kwent/ adjective picturesque,oddly old-fashioned � We stopped at aquaint old pub. � They live in a quaint littlevillage in Devon.qualification

qualification /�kwɒlf|�keʃ(ə)n/ nounan official recognition of a standard ofachievement, e.g. a degree or diploma � tohave the right qualifications for the jobqualify

qualify /�kwɒlfa/ verb 1. � to qualify forto be in the right position for, to be entitled to� The company does not qualify for a gov-ernment grant. � She qualifies for unemploy-ment pay. 2. � to qualify as to follow a spe-cialised course and pass examinations so thatyou can do a certain job � She has qualifiedas a hotel manager. � He will qualify as asolicitor next year.quality

quality /�kwɒlti/ noun what something islike, how good or bad something is � Thereis a market for good quality secondhand barequipment. � we sell only quality farm pro-duce we sell only farm produce of the high-est grade

‘…having discussed the new quality assurancescheme with fellow hoteliers, tourist centres andquality assurance staff, I have found that manyare deeply concerned about the effect of the har-monised standards on good-quality, mid-rangehotels throughout the country. I have joined theAA scheme because it provides a quality percent-age – 70% is good quality – to go with my hotel’stwo-star rating. It seems ridiculous that eachhotel is still given a quality percentage by theQuality Assurance Unit at its annual inspection,but that this is kept secret. How can that benefitanyone?’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

Quality Assurance Unit

Quality Assurance Unit /�kwɒləti ə |

�ʃɔ�rəns �ju�nt/ noun TOURISM inspectorsfrom the English Tourism Council who visit

hotels and give percentage marks for quality.Abbr QAUquality controlquality control /�kwɒlti kən|�trəυl/noun BUSINESS the work of checking that thequality of a product is goodquality controllerquality controller /�kwɒlti kən |�trəυlə/noun BUSINESS somebody who checks thequality of a productquality labelquality label /�kwɒlti �leb(ə)l/ nounBUSINESS a label stating the quality of some-thingquality percentagequality percentage /�kwɒlti pə|

�sentd$/ noun BUSINESS marks for qualitygiven under an inspection schemequantityquantity /�kwɒntti/ noun 1. an amount ornumber of items � a small quantity of illegaldrugs � He bought a large quantity of spareparts. 2. a large amount � The companyoffers a discount for quantity purchase.quantity discountquantity discount /�kwɒntti�dskaυnt/ noun BUSINESS a price reductiongiven to someone who buys a large amountof goodsquantity surveyquantity survey /�kwɒntti �s��ve/noun BUSINESS a calculation of the amountof materials and cost of labour needed for aconstruction projectquantity surveyorquantity surveyor /�kwɒntti sə|�veə/noun BUSINESS somebody who calculatesthe amount of materials and cost of labourneeded for a construction projectquarantinequarantine /�kwɒrənti�n/ noun MEDICALa situation in which a person, animal or shipjust arrived in a country is kept isolated for aperiod of time in case he, she or it carries aserious disease � The animals were put inquarantine on arrival at the port. � A ship inquarantine shows a yellow flag. � verb to puta person or animal in quarantine

COMMENT: Animals coming into GreatBritain are quarantined for six monthsbecause of the danger of rabies. Peoplewho are suspected of having an infectiousdisease can be kept in quarantine for aperiod which varies according to the incu-bation period of the disease. The main dis-eases concerned are cholera, yellow feverand typhus.

Leisure.fm Page 244 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

245 Quornquartquart /kwɔ�t/ noun CATERING a measure ofliquid equal to one quarter of a gallon

COMMENT: A British quart is equal to 1.136litres; a US quart is equal to 0.946 of alitre.

quarterquarter /�kwɔ�tə/ noun 1. one of fourequal parts � He paid only a quarter of thenormal fare because he works for the airline.� a quarter of a litre, a quarter litre 250millilitres � a quarter of an hour 15 min-utes � three quarters 75% � three quartersof an hour 45 minutes � Three quarters ofthe staff are less than thirty years old. 2. aperiod of three months � first quarter, sec-ond quarter, third quarter, fourth quarteror last quarter periods of three months fromJanuary to the end of March, from April tothe end of June, from July to the end of Sep-tember, from October to the end of the year3. US FINANCE a 25 cent coinquarter dayquarter day /�kwɔ�tə de/ noun a day atthe end of a quarter, when rents or feesshould be paidquarterlyquarterly /�kwɔ�təli/ adjective happeningevery three months, or four times a yearquarterly sales returnquarterly sales return /�kwɔ�təli �selzr |�t��n/ noun BUSINESS a report of salesmade each quarterquayquay /ki�/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a place ina harbour where ships tie upquaysidequayside /�ki�sad/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS the edge of a dock where ships tie up� Customs formalities are carried out on thequayside.queen size bedqueen size bed /�kwi�n saz �bed/ nouna double bed which is wider and longer thannormal, but slightly smaller than a king sizebedquestionquestion /�kwestʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. wordswhich need an answer � The managerrefused to answer questions about the fire. �The market research team prepared a seriesof questions to test the public’s reactions tothe new uniform for the airline cabin crew. 2.a problem or matter � He raised the questionof what would happen if the tour companygot into difficulties. � The main question isthat of cost. � The tourist board has dis-cussed the question of a national advertisingcampaign. � verb 1. to ask somebody ques-tions � The police questioned the bar stafffor four hours. 2. to suggest that somethingmay be wrong � We all question how accu-rate the computer printout is.questionnairequestionnaire /�kwestʃə|�neə/ nounMARKETING a printed list of questions, espe-cially used in market research � to send outa questionnaire to test the opinions of users

of the booking system � to answer or to fill ina questionnaire about holidays abroadqueue

queue /kju�/ noun 1. a line of people orthings such as cars, waiting one behind theother for something � to form a queue or tojoin a queue � Queues formed at the ticketoffices when the news of the fare reductionsgot out. 2. a series of documents or telephonecalls which are dealt with in order � hisorder went to the end of the queue hisorder was dealt with last � verb to stand in aline waiting for something � groups of tour-ists queueing to get on their buses � Whenfood was rationed, people had to queue forbread. � We queued for hours to get tickets.(NOTE: The US English is to stand in line.)quiche

quiche /ki�ʃ/ noun FOOD a savoury tartmade of a pastry case filled with a mixture ofeggs and milk, with other ingredients such asonion, bacon, vegetables or cheese added � aslice of ham and mushroom quiche or ofspinach quichequiche Lorraine

quiche Lorraine /�ki�ʃ lə |�ren/ nounFOOD a quiche with a filling of small piecesof bacon and sometimes cheesequick-freeze

quick-freeze /�kwk �fri�z/ verb CATER-ING to preserve food by cooling it quickly to0°C or lessquiet

quiet /�kwaət/ adjective not noisy � Thehotel is in the quietest part of the town. �Currency exchanges were quieter after thegovernment’s statement on exchange rates. �The brochure said that the rooms were quiet,but ours looked out over a busy main road. �noun a state in which there is little or nonoise � We like the peace and quiet of the lit-tle mountain villages.quince

quince /kwns/ noun FRUIT a hard yellowor orange fruit, shaped like an apple or pearand used for making jellyquinine

quinine /kw |�ni�n/ noun MEDICAL an alka-loid drug made from the bark of cinchona, aSouth American tree

COMMENT: Quinine was formerly used totreat the fever symptoms of malaria, but isnot often used now because of its side-effects. Symptoms of quinine poisoningare dizziness and noises in the head.Small amounts of quinine have a toniceffect and are used in tonic water.

quiz

quiz /kwz/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a gamewhere questions are put to competitorsquiz night

quiz night /�kwz nat/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a night at a pub when a quiz is heldQuorn

Quorn /kwɔ�n/ tdmk FOOD a trademark fora vegetable protein used in cooking as a meatsubstitute

Leisure.fm Page 245 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

quota 246quota

quota /�kwəυtə/ noun a fixed amount ofsomething which is allowed � The govern-ment has imposed an import quota on cars.quote

quote /kwəυt/ verb 1. to repeat words usedby someone else, especially to repeat a refer-ence number � In reply please quote thisnumber. � When making a complaint pleasequote the batch number printed on the box. �He replied, quoting the number of theaccount. 2. to calculate the probable cost of

something � to quote a price for supplying100 chairs � Their prices are always quotedin dollars. � He quoted me a price of £1,026.� Can you quote for supplying 200 cases ofwine? � noun an estimate of the probablecost of something (informal) � to give some-one a quote for supplying a computer system� We have asked for quotes for refitting thebar. � His quote was the lowest of three. � Weaccepted the lowest quote.

Leisure.fm Page 246 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Rrabbit

rabbit /�r�bt/ noun a common wild ani-mal with grey fur, long ears and a short whitetail, used as food

COMMENT: Most rabbit on sale in Britain isfarmed. Wild rabbit has a gamey flavourbut is not commonly offered on menus.Rabbit stew or rabbit pie are the common-est ways of cooking it.

rabid

rabid /�r�bd/ adjective MEDICAL sufferingfrom rabies � She was bitten by a rabid dog.rabies

rabies /�rebi�z/ noun MEDICAL a very seri-ous viral disease transmitted to humans byinfected animals that causes convulsions andinability to move � Dogs are put in quaran-tine in case they are infected with rabies.

COMMENT: Rabies affects the mental bal-ance, and the symptoms include difficultyin breathing or swallowing and an intensefear of water (hydrophobia) to the point ofcausing convulsions at the sight of water.

RAC

RAC /�ɑ� �e �si�/ abbreviation ROAD TRAVELRoyal Automobile Clubrack

rack /r�k/ noun a frame to hold flat thinobjects such as letters or pieces of toastrack of lamb

rack of lamb /�r�k əv �l�m/ noun MEATbest end of neck of lamb, a joint for roastingrack rate

rack rate /�r�k ret/ noun HOTELS theprice for rooms in a hotel which is advertisedin the hotel, but which can be discounted

‘The discount approach is typified by the hotelchain which is cutting its winter rack rates (thepublished tariff) by up to 50% for its Europeanhotels’ [Business Travel]‘…only 9.5% of customers paid full rack rate fora room last year, compared with 13.6% in the pre-vious year and 28% four years ago’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

raclette

raclette /r� |�klet/ noun FOOD a Swiss dishconsisting of slices of melted cheese servedon boiled potatoes or breadradiator

radiator /�redietə/ noun 1. a water-filledmetal panel for heating a room � When wearrived at the hotel our room was cold, butwe switched the radiators on. � Turn theradiator down – it’s boiling in here. 2. ROADTRAVEL a water-filled metal panel for coolinga car engine � The radiator overheated caus-ing the car to break down.

radicchioradicchio /r� |�di�tʃiəυ/ noun VEGETABLESa variety of chicory with reddish-purple andwhite leaves, usually eaten raw in saladsradioradio /�rediəυ/ noun a system for sendingout or receiving messages using atmosphericwaves, or an apparatus which does this �They got the news by radio. � We always lis-ten to BBC radio when we’re on holiday. �verb to send a message using a radio � Thestranded party radioed for help.radio cabradio cab /�rediəυ k�b/, radio taxi/�rediəυ �t�ksi/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a taxiwhich is in contact with its base by radio, andso can be called quickly to pick up a client �It will be quicker to phone for a radio cab.radiopagerradiopager /�rediəυ |�ped$ə/ same aspagerradishradish /�r�dʃ/ noun VEGETABLES a smallred root vegetable with a pungent flavour,eaten raw in saladsraftraft /rɑ�ft/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a flatboat made of pieces of wood or logs tiedtogetherraftingrafting /�rɑ�ftŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof floating down a river on a raft. � white-water canoeingRAGBRAGB abbreviation CATERING Restaura-teurs Association of Great Britainrailrail /rel/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a system oftravel using trains � Six million commuterstravel to work by rail each day. � Rail trav-ellers are complaining about rising fares. �Rail travel is cheaper than air travel.railcarrailcar /�relkɑ�/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a singlecoach with its own motor, carrying passen-gers by railrailcardrailcard /�relkɑ�d/ noun RAIL TRAVEL anidentity card which you can buy whichallows you to buy rail tickets at speciallyreduced pricesrailpassrailpass /�relpɑ�s/ noun RAIL TRAVEL aspecial ticket, paid for in advance, whichallows unlimited travel by train in a country,over a limited period of timerailroadrailroad /�relrəυd/ noun US same as rail-way

Leisure.fm Page 247 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

railroad schedule 248railroad schedule

railroad schedule /�relrəυd �ʃedju�l/noun RAIL TRAVEL a train timetable, a listshowing times of arrivals and departures oftrainsrailway

railway /�relwe/, railroad US /�relrəυd/noun RAIL TRAVEL a system using trains tocarry passengers and goods � a railway sta-tion � a railway line � the British railwaynetwork � the railway(s) a country’s railwaysystemrailway line

railway line /�relwe lan/ noun RAILTRAVEL a set of metal rails on which trainsrun � Please cross the railway line by thefootbridge.railway lost property office

railway lost property office /�relwelɒst �prɒpəti �ɒfs/ noun RAIL TRAVEL anoffice which collects objects which peoplehave left behind in trains and keeps themuntil their owners collect themrailway station

railway station /�relwe �steʃ(ə)n/noun RAIL TRAVEL a place where trains stopand passengers get on and off. Also calledtrain stationrain

rain /ren/ noun drops of water which fallfrom the clouds � The rain stopped us fromvisiting the archaeological site. � verb to fallas rain � It rained all day, so we could notvisit the gardens.rained off

rained off /�rend �ɒf/ adjective cancelled,because of rain � The cricket match wasrained off.rainfall

rainfall /�renfɔ�l/ noun the amount ofwater which falls as rain on a particular areaover a given period � The annual rainfall onthe mountains is higher than in the valley.rainstorm

rainstorm /�renstɔ�m/ noun heavy rainaccompanied by wind � The rainstorm lastnight caused some flooding.rainy

rainy /�reni/ adjective with a lot of rain(NOTE: rainier – rainiest)rainy season

rainy season /�reni �si�z(ə)n/ noun aperiod of the year when it rains a lot � Therainy season lasts from April to August.

COMMENT: The phrase ‘rainy season’ isonly used of areas where there is a verymarked difference between the seasons.It is not used of Britain or any other Euro-pean country.

raisin

raisin /�rez(ə)n/ noun FRUIT a dried grapeCOMMENT: Raisins are larger than cur-rants or sultanas, and can have seeds inthem; they are all forms of dried grapes.

raki

raki /�rɑ�ki/ noun BEVERAGES a Turkishalcoholic drink, flavoured with aniseedRamadan

Ramadan /�r�məd�n/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a Muslim religious festival, the ninthmonth of the Muslim year, during which

believers are not allowed to eat or drinkbetween sunrise and sunsetrambleramble /�r�mbəl/ ENTERTAINMENT noun awalk for pleasure in the country � We’regoing for a ramble through the beech woods.� verb to go for a walk for pleasure in thecountry � We went rambling last weekend.ramblerrambler /�r�mblə/ noun ENTERTAINMENTsomebody who goes for walks for pleasurein the country � A group of ramblers cameinto the pub.rambutanrambutan /�r�mbu�t�n/ noun FRUIT atropical fruit grown in South-East Asia,which is similar to the lychee but has a roughhairy skinramekinramekin /�r�məkn/ noun CATERING asmall dish for baking food in an oven, orfood cooked in this type of dishrampramp /r�mp/ noun a sloping part of theground, going from one level to another �The pub has had a ramp installed so thatpeople in wheelchairs can get into the gar-den.ranchranch /rɑ�ntʃ/ noun (in America) a farmwhere horses or cattle are rearedrancherrancher /�rɑ�ntʃə/ noun somebody whoowns or runs a ranchranch holidayranch holiday /�rɑ�ntʃ �hɒlde/ nounTOURISM a holiday spent on a ranch, usuallyriding horsesrancidrancid /�r�nsd/ adjective CATERING refer-ring to butter that tastes bad because it isstale � This butter tastes rancid.rancidityrancidity /r�n |�sdti/ noun the state ofbeing rancidrangrang /rɒŋ/ noun CATERING a section of arestaurant comprising a group of tablesserved by one waiter, the ‘chef de rang’(NOTE: rang comes from a French nounmeaning ‘position’ or ‘station’.)rangerange /rend$/ noun 1. a series of build-ings or mountains in line 2. a choice or seriesof things which are available � We have arange of holidays at all prices. 3. CATERINGa large cooking stove, usually with two ormore ovens � verb to spread or to vary �Holidays range in price from £150 to £850per person, depending on the type of accom-modation provided.rangerranger /�rend$ə/ noun somebody wholooks after a forest or parkrangetterangette /rɒn |�#et/ noun a small portablecooker that can be used for cooking in a hotelroomrankrank /r�ŋk/ noun the degree of importanceor superiority of somebody or something inrelation to others � verb to classify in order

Leisure.fm Page 248 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

249 rear-view mirrorof importance � Hotels are ranked in orderof luxury in the guidebook.rapid

rapid /�r�pd/ adjective fast or quick � weoffer 5% discount for rapid settlement wetake 5% off the price if the customer paysquicklyrapid transit system

rapid transit system /�r�pd �tr�nzt�sstəm/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a transport sys-tem which allows passengers to travel rap-idly around a metropolitan area, e.g. anunderground train networkrare

rare /reə/ adjective CATERING (of meat orfish) very lightly cooked � How would youlike your steak? – Rare!rasher

rasher /�r�ʃə/ noun MEAT a slice of bacon� ‘Two rashers of bacon and a sausage,please!’raspberry

raspberry /�rɑ�zb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT asmall red soft fruit shaped like a tiny cup �Could I have some raspberries and cream,please? � We had scones with raspberry jam.rat

rat /r�t/ noun a small furry animal like alarge mouse which has a long tail and cancarry disease � Rats live in the sewers in thecity. � Bubonic plague is a disease which istransmitted to people by fleas from rats.

COMMENT: The black rat (Rattus rattus)lives in attics and lofts; the brown rat (Rat-tus norvegicus) is larger and lives in holesunder buildings and in sewers. Both spe-cies carry diseases such as typhoid.

ratafia

ratafia /�r�tə |�fiə/ noun BREAD, ETC. asweet biscuit or drink flavoured withalmondsratatouille

ratatouille /�r�tə |�twi�/ noun FOOD aMediterranean vegetable stew of onions,tomatoes, aubergines, peppers and cour-gettes cooked in olive oilrate

rate /ret/ noun 1. the amount of moneycharged for something, e.g. for providing aservice or for working for a particular periodof time � the going rate the usual or the cur-rent rate of payment � letter rate, parcelrate the postage for sending a letter or a par-cel, calculated by weight � It is more expen-sive to send a parcel letter rate but it will getthere quicker. � the market rate the normalprice in the market 2. � to calculate costs ona fixed exchange rate to calculate costs onan exchange rate which does not change �verb to classify something � The restauranthas been rated among the best in the town.rated

rated /�retd/ adjective classified as beingof good quality � a Michelin-rated establish-mentrate of exchange

rate of exchange /�ret əv ks|�tʃend$/noun FINANCE same as exchange rate � The

current rate of exchange is 0.6 euros to thepound.rate of interest

rate of interest /�ret əv �ntrəst/ nounBUSINESS same as interest raterating

rating /�retŋ/ noun the act of classifyingor valuingrating system

rating system /�retŋ �sstəm/ nounHOTELS a way of classifying things such ashotels and restaurants according to the qual-ity of the service that they provideravioli

ravioli /�r�vi |�əυli/ noun FOOD a dish madefrom small squares of pasta sealed around ameat, cheese, or vegetable fillingraw

raw /rɔ�/ adjective in its original state,uncooked � Sushi is a Japanese dish of coldrice and raw fish. � I don’t like raw onions inmy salad.razor

razor /�rezə/ noun an instrument with avery sharp blade for removing hair by shav-ingrazor socket

razor socket /�rezə �sɒkt/ noun asocket in a bathroom where an electric razorcan be plugged in. Also called shaver pointreach

reach /ri�tʃ/ verb to arrive at a place or at apoint � The plane reaches Hong Kong atmidday. � The coach reached its destinationthree hours late. � I did not reply becauseyour letter never reached me.read

read /ri�d/ verb to look at and understandwritten wordsreader board

reader board /�ri�də bɔ�d/ noun an infor-mation board for guests in a hotel’s lobbyreading lamp

reading lamp /�ri�dŋ l�mp/ noun asmall lamp on a desk or beside a bed, for usewhen reading or writingready

ready /�redi/ adjective 1. prepared � Areyou all ready to leave yet? � Why isn’t thecoach here? – the group are all ready andwaiting to go. 2. fit to be used � You can’t goto your room yet, because it isn’t ready. � Ismy dry cleaning ready yet?ready cash

ready cash /�redi �k�ʃ/, ready money/�redi �m�ni/ noun FINANCE money which isimmediately available for paymentready-cooked

ready-cooked /�redi kυkt/ adjectiveCATERING cooked in advancereal ale

real ale /�rəl �el/ noun BEVERAGES tradi-tional beer, served directly from a woodenbarrel or pumped by handreality tourism

reality tourism /ri|��lti �tυərz(ə)m/noun travel to areas of the world consideredpolitically unstable or less developed, inorder to experience the way of life there atfirst handrear-view mirror

rear-view mirror /�rə vju� �mrə/ nounROAD TRAVEL a mirror inside a car which

Leisure.fm Page 249 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

rear windscreen wiper 250enables the driver to see what is behind with-out turning his or her headrear windscreen wiperrear windscreen wiper /�rə�wndskri�n �wapə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL adevice on a vehicle which wipes rain awayfrom the rear windowreboardreboard /ri� |�bɔ�d/ verb TRAVEL to go backonto a ship, plane, train or bus again � Aftervisiting the church, the party will reboard thecoach and drive to the hotel.receiptreceipt /r |�si�t/ noun 1. a piece of papershowing that money has been paid or thatsomething has been received � Did you get areceipt for the items you purchased? �Please produce your receipt if you want toexchange items. 2. the act of receiving some-thing � Goods will be supplied within thirtydays of receipt of order. � Invoices are paya-ble within thirty days of receipt. � On receiptof the confirmation, the tickets were sent tothe customer. � to acknowledge receipt of aletter to write to tell someone that you havereceived his or her letter � We acknowledgereceipt of your letter of the 15th. � verb BUSI-NESS to stamp or to sign a document to showthat it has been received, or to stamp aninvoice to show that it has been paidreceipt bookreceipt book /r|�si�t bυk/ noun BUSINESSa book of blank receipts to be filled in whenpurchases are madereceiptsreceipts /r|�si�ts/ plural noun BUSINESSmoney taken in sales � to itemise receiptsand expenditure � Receipts are down againstthe same period of last year.receivereceive /r |�si�v/ verb 1. to get somethingwhich has been sent � We only received ourtickets the day before we were due to leave.2. to meet or to welcome a visitor � Thegroup was received by the mayor.receiverreceiver /r |�si�və/ noun 1. BUSINESS anofficial put in charge of a bankrupt company� The receiver has been called in to run thehotel group. 2. the part of a telephone whichyou lift and speak intoreceivingreceiving /r|�si�vŋ/ noun HOTELS the taskof taking in supplies purchased for use in ahotel or restaurantreceiving clerkreceiving clerk /ri|�si�vŋ klɑ�k/ nounHOTELS somebody whose job is to checksupplies coming into a hotel or restaurantreceptionreception /r|�sepʃən/ noun 1. same asreception area 2. ENTERTAINMENT a bigparty held to welcome special guests �There’s a big reception at the embassytonight. � There will be a champagne recep-tion for the delegates.reception areareception area /r |�sepʃən �eəriə/ nounHOTELS the reception desk and the area

round it, usually where seats are provided,current newspapers or magazines, and some-times a coffee machinereception clerk

reception clerk /r|�sepʃ(ə)n klɑ�k/ nounHOTELS somebody who works at the recep-tion deskreception desk

reception desk /r|�sepʃ(ə)n desk/ noun1. HOTELS a desk where guests or visitorsregister or say who they have come to seewhen arriving at a hotel or office 2. CATER-ING a high desk at the entrance to a restaurantwhere the reception head waiter greets theguests and organises the reservation of tablesreception head waiter

reception head waiter /r |�sepʃən hed�wetə/ noun CATERING somebody who is onduty at the reception desk in a restaurant,who greets guests and organises the reserva-tion of tablesreceptionist

receptionist /r |�sepʃənst/ noun HOTELSsomebody in a hotel, restaurant or office whomeets guests or visitors and answers tele-phone enquiriesreception manager

reception manager /r|�sepʃən�m�nd$ə/ noun BUSINESS the person in ahotel who is responsible for organising for-mal functionsreception roomreception room /r |�sepʃən ru�m/ nounHOTELS a large room in a hotel suitable forbig groups of peoplereception staff

reception staff /r|�sepʃən stɑ�f/ nounHOTELS the people who work in the receptionarearéchaud

réchaud /�reʃəυ/ noun CATERING a smallheater, usually with a spirit lamp under it, forkeeping food hot on the table or for cookingdishes rapidly next to the guest’s tablereciperecipe /�resəpi/ noun CATERING writtendetails of how to cook a dish � The restau-rant sells postcards with recipes of itsfamous fish dishes. � The cake is made froman old recipe.reclinerecline verb to lie backreclining seat

reclining seat /r |�klanŋ �si�t/ nounTRAVEL a seat which lies back, so that thetraveller can sleeprecommendrecommend /�rekə |�mend/ verb 1. to sug-gest that it would be a good thing if someonedid something 2. to say that someone orsomething is good � He recommended aFrench restaurant in the High Street. � I cer-tainly would not recommend Miss Smith forthe job. � Can you recommend a good hotelin Amsterdam?recommendation

recommendation /�rekəmen|�deʃ(ə)n/noun a statement saying that someone orsomething is good � We appointed him onthe recommendation of his former employer.

Leisure.fm Page 250 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

251 red winerecommended retail price

recommended retail price/�rekəmendd �ri�tel �pras/ noun BUSI-NESS same as manufacturer’s recom-mended price. Abbr RRPrecord

record /r |�kɔ�d/ verb 1. to fix sound on aplastic disc or tape � A recorded message isplayed when the airport bus approaches theterminal. 2. to keep note of something � Sherecorded their details in the logbook. � noun� records a note of something from the pastsuch as a person’s medical details, guests ina hotel, transactions in a shop, etc. � I’ll lookthat up in the records and get back to you. �Could you fetch the patient’s records,please?recorded delivery

recorded delivery /r |�kɔ�dd d|�lv(ə)ri/noun a mail service where the letters aresigned for by the person receiving them �They sent the passport by recorded delivery.recorder

recorder /r |�kɔ�də/ noun an instrumentwhich records soundrecording

recording /r|�kɔ�dŋ/ noun 1. the act offixing sounds on a plastic disc or tape 2.music or speech which has been recordedrecreation

recreation /�rekri|�eʃ(ə)n/ noun enjoya-ble activities that people do for funrecreational

recreational /�rekri|�eʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjec-tive referring to recreationrecreational vehicle

recreational vehicle /�rekri |�eʃ(ə)n(ə)l�vi�k(ə)l/ noun US ROAD TRAVEL a largecamping van in which a family can live whiletouring. Abbr RVrecreation ground

recreation ground /�rekri|�eʃ(ə)n#raυnd/ noun SPORT a public sports groundrecruit

recruit /r|�kru�t/ verb to take on as anemployee � We have recruited six people toact as hosts at the Computer Show.recruitment

recruitment /r |�kru�tmənt/, recruiting/r |�kru�tŋ/ noun the act of taking people onas employees � the recruitment of newstaff the task of finding new staff to join acompany

‘…five-star hotels were finding recruitmentslightly harder than three- and four-star hotels’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

red

red /red/ noun � in the red showing a debitor loss � My bank account is in the red. � Thecompany went into the red in 1998. � Thecompany is out of the red for the first timesince 1950.redcap

redcap /�redk�p/ US a porter at an airportor railway stationred carpet

red carpet /�red �kɑ�pt/ noun a carpet putdown when an important visitor comes, sig-nifying an official welcome � He got the red-carpet treatment.

red channelred channel /�red �tʃ�n(ə)l/ noun BUSI-NESS the exit from customs through whichyou pass if you are importing goods whichare liable to dutyredcoatredcoat /�redkəυt/ noun a uniformedattendant at a Butlin’s holiday campredcurrantredcurrant /red |�k�rənt/ noun FRUIT a redsoft fruit growing in small clusters, mainlyused to make jam and jelly, or used as deco-ration on cold dishes such as pâté � a jar ofredcurrant jellyredesignredesign /�ri�d |�zan/ verb to designsomething again so that it looks different orworks differently � The health club has beenredesigned.red-eyered-eye /�red a/ adjective referring toflights or journeys that take place overnightso that it is difficult for passengers to sleep(informal )red-light districtred-light district /red �lat �dstrkt/noun the part of a town where brothels andstriptease clubs are situated � The two oldladies complained that their hotel was in thered-light district of Frankfurt. � It’s best toavoid the red-light district after dark.red mulletred mullet /�red �m�lt/ noun SEAFOOD asmall red sea-fish, used in Mediterraneancookingred tapered tape /�red �tep/ noun BUSINESS offi-cial paperwork which takes a long time tocomplete � The South-East Asian joint ven-ture has been held up by government redtape.reducereduce /r|�dju�s/ verb 1. to make some-thing smaller or lower � reduced-price menufor children � We have reduced prices on allour winter holidays. 2. CATERING to boilsauce, so as to make it smaller in quantityand more concentrated

‘…only heating rooms when they are occupied,the system is said to reduce energy use in a hotelof 200 to 250 bedrooms by 700kWh per room peryear’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

reduced ratereduced rate /r |�dju�st �ret/ noun a spe-cially cheap chargereductionreduction /r|�d�kʃən/ noun 1. a loweringof a price � ‘Price reductions on selectedholidays in Spain.’ 2. CATERING a saucewhich has been reduced by boilingred winered wine /�red �wan/ noun BEVERAGESwine which becomes red because the grapeskins are left for a time in the fermentingmixture

COMMENT: Red wine is usually served at‘room temperature’. Fine red wines (vin-tage Bordeaux or Burgundies) should beopened in advance to allow the air to enterthe bottle; some fine red wines may alsoneed to be decanted to remove sediment.

Leisure.fm Page 251 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

re-entry 252Light red wines (such as Beaujolais nou-veau, and red wines from the Loire Valley)should be served at cellar temperature(i.e. cool), or can even be chilled. Redwine is traditionally served with meat andgame, and also with cheese.

re-entry

re-entry /�ri� �entri/ noun the act of com-ing back in againre-entry permit

re-entry permit /�ri� �entri �vi�zə/, re-entry visa noun a visa allowing someone toleave a country and go back in againreferral system

referral system /r |�f��rəl �sstəm/ nounHOTELS a system by which one hotel or res-taurant recommends another, and may takebookings for another on which commissionmay be paidrefreshments

refreshments /r |�freʃmənts/ plural nounCATERING snacks and drinks, available usu-ally as a buffet, or served by waiters �Refreshments will be served in a tent on thelawn. � You can get refreshments at the foyerbar during the interval.refreshment tent

refreshment tent /r |�freʃmənt tent/noun ENTERTAINMENT a tent in whichrefreshments are served, e.g at a horse showor village fête.refrigerate

refrigerate /r |�frd$əret/ verb CATERINGto keep food cold, so that it will not go bad

COMMENT: Low temperature retards therate at which food spoils, because all thecauses of deterioration proceed moreslowly. In freeze-drying, the food is quick-frozen and then dried by vacuum, soremoving the moisture. Pre-cooked foodsshould be cooled rapidly down to –3°Cand eaten within five days of production.Certain high-risk chilled foods should bekept below 5°C; these foods include softcheese and various pre-cooked products.Eggs in shells can be chilled for short-termstorage (i.e. up to one month) at tempera-tures between –10°C and –16°C. Bakeryproducts, including bread, have storagetemperatures between –18°C and –40°C;bread goes stale quickly at chill tempera-tures which are above these. Potatoes inthe form of pre-cooked chips can bestored at –18°C or colder, but ordinarypotatoes must not be chilled at all. Applesand pears can be kept in air-cooled boxesat between –1°C and +4°C (this is knownas controlled temperature storage). Let-tuces and strawberries (which normallymust not be chilled) can be kept fresh byvacuum cooling; celery and carrots can bechilled by hydrocooling.

refrigerated display case

refrigerated display case /r |

�frd$əretd ds|�ple �kes/ noun CATER-ING a cabinet with glass sides and top, cooledby a refrigerating plant underneath, used tokeep prepared food dishes such as salads anddesserts fresh and cool

refrigeratorrefrigerator /r |�frd$əretə/ noun CATER-ING a machine for keeping food cold � Milkwill keep for several days in a refrigerator. �Each bedroom has a small refrigerator withice and cold drinks.refundrefund noun /�ri�f�nd/ money paid back �She got a refund after she had complained tothe manager. � verb /r |�f�nd/ to pay backmoney � to refund the cost of postage � Allmoney will be refunded if the tour is can-celled. � They refunded £100 of the £400 Ihad paid.refundablerefundable /r |�f�ndəb(ə)l/ adjective thatwill or can be paid back � A refundabledeposit of 10% is payable on booking. � Theentrance fee is refundable if you purchase £5worth of goods.refund in fullrefund in full /�ri�f�nd n �fυl/ nounFINANCE the return of all the money paid �She got a refund in full when she complainedthat there were mice in her bedroom. Alsocalled full refundrefurbishrefurbish /ri�|�f��bʃ/ verb to repair andredecorate e.g. a room or building so that it islike new � They spent thousands of poundsrefurbishing the 36 bedrooms.refurbishmentrefurbishment /ri�|�f��bʃmənt/ noun theact of refurbishing something � The hotelhas reopened after a £1.5m refurbishment.refusalrefusal /r |�fju�z(ə)l/ noun a statement say-ing that you will not do something or will notaccept something � his request met with arefusal his request was refused � to givesomeone first refusal of something to allowsomeone to be the first to decide if they wantsomething or notrefuserefuse noun /�refju�s/ rubbish � Please putall refuse in the bin. � Refuse collection onour road is on Thursdays. � verb /r |�fju�z/ tosay that you will not do something or will notaccept something � They refused to pay. �The bank refused to lend the hotel any moremoney. � He asked for a refund but it wasrefused. � The customer refused the goods orrefused to accept the goods. (NOTE: Yourefuse to do something or refuse some-thing.)regattaregatta /r |�#�tə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS asporting event where rowing boats or sailingboats race

COMMENT: The two main regattas in Eng-land are the Henley Regatta in June andCowes Week held in August.

regenerationregeneration /r|�#enə|�reʃ(ə)n/ nounCATERING the task of preparing food fromfrozen, e.g. by putting it in a microwave �Students learn cooking and regenerationtechniques.

Leisure.fm Page 252 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

253 reheatregionregion /�ri�d$ən/ noun 1. area � the Lon-don region the area around London 2. � inthe region of £10,000 about £10,000 �We’re looking for a hotel in the region of £30per night.regionalregional /�ri�d$(ə)nəl/ adjective referringto a region � The restaurant serves regionalspecialities.regional airportregional airport /�ri�d$(ə)nəl �eəpɔ�t/noun AIR TRAVEL an airport serving a regionof the country, and not the capital � Flightsare also available from sixteen otherregional airports. � There are no regionaldepartures to the Far East.registerregister /�red$stə/ noun 1. an official list� to enter something in a register � to keep aregister up to date 2. a large book for record-ing details, such as in a hotel, where guestssign in, or in a registry where deaths arerecorded � They asked the guests to sign theregister. 3. CATERING a computerised billingsystem in a restaurant, where each itemordered is keyed in by the waiter using a spe-cial code, and the till provides a printoutwhich itemises all dishes bought, so that theguest can check the bill easily � verb 1. towrite something on an official list � to regis-ter a sale 2. HOTELS to arrive at a hotel or ata conference and write your name andaddress on a list � They registered at thehotel under the name of Macdonald. 3.HOTELS (of the receptionist) to fill in thedetails of a guest when he or she arrives at ahotelregistered letterregistered letter /�red$stəd �letə/, reg-istered parcel /�red$stəd �pɑ�s(ə)l/ nouna letter or parcel which is sent by registeredpostregistered officeregistered office /�red$stəd �ɒfs/noun BUSINESS the office address of a com-pany which is officially registered with theCompanies’ Registrarregistered postregistered post /�red$stəd �pəυst/noun a service where the post office makes anote of a letter or parcel before it is sent, sothat compensation can be claimed if it is lostor damaged � to send documents by regis-tered postregistrationregistration /�red$|�streʃ(ə)n/ noun theact of writing something on an official listregistration cardregistration card, registration formnoun HOTELS a card or form which has to befilled in when registering at a hotel, confer-ence, etc.registration numberregistration number /�red$|�streʃ(ə)n�n�mbə/ noun the official number of a carregistration plateregistration plate /�red$|�streʃ(ə)nplet/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a plate on the front

and back of a vehicle, showing its registra-tion number (NOTE: The US English for thisis license plate.)registry

registry /�red$stri/ noun � country, portof registry the country or port where a shipis registeredregret

regret /r |�#ret/ verb to be sorry aboutsomething � I regret having to refuse entry tosmall children. � We regret the delay in thearrival of our flight from Amsterdam. � Weregret to inform you of the cancellation of thetour. (NOTE: You regret doing somethingor regret something. Note also: regret-ting – regretted.)regular

regular /�re#jυlə/ adjective 1. happeningor coming at the same time each day or weekor month or year � His regular train is the12.45. � The regular flight to Athens leavesat 06.00. � regular staff full-time staff 2.ordinary or standard � The regular price is$1.25, but we are offering them at 99c. � reg-ular size the ordinary size, smaller thaneconomy size or family sizeregular customer

regular customer /�re#jυlə �k�stəmə/noun BUSINESS a customer who always buysfrom the same shop or who goes to the sameplace for a serviceregularly

regularly /�re#jυləli/ adverb usually, or atthe same time each day, week, month or year� The first train in the morning is regularlylate.regulate

regulate /�re#jυlet/ verb 1. to adjustsomething so that it works well or is correct2. to control something by lawregulation

regulation /�re#jυ |�leʃ(ə)n/ noun the actof adjusting something so that it works wellregulations

regulations /�re#jυ|�leʃ(ə)nz/ pluralnoun laws or rules � regulations concerningthe entry of tourists without visas � The newgovernment regulations on hotel standards.� The restaurant contravenes fire regula-tions or safety regulations.

‘EC regulations which came into effect in Julyinsist that customers can buy cars anywhere inthe EC at the local pre-tax price’ [FinancialTimes]

Regulo

Regulo /�re#juləυ/ tdmk CATERING atrademark for a system of numbers indicat-ing temperatures on a gas cooker � Cook inthe oven for one hour at Regulo 6.

COMMENT: The Regulo system goes from1/4 to 9. The approximate temperatureequivalents are: 1/4–2 = 110–150°C, 3–4= 160–190°C, 5 = 200°C, 6–7 = 210–230°C, 8–9 = 235–250°C.

reheat

reheat /ri�|�hi�t/ verb CATERING to heatagain � Food left over can be reheated andserved again the next day.

Leisure.fm Page 253 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

reheating 254‘…surplus hot food that is to be served again hotmust be cooled as rapidly as possible and kept ator below 5°C until it is to be reheated for service.It is best to use a blast chiller to cool hot food rap-idly. It must then be reheated thoroughly to tem-peratures in excess of 75°C and subsequentlykept above 63°C until served’ [Caterer & Hotel-keeper]

reheatingreheating /ri� |�hi�tŋ/ noun CATERING theact of heating food again � Care must betaken when reheating fish dishes.reimburse

reimburse /�ri�m |�b��s/ verb � to reim-burse someone their expenses to pay some-one back for money which they have spent �You will be reimbursed for your expenses orYour expenses will be reimbursed.reimbursementreimbursement /�ri�m |�b��smənt/ nounFINANCE the act of paying back money �reimbursement of expensesreissue

reissue /ri�|�ʃu�/ verb AIR TRAVEL tochange an airline ticket so that a passengercan fly on a different date or route, or at a dif-ferent time. Compare revalidaterelationrelation /r |�leʃ(ə)n/ noun a link betweentwo thingsrelative humidity

relative humidity /�relətv hju� |�mdti/noun the ratio between the amount of watervapour in air and the amount which would bepresent if the air was saturated, shown as apercentagerelaxrelax /r|�l�ks/ verb to rest from work, or tobecome less tense � They spent the first weekof their holiday relaxing on the beach. �Guests can relax in the bar before going toeat in the restaurant.relaxationrelaxation /�ri�l�k |�seʃ(ə)n/ noun timespent resting from work � For relaxation hegoes jogging in the park. � Do you considergardening a form of relaxation?relevée

relevée /rə |�leve/ same as removereliability

reliability /r|�laə |�blti/ noun the abilityto be trusted to do something � The producthas passed its reliability tests.reliablereliable /r |�laəb(ə)l/ adjective that or whocan be trusted to do something, e.g. to workproperly or to be on time � a reliable tourcompany � The on-site courier is completelyreliable.relief

relief /r|�li�f/ adjective taking the place ofanother who is awayrelief cookrelief cook /r |�li�f kυk/ noun CATERING acook who takes the place of a cook who isabsentrelieve

relieve /r |�li�v/ verb 1. to take over fromsomeone � The day receptionist will berelieved at 21.00 when the night shift comeson. 2. � to relieve yourself to urinate or def-ecate

relishrelish /�relʃ/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a sharp orspicy sauce made with vegetables or fruitwhich adds extra flavour when eaten withother foodrely onrely on /r|�la ɒn/ verb to depend on some-body or something � We rely on part-timestaff for most of our business. � Do not relyon the agents for accurate market reports.remoteremote /r|�məυt/ adjective a long wayaway, distant � The hotel is situated in aremote mountain village.remote controlremote control /r|�məυt kən|�trəυl/noun control of something from a distance,e.g. control of a TV set by using a handheldswitch with an infrared rayremote standremote stand /r|�məυt �st�nd/ noun AIRTRAVEL an area where an aircraft waits somedistance away from the airport for passen-gers to boardrémouladerémoulade /�remə|�led/ noun FOOD may-onnaise with herbs, mustard, capers, andgherkins added, and sometimes choppedhard-boiled eggremoveremove /r|�mu�v/ noun CATERING (in oldmenus) a dish served after the first coursehas been eaten and cleared awayrenderrender /�rendə/ verb to melt something inorder to purify or extract substances from it,especially to heat solid fat slowly until asmuch liquid fat as possible has beenextracted from itrennetrennet /�renət/ noun a substance madefrom the lining of calves’s stomachs that isused in cheese makingrenovaterenovate /�renəvet/ verb to repair andredecorate something completely in order tomake it like new � The hotel has been com-pletely renovated. � The house is in goodstructural condition but the central heatingneeds renovating.renovationrenovation /�renə |�veʃ(ə)n/ noun the actof renovating something � The hotel isclosed for renovation.rentrent /rent/ noun money paid to use a room,an office or house for a period of time � highrent, low rent expensive or cheap rent � topay three months’ rent in advance � Rentsare high in the centre of the town. � We can-not afford to pay high-season rents. � theflat is let at an economic rent at a rentwhich covers all costs to the landlord �income from rents, rent income incomefrom letting an office, a house, etc. � verb 1.to pay money to hire a room, an office, ahouse or piece of equipment for a period oftime � We rented a car at the airport. � Herented a villa by the beach for three weeks. �They were driving a rented car when they

Leisure.fm Page 254 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

255 requestwere stopped by the police. 2. � to rent (out)to own e.g. a car or an office and lend it tosomeone who pays for its use � We rentedthe villa to an American couple.rentalrental /�rent(ə)l/ noun money paid to use aflat, house, car or piece of equipment for aperiod of timerental agencyrental agency /�rent(ə)l �ed$ənsi/ nounan office which specialises in letting flats orhousesrental incomerental income /�rent(ə)l �nk�m/ nounincome from letting offices, houses, etc.reopenreopen /ri� |�əυpən/ verb to open somethingagain � The hotel will reopen next week afterits £1 million renovation.reopeningreopening /ri� |�əυp(ə)nŋ/ noun the act ofopening something againrepackrepack /ri�|�p�k/ verb to put things backagain into a suitcase � He had to repack hiscase after it had been opened by customsofficials.repackingrepacking /ri�|�p�kŋ/ noun the act ofputting things back into a suitcaserepairrepair /r |�peə/ noun an act of mending ormaking good something which is broken �The hotel is closed while they are carryingout repairs to the air-conditioning system. �His car is in the garage for repair. � verb tomend or to make good something which isbroken � The lift is being repaired.repair kitrepair kit /r |�peə kt/ noun a kit for repair-ing a machine, especially a kit for repairinga car � There is a repair kit provided in theboot of each car.repayrepay /r|�pe/ verb to pay back � he repaidme in full he paid me back all the money heowed merepaymentrepayment /r |�pemənt/ noun FINANCEthe act of paying back, or the money whichis paid backrepeatrepeat /r |�pi�t/ verb to say something again� to repeat an order to order somethingagainrepeat bookingrepeat booking /r|�pi�t �bυkŋ/ noun abooking of the same room, table, etc., again� very high occupancy with repeat bookingsrepeat businessrepeat business /r |�pi�t �bzns/ nounBUSINESS a business deal which is a repeat ofan earlier deal, as when organising for agroup to stay at a hotel againreplacereplace /r |�ples/ verb 1. to put somethingback where it was before � She replaced theglasses on the table. 2. to exchange one partfor another � He offered to replace the bro-ken mirror.replacementreplacement /r|�plesmənt/ noun 1. theaction of replacing something with some-

thing else 2. a thing which is used to replacesomethingreplacement part

replacement part /r |�plesmənt �pɑ�t/noun same as spare partreply

reply /r |�pla/ noun an answer � There wasno reply to my letter or to my phone call. � Iam writing in reply to your letter of the 24th.� verb to answer � to reply to a letter towrite a letter in answer to one which youhave receivedreply coupon

reply coupon /r |�pla �ku�pɒn/ nounMARKETING a form attached to an advertise-ment in a newspaper or magazine, which hasto be filled in and returned to the advertiserreport

report /r |�pɔ�t/ verb to tell somebodyabout something officially � Cases of chol-era must be reported immediately to thelocal health authorities. � The guestreported that her wallet was missing fromher room. (NOTE: You report sth to some-body.)reporting time

reporting time /r |�pɔ�tŋ tam/ noun AIRTRAVEL the time before a flight departs whena passenger should check in � Reportingtime for international flights is 2 hoursbefore departure.represent

represent /�repr |�zent/ verb BUSINESS tosell goods or a service on behalf of someone� She represents an Australian bus company.representative

representative /�repr |�zentətv/ adjec-tive typical of all the people or things in agroup � The hotel displayed a representativeselection of locally made products. � Thesample chosen was not representative of thewhole batch. � noun 1. BUSINESS a companywhich works for another company, sellingtheir goods � We have appointed Smith & Coour exclusive representatives in Europe. 2.somebody who acts on someone’s behalf �She is the local representative for a Britishtour operator. � Our representative will meetyou at the airport.reputable

reputable /�repjυtəb(ə)l/ adjective with agood reputation � We only use reputable car-riers.reputation

reputation /�repjυ |�teʃ(ə)n/ noun theopinion that people have of someone orsomething � an airline with a reputation forpunctuality � The hotel has a reputation forbeing expensive.request

request /r |�kwest/ noun an act of askingfor something politely � She has put in arequest to be transferred to another branch.� on request if asked for � More blanketsare available on request. � verb to ask forsomething politely or formally � Thestranded party radioed to request help.

Leisure.fm Page 255 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

request stop 256request stop

request stop /r |�kwest stɒp/ noun ROADTRAVEL a bus stop where a buses stop only ifyou signal to themrequire

require /r|�kwaə/ verb 1. to need some-thing � You will require a visa to go to Rus-sia. 2. to demand that someone does some-thing � to require someone to dosomething to have to do something � Tour-ists are required to register with the localpolice.requirement

requirement /r |�kwaəmənt/ noun some-thing that is neededre-route

re-route /�ri� �ru�t/ verb TRAVEL to arrangeanother route for e.g. a plane or coach � Badweather in the mountains meant that thecoach had to be re-routed via the coast road.rescue

rescue /�reskju�/ noun an act of savingsomebody or the fact of being saved from adangerous situation � verb to save somebodyor something from a dangerous situation �When the river flooded, the party of touristshad to be rescued by helicopter.rescuer

rescuer /�reskju�ə/ noun somebody whosaves or tries to save someone from a danger-ous situation � Rescuers were delayed byextremely high winds. � A team of rescuersarrived in time to save the skiers.reservation

reservation /�rezə|�veʃ(ə)n/ noun arequest for a room, seat, table, etc. to be keptavailable for you � to make a reservation tobook a room, a table, a seat, etc. � I want tomake a reservation on the train to Plymouthtomorrow evening.reservation diary

reservation diary /�rezə|�veʃ(ə)n�daəri/ noun HOTELS a ledger with a sepa-rate page for each day, giving a list of all therooms in a hotel, and marks to show if theyare booked or vacantreservation form

reservation form /�rezə|�veʃ(ə)n fɔ�m/noun HOTELS a form to be filled in by theclerk when a room reservation is madereservations chart

reservations chart /�rezə |�veʃ(ə)nztʃɑ�t/ noun HOTELS a chart showing all therooms in a hotel, with marks showing whichare occupied or booked in advance, andwhich are vacantreservations clerk

reservations clerk /�rezə |�veʃ(ə)nzklɑ�k/ noun HOTELS somebody in a hotelwho deals with room reservationsreservations manager

reservations manager /�rezə|

�veʃ(ə)nz �m�nd$ə/ noun CATERINGsomebody in charge of the department in ahotel or at an airline where reservations aremadereservations rack

reservations rack /�rezə |�veʃ(ə)nzr�k/ noun HOTELS a special board or series

of pigeonholes where cards are put to showwhich rooms have been bookedreserve

reserve /r |�z��v/ noun 1. BUSINESS moneyfrom profits not paid as dividend, but keptback by a company in case it is needed for aspecial purpose � reserve for bad debtsmoney kept by a company to cover debtswhich may not be paid 2. � in reserve keptto be used later on � to keep something inreserve to keep something so as to be able touse it later on if necessary � We keep storesof tinned and frozen food in reserve for use inemergencies. 3. an area of unspoilt landwhere no commercial exploitation isallowed, kept for the wildlife – as in theNational Parks in Africa � verb � to reservea room, a table, a seat to ask for a room,table or seat to be kept free for you � I wantto reserve a table for four people. � Can youreserve a seat for me on the train to Glas-gow?reserved

reserved /r |�z��vd/ adjective BUSINESSkept for a customer � You can’t have the win-dow table, it is reserved. � There are tworeserved tables and one free one. � Is thisseat reserved?reserves

reserves /r |�z��vz/ plural noun supplieskept to be used later on if necessary � Thehotel was cut off by snow and had to rely onits reserves of food. � Reserves of fuel fellduring the winter. � The country’s reservesof gas or gas reserves are very large.residence

residence /�rezd(ə)ns/ noun 1. a houseor flat where someone lives � He has a coun-try residence where he spends his weekends.2. the act of living or operating officially in acountryresidence permit

residence permit /�rezd(ə)ns �p��mt/noun an official document allowing a for-eigner to live in a country � He has appliedfor a residence permit. � She was granted aresidence permit for one year.residence tax

residence tax /�rezd(ə)ns t�ks/ nounBUSINESS a tax applied to people staying in atownresident

resident /�rezd(ə)nt/ noun 1. a person orcompany living or operating in a country �The company is resident in France. 2.HOTELS a person who stays in a hotel 3. amember of staff who lives in � a residentmanager � non-residentresident alien

resident alien /�rezd(ə)nt �eliən/ nouna foreigner who has a residence permit andlives in a particular countryresidential

residential /�rez|�denʃəl/ adjective refer-ring to residence

Leisure.fm Page 256 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

257 restrictionresidential arearesidential area /�rez|�denʃəl �eəriə/noun a part of a town which is mainly occu-pied with private houses and flatsresidential hotelresidential hotel /�rezdenʃəl həυ|�tel/noun HOTELS a hotel which caters for long-stay guests, usually on a full-board basisresidential licenceresidential licence /�rezdenʃəl�las(ə)ns/ noun HOTELS a licence given to asmall hotel or guesthouse, allowing them tosell alcohol to residents onlyresidential streetresidential street /�rezdenʃəl �stri�t/noun a street of private houses and flats, withno offices or shopsresidents’ loungeresidents’ lounge /�rezd(ə)ns laυnd$/noun HOTELS a room in a hotel which is onlyopen to residents of the hotel and their guestsresortresort /r |�zɔ�t/ noun TOURISM a placewhere people go on holidayresort hotelresort hotel /r |�zɔ�t həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a hotel in a resort, catering for holi-daymakers rather than business visitorsresponsibilityresponsibility /r|�spɒns|�blti/ noun 1.the state of being in charge of something �The management refuses to accept responsi-bility for guests’ personal belongings. � hehas taken on responsibility for the recep-tion area he has agreed to be in charge of thereception area 2. something that someone isresponsible for � His main responsibility isseeing that the guests are safe.responsibleresponsible /r|�spɒnsb(ə)l/ adjective 1.causing � The fog was responsible for theaccident. 2. reliable and able to be trusted tobe sensible � We want staff who are respon-sible and good with money. 3. in charge ofsomething, taking decisions for somethingor directing something � She is responsiblefor the tour schedules. � The hotel manage-ment is not responsible for the restaurant inthe adjoining building. 4. � responsible tosomeone being under the authority of some-one who expects you to carry out the workwellresponsible tourismresponsible tourism /r |�spɒnsb(ə)l�tυərz(ə)m/ noun travel that respects thelaws and customs of local people and is notharmful to the environmentrestrest /rest/ noun 1. a period of being quietand peaceful, being asleep or doing nothing� She’s having a rest in her room. � Theafternoon has been set aside for rest. 2. asupport 3. � the rest the other people orthings in a group apart from those alreadymentioned � Six people decided to walk backdown the mountain, but the rest of the partyused the funicular. � verb to spend timerelaxing or sleeping � They went upstairs torest before dinner.

rest area

rest area /�rest �eəriə/ noun ROAD TRAVELan area near a motorway or other large road,provided with a public toilet and picnictables and benches, where you can park andget out of the car to relaxrestaurant

restaurant /�rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun a placewhere you can buy and eat a meal � She runsa French restaurant in New York. � he’s inthe restaurant business he owns or man-ages restaurantsrestaurant car

restaurant car /�rest(ə)rɒnt kɑ�/ nounRAIL TRAVEL a railway coach where passen-gers can sit and eat meals. Compare buffetcarrestaurant guide

restaurant guide /�rest(ə)rɒnt #ad/noun CATERING a guidebook listing the res-taurants in a townrestaurant manager

restaurant manager /�rest(ə)rɒnt�m�nd$ə/ noun CATERING somebody whoruns a restaurant, but does not own itrestaurant owner

restaurant owner /prə|�praətə/, propri-etor noun CATERING somebody who owns arestaurantrestaurant staff

restaurant staff /�rest(ə)rɒnt stɑ�f/noun people who work in a restaurantrestaurateur

restaurateur /�rest(ə)rə|�t��/ nounCATERING somebody who runs a restaurant

‘…a London restaurateur was fined at the magis-trates court last week for failing to quieten a noisyextractor fan’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

rest-camp

rest-camp /�rest k�mp/ noun TOURISM acampsite on a safari where you rest aftertravelling in the bushrestrict

restrict /r |�strkt/ verb to set limits tosomething � We are restricted to twentytables by the size of the restaurant.restricted access

restricted access /r |�strktd ��kses/noun ENTERTAINMENT access which is lim-ited to small groups of people at particulartimes of the day only, e.g. to a museumrestricted articles

restricted articles /r|�strktd�ɑ�tk(ə)lz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL thingswhich passengers must not carry ontoplanes, e.g. knives or aerosolsrestricted fare

restricted fare /r |�strktd �feə/ nounTRAVEL a type of e.g flight ticket that is notexchangeable.restriction

restriction /r |�strkʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a ruleor action that limits or imposes controls onsomething � to impose restrictions onimports, on credit to start limiting importsor credit � to lift credit restrictions to allowcredit to be given freely 2. TRAVEL a limit totravel imposed as a condition when you buysome types of ticket � When buying yourticket, make sure you understand whichrestrictions apply.

Leisure.fm Page 257 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

rest room 258rest room

rest room /�rest ru�m/ noun a public toiletrésumé

résumé /�rezjume/ US BUSINESS same ascurriculum vitaeretail

retail /�ri�tel/ noun the sale of goods to thepeople who will own and use themretail price

retail price /�ri�tel �pras/ noun BUSI-NESS the price at which the retailer sells tothe final customerretail shop

retail shop /�ri�tel ʃɒp/ noun BUSINESS ashop where goods are sold only to the publicretinol

retinol /�retnɒl/ noun CATERING a vitaminfound in liver, vegetables, eggs and cod liveroil which is essential for good visionretirement pension

retirement pension /r |�taəmənt�penʃən/ noun same as old age pensionretsina

retsina /ret |�si�nə/ noun BEVERAGES aGreek wine flavoured with pine resin, whichwas originally added to preserve the winereturn

return /r |�t��n/ noun 1. a journey back tothe place you have left 2. the act of sendingor giving something back � he replied byreturn of post he replied by the next postservice 3. profit or income from moneyinvested � to bring in a quick return � Whatis the gross return on this line? 4. � to makea return to the tax office, to make anincome tax return to send a statement ofincome and allowances to the tax office � tofill in a VAT return to complete the formshowing VAT receipts and expenditure �daily, weekly, quarterly sales return areport of sales made each day, week or quar-ter � verb 1. to give or send something back� to return unsold stock to the wholesaler �to return a letter to sender 2. to make an offi-cial statement to the tax authorities aboutincome you have earned � to return incomeof £15,000 to the tax authoritiesreturnable

returnable /r |�t��nəb(ə)l/ adjective BUSI-NESS possible to take back to a shop or sup-plier � These bottles are not returnable.return address

return address /r|�t��n ə|�dres/ noun anaddress to send something back toreturn date

return date /r |�t��n det/ noun TRAVEL theday on which a traveller or a tour returnsreturned empties

returned empties /r |�t��nd �emptiz/plural noun BUSINESS empty bottles or con-tainers which are taken back to a shop orsupplier, where any deposit paid will begiven backreturn fare

return fare /r|�t��n feə/ noun TRAVEL thefare for a journey from one place to anotherand back againreturn guest

return guest /r |�t��n �#est/ noun HOTELSsomebody who goes back to stay in a hotel asecond time

return journey

return journey /r |�t��n �d$��ni/ nounTRAVEL a journey back to where you camefromreturn on investment

return on investment /r |�t��n ɒn n |

�vestmənt/ noun BUSINESS interest or divi-dends shown as a percentage of the moneyinvested. Abbr ROIreturn rate

return rate /r|�t��n ret/ noun the percent-age of e.g. guests who come back to stay asecond time � In the three months the hotelhas been open, the return rate of guests hasalready reached 40%-45%.return ticket

return ticket /r|�t��n �tkt/ noun TRAVELa ticket for a journey from one place toanother and back again. Also called round-trip ticketreturn visit

return visit /r |�t��n �vzt/ noun TOURISMa second visit to a town, tourist attraction,hotel, etc. � Our own surveys show that wellover 50% of our customers are British, mostof them on return visits.re-use

re-use /�ri� �ju�z/ verb to use again � Tosave money, we try to re-use unused foodfrom previous meals where possible.revalidate

revalidate /ri|�v�ldet/ verb AIR TRAVELto change an airline ticket so that a passengercan fly on a different date or at a differenttime, but still on the same route as the origi-nal ticket. Compare reissuerevalidation

revalidation /ri� |�v�l |�deʃ(ə)n/ nounTRAVEL the act of making a ticket valid again,after a change has been maderevalidation sticker

revalidation sticker /ri� |�v�l |�deʃ(ə)n�stkə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a little stickerput on a ticket to show a change made to theoriginal reservationrevamp

revamp verb /ri� |�v�mp/ to improve theappearance of something which is slightlyold-fashioned (informal ) � The lobby, con-ference rooms and 68 bedrooms have beenrevamped. � noun /�ri�v�mp/ a change inthe appearance of something � The receptionarea has had a complete revamp.revenue

revenue /�revənju�/ noun 1. FINANCEmoney which is received 2. BUSINESS moneyreceived by a government in taxrevenue accounts

revenue accounts /�revənju� ə|�kaυnts/plural noun BUSINESS accounts of a businesswhich record money received as e.g. sales orcommissionreverse

reverse /r |�v��s/ adjective opposite �noun 1. the opposite 2. ROAD TRAVEL a gearwhich makes a vehicle go backwards � thecar was in reverse the reverse gear wasengaged � verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to make acar go backwards 2. � to reverse the

Leisure.fm Page 258 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

259 ring roadcharges (on the phone) to ask the personyou are calling to pay for the callreverse-charge call

reverse-charge call /r|�v��s tʃɑ�d$�kɔ�l/ noun a telephone call where the per-son receiving the call agrees to pay for it.Also called collect callrevolving door

revolving door /r |�vɒlvŋ �dɔ�/ noun adoor which turns round a central pillar � Herluggage got stuck in the revolving door at theentrance to the hotel.rhubarb

rhubarb /�ru�bɑ�b/ noun FRUIT a plantwith long red leaf stalks which are cookedand eaten as dessert � We’re having stewedrhubarb for pudding.rib

rib /rb/ noun 1. one of several bones form-ing a cage across the chest 2. MEAT a piece ofmeat with the rib bone attached to it. Alsocalled chopribbon

ribbon /�rbən/ noun a long thin strip ofmaterial for tying things or used as decora-tionriboflavine

riboflavine /�rabəυ|�flevn/ nounCATERING Vitamin B2, found in eggs, liver,green vegetables and yeast and also used asan additive in processed foodrice

rice /ras/ noun FOOD a cereal grass thatproduces edible grains, or these grains usedas food

COMMENT: While rice is always served inChinese and Indian meals, it is also usedin European cooking, being served eitheras a main course (e.g. in paella or risotto)or as a vegetable with meat or fish. In Eng-lish cooking, it is commonly served as asweet pudding.

rice cooker

rice cooker /�ras �kυkə/ noun CATERINGa special electric pan for boiling ricerice paper

rice paper /�ras �pepə/ noun FOOD verythin paper which you can eat and which isused in cookingrice pudding

rice pudding /�ras �pυdŋ/ noun DES-SERTS a dessert made of short-grain rice,milk and sugarrich

rich /rtʃ/ adjective CATERING referring tofood which has a high calorific valueRichter scale

Richter scale /�rktə skel/ noun a scaleof measurement of the force of an earth-quake � There were no reports of injuriesafter the quake which hit 5.2 on the Richterscale.

COMMENT: The scale, devised by CharlesRichter, has values from zero to ten, withthe strongest earthquake ever recordedbeing 8.9. Earthquakes of 5 or more on theRichter scale cause damage.

ricotta

ricotta /r |�kɒtə/ noun DAIRY a soft whitemild-tasting Italian cheese made from wheyand used mostly in cooking

ride

ride /rad/ noun a pleasant trip, e.g. on ahorse or a bike or in a car � We went for aride on an elephant. � bus ride a short trip ina bus � verb to go for a trip on a horse, on abicycle, in a car, etc. (NOTE: riding – rode –has ridden)rigatoni

rigatoni /�r#ə |�təυni/ noun FOOD shortrounded tubes of pasta with narrow ridgesrunning along themright

right /rat/ adjective 1. good or correct �The customer was right when he said that thebill did not add up. � This is not the rightplane for Paris. 2. the opposite of left � Thehotel is on the right side of the street, goingtowards the station. (NOTE: On ships andaircraft, the right side is called the star-board side.) � noun the fact of being legallyentitled to do or to have something � She hasa right to the property. � The group said theyhad the right to know why the visit to the tem-ples had been cancelled.right-hand

right-hand /�rat �h�nd/ adjectivebelonging to the right side � The restaurantis on the right-hand side of the main street. �He keeps the address list in the right-handdrawer of his desk.right-hand man

right-hand man /�rat h�nd �m�n/ nouna person’s main assistantright of way

right of way /�rat əv �we/ noun the legalright to go across someone else’s property �There is a public right of way through thewood.rind

rind /rand/ noun CATERING the skin onfruit or meat or cheese � Add the grated rindof a lemon. � Can you eat the rind of thischeese?ring

ring /rŋ/ verb 1. to make a noise like a bell� The telephone was ringing in the receptionarea, but no one answered it. � to ring a bellto press a button to make an electric bell ring� ‘please ring for service’ a notice by a bell,asking a visitor to ring it if he or she wants amember of staff to come 2. to telephonesomeone � He rang (up) his wife from theconference hotel. (NOTE: ringing – rang –has rung)ring back

ring back /�rŋ �b�k/ verb to make aphone call in reply to another � The manageris in a meeting, can you ring back in abouthalf an hour? � Mr Smith called while youwere out and asked if you would ring himback. � Your office rang – can you ring themback?ring road

ring road /�rŋ rəυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL aroad which goes right round a town � Insteadof driving through the town centre, it will bequicker to take the ring road.

Leisure.fm Page 259 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

rink 260rinkrink /rŋk/ noun SPORT a large enclosedarea with a smooth flat surface for ice skat-ing, playing ice hockey or roller skating � Inthe evening we all went to the skating rink.riperipe /rap/ adjective 1. mature and ready tobe picked and eaten 2. matured or agedenough to have developed the best flavourrisk capitalrisk capital /�rsk �k�pt(ə)l/ noun BUSI-NESS same as venture capitalrisottorisotto /r |�zɒtəυ/ noun FOOD an Italiandish of cooked rice with meat, fish, or vege-tables in itrissolerissole /�rsəυl/ noun FOOD a fried ball ofminced meat, fish, etc. � We ordered lambrissoles and potatoes.RivieraRiviera /rvi|�eərə/ noun TOURISM the coastof a Mediterranean Sea in France and Italy,also used to describe any popular south coastin other countries � winter holidays on theFrench Riviera � They rented a villa on theItalian Riviera. � The Cornish Riviera ispopular for family holidays.roachroach /rəυtʃ/ noun 1. SEAFOOD a smallfreshwater fish (NOTE: The plural form isroach.) 2. a cockroach (informal) (NOTE:The plural form is roaches.)roadroad /rəυd/ noun 1. a way used by cars, lor-ries, etc., to move from one place to another� The first part of the tour is by road. � Roadtransport costs have risen. � The mainentrance is in London Road. � Use the ParkRoad entrance to get to the hotel car park. 2.� on the road travelling � We were on theroad for thirteen hours before we finallyreached the hotel. � The sales force are onthe road thirty weeks a year.roadhouseroadhouse /�rəυdhaυs/ noun a hotel orpub located beside a main roadroad maproad map /�rəυd m�p/ noun ROAD TRAVELa map showing the main roads in a countryroad networkroad network /�rəυd �netw��k/ nounROAD TRAVEL a system of interconnectingroads in a countryroad regulationsroad regulations /�rəυd�re#jυleʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun ROAD TRAVELrules applied to drivers using roads in a par-ticular countryroad signroad sign /�rəυd san/ noun ROAD TRAVELa plate by the side of a road, giving instruc-tions or warningsroad userroad user /�rəυd �ju�zə/ noun ROADTRAVEL somebody driving a car, bus or truckor riding a bicycle or motorcycle along aroadroastroast /rəυst/ noun MEAT 1. meat which willbe cooked in an oven � The chef is preparinga roast of lamb. 2. meat which has been

cooked in an oven � The special of the day isa roast of pork. � verb CATERING to cookover a fire or in an open pan in an oven �adjective CATERING cooked over a fire or inan oven � roast beefroast chefroast chef /�rəυst ʃef/ noun CATERING thechef in charge of roast meats. Also calledchef rôtisseurroastedroasted /�rəυstd/ adjective CATERINGcooked over a fire or in an open pan in anoven � roasted trout with whiting mousselineand musselsroastingroasting /�rəυstŋ/ noun CATERING cook-ing over a fire or in an ovenroasting chickenroasting chicken /�rəυstŋ �tʃkn/noun MEAT a chicken which is tender enoughto be cooked by roastingroasting tinroasting tin /�rəυstŋ tn/ noun CATERINGa large low-sided metal dish in which meat isroasted in the ovenroast jointroast joint /�rəυst �d$ɔnt/ noun MEAT ajoint of meat such as lamb or beef, which hasbeen roastedroast potatoroast potato /�rəυst pə |�tetəυ/ nounFOOD a potato baked in fat in an ovenrock-climbingrock-climbing /�rɒk �klamŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of climbing up rock faces oncliffs or mountainsidesrocketrocket /�rɒkt/ noun VEGETABLES a greensalad plant with a peppery flavourrocksrocks /rɒks/ plural noun � on the rocksserved in a glass with ice cubesrock salmonrock salmon /�rɒk �s�mən/ noun SEA-FOOD a dogfishrodentrodent /�rəυd(ə)nt/ noun an order of mam-mals including rats and mice, which havesharp teeth for gnawing. � mouse, ratrodenticiderodenticide /rəυ|�dentsad/ noun a poi-son which kills rats and miceroeroe /rəυ/ noun FOOD fish eggs � herring roe� smoked cod’s roerogan joshrogan josh /�rəυ#ən �d$ɒʃ/ noun FOOD inSouth Asian cooking, a dish of curried meat,usually lamb, in a thick tomato-based sauceROIROI abbreviation BUSINESS return oninvestmentrollroll /rəυl/ noun 1. a tube of somethingwhich has been turned over and over on itself2. � (bread) roll a small loaf of breadoffered to the guests by the commis waiterwhile they are studying the menu � verb 1.to turn something over and over 2. to makesomething go forward by pushing it onwheels or by turning it over � They rolled thebed into the corner of the room. 3. (of a ship)to move up and down from side to side.Compare pitch

Leisure.fm Page 260 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

261 room occupancyrollaway bed

rollaway bed /�rəυlə|�we �bed/ nounHOTELS a bed which can be rolled underanotherrolled joint

rolled joint /�rəυld �d$ɔnt/ noun CATER-ING a joint of meat, made from a flat piece ofmeat which is turned over and over to makea roll and then tied with stringrollerblades

rollerblades /�rəυləbledz/ noun SPORT atrademark for a type of in-line skate � Theyoung man on rollerblades zoomed past us atgreat speed.rollerblading

rollerblading /�rəυləbledŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of going on rollerblades �Rollerblading up and down the road is their15-year-old son’s favourite pastime.roller blind

roller blind /�rəυlə bland/ noun a blindmade of a roll of thick cloth, which can be letdown to cover a windowroller coaster

roller coaster /�rəυlə �kəυstə/ nounENTERTAINMENT a fairground railway whichgoes up and down steep slopes � We all wentfor a ride on the roller coaster.roller skate

roller skate /�rəυlə sket/ noun SPORT aboot with wheels on it for roller skatingrolling contract

rolling contract /�rəυlŋ �kɒntr�kt/noun BUSINESS a contract which continuesfrom one period to the next, with only slightchangesrolling stock

rolling stock /�rəυlŋ stɒk/ noun RAILTRAVEL wagons and carriages used on therailwayroll on/roll offroll on/roll off /�rəυl ɒn �rəυl �ɒf/ adjec-tive SHIPS AND BOATS where trucks and carscan drive straight on or off. Abbr ROROroly-poly

roly-poly /�rəυli �pəυli/ noun DESSERTS acooked pudding made of suet pastry spreadwith jam and rolled upromaine

romaine /rəυ |�men/ noun VEGETABLESsame as cosroof

roof /ru�f/ noun 1. a covering over a build-ing 2. ROAD TRAVEL the top of a vehicle suchas a car, bus or truckroof box

roof box /�ru�f bɒks/ noun ROAD TRAVEL abox which can be fitted to the roof of a car tocarry luggageroof garden

roof garden /�ru�f �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun a gar-den on the roof of a buildingroof rackroof rack /�ru�f r�k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL agrid attached to the roof of a car for carryingluggageroof terrace

roof terrace /�ru�f �terəs/ noun a flatpaved area on the roof of a building � Thereis a bar on the roof terrace of the hotel.rooftop

rooftop /�ru�ftɒp/ noun the top of a roof �Our bedroom looks out over the rooftops ofthe village. � adjective on the top of a roof

rooftop restaurantrooftop restaurant /�ru�ftɒp�rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun a restaurant on top of aroof � The view from the rooftop restaurantis splendid.roomroom /ru�m/ noun 1. a part of a building,divided off from other parts by walls 2.HOTELS a bedroom in a hotel � room withshower, with private bath a bedroom with ashower room or bathroom attached � I wanta room with bath for two nights.room and boardroom and board /�ru�m ən �bɔ�d/ nounHOTELS same as board and lodgingroom attendantroom attendant /�ru�m ə |�tendənt/ nounHOTELS somebody who looks after a hotelroom, seeing that it is clean and ready forguestsroom clerkroom clerk /�ru�m klɑ�k/ noun USHOTELS somebody in a hotel who decideswhich bedrooms guests will stay in andkeeps the registerroom expensesroom expenses /�ru�m k |�spensz/ plu-ral noun HOTELS expenses on hotel bed-rooms such as the cost of linen or cleaningmaterials, but not including staff costsrooming houserooming house /�ru�mŋ haυs/ noun USTOURISM a house with furnished rooms to letrooming sliprooming slip /�ru�mŋ slp/ noun HOTELSa piece of paper given to a guest, with theroom number and price on itroom inspectionroom inspection /�ru�m n |�spekʃ(ə)n/noun HOTELS an examination of a room afterit has been cleaned, to see if it is ready for thenext guestroom keyroom key /�ru�m ki�/ noun HOTELS the keyto a room, such as a bedroom in a hotelroom linenroom linen /�ru�m �lnn/ noun HOTELSsheets, towels, etc., for use in a hotel bed-roomroom maidroom maid /�ru�m med/ noun HOTELSsame as chambermaidroom makeuproom makeup /�ru�m �mek�p/ nounHOTELS the work of preparing a room in ahotel for the next guest, by cleaning it,putting clean sheets and pillowcases on thebed and putting fresh towels, shampoo, soap,etc., in the bathroomroomnightroomnight /�ru�mnat/ noun HOTELS oneroom occupied for one night � The hotelindustry has 84 million roomnights a year.room numberroom number /�ru�m �n�mbə/ nounHOTELS the number given to a room in a hotelroom occupancyroom occupancy /�ru�m �ɒkjυpənsi/noun HOTELS 1. the act of staying in a roomin a hotel 2. the average number of roomsused in a hotel over a period of time, shownas a percentage of the total number of rooms� During the winter months the occupancy

Leisure.fm Page 261 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

room phone 262rate was down to 50%. Also called occu-pancy rateroom phone

room phone /�ru�m fəυn/ noun HOTELS atelephone in a hotel roomroom rate

room rate /�ru�m ret/ noun HOTELS theprice for a hotel room for one nightroom reservations

room reservations /ru�m �rezə|

�veʃ(ə)ns/ noun HOTELS the department ina hotel which deals with bookings for roomsroom safe

room safe /�ru�m sef/ noun HOTELS asmall safe in a hotel bedroom in which theguest can leave valuablesroom sales

room sales /�ru�m selz/ plural nounBUSINESS the turnover from letting rooms ina hotelroom service

room service /�ru�m �s��vs/ nounCATERING an arrangement in a hotel wherefood or drink can be served in a guest’s bed-room

‘…he also draws attention to the growing use ofgood quality chinaware in room service. One fac-tor in this is that more and more women guestsuse room service rather than dine alone in ahotel’s main restaurant’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

rooms payroll

rooms payroll /�ru�mz �perəυl/ nounHOTELS the cost of the wages of hotel staffwho deal with guest bedroomsroom status board

room status board /�ru�m �stetəs�bɔ�d/ noun HOTELS a board in a hotel, show-ing each room, with its number and floor,and indicating whether it is vacant or occu-pied, or will be occupied or become vacantduring the dayroom tax

room tax /�ru�m t�ks/ noun BUSINESS avisitor’s tax levied by the local governmentor municipality on a visitor occupying ahotel roomroom temperature

room temperature /�ru�m �temprtʃə/noun BEVERAGES the temperature in an ordi-nary room, usually around 20°C, at whichmost red wines should be servedroot beer

root beer /�ru�t bə/ noun US BEVERAGESa dark fizzy drink, flavoured with the juice ofroots, bark and herbsroot vegetable

root vegetable /�ru�t �ved$təb(ə)l/ nouna vegetable such as a carrot, turnip, or beetthat is grown for its fleshy edible under-ground partsRORO

RORO, ro-ro abbreviation SHIPS ANDBOATS roll on/roll offrosemary

rosemary /�rəυzməri/ noun SAUCES, ETC.a pungent herb with spiky green leaves, usedin cooking � We had roast lamb with rose-mary.

COMMENT: Rosemary is very often usedwhen roasting lamb.

rosette

rosette /rəυ |�zet/ noun a ribbon bunched tolook like a flower, used as a decoration or asa badgerosé wine

rosé wine /�rəυze �wan/ noun BEVER-AGES a pink wine which gets its colour fromthe grape skins being left for a time in thefermenting mixtureroster

roster /�rɒstə/ noun a list showing employ-ees and details of their periods of work � Theflight crew roster is issued on the 20th of themonth.rösti

rösti /�r��sti/ noun FOOD a Swiss friedpotato cake made from thinly sliced orgrated potatoes, sometimes with addedonions and baconrotisserie

rotisserie, rôtisserie noun CATERING adevice in an oven, with a metal rod whichcan be passed through meat and turned sothat the meat is evenly cookedrotten

rotten /�rɒt(ə)n/ adjective 1. that looks andsmells bad because of decay 2. terrible,unpleasant � The service here is rotten!rouble

rouble /�ru�b(ə)l/, ruble US /�ru�b(ə)l/noun FINANCE the currency used in Russiaand Belarusrough

rough /r�f/ adjective 1. approximate, notvery accurate 2. not finished, or with nodetailsroughage

roughage /�r�fd$/ noun CATERING sameas dietary fibre � Bran is an importantsource of roughage. � A diet that doesn’tcontain enough roughage is a possible causeof constipation.

COMMENT: Roughage is found in cereals,nuts, fruit and some green vegetables. It isbelieved to be necessary to help digestionand avoid developing constipation, obes-ity, appendicitis and other digestive prob-lems.

roughly

roughly /�r�fli/ adverb approximately �The number of visitors is roughly twice lastyear’s. � The development cost of the marinawill be roughly £25m. � adjective in a waythat is not gentle enough � He was sacked forhandling the animals roughly.rough out

rough out /�r�f �aυt/ verb to make a firstrough plan for something that will beplanned in more detail later � The tour guideroughed out a seating plan.rouille

rouille /rwi�/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a saucemade from chillies, garlic, and olive oilserved as an accompaniment to Provençalfoods such as bouillabaisseroulade

roulade /�ru�lɑ�d/ noun FOOD a dish inwhich a piece of food is coated with a sauceor filling and rolled up before being cooked,so that each slice has a spiral appearance

Leisure.fm Page 262 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

263 rucksackrouletteroulette /ru� |�let/ noun ENTERTAINMENT agame of chance where bets are made on thenumbers in boxes on a flat rotating wheelwhere a small ball will lodge when the wheelstops turning � The casino has six roulettetables.roundround /raυnd/ adjective shaped like a cir-cle or ball � in round figures not totallyaccurate, but correct to the nearest 10 or 100roundaboutroundabout /�raυndəbaυt/ noun 1.ENTERTAINMENT a children’s playingmachine, which goes round when pushedand on which you can sit or stand 2. ENTER-TAINMENT (in a fairground) a large mechani-cal amusement machine, which turns roundand plays music, usually with horses to sit onwhich move up and down 3. ROAD TRAVEL apoint where roads meet, and traffic has toturn in a circle, usually with each giving wayto drivers coming from the right (NOTE: InUS English, this is called a traffic circle.)round downround down /�raυnd �daυn/ verb todecrease to the nearest full figure � The billcame to £164.62 but they rounded it down to£164.round-the-worldround-the-world /�raυnd ðə �w��ld/adjective TRAVEL going round the world,returning to the original departure point �Twenty yachts are taking part in the round-the-world yacht race. � A round-the-worldticket allows several stopovers. Abbr RTWround-the-world flightround-the-world flight /�raυnd ðəw��ld �flat/ noun AIR TRAVEL a flight whichgoes round the world, returning to the origi-nal departure airport. Abbr RTW flightround-the-world ticketround-the-world ticket /�raυnd ðəw��ld �tkt/ noun AIR TRAVEL an airlineticket that entitles a passenger to travel tovarious destinations around the world,returning to the point of departureround tripround trip /�raυnd trp/ noun TRAVEL ajourney from one place to another and backagain. Abbr RTround-tripround-trip /�raυnd trp/ adjective TRAVELinvolving a journey to a place and backagain. Abbr RTround-trip ticketround-trip ticket /�raυnd trp �tkt/noun TRAVEL same as return ticketround upround up /�raυnd ��p/ verb to increase tothe nearest full figure � The bank cashierrounded up the figures to the nearest pound.

‘…each cheque can be made out for the localequivalent of £100 rounded up to a convenientfigure’ [The Sunday Times]

routeroute /ru�t/ noun 1. a way to be followed toget to a destination � bus route way which isregularly taken by a bus from one place toanother 2. � en route on the way � We

stopped for lunch en route for Scotland. �The pleasure ship sank when she was enroute to the Gulf. � verb ROAD TRAVEL tosend a bus or aircraft by a particular route �The train was routed via Berlin. � re-route

‘…the consolidator is marketing perhaps thecheapest round-the- world Business class fare. Itis charging a mere £1,389 for flights routed: Lon-don-Vienna-Bangkok-Taipei-Los Angeles-Lon-don’ [Business Traveller]

rouxroux /ru�/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a mixture offat and flour cooked to make a base for asaucerowrow /rəυ/ noun 1. a line of seats side byside, such as in a cinema or aircraft � We hadtickets for the front row of the stalls. � Myseat is row 23A, so I must be next to a win-dow. 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a short trip in arowing boat � We went for a row on the lake.� verb SHIPS AND BOATS to make a smallboat go forward by using oarsrowing boatrowing boat /�rəυŋ bəυt/, rowboat US/�rəυbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a smallboat, which can be made to go forward usingoarsRoyal Automobile ClubRoyal Automobile Club /�rɔəl�ɔ�təməbi�l �kl�b/ noun ROAD TRAVEL amotoring organisation in Scotland. � AARoyal Scottish Automobile AssociationRoyal Scottish Automobile Associ-ation /�rɔəl �skɒtʃ �ɔ�təməbi�l ə |

�səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a motor-ing organisation in the UK. Abbr RSACRRPRRP abbreviation MARKETING recom-mended retail priceRSACRSAC abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL RoyalScottish Automobile ClubRTRT abbreviation TRAVEL round triprtnrtn abbreviation TRAVEL return � fare from£30 rtnRTWRTW abbreviation round-the-worldRTW flightRTW flight abbreviation AIR TRAVELround-the-world flight � A round-the-worldticket allows several stopovers.rubber bandrubber band /�r�bə �b�nd/ noun a thinring of rubber for attaching things together �Put a rubber band round the filing cards tostop them falling on the floor.rubber checkrubber check /�r�bə �tʃek/ noun FINANCEsame as bouncing cheque (informal)rubber stamprubber stamp /�r�bə �st�mp/ noun astamp made of hard rubber cut to form wordsor numbersrucksackrucksack /�r�ks�k/ noun a bag carried onthe back of a walker � She put extra clothesand a bottle of water in her rucksack. � Agroup of walkers with muddy boots and ruck-sacks came into the pub. (NOTE: Larger bagsare called backpacks.)

Leisure.fm Page 263 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

rug 264rugrug /r�#/ noun 1. a small carpet � Thisbeautiful rug comes from the Middle East. 2.a thick blanket, especially one used for trav-ellingrulesrules /ru�lz/ plural noun regulations orlaws, strict orders of the way to behave � Weapply strict rules of hygiene in the kitchen. �Did you read the rules about what to do incase of a fire?rumrum /r�m/ noun BEVERAGES an alcoholicspirit made from sugar cane or molasses,usually coloured brownish-redrump steakrump steak /�r�mp �stek/ noun MEAT athick slice of beef cut from above the leg andconsidered to have the best flavourrunrun /r�n/ noun TRAVEL a regular route of aplane, bus, train � he does the London-Paris run twice a week he drives a coachfrom London to Paris twice a week � verb 1.to manage e.g. a hotel or restaurant � Heruns a tourist guide service. � She runs therestaurant for her father. 2. (of engine,transport) to work or operate � The bus doesnot run on Sundays.

‘…business is booming for airlines on the Lon-don to Manchester run’ [Business Traveller]

runningrunning /�r�nŋ/ noun BUSINESS the man-agement of a business � The day-to-day run-ning of a large restaurant is complicated.running costsrunning costs /�r�nŋ kɒsts/, runningexpenses plural noun BUSINESS moneyspent on the day-to-day cost of a business.Also called overhead costs, overheadexpenses, overheads, operational costsrun out ofrun out of /�r�n �aυt əv/ verb to havenothing left of, to use up all the stock of �The bureau de change has run out of dollars.� The hotel has run out of beer.run uprun up /�r�n ��p/ verb to make a large debtquickly � He quickly ran up a bill for £250.runwayrunway /�r�nwe/ noun AIR TRAVEL a trackon which planes land and take off at an air-port � The plane went out onto the runwayand then stopped for half an hour.rupeerupee /ru�|�pi�/ noun FINANCE the currencyused in India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan and

Sri Lanka (NOTE: This is written Rs beforethe figure: Rs. 250.)rushrush /r�ʃ/ noun a state in which you dosomething fast � verb to make something gofast � to rush an order through the factory �to rush a shipment to Africarush hourrush hour /�r�ʃ aυə/ noun ROAD TRAVELthe time when most traffic is on the roads,when everyone is trying to travel to work orfrom work back home � The taxi wasdelayed in the rush-hour traffic.rush jobrush job /�r�ʃ d$ɒb/ noun work which hasto be done fastrush orderrush order /�r�ʃ �ɔ�də/ noun CATERING arequest for something which has to be sup-plied fastRussianRussian /�r�ʃ(ə)n/ adjective referring toRussia (NOTE: Food served in the Russianway is called à la russe.)Russian serviceRussian service /�r�ʃ(ə)n �s��vs/ nounCATERING 1. a service similar to French serv-ice, where the waiter offers each guest a dish(from the left), and the guest helps himselffrom it 2. a type of service at a banquet,where the food is carved at a sideboard, andserved rapidly by the waiters to the guests sothat the food does not get coldRussian teaRussian tea /�r�ʃ(ə)n �ti�/ noun BEVER-AGES black tea, served in a glassrustle uprustle up /�r�s(ə)l ��p/ verb to prepare ameal or snack quickly using any food that isimmediately availableRVRV abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL recreationalvehicleryerye /ra/ noun 1. FOOD a hardy cereal cropgrown in temperate areas 2. same as ryebreadrye bread

rye bread /�ra bred/ noun BREAD, ETC.bread made from rye, which is usually verydark in colourrye whiskeyrye whiskey /�ra �wski/, rye whiskynoun BEVERAGES a type of whisky made inNorth America from ryeryokanryokan /ri|�əυkən/ noun CATERING a Japa-nese traditional inn

Leisure.fm Page 264 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Ssaccharin

saccharin /�s�kərn/ noun FOOD a sub-stance used as a substitute for sugarsachet

sachet /�s�ʃe/ noun a small plastic bagcontaining a portion of sauce, shampoo, etc.� The fish is packaged with a sachet of sauce.saddle

saddle /�s�d(ə)l/ noun 1. the rider’s seaton a bicycle or on the back of a horse 2. MEATa cut of meat such as lamb, hare or venison,made up of both loins and part of the back-bonesafari

safari /sə|�fɑ�ri/ noun ENTERTAINMENT anexpedition in Africa to hunt or take photo-graphs of wild animals � He went on a safariin Kenya.safari holiday

safari holiday /sə |�fɑ�ri �hɒlde/ nounTOURISM a holiday in a safari parksafari park

safari park /sə|�fɑ�ri pɑ�k/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a park where large wild animalssuch as lions, giraffes and elephants run free,and visitors can look at them from their cars,but cannot get out of the carssafe

safe /sef/ noun HOTELS a heavy metal boxwhich cannot be opened easily, in which val-uables, such as money, jewellery, and docu-ments can be kept � Put your valuables inthe hotel safe. � adjective uninjured, out ofdanger � Three climbers were found safeafter the avalanche.safe-deposit box

safe-deposit box /�sef d |�pɒzt �bɒks/noun FINANCE a box in a hotel or bank inwhich valuables such as money, jewellery ordocuments can be keptsafe-keeping

safe-keeping /�sef �ki�pŋ/ noun thestate of being looked after carefully � We putthe documents into the bank for safe-keep-ing.safety

safety /�sefti/ noun 1. the state of beingfree from danger or risk � to take safety pre-cautions, safety measures to act to makesure something is safe 2. � for safety so thatsomething is safe � Put the money in thehotel safe for safety. � Keep a note of thenumbers of your traveller’s cheques forsafety.

safety checklist

safety checklist /�sefti �tʃeklst/ nouna list of things which have to be checked aspart of safety regulationssafety-deposit box

safety-deposit box /�sefti d |�pɒzt�bɒks/ same as safe-deposit boxsafety margin

safety margin /�sefti �mɑ�d$n/ nountime or space allowed for something to besafesafety pin

safety pin /�sefti pn/ noun a type of bentpin for attaching fabric, where the sharppoint is held by a metal shieldsafety regulations

safety regulations /�sefti�re#jυleʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun rules to make aplace safe for the customers and staffsafflower

safflower /�s�flaυə/ noun a plant whichproduces an oil used in cookingsaffron

saffron /�s�frən/ noun SAUCES, ETC. anorange-coloured powder made from crocusflowers, from which colouring and flavour-ing are obtained

COMMENT: Saffron is used to colour foodyellow; it is used in cooking rice and is anessential ingredient of bouillabaisse.

sage

sage /sed$/ noun SAUCES, ETC. an aro-matic herb with silvery-green leaves used incookery

COMMENT: Sage and onion stuffing isoften used in British cooking to stuff meatand poultry.

sago

sago /�se#əυ/ noun FOOD a white powdermade from the sago palm, used as food andas a thickening agentsail

sail /sel/ SHIPS AND BOATS noun a trip in aboat � They went for a sail down the Thames.� verb to travel on water, or to leave harbour� The ship sails at 12.00.sailing

sailing /�selŋ/ noun 1. SHIPS AND BOATSthe departure of a ship � There are no sail-ings to France because of the strike. 2.SPORT the activity of riding in or controllinga sailing boat, especially for pleasure � Wehave booked to go on a sailing holiday in theAegean.sailing boat

sailing boat /�selŋ bəυt/, sailboat/�selbəυt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a boatwhich uses mainly sails to travel

Leisure.fm Page 265 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sailing time 266sailing timesailing time /�selŋ tam/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS the time when a boat leavessakesake /�sɑ�ki/ noun BEVERAGES Japaneserice wine, usually drunk warmsaladsalad /�s�ləd/ noun FOOD a cold dish ofvarious raw or cooked vegetables, oftenserved with cold meat, fish or cheese �cheese salad � prawn salad

COMMENT: The commonest salad dress-ing is ‘French dressing’ or ‘vinaigrette’,made of olive oil, vinegar, salt, pepper,mustard and other flavourings; also com-mon are ‘Thousand Island dressing’,made with mayonnaise and choppedonions, olives, etc., and ‘blue-cheese’ or‘Roquefort dressing’, made with mayon-naise or vinaigrette and blue cheese orRoquefort cheese.

salad barsalad bar /�s�ləd bɑ�/ noun CATERING aself-service bar, where customers help them-selves to a wide variety of meat, fish or veg-etable saladssalad creamsalad cream /�s�ləd kri�m/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a commercially-preparedsauce made of eggs, oil and vinegar, used onsalad and usually available in bottles orsachetssalad dressingsalad dressing /�s�ləd �dresŋ/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a liquid sauce put on lettuceand other cold raw or cooked vegetables togive them additional flavoursalade niçoisesalade niçoise /�s�l�d �ni�swɑ�s/ nounFOOD a French salad, made with lettuce,hard-boiled eggs, cold boiled potatoes,anchovy fillets, black olives and tomatoes,with garlic in the dressingsalad serverssalad servers /�s�ləd �s��vəz/ pluralnoun a spoon and fork for serving saladsalamandersalamander /�s�ləm�ndə/ noun CATER-ING 1. a type of high-powered cooking grillused in restaurants, where food is grilled in amore or less enclosed box, as opposed to anopen griller 2. a very hot iron block, for-merly used to grill the surface of foodsalamander-glazedsalamander-glazed /�s�ləm�ndə�#lezd/ adjective CATERING heated in a sal-amander until the coating melts and becomesshinysalamisalami /sə|�lɑ�mi/ noun MEAT a dry spicypork sausage, originally from Italysalarysalary /�s�ləri/ noun BUSINESS paymentfor work, made to an employee with a con-tract of employment, usually in the form of amonthly cheque � She got a salary increasein June. � The company froze all salaries fora six-month period.salary chequesalary cheque /�s�ləri tʃek/ nounFINANCE a monthly cheque by which anemployee is paid

sale

sale /sel/ noun 1. the act of selling, the actof giving an item or doing a service inexchange for money 2. � for sale ready to besold 3. � on sale ready to be sold in a shop �These items are on sale in most chemists. 4.BUSINESS a period during which goods aresold at specially low prices � The shop ishaving a sale to clear old stock. � The saleprice is 50% of the normal price. � clear-ance sale a sale of items at low prices to getrid of the stocksales

sales /selz/ plural noun 1. the moneyreceived from selling products � Sales haverisen over the first quarter. 2. the number ofitems soldsales book

sales book /�selz bυk/ noun BUSINESS abook containing records of salessales campaign

sales campaign /�selz k�m |�pen/ nounBUSINESS a period of planned work toachieve higher salessales chart

sales chart /�selz tʃɑ�t/ noun BUSINESSa diagram showing how sales vary frommonth to monthsales conference

sales conference /�selz �kɒnf(ə)rəns/noun BUSINESS a meeting of sales managers,representatives and publicity staff to discussresults and future sales planssales force

sales force /�selz fɔ�s/ noun BUSINESS agroup of salespeoplesales forecast

sales forecast /�selz �fɔ�kɑ�st/ nounBUSINESS a calculation of future salessales manager

sales manager /�selz �m�nd$ə/ nounBUSINESS somebody in charge of a salesdepartmentsales representative

sales representative /�selz repr|

�zentətv/ noun BUSINESS somebody whoworks for a company, showing goods orservices for sale and trying to sell them �They have vacancies for sales representa-tives to call on accounts in the north of thecountry.sales slip

sales slip /�selz slp/ noun BUSINESS apiece of paper showing that an article wasbought at a particular shop � Goods can beexchanged only on production of a sales slip.sales targets

sales targets /�selz �tɑ�#ts/ plural nounBUSINESS the amount of sales which a busi-ness is expected to achievesales tax

sales tax /�selz t�ks/ noun BUSINESS atax to be paid on each item soldsalmon

salmon /�s�mən/ noun SEAFOOD a largesea fish, with pink flesh � cold poachedsalmon and saladSalmonella

Salmonella /�s�lmə|�nelə/ noun MEDICALa genus of bacteria in the intestines, whichare usually acquired by eating contaminated

Leisure.fm Page 266 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

267 samplefood, and cause typhoid or paratyphoidfever, gastroenteritis or food poisoning

‘…according to Public Health Laboratory fig-ures, infection in humans by Salmonella enterid-itis stood at 16,981 last year. This comprisednearly half of all Salmonella figures’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]COMMENT: Salmonellae are found inmeat, offal, eggs, milk and fish. The bacte-ria are killed by temperatures over 65°C,and so are killed by cooking. They survivefreezing, and revive when frozen food isdefrosted.

salmonella poisoning

salmonella poisoning /�s�lmə|�nelə�pɔz(ə)nŋ/ noun MEDICAL an illness causedby eating food which is contaminated withSalmonella bacteria which develop in theintestinessalmon steak

salmon steak /�s�mən stek/ nounFOOD a slice of salmon cut across the body ofthe fishsalmon trout

salmon trout /�s�mən traυt/ noun SEA-FOOD a large sea trout with pink flesh likethat of a salmonsalon

salon /�s�lɒn/ noun a shop where peoplecan have their hair cut or styled, or havebeauty treatments � The hairdressing salonis on the fifth floor. � She went to the beautysalon for a manicure.saloon

saloon /sə|�lu�n/ noun US BARS a placewhich sells alcoholic drinkssaloon bar

saloon bar /sə |�lu�n bɑ�/ noun BARS a barin a pub which is more comfortable than thepublic bar, and where the drinks may beslightly more expensivesaloon keeper

saloon keeper /sə |�lu�n �ki�pə/ noun USBARS somebody who runs a saloonsalsa

salsa /�s�lsə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a pun-gent Mexican sauce made of tomatoes,onions and chillissalsify

salsify /�s�lsəfi/ noun VEGETABLES a plantwith a long, white root and green leaves, allof which are eaten as vegetables

COMMENT: Salsify has a flavour similar tothat of oysters.

salt

salt /sɔ�lt/ noun small white tangy-tastingcrystals consisting mainly of sodium chlo-ride, used to flavour or preserve food �adjective 1. containing common salt 2.CATERING cured or preserved or seasonedwith salt � salt cod � verb CATERING 1. toadd salt to � You forgot to salt the soup. 2. topreserve food by keeping it in salt or in saltwatersalt beef

salt beef /�sɔ�lt �bi�f/ noun MEAT beefwhich has been preserved in brine, thencooked and usually served cold in thin slices,in rye bread sandwiches

salt cellarsalt cellar /�sɒlt �selə/ noun CATERING asmall pot containing salt usually with a holein the top so that it can be sprinkled on food(NOTE: The US term is salt shaker.)

COMMENT: In the UK, a salt cellar has asingle hole, to differentiate it from the pep-per pot which has several; in the USA, thepepper pot will have only one hole while asalt cellar will have several. Table salt isground to finer grains than cooking salt;kitchen salt may be treated with anti- cak-ing agents to make it flow more freely.

saltedsalted /�sɔ�ltd/ adjective CATERING cov-ered in salt � There were bowls of salted nutson the bar.salt-freesalt-free /�sɔ�lt �fri�/ adjective CATERINGwithout salt � a salt-free dietsalt-free dietsalt-free diet /�sɔ�lt fri� �daət/ nounCATERING a diet in which no salt is allowedsaltiness

saltiness, saltness noun CATERING thestate of tasting strongly of saltsaltmillsaltmill /�sɔ�lml/ noun CATERING a devicewhich twists to crush salt crystalssalt watersalt water /�sɔ�lt �wɔ�tə/ noun waterwhich contains salt, like sea water, asopposed to fresh water in rivers and lakessaltwatersaltwater /�sɔ�ltwɔ�tə/ adjective contain-ing salt water like the sea � a saltwaterswimming poolsaltysalty /�sɔ�lti/ adjective containing or tast-ing strongly of salt � We had a bowl of verysalty pea and ham soup.salvagesalvage /�s�lvd$/ noun income from thesale of waste materials from a hotel or res-taurant, such as kitchen wastesalversalver /�s�lvə/ noun CATERING a large flatserving plate, usually made of metal such assilver or stainless steelsamosasamosa /sə |�məυsə/ noun FOOD an Indiandish consisting of a small triangular pastrycontaining spiced meat or vegetables, usu-ally deep-fried and served as a starter orsnacksamovarsamovar /�s�məvɑ�/ noun CATERING anurn used in Russia for boiling water for teasamplesample /�sɑ�mpəl/ noun 1. MARKETING asmall quantity of something used for testing� Can I see a sample of the cloth or a clothsample? � Try a sample of the local cheese.2. MARKETING a small representative groupof people questioned to show what the reac-tions of a much larger group would be � Weinterviewed a sample of potential customers.� a random sample a sample taken withoutany selection � verb 1. to try something bytaking a small amount � to sample a productbefore buying it � You can sample the winebefore placing your order. 2. MARKETING to

Leisure.fm Page 267 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sanctuary 268question a small representative group of peo-ple to find out what the reactions of a muchlarger group would be � They sampled 2,000people at random to test the new orangedrink.sanctuary

sanctuary /�s�ŋktʃuəri/ noun a place forthe protection of wild animals or birds �They established several bird sanctuariesnear the sea.sand

sand /s�nd/ noun a mass of very small bitsof rock found on beaches and in the desert �a beach of fine white sand � the black sandbeaches of the Northern coast of New Zea-landsand dunes

sand dunes /�s�nd dju�nz/ plural noungrass-covered sandy ridges by the seashoresandpit

sandpit /�s�ndpt/ noun ENTERTAINMENTa place with sand where children can playsandstorm

sandstorm /�s�ndstɔ�m/ noun a highwind in the desert, which carries largeamounts of sand with itsandwich

sandwich /�s�nwd$/ noun 1. FOOD twoslices of bread with a filling such as meat,cheese between them 2. BREAD, ETC. a typeof cake, formed of two pieces of spongecake, one on top of the other, with a cream orjam filling in betweensandwich bar

sandwich bar /�s�nwd$ bɑ�/ nounCATERING a small shop where you can buysandwiches to take awaysandy

sandy /�s�ndi/ adjective like sand, ormade of sand � The resort has miles of safesandy beaches.sanitary

sanitary /�s�nt(ə)ri/ adjective 1. clean 2.referring to hygiene or to healthsanitary towel

sanitary towel /�s�nt(ə)ri �taυəl/, san-itary napkin /�s�nt(ə)ri �n�pkn/ noun apad of absorbent paper worn during men-struation � Do not put sanitary towels in thetoilet, use the special bags provided.sanitation

sanitation /�s�n|�teʃ(ə)n/ noun the prac-tice of being hygienic, especially referring topublic hygiene � Poor sanitation in crowdedconditions can result in the spread of dis-ease.sanitation officer

sanitation officer /�s�n|�teʃ(ə)n�ɒfsə/ noun somebody responsible forensuring that premises are kept in a hygienicconditionsardine

sardine /sɑ�|�di�n/ noun SEAFOOD a smallfish of the herring familySARS

SARS /sɑ�z/ noun a serious disease of thelungs and bronchial tubes that was firstreported in Asia in 2003. Full form severeacute respiratory syndrome

sarsaparillasarsaparilla /�sɑ�səpə|�rlə/ noun BEVER-AGES a non-alcoholic drink made from theroot of an American plantsashimisashimi /s� |�ʃi�mi/ noun FOOD a Japanesedish consisting of slices of raw fish, usuallyserved with a dipping sauce, e.g. a seasonedsoy saucesataysatay /�s�te/ noun FOOD an appetiserserved in South-East Asian cooking, made ofmarinaded meat cooked on a little skewer,and served with peanut saucesatellite

satellite /�s�təlat/ noun an object inspace which goes round the Earth and sendsand receives signals, pictures and datasatellite broadcastsatellite broadcast /�s�təlat�brɔ�dkɑ�st/ noun a radio or TV broadcasttransmitted via a satellitesatellite dishsatellite dish /�s�təlat dʃ/ noun an aer-ial, shaped like a dish used to capture satel-lite broadcastssatellite TVsatellite TV /�s�təlat ti� �vi�/ nounENTERTAINMENT a television system, wherepictures are sent via space satellitessatsumasatsuma /s�t |�su�mə/ noun FRUIT a typeof small sweet orange which peels easilysaturated fatsaturated fat /�s�tʃəretd �f�t/ nounCATERING fat which has the largest amountof hydrogen possible. Compare unsatu-rated fat

COMMENT: Animal fats such as butter andfat meat are saturated fatty acids. It isknown that increasing the amount ofunsaturated and polyunsaturated fats(mainly vegetable fats and oils, and fishoil), and reducing saturated fats in thefood intake helps reduce the level of cho-lesterol in the blood, and so lessens therisk of hardened arteries.

SaturdaySaturday /�s�təde/ noun the sixth day ofthe week, between Friday and Sunday � Sat-urday night stay fare a special fare forsomeone who is staying Saturday night in aparticular place

‘…most destinations require a Saturday nightstay but some in France can also be booked witha minimum two-night mid-week stay whichmakes them suitable for businessmen’ [BusinessTraveller]COMMENT: Discounted flights usuallymean the passenger has to stay over aSaturday night. This is because most busi-ness people do not stay in hotels on Sat-urday, so rooms are more easily available.

saucesauce /sɔ�s/ noun CATERING liquid with aparticular taste poured over food to give it anextra flavour � chicken in mushroom sauce �spaghetti with a tomato and meat sauce

COMMENT: Common prepared saucesserved in British restaurants include:tomato sauce (served with fried food);

Leisure.fm Page 268 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

269 schedulehorseradish sauce (served with roast beefand some smoked fish); mint sauce(served with lamb); and sauce tartare(served with fish). These are often com-mercially prepared and served in bottlesor sachets.

sauceboat

sauceboat /�sɔ�sbəυt/ noun CATERING avessel in which sauce is servedsauce chef

sauce chef /�sɔ�s ʃef/ noun CATERING thechef in charge of preparing sauces. Alsocalled chef sauciersaucepan

saucepan /�sɔ�spən/ noun CATERING adeep metal cooking pot with a long handlesaucer

saucer /�sɔ�sə/ noun a shallow dish placedunder a cupsauce tartare

sauce tartare /�sɔ�s tɑ�|�tɑ�/ nounSAUCES, ETC. same as tartare saucesaucisson

saucisson /�sɒsi�sɒn/ noun MEAT a dryspicy pork sausage from Francesauerkraut

sauerkraut /�saυəkraυt/ noun FOOD aGerman dish of pickled cabbage, oftenserved with sausagessauna

sauna /�sɔ�nə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. abath taken by sitting in a room filled withvery hot steam � We all had a sauna and thenwent for a swim in the lake. 2. a room whereyou can have a very hot steam bath � Thereis a sauna in the basement of the hotel.sausage

sausage /�sɒsd$/ noun MEAT a tube ofedible skin filled with minced and seasonedpork or other meat � I’ll have sausages andeggs for breakfast.sausagemeat

sausagemeat /�sɒsd$mi�t/ noun MEAT amixture of meat, bread and flavourings formaking sausages, sold separately, and usedin pies and sausage rollssausage roll

sausage roll /�sɒsd$ �rəυl/ noun FOOD asavoury snack made of pastry with a smallsausage or piece of sausage meat inside itsauté

sauté /�səυte/ CATERING adjective friedquickly in a little fat � verb to fry in a littlefat (NOTE: sautéeing – sautéed)sauté potatoes

sauté potatoes /�səυte pə |�tetəυz/ plu-ral noun FOOD slices of potato, fried in a littlefat � Do you want sauté potatoes or newpotatoes with your fish?save

save /sev/ verb 1. to keep or not to spendmoney � He is trying to save money by walk-ing to work. � She is saving for a holiday inSpain. 2. not to waste or to use less � To savetime, let’s continue the discussion in the taxito the airport. � The government is encour-aging companies to save energy.saver

saver /�sevə/ noun TRAVEL an airline,coach, or train ticket that is cheaper than thenormal price and usually places a number ofrestrictions on the date and time of travel

savingssavings /�sevŋz/ plural noun FINANCEmoney which is not spent but put aside � Shespent all her savings on a trip to Egypt. �There are incredible savings on flights toFlorida.savorysavory /�sevəri/ noun SAUCES, ETC. aherb used in cooking, especially with beanssavourysavoury /�sevəri/ CATERING adjectivewith a salty or other flavour which is notsweet � noun a snack, served at the end of alarge meal, which is salty, or made of cheese(NOTE: The US spelling is savory. Note alsothat the plural is savouries.)

COMMENT: The savoury course in a largeformal meal is normally served at the end,after the sweet course (or instead of it) andbefore the cheese. Common savouries inEnglish cooking are ‘Welsh rarebit’ (grilledcheese on toast) or ‘angels on horseback’(oysters cooked wrapped in rashers ofbacon).

scaldscald /skɔ�ld/ verb CATERING to plunge afruit or vegetable into boiling water for ashort time in order to loosen the skin or toprepare it for freezingscale of charges

scale of charges /�skel əv �t$ɑ�d$z/noun a list showing various pricesscallionscallion /�sk�liən/ noun US VEGETABLESsame as spring onionscallopscallop /�skɒləp/ noun SEAFOOD a type ofshellfish with a semi-circular ridged shellscalloped potatoes

scalloped potatoes /�sk�ləpt pə |

�tetəυz/ noun FOOD potatoes which aresliced and cooked in a shallow dish in theovenscampiscampi /�sk�mpi/ noun FOOD largeprawns usually served fried in batter (NOTE:The plural form is scampi.)sceneryscenery /�si�nəri/ noun attractive country-side � the beautiful scenery of the Lake Dis-trictscenicscenic /�si�nk/ adjective that has or runsthrough attractive countryside � Welcome toscenic Nova Scotia.scenic railwayscenic railway /�si�nk �relwe/ nounAIR TRAVEL a miniature railway runningthrough artificial picturesque scenery at anamusement parkscenic routescenic route /�si�nk ru�t/ noun ROADTRAVEL a road running through attractivecountrysidescheduleschedule /�ʃedju�l/ noun 1. a timetable, aplan of times drawn up in advance � Themanaging director has a busy schedule ofappointments. � His secretary tried to fit meinto his schedule. � to be ahead of scheduleto be early � The building of the hotel com-plex was completed ahead of schedule. � to

Leisure.fm Page 269 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

scheduled flight 270be on schedule to be on time � The flight ison schedule. � to be behind schedule to belate � I am sorry to say that we are threemonths behind schedule. 2. TRAVEL a list oftimes of departure and arrivals of trains,planes or coaches � The summer scheduleshave been published. 3. a list, especially ofadditional documents attached to a contract� Please find enclosed our schedule ofcharges. � For restrictions on use, see theattached schedule. � verb 1. to list officially� scheduled prices or scheduled charges 2.to plan the time when something will happen� The building is scheduled for completionin May.scheduled flight

scheduled flight /�ʃed$u�ld �flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL a regular flight which is in theairline timetable, as opposed to a charterflight � She left for Helsinki on a scheduledflight.scheduling

scheduling /�ʃedju�lŋ/ noun drawing upa timetable or a planSchengen country

Schengen country /�ʃeŋ#ən �k�ntri/noun a country that has signed the SchengentreatySchengen treaty

Schengen treaty /�ʃeŋ#ən �tyri�ti/ nounan agreement signed by certain EuropeanUnion Countries, plus Norway and Iceland,to end border controls and allow the freemovement of goods and people within thetreaty area and to harmonise external bordercontrolsSchistosoma

Schistosoma /�ʃstə|�səυmə/ MEDICALsame as Bilharziaschistosomiasis

schistosomiasis /�ʃstəsəυ|

�maəss/[[SCAPS]] MEDICAL same as bil-harziasisschnapps

schnapps /ʃn�ps/ noun BEVERAGES astrong alcoholic spirit, resembling gin, madein Germany and the Netherlandsschnitzel

schnitzel /�ʃnts(ə)l/ noun FOOD a thin flatpiece of veal or pork dipped in egg andbreadcrumbs and fried. � Wiener schnitzelschooner

schooner /�sku�nə/ noun CATERING alarge upright glass, used for serving sherryscone

scone /skɒn/ noun BREAD, ETC. a type ofsmall crusty bread, sometimes with driedfruit in it, eaten with butter and jam or withcream. � cream teascoop

scoop /sku�p/ noun CATERING 1. a deepround spoon for serving ice cream � Youmust wash the scoop each time you use it. 2.a portion of ice cream or vegetables servedwith a scoop � I’ll have one scoop of straw-berry and one scoop of vanilla, please.Scotch

Scotch /skɒtʃ/ adjective used for referringto some things, especially food and drink,

from Scotland � noun BEVERAGES 1. awhisky made in Scotland � a bottle of scotch2. a glass of this whisky � a large scotch,pleaseScotch broth

Scotch broth /�skɒtʃ �brɒθ/ noun FOOD athick soup with barley, vegetables and lambScotch eggScotch egg /�skɒtʃ �e#/ noun FOOD ahard-boiled egg, covered in sausage meatand fried and usually eaten coldScotch pancakeScotch pancake /�skɒtʃ �p�nkek/ plu-ral noun BREAD, ETC. very small pancakes,cooked on a griddleScotch woodcockScotch woodcock /�skɒtʃ �wυdkɒk/noun FOOD a savoury consisting of smallsquares of toast spread with anchovy pasteand topped with a mixture of scrambled eggyolks, cream and cayenne pepperScottish Natural HeritageScottish Natural Heritage /�skɒtʃ�n�tʃ(ə)rəl/ noun an official organisationwhich promotes the care and enjoyment ofthe national parks and other natural assets inScotlandScottish Tourist BoardScottish Tourist Board /�skɒtʃ�tυərst �bɔ�d/ noun TOURISM an organisa-tion which promotes tourism in Scotland andpromotes tourism to Scotland from otherparts of the UK. Abbr STBscrambled eggsscrambled eggs /�skr�mbəld �e#z/,scrambled egg noun FOOD eggs which arebeaten with salt and pepper and cooked inbutter, often served on toast as part of anEnglish breakfast � We had a starter ofscrambled egg with smoked salmon.scramblingscrambling /�skr�mblŋ/ noun ROADTRAVEL the sport of racing on motorbikes onrough terrain � They arrange scramblingholidays in the Welsh mountains.screenscreen /skri�n/ noun 1. a flat surfacewhich protects something or divides twothings 2. a flat panel which acts as protectionagainst something, e.g. draughts, fire ornoise 3. a flat surface for projecting filmsonto 4. a flat surface as on a television set orcomputer monitor, on which images areshown � I’ll call flight details up on thescreen.screwdriverscrewdriver /�skru�dravə/ noun BEVER-AGES a cocktail of vodka and orange juicescrumpyscrumpy /�skr�mpi/ BEVERAGES a type ofstrong cider traditionally made in south-westEnglandscubascuba /�sku�bə/ noun SPORT an underwa-ter breathing apparatusscuba-diverscuba-diver /�sku�bə �davə/ nounSPORT somebody who goes scuba-divingscuba-divingscuba-diving /�sku�bə �davŋ/ nounSPORT the sport of swimming underwater,

Leisure.fm Page 270 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

271 seat-back televisionusing breathing apparatus � We went scubadiving in the Mediterranean.seasea /si�/ noun an area of salt watersea crossingsea crossing /�si� �krɒsŋ/ noun a jour-ney across a sea � The sea crossing betweenDenmark and Sweden can be quite rough.seafoodseafood /�si�fu�d/ noun SEAFOOD fish andshellfish which can be eaten (NOTE: There isno plural form.) � a seafood restaurant arestaurant which specialises in seafoodseafrontseafront /�si�fr�nt/ noun ROAD TRAVEL aroad which runs beside the sea in a seasidetown � We went for a walk along the sea-front. � Our hotel was right on the seafront.� We stayed in a seafront hotel. Also calledfront noun 2sea levelsea level /�si� �lev(ə)l/ noun the level ofthe sea, taken as a point for measuring alti-tude � The resort is in the mountains, over1,000ft above sea level.seaportseaport /�si�pɔ�t/ noun a port by the seasearsear /sə/ verb CATERING to cook in a pan ata very high temperature for a short time,before grilling or roasting � Sear the steakfor a few seconds in a pan.searedseared /�səd/ adjective CATERING cookedat the high temperature in a pan for a shorttime � seared salmon and saladsea resortsea resort /�si� r|�zɔ�t/ noun TOURISM aholiday town near the seasidesea saltsea salt /�si� sɔ�lt/ noun FOOD crystals ofsodium chloride, extracted from sea waterseashellseashell /�si�ʃel/ noun the shell of a shell-fish which lives in the sea � She walkedalong the beach collecting seashells.seashoreseashore /�si�ʃɔ�/ noun land along theedge of the sea � These types of plants growon the seashore.seasickseasick /�si�sk/ adjective MEDICAL feelingsick because of the movement of a ship � Hegets seasick every time he crosses the Chan-nel. � She didn’t enjoy the cruise because shewas seasick all the time. � I’ll stay on deckbecause I feel seasick when I go down to mycabin.seasicknessseasickness /�si�sknəs/ noun MEDICALsickness caused by the movement of a shipseasideseaside /�si�dsad/ noun an area near thesea where people go to have a holiday � Wealways take the children to the seaside inAugust. � They’d like a seaside holidayinstead of a holiday in the mountains.seaside townseaside town /�si�sad taυn/ noun TOUR-ISM a town by the sea � Seaside towns areempty in the winter.seasonseason /�si�z(ə)n/ noun 1. TOURISM one ofthe four parts into which a year is divided,

namely spring, summer, autumn or winter 2.TOURISM a period of time when somethingusually takes place � end of season sale anevent where goods are sold cheaply becausethe season in which they would be used isover, e.g. a sale of summer clothes in autumn3. � in season which is fresh and plentifuland easy to buy � Grouse isn’t in season until12th August. � Strawberries are cheaper inseason. � verb CATERING to add flavouring,spices, etc., to a dish � Goulash is seasonedwith paprika.seasonal

seasonal /�si�z(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective onlylasting for a seasonseasonal adjustments

seasonal adjustments /�si�z(ə)n(ə)l ə|

�d$�stmənt/ plural noun changes made tofigures to take account of seasonal variationsseasonal demand

seasonal demand /�si�z(ə)n(ə)l d |

�mɑ�nd/ noun TOURISM a demand whichexists only during the high seasonseasonal labour

seasonal labour /�si�z(ə)nəl �lebə/noun TOURISM workers who work for a sea-son onlyseasoned

seasoned /�si�z(ə)nd/ adjective CATERINGflavoured with a particular type of seasoning� highly seasoned Indian foodseasoning

seasoning /�si�z(ə)nŋ/ noun CATERINGsalt, pepper, herbs or spices used to give fla-vour to food � The meat seems to lack sea-soning.season ticket

season ticket /�si�z(ə)n �tkt/ nounROAD TRAVEL a rail or bus ticket which can beused for any number of journeys over aperiod, usually 1, 3, 6 or 12 months � Sea-son-ticket holders will receive a refund iftheir train is cancelled.seat

seat /si�t/ noun a chair in a cinema, plane,restaurant, train, etc. � They asked for sixseats in row E. � Seats are available at allprices. � Take your seats for the first lunch.� Passengers are requested to remain in theirseats until the plane has come to a standstill.� Seats in the first-class section are widerthan in the tourist class. � verb to have roomfor people to sit down � The restaurantsseats 75. � The hotel has a conference roomseating up to 60 people.

‘…from April this year, passengers will be ableto experience an upgraded Business class.Whether seat pitch (currently 104cm/40ins) willbe improved upon has yet to be decided. Thereare several carriers which offer quite a few inchesmore’ [Business Traveller]‘…the hotel has a 100-seat dining room, an 86-seat terrace and a 50-seat bar area’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

seat-back television

seat-back television /�si�t b�k �tel|

�v$(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a small television

Leisure.fm Page 271 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

seat belt 272screen set into the back of the seat on an air-craftseat belt

seat belt /�si�t belt/ noun TRAVEL a beltworn in a car or aircraft as protection in caseof accident � The sole survivor of the crashhad been wearing a seat belt. � The ‘fastenseat belts’ sign came on.-seater

-seater /si�tə/ suffix TRAVEL referring to avehicle with a particular number of seats � a20-seater coach � a 10-seater executive jetseating

seating /�si�tŋ/ noun seats available forpeople � The hall has seating for three hun-dred people.seating capacity

seating capacity /�si�tŋ kə|�p�sti/noun the number of seats in a bus, cinema,etc.seating plan

seating plan /�si�tŋ pl�n/ noun CATER-ING a chart showing where each guest sits ata big banquetseat pitch

seat pitch /�si�t ptʃ/ noun TRAVEL the dis-tance between the front edge of a seat and thefront edge of the seat in frontseat recline

seat recline /�si�t r |�klan/ noun TRAVELthe distance by which a seat reclinesseat width

seat width /�si�t wdθ/ noun TRAVEL thedistance between the armrests of a seatsea voyage

sea voyage, sea cruise noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a voyage or cruise on the seaseaweed

seaweed /�si�wi�d/ noun a plant whichgrows in the sea, a general name for severalspecies of large algae (NOTE: There is noplural form.)seaworthiness

seaworthiness /�si�w��ðinəs/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS the state of a boat that isable and safe to sailseaworthy

seaworthy /�si�w��ði/ adjective SHIPSAND BOATS able and safe to sail � The oldferry is scarcely seaworthy.sec

sec /sek/ adjective BEVERAGES a Frenchadjective meaning dry (used of wine) (NOTE:For dry champagne, the word used is brut.)second

second /�sekənd/ adjective coming afterthe first and before the thirdsecond chef

second chef /�sekənd �ʃef/ noun CATER-ING a deputy for a chef, who replaces the chefwhen he or she is on holiday, etc.second-class

second-class /�sekənd �klɑ�s/ adjective,adverb TRAVEL referring to a less expensiveand less comfortable type of travel than first-class � to travel second-class � The price ofa second-class ticket is half that of a first-class. � I find second-class hotels are just ascomfortable as the best ones.second freedom

second freedom /�sekənd �fri�dəm/noun AIR TRAVEL the right to land at an air-port for refuelling or repairs

second helpingsecond helping /�sekənd �helpŋ/ nounCATERING another portion of the same dish �After we had finished, the waiter came roundwith a second helping of fish.secondsseconds /�sekəndz/ plural noun 1. CATER-ING another portion of the same dish(informal) � Can I have seconds, please? 2.items which have been turned down by thequality controller as not being top quality �The shop has a sale of seconds.secretarialsecretarial /�sekr|�teəriəl/ adjectivereferring to the work of a secretary � She istaking a secretarial course. � He is lookingfor secretarial work. � We need extra secre-tarial help to deal with the correspondence.secretarysecretary /�sekrət(ə)ri/ noun a personwho does work such as writing letters,answering the phone and filing documentsfor someone � My secretary deals withincoming orders. � Her secretary phoned tosay she would be late.section waitersection waiter /�sekʃən �wetə/ CATER-ING same as station waitersectorsector /�sektə/ noun BUSINESS part of theeconomy or business organisation of a coun-try � All sectors of the economy sufferedfrom the fall in the exchange rate. � Tourismis a booming sector of the economy.

‘…government services form a large part of thetertiary or service sector’ [Sydney Morning Her-ald]

securitysecurity /s |�kjυərti/ noun safety or pro-tection against harm � airport securityactions taken to protect aircraft and passen-gers against attacksecurity bondsecurity bond /s |�kjυərti d|�pɒzt/,security deposit noun TRAVEL moneydeposited by a tour company with a govern-ment organisation, which is to be used torepay travellers with tickets issued by thecompany if the company goes into liquida-tionsecurity guardsecurity guard /s|�kjυərti #ɑ�d/ nounsomebody who protects an office or factoryagainst burglarssecurity managersecurity manager /s |�kjυərti�m�nd$ə/ noun a person who is in chargeof efforts to protect a business against crimesecurity officersecurity officer /s |�kjυərti �ɒfsə/ nounHOTELS somebody who protects a hotelagainst burglarssedimentsediment /�sedmənt/ noun BEVERAGES asolid substance which forms in liquids suchas red wine, and which can be removed bydecanting the wine � You could see a thicksediment at the bottom of the bottle of wine.seedseed /si�d/ noun part of a plant which ger-minates and grows to produce a new plant

Leisure.fm Page 272 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

273 seminar roomseedlessseedless /�si�dləs/ adjective CATERINGwith no seeds in it � seedless grapessegmentsegment /�se#mənt/ noun part of a circleor sphere

‘…different market segments and, ultimately,individual consumers must be addressed sepa-rately’ [Financial Times]

segmentationsegmentation /�se#mən|�teʃ(ə)n/ nounthe state of being divided into separate parts� segmentation of a market the division ofthe market or consumers into categoriesaccording to their buying habitsseizeseize /si�z/ verb to take hold of somethingor take possession of something by force �The customs seized the shipment of books.seizureseizure /�si�$ə/ noun 1. the act of takingpossession of something by force � Thecourt ordered the seizure of the shipment. 2.MEDICAL a fit, convulsion or sudden contrac-tion of the muscles, especially in a heartattack, stroke or epileptic fitSektSekt /sekt/ noun BEVERAGES a sparklingGerman wine

COMMENT: Also familiarly called ‘Germanchampagne’; the best quality wine comesfrom the Rhine valley.

selectionselection /s |�lekʃən/ noun 1. a range �There is a huge selection of farm produce inthe market. 2. something which has beenchosen � a selection of French cheesesself-cateringself-catering /�self �ket(ə)rŋ/ nounTOURISM cooking for yourselfself-catering holidayself-catering holiday /�self �ketərŋ�hɒlde/ noun TOURISM a holiday whereyou rent accommodation, but cook your ownmeals � self-catering villa holidays in Portu-galself-containedself-contained /�self kən |�tend/ adjec-tive HOTELS having its own kitchen, bath-room, etc., and not sharing these facilitieswith othersself-driveself-drive /�self �drav/ adjective TOURISMinvolving a vehicle which you drive yourself� The holiday includes a self-drive tour ofthe island. � a 16-day self-drive package apackage holiday including a self-drive carfor 16 daysself-employedself-employed /�self m |�plɔd/ adjectiveworking for yourself, not being on the pay-roll of a company � a self-employedaccountant � He worked for a bank for tenyears but now is self-employed. � noun � theself-employed people who work for them-selvesself-financedself-financed /�self fa|�n�nst/ adjective� the project is completely self-financedthe project pays its development costs out ofits own revenue, with no subsidies

self-raisingself-raising /�self �rezŋ/ adjectiveCATERING with a raising agent mixed in, sothat baking powder need not be added whenbakingself-serviceself-service /�self �s��vs/ adjectiveCATERING where the customers serve them-selves

‘…research revealed that customers wanted self-service restaurants for a quick meal, waitressservice restaurants, takeaways and sandwichbars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

self-service buffetself-service buffet /�self �s��vs �b�ft/noun CATERING a buffet where guests helpthemselves to food from various dishes pro-videdself-service petrol stationself-service petrol station /�self�s��vs �petrəl �steʃ(ə)n/ noun ROADTRAVEL a petrol station where the customersput the petrol in their cars themselvesself-service restaurantself-service restaurant /�self �s��vs�rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun CATERING a restaurantsuch as a cafeteria, where guests take a trayand help themselves to foodself-service storeself-service store /�self �s��vs �stɔ�/noun BUSINESS a shop where customers takegoods from the shelves and pay for them atthe checkoutsell-by datesell-by date /�sel ba �det/ noun CATER-ING a date stamped on the label of a foodproduct, which is the last date on which theproduct should be sold to guarantee goodquality. Compare best-before date, use-bydatesellerseller /�selə/ noun somebody who sells �There were a few postcard sellers by thecathedral.seller’s marketseller’s market /�seləz �mɑ�kt/ nounBUSINESS a market where a person sellinggoods or a service can ask high pricesbecause there is a large demand for the prod-uct. Opposite buyer’s marketsemidrysemidry /�semidra/ adjective BEVERAGESreferring to wine that is partially or moder-ately drysemihardsemihard /�semihɑ�d/ adjective DAIRYreferring to cheese that has a consistencyfirm enough to slice but that is moist and pli-ableseminarseminar /�semnɑ�/ noun BUSINESS a classgiven to a small group of students who meetto discuss a subject with a teacher, or aorganised discussion involving a small groupof people � The training seminar is beingheld in the conference room.seminar roomseminar room /�semnɑ� ru�m/ nounBUSINESS a small room with tables, audiovis-ual equipment, etc., used for holding semi-nars

Leisure.fm Page 273 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

semi-skimmed 274semi-skimmedsemi-skimmed /�semi �skmd/ adjectiveDAIRY from which some of the fat has beenremovedsemi-skimmed milksemi-skimmed milk /�semi skmd�mlk/ noun DAIRY milk from which some ofthe fat has been removedsemisoftsemisoft /�semisɒft/ adjective CATERINGsofter than most foods of its typesemisweetsemisweet /�semiswi�t/ adjective CATER-ING slightly sweet, or having only a smallamount of sugar or other sweetening ingredi-ent addedsemolinasemolina /�smeə|�li�nə/ noun FOOD hardgrains of wheat left when flour is sifted, usedin puddings, stews, etc.sendsend /send/ verb to make someone orsomething go from one place to another � tosend a letter or an order � The company issending the injured skiers back home by air.� Send the letter airmail if you want it toarrive next week. (NOTE: sending – sent)send away forsend away for /�send ə|�we fɔ�/ verb towrite asking for something to be sent to you� We sent away for the new brochure.send offsend off /�send �ɒf/ verb to put in the postsend off forsend off for /�send �ɒf fɔ�/ verb to writeasking for something to be sent to you � Wesent off for the new catalogue.seniorsenior /�si�niə/ adjective older, higher inrank � noun the father of the family � HarryMarkovitz Seniorsenior citizensenior citizen /�si�niə �stz(ə)n/ noun anold retired personsenior executivesenior executive /�si�niər #|�zekjυtv/,senior manager /�si�niə �m�nd$ə/ nounBUSINESS a more experienced and higher-ranking manager in a companysenior passengersenior passenger /�si�niə �p�snd$ə/noun TRAVEL a passenger over the age of 65senior stewardsenior steward /�si�niə �stju�əd/ nounsame as chief stewardseparateseparate adjective /�sep(ə)rət/ nottogether or attached � to send somethingunder separate cover to send something ina different envelope � verb /�sepəret/ todivide � The staff are separated into part-timers and full-time staff.separatelyseparately /�sep(ə)rətli/ adverb individu-ally, rather than together or as a group �Each member of the group will pay sepa-rately.serum hepatitisserum hepatitis /�sərəm �hepə|�tats/noun MEDICAL same as hepatitis Bserveserve /s��v/ verb 1. CATERING to bring foodor drink to a customer � She served the soupin small bowls. � Fish is served with a whitesauce. � You should serve red wine with

meat. � I can’t serve six tables at once. 2. todeal with a customer in a shop or bar � Willyou serve this lady next, please? � I waitedten minutes before being served. 3. CATER-ING (of a recipe) to make enough food for �The packet serves six. � A bottle of cham-pagne should serve four people easily.server

server /�s��və/ noun CATERING 1. some-body who serves at table or a buffet 2. a largeflat knife for serving foodservery

servery /�s��vəri/ noun CATERING a placewhere waiters pick up dishes ready to betaken to the guests’ tablesservice

service /�s��vs/ noun 1. a period spentworking for a company, in a shop, etc. 2. thework of dealing with customers � The serv-ice in that restaurant is extremely slow. 3.same as service charge � to add on 10%for service � the bill includes service itincludes an amount added to cover the workinvolved � Is the service included? 4. CATER-ING a style of serving in a restaurant 5. workto keep a machine in good working order �the routine service of equipment � Themachine has been sent in for service. 6. BUSI-NESS a business or office which gives helpwhen it is needed 7. � to put a new bus,plane into service to start using a new bus orplane for the first time 8. BUSINESS a systemor arrangement of things that the public canuse � The postal service is efficient. � Thebus service is very irregular. � We have agood train service to London. 9. a religiousceremony � verb 1. to keep a machine ingood working order � The car needs to beserviced every six months. � The computerhas gone back to the manufacturer for serv-icing. 2. to deal with somebody or something� to service arrivals to deal with peoplearriving at a hotel, by looking after their lug-gage, etc. � to service a room to clean aroom after a guest has left, changing the bedsand linen, etc.service area

service area /�s��vs �eəriə/ noun ROADTRAVEL a place by a motorway where youcan stop and buy petrol or get food, etc.service bureau

service bureau /�s��vs �bjυərəυ/ nounan office which specialises in helping otherofficesservice centre

service centre /�s��vs �sentə/ noun anoffice or workshop which specialises inkeeping machines in good working orderservice charge

service charge /�s��vs tʃɑ�d$/, service/�s��vs/ noun 1. CATERING an amount addedto a bill to cover the work involved in dealingwith a customer � A 10% service charge isadded. � Does the bill include a servicecharge? 2. an amount paid by tenants in a

Leisure.fm Page 274 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

275 sewing kitblock of flats for general cleaning and main-tenanceservice cloth

service cloth /�s��vs klɒθ/ noun CATER-ING a white cloth which a waiter carries overhis or her arm and uses to hold hot plateswhen serving guestsservice contract

service contract /�s��vs �kɒntr�kt/noun same as maintenance contractserviced apartments

serviced apartments /�s��vst ə|

�pɑ�tmənts/ plural noun apartments wherethe rooms are cleaned daily, the beds arechanged and new linen is put outservice department

service department /�s��vs d |

�pɑ�tmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of acompany which keeps customers’ machinesin good working orderservice engineer

service engineer /�s��vs end$ |�nə/noun somebody who specialises in keepingmachines in good working orderservice flat

service flat /�s��vs fl�t/ noun a fur-nished flat which can be rented, togetherwith the services of a cleaner and cookservice industry

service industry /�s��vs �ndəstri/noun BUSINESS an industry which does notmake products, but offers a service such asbanking, insurance, transport etc.service manual

service manual /�s��vs �m�njυəl/noun a book which shows how to service amachineservice room

service room /�s��vs ru�m/ nounCATERING same as pantryservice station

service station /�s��vs �steʃ(ə)n/ nounROAD TRAVEL a garage where you can buypetrol and have small repairs done to a carserviceware

serviceware /�s��vsweə/ noun CATER-ING serving plates and trays, knives, forksand spoons which form part of a service �stainless steel servicewareserviette

serviette /�s��vi|�et/ noun CATERING asquare piece of cloth used to protect clothesand wipe your mouth at meals � He alwaystucks a large white serviette into his collarbefore each meal. � The restaurant is quitedown-market – it has paper serviettes. Alsocalled napkinserving

serving /�s��vŋ/ noun CATERING 1. theamount of food served to one person � 500gis enough for two servings. 2. the act of serv-ing a customerserving area

serving area /�s��vŋ �eəriə/ nounCATERING a place where food is servedserving hatch

serving hatch /�s��vŋ h�tʃ/ nounCATERING a small opening in a wall for pass-ing food and crockery from a kitchen to adining room

serving suggestionserving suggestion /�s��vŋ sə|

�d$estʃən/ noun CATERING the way a manu-facturer suggests that you serve the productsesamesesame /�sesəmi/ noun FOOD a tropicalplant whose seeds are eaten, usually scat-tered on the crust of bread or cakessesame oilsesame oil /�sesəmi ɔl/ noun a stronglyflavoured oil from sesame seeds, widelyused in East and Southeast Asian cookingsesame seed oilsesame seed oil /�sesəmi si�d �ɔl/ nounFOOD oil obtained from crushed sesameseeds, used in oriental cookingsessionsession /�seʃ(ə)n/ noun a meeting tostudy, to discuss or to practisesetset /set/ verb 1. to put something in itsplace � to set the table to put the cutlery,glasses, etc. on the table ready for a meal 2.CATERING (of food) to become solid � Thejelly will set if you boil it long enough. �adjective impossible to change � set timesfor meals times for meals where everyonehas to eat at the same timeset menuset menu /�set �menju�/ noun CATERING amenu which cannot be changed, i.e., youcannot choose a dish from another part of themenusettingsetting /�setŋ/ noun the scenery around,or background for, a buildingsettlesettle /�set(ə)l/ verb � to settle a bill, anaccount to pay all the money owed on anaccountsettle upsettle up /�set(ə)l ��p/ verb to pay the totalof everything that is owedSeville orangeSeville orange /sə |�vl �ɒrnd$/ nounFRUIT an orange which is not sweet, and isused to make marmalade. Also called bitterorangesewsew /səυ/ verb to attach, make or repairsomething by using a needle and thread �The button was not sewn on properly. � Canyou sew my button back on, please?sewagesewage /�su�d$/ noun waste water andother refuse such as faeces, carried away insewers � Exposure to sewage may cause dis-ease transmission. � Food contaminated bysewage or liquid waste can cause typhoid. �sewage disposal the removal of sewage frombuildings through pipes to places where itcan be treated or got rid of � Councils arefined for improper or unapproved sewagedisposal systems.sewingsewing /�səυŋ/ noun the act of attachingby using a needle and threadsewing kitsewing kit /�səυŋ kt/ noun a small wal-let with needle, thread, etc., which can beused for making repairs to clothing in anemergency such as sewing on a button

Leisure.fm Page 275 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sex tourism 276sex tourism

sex tourism /�seks �tυərz(ə)m/ nountravel undertaken to take advantage of therelatively relaxed laws on prostitution insome countriessexual discrimination

sexual discrimination /�sekʃuəldskrm |�neʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS the actof treating men and women in different wayssexual harassment

sexual harassment /�sekʃuəl�h�rəsmənt, hə|�r�smənt/ noun BUSINESSharassment by making unwanted sexualapproaches to somebody � She complainedof sexual harassment by her manager.shade

shade /ʃed/ noun a dark area which is notin the sunlight � I would like a seat in theshade. � She was sitting in the shade of a bigolive tree.shades

shades /ʃedz/ plural noun sunglasses(informal)shady

shady /�ʃedi/ adjective sheltered from thesun � At midday in Madrid, it’s better towalk on the shady side of the street.shake

shake /ʃek/ BEVERAGES same as milk-shakeshallot

shallot /ʃə|�lɒt/ noun VEGETABLES a smallvariety of onion, used in sauces, etc.shallow-draught vessel

shallow-draught vessel /�ʃ�ləυ drɑ�ft�ves(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a boatwhich can sail in shallow watershampoo

shampoo /ʃ�m |�pu�/ noun 1. liquid soapfor washing the hair with � There are sachetsof shampoo in the bathroom. 2. the act ofwashing the hair � She went to the hair-dresser’s for a shampoo.shandy

shandy /�ʃ�ndi/ noun BEVERAGES a drinkmade by mixing beer and lemonadeshare

share /ʃeə/ verb 1. � to share somethingwith someone to allow someone to usesomething which you also use � The flatshares a front door with the flat next door. 2.to use something which someone else alsouses � We shared a taxi to the airport. �prices are based on two people sharing, ontwin share prices are based on two peoplesharing the roomshared

shared /�ʃeəd/ adjective used by two ormore peopleshared bathroom

shared bathroom /�ʃeəd �bɑ�θru�m/noun HOTELS a bathroom which is shared bytwo or more roomssharp

sharp /ʃɑ�p/ adjective 1. having a thin edgewhich cuts easily � You need a very sharpknife to slice vegetables. 2. MEDICAL hurtingin a sudden and intense way � He’s sufferingfrom sharp pains in his chest. � adverbexactly � The coach will leave the hotel at7.30 sharp.

shaveshave /ʃev/ noun the act of cutting off thehair on the face with a razor � He went tohave a shave at the barber’s next to the hotel.� verb to cut off the hair on the face with arazorshavershaver /�ʃevə/ noun an electric instru-ment with a very sharp blade for removinghair on the faceshaver pointshaver point /�ʃevə pɔnt/, shaversocket /�ʃevə �sɒkt/ noun same as razorsocketsheetsheet /ʃi�t/ noun 1. a piece of thin cloth,put on a bed � Guests are asked to bring theirown towels and sheets. � The maids changethe sheets every day. 2. � sheet of paper apiece of papershelfshelf /ʃelf/ noun a plank attached to a wallor in a cupboard on which things can be put(NOTE: The plural form is shelves.)shelf lifeshelf life /�ʃelf laf/ noun CATERING thelength of time food can be kept in a shopbefore it goes badshellshell /ʃel/ noun 1. the hard outside part ofan egg or a nut 2. the hard outside part whichcovers some animals such as crabs or lob-sters � Snails are usually served in theirshells.shellfishshellfish /�ʃelfʃ/ noun SEAFOOD animalssuch as mussels, oysters, lobsters, andprawns, which have shells and live in them(NOTE: There is no plural form: a dish ofshellfish, a shellfish restaurant.)sheltershelter /�ʃeltə/ noun a place where you cango for protection � There is no shelter fromthe pouring rain. � to take shelter to gounder something for protection � We tookshelter in the hotel cellars when the civil warstarted. � verb to go somewhere for protec-tion � They were sheltering from the snow ina small cave in the mountains.shelteredsheltered /�ʃeltəd/ adjective protectedfrom wind or cold � The cottage is in a shel-tered valley.shepherd’s pieshepherd’s pie /�ʃepədz �pa/ nounFOOD minced lamb cooked in a dish with alayer of mashed potatoes on top. Comparecottage piesherrysherry /�ʃeri/ noun BEVERAGES a fortifiedwine from Spain

COMMENT: The word comes from theSpanish ‘xerez’, former name of the townJerez in Southern Spain where the wine ismade. Sherry can range from very dry tovery sweet. The names used are ‘manza-nilla’, the driest, ‘fino’, ‘amontillado’, ‘olor-oso’ and ‘cream sherry’, which is thesweetest. In Spain, sherry is served cold,and very dry sherries are usually served inthis way in Britain. Sweet sherries are

Leisure.fm Page 276 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

277 shop windowserved at room temperature. Sherry canbe served in a small upright glass or, forlarge measures, in a schooner.

sherry glasssherry glass /�ʃeri #lɑ�s/ noun CATERINGa small glass suitable for serving sherry insherry triflesherry trifle /�ʃeri �traf(ə)l/ noun DES-SERTS a cold dessert made of cake coveredwith jam and fruit, soaked in sherry and thencovered with custard sauce, whipped cream,candied fruit and nutsshiftshift /ʃft/ noun a group of employees whowork for a period, and then are replaced byanother group, or a period of time worked bya group of employees � We work an 8-hourshift. � The management is introducing ashift system or shift working. � they workdouble shifts two groups of employees areworking shifts togethershipship /ʃp/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a largeboat for carrying passengers and cargo onthe seashipboardshipboard /�ʃpbɔ�d/ adjective SHIPS ANDBOATS on a ship � shipboard entertainmentship chandlership chandler /�ʃp �tʃɑ�ndlə/ nounSHIPS AND BOATS somebody who suppliesgoods such as food to shipsshippingshipping /�ʃpŋ/ noun 1. BUSINESS the actor business of sending goods � The shop-keeper will arrange for the shipping of thecarpet. 2. shipsshipping companyshipping company /�ʃpŋ �k�mp(ə)ni/noun BUSINESS a company which specialisesin the sending of goodsshipping lanesshipping lanes /�ʃpŋ lenz/ plural nounSHIPS AND BOATS routes followed by shipsshipping lineshipping line /�ʃpŋ lan/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS a company which owns shipsship’s doctorship’s doctor /�ʃips �dɒktə/ noun MEDI-CAL a doctor who travels on a ship and so isready to treat passengers who become illshipwreckshipwreck /�ʃprek/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS 1. a ship which has been sunk orbadly damaged on rocks. Also called wreck2. the event of a ship being wreckedshipwreckedshipwrecked /�ʃprekt/ adjective SHIPSAND BOATS involved in a shipwreck, or hav-ing been sunk or badly damaged on rocksshish kebabshish kebab /�ʃʃ k|�b�b/ noun FOOD akebab made of lamb, with peppers, onionsand tomatoes, cooked on a skewer over acharcoal grillshoe cleanershoe cleaner, shoe polisher nounHOTELS a machine for cleaning shoesshoe polishshoe polish /�ʃu� �pɒlʃ/ noun wax usedto make shoes shinyshoeshineshoeshine /�ʃu�ʃan/ noun polishing ofshoes

shootingshooting /�ʃu�tŋ/ noun the act of shoot-ing or killing with a gunshooting partyshooting party /�ʃu�tŋ �pɑ�ti/ nounENTERTAINMENT a group of people who cometogether to shoot game as a sport � The hotelcaters for shooting parties, fishermen andgolfers.shopshop /ʃɒp/ noun BUSINESS a place wheregoods are stored and sold � All the shops inthe centre of town close on Sundays. (NOTE:US English usually uses store.) � verb � toshop (for) to look for and buy things inshopsshop aroundshop around /�ʃɒp ə|�raυnd/ verb to go tovarious shops or offices and compare pricesbefore making a purchase or before placingan order � You should shop around beforegetting your car serviced. � He is shoppingaround for a new computer. � It pays to shoparound when you are planning to fly to theStates.shop assistantshop assistant /�ʃɒp ə|�sstənt/ nounsomebody who serves customers in a shopshop frontshop front /�ʃɒp fr�nt/ noun the part of ashop which faces the street, including theentrance and windowsshopkeepershopkeeper /�ʃɒpki�pə/ noun somebodywho owns or runs a shopshoppingshopping /�ʃɒpŋ/ noun 1. the activity oflooking for and buying goods in a shop �She’s not in her room – she must have goneshopping. 2. goods bought in a shop � Webuy our shopping or We do our shopping inthe local supermarket. � She was carryingtwo baskets of shopping.shopping bagshopping bag /�ʃɒpŋ b�#/ noun a bagused for carrying shoppingshopping basketshopping basket /�ʃɒpŋ �bɑ�skt/ nouna basket used for carrying shoppingshopping centreshopping centre /�ʃɒpŋ �sentə/ nounENTERTAINMENT a group of shops linkedtogether with car parks and restaurantsshopping listshopping list /�ʃɒpŋ lst/ noun a list ofthings which you need to buyshopping mallshopping mall /�ʃɒpŋ mɒl/ nounENTERTAINMENT an enclosed covered areafor shopping, with shops, restaurants, banksand other facilities � The new shopping mallis taking customers away from the stores inthe town centre.shopping precinctshopping precinct /�ʃɒpŋ �pri�sŋkt/noun ENTERTAINMENT part of a town whichis closed to traffic so that people can walkabout and shopshop windowshop window /�ʃɒp �wndəυ/ noun BUSI-NESS a window in a shop where goods aredisplayed so that customers can see them,

Leisure.fm Page 277 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

shore 278place where goods or services can be exhib-ited � The shop windows are all decoratedfor Christmas.shoreshore /ʃɔ�/ noun a beach or sandy area atthe edge of the sea or of a lake � to go onshore, to go ashore to go on land from a shipshortshort /ʃɔ�t/ adjective 1. not long 2. for asmall period of time � in the short term inthe near future, quite soon 3. not as much asshould be � The shipment was three itemsshort. � when we cashed up we were £10short we had £10 less than we should havehad 4. � short of with less than needed, withnot enough of � we are short of staff or shortof money. � noun BEVERAGES a drink of spir-its such as gin, whisky, etc., with not muchliquidshort blackshort black /�ʃɔ�t �bl�k/ noun BEVER-AGES a strong black coffee served in a smallcupshortbreadshortbread /�ʃɔ�tbred/ noun BREAD, ETC.a thick sweet crumbly biscuitshort breakshort break /�ʃɔ�t �brek/ noun TOURISMa holiday lasting only a few daysshortcakeshortcake /�ʃɔ�tkek/ noun US BREAD,ETC. a sponge cake with fruit filling, coveredwith whipped cream � strawberry shortcakeshortchangeshortchange /ʃɔ�t |�tʃend$/ verb to givea customer less change than is right, eitherby mistake or in the hope that they will notnoticeshort creditshort credit /�ʃɔ�t �kredt/ noun FINANCEterms which allow the customer only a littletime to payshortcrust pastryshortcrust pastry /�ʃɔ�tkr�st �pestri/noun BREAD, ETC. the most commonly usedtype of pastry made with fat and flourshortenshorten /�ʃɔ�t(ə)n/ verb CATERING to makepastry more crumbly by adding more fatshorteningshortening /�ʃɔ�t(ə)nŋ/ noun US FOOD afat used in pastry, cakes and breadshort-grain riceshort-grain rice /�ʃɔ�t #ren �ras/ nounFOOD rice with short grains used in rice pud-dingshort-handedshort-handed /�ʃɔ�t �h�ndd/ adjectivewith not enough staff � We are rather short-handed at the moment.short haulshort haul /�ʃɔ�t hɔ�l/ adjective travellingor used for travelling a short distance � nouna short journey or distanceshort-haul flightshort-haul flight /�ʃɔ�t hɔ�l �flat/ nounAIR TRAVEL a flight over a short distanceshort leaseshort lease /�ʃɔ�t �li�s/ noun a leasewhich runs for up to two or three years � Wehave a short lease on our current premises.short-life productsshort-life products /�ʃɔ�t laf�prɒd�kts/ adjective CATERING products

which have a short shelf life, especially fruit,vegetables, fish and meatshort measureshort measure /�ʃɔ�t �me$ə/ noun asmaller amount than is legally allowedshort ordershort order /�ʃɔ�t �ɔ�də/ noun US CATER-ING an order given for something which canbe cooked quickly to order, such as ham andeggsshort-order chefshort-order chef /kυk/, cook nounCATERING a cook who specialises in shortordersshort-order dinershort-order diner /�ʃɔ�t �ɔ�də �danə/noun CATERING a café serving simple mealswhich can be cooked quickly to ordershortsshorts /ʃɔ�ts/ plural noun short trouserswhich do not go below the knee � Ladies arenot allowed into the monastery in shorts. �Bermuda shorts longer shorts which go toknee lengthshort-sleeved shirtshort-sleeved shirt /�ʃɔ�t sli�vd �ʃ1�t/noun a shirt with short sleeves � Women arenot allowed into the monastery in short-sleeved shirts.short sleevesshort sleeves /�ʃɔ�t �sli�vz/ plural nounsleeves which do not go below the elbowshort-staffedshort-staffed /�ʃɔ�t �stɑ�ft/ adjectivewith not enough workers � The restaurant isshort-staffed and the service is slow.short-stayshort-stay /�ʃɔ�t ste/ adjective referringto a stay of a few days � short-stay car parka car park at an airport for travellers who willleave their cars there for a few hours or days� short-stay guest, visitor a person whostays a few days in a hotel or a town. Com-pare long-stayshort-stay accommodationshort-stay accommodation /�ʃɔ�tste ə |�kɒmə|�deʃ(ə)n/ noun accommoda-tion for travellers who wish to stay for only afew nightsshort take-off and landingshort take-off and landing /�ʃɔ�t tekɒf ən �l�ndŋ/ adjective AIR TRAVEL needinga much shorter runway than other aircraft totake off or land. Abbr STOLshort-termshort-term /�ʃɔ�t �t��m/ adjective for ashort period � She is employed on a short-term contract. � on a short-term basis for ashort periodshort weightshort weight /�ʃɔ�t �wet/ noun a weightless than is legally allowed or than the cus-tomer has paid forshoulder seasonshoulder season /�ʃəυldə �si�z(ə)n/noun TOURISM a season between high andlow, i.e., May and June, and October andNovembershowshow /ʃəυ/ noun 1. an exhibition or display� The Computer Show is on at Olympia. 2.ENTERTAINMENT a performance, especially

Leisure.fm Page 278 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

279 sidewith music � The show starts at 10.30. �Let’s have dinner early and go to a show. �verb to let somebody see something or pointout something to somebody � He showed usthe sights of the town. � The guide will showyou round the museum.show business

show business /�ʃəυ �bznəs/ noun theentertainment industry, including films,radio, television, theatre, and music record-ingshower

shower /�ʃaυə/ noun 1. a slight fall of rainor snow � There was a shower this morning,but it is sunny again now. 2. a spray devicefor washing your whole body � We have twosingle rooms with showers, or a double roomwith bath. 3. an occasion when you washyour body with a shower � She went up toher room and had a shower. � verb to washyourself under a shower � He had showeredand was back in the lobby to greet his guestsat 7.00 p.m.shower bath

shower bath /�ʃaυə bɑ�θ/ noun 1. a spraydevice for washing your whole body 2. abath taken in a spray of watershower cap

shower cap /�ʃaυə k�p/ noun a water-proof cap to prevent the hair getting wetwhen taking a showershower cubicle

shower cubicle /�ʃaυə �kju�bk(ə)l/noun HOTELS a small box, with a shower init, usually fitted into a corner of a small bath-roomshower curtain

shower curtain /�ʃaυə �k��t(ə)n/ noun apiece of waterproof material around ashowershower gel

shower gel /�ʃaυə d$el/ noun liquid soapused for washing in a showershower room

shower room /�ʃaυə ru�m/ noun HOTELSa room with a shower in itshow plate

show plate /�ʃəυ plet/ noun CATERING aplate placed in the centre of the setting inFrench service, removed before servingshow platter

show platter /�ʃəυ �pl�tə/ noun CATER-ING a large plate of meat, etc., arranged dec-oratively as an example of how the dish canlook � a show platter of meatshred

shred /ʃred/ verb CATERING to cut into verythin strips � The dish is served with a saladof shredded carrot.shredder

shredder /�ʃredə/ noun CATERING a devicefor cutting vegetables into very thin stripsshrimp

shrimp /ʃrmp/ noun SEAFOOD a smallshellfish with a long tailShrove Tuesday

Shrove Tuesday /�ʃrəυv �tju�zde/ nounthe last Tuesday before Lent, celebrated inBritain by eating pancakes � Tomorrow isShrove Tuesday, so we’ll be having pan-

cakes. Also called Mardi Gras, PancakeDay

COMMENT: Also called ‘Pancake Day’, it isthe last day before Lent, and so a daywhen feasts are held. In Britain, pancakesare traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday,usually with lemon and sugar, but alsowith other sweet fillings. In France andFrench-speaking countries, the festival iscalled ‘Mardi Gras’.

shuckshuck /ʃ�k/ verb US CATERING to removethe shell of an oyster, nut, etc. � She sat onthe quay shucking oysters.shuckedshucked /ʃ�kt/ adjective US CATERINGremoved from its shell, said of oysters � Weserve oysters either shucked or in the shell.shutshut /ʃ�t/ adjective closed � We tried to getinto the museum but it was shut. � verb toclose for business � In Germany, shops shuton Saturday afternoons.shuttershutter /�ʃ�tə/ noun 1. a folding woodenor metal cover on a window � Open the shut-ters and see what the weather is like. 2. a partin a camera which opens and closes very rap-idly to allow the light to go on to the filmshuttleshuttle /�ʃ�t(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a busor plane which goes backwards and forwardsbetween two places � There’s a shuttle busfrom the hotel to the exhibition grounds. �the Glasgow shuttle the plane going regu-larly backwards and forwards between Lon-don and Glasgowshuttle serviceshuttle service /�ʃ�t(ə)l �s��vs/ nounROAD TRAVEL a transport service which goesregularly backwards and forwards betweentwo places � The ferry operates a shuttleservice between the islands.sicksick /sk/ adjective MEDICAL 1. ill � We havefive staff off sick. 2. vomiting � The greasyfood made her feel sick.sick bagsick bag /�sk b�#/ noun AIR TRAVEL astrong paper bag provided in the pocket infront of each seat on planes or hovercraft, sothat passengers suffering from airsicknesscan vomit without leaving their seatssicknesssickness /�sknəs/ noun MEDICAL the stateof being illsideside /sad/ noun 1. the part of somethingnear the edge � She leant over the side of theship. � The hitchhikers were standing by theside of the road. 2. one of the surfaces of aflat object � Please write on one side of thepaper only. 3. � on the side separate fromyour normal work, and sometimes hiddenfrom your employer � He works in the hotelbar, but he runs a tour company on the side.� Her salary is too small to live on, so thefamily lives on what she can make on theside.

Leisure.fm Page 279 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sideboard 280sideboardsideboard /�sadbɔ�d/ noun 1. (in ahouse) a piece of furniture in a dining room,used to put plates or dishes on 2. (in a res-taurant) a piece of furniture for keeping arti-cles for use on the tables, such as cloths, nap-kins, cruets, cutlery, etc., but not plates orglassessidecarsidecar /�sadkɑ�/ noun BEVERAGES acocktail of brandy, Cointreau and lemonjuiceside dishside dish /�sad dʃ/ noun CATERING asmall plate or bowl of food eaten to accom-pany a main course � We had a side dish ofspinach to go with the fish.side lightsside lights /�sad lats/ plural noun ROADTRAVEL small lights on a car or truck whichshow the outline of a vehicle in the dark.Also called parking lightsside orderside order /�sad �ɔ�də/ noun CATERINGan order for something as a side dish � Can Ihave a side order of chips?side plateside plate /�sad plet/ noun CATERING asmall plate placed beside the main plate andcutlery, used for breadside towelside towel /�sad �taυəl/ noun CATERING aspecial towel used by a waiter for handlinghot plates or to wipe the side of a platesideworksidework /�sadw��k/ noun CATERINGadditional work assigned to waiters, e.g.glass polishingsiestasiesta /si|�estə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT arest period in the middle of the day, commonin Mediterranean countriessievesieve /sv/ CATERING noun a kitchen utensilmade of metal or plastic net, used to strainliquids to remove lumps � verb to passsomething such as flour, liquid, etc. througha sieve to remove lumpssiftsift /sft/ noun CATERING to pass somethingsuch as flour, liquid, etc. through a sieve toremove lumpssightsight /sat/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a specta-cle, something which you ought to see �They went off on foot to see the sights of thetown.sightseeingsightseeing /�satsi�ŋ/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT visiting the sights of a town � The buscompany has sightseeing tours of the townevery afternoon. � I’m too tired to go sight-seeing or to do any sightseeing today. �Queue here for the London sightseeing bus.sightseersightseer /�satsi�ə/ noun TOURISM a tour-ist who visits the sights of a town � Therewere fewer sightseers than usual at theTower of London.signsign /san/ noun 1. a movement of the handor head, etc. which means something 2. MAR-

KETING an advertising board or panel show-ing the name of a shop 3. ROAD TRAVEL apanel showing directions on a road � verb towrite your name in a special way on a docu-ment to show that you have written it orapproved it � to sign a letter or a contract ora document or a cheque � They signed thehotel register using the name of Smith. � Shesent the cheque as a deposit, but forgot tosign it.signagesignage /�sand$/ noun HOTELS all thesigns, logos, etc., which identify a businesssuch as hotel group or chain of restaurants �All external hotel signage is being changed.

‘…if planning permission is granted and theDepartment of Transport is happy to grant motor-way signage and access permission, you can buyor lease the land and start building’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

signalsignal /�s#n(ə)l/ noun 1. a movement ofthe hand or head which tells someone to dosomething 2. a light or mechanical flag usedto tell someone to do something � The signalwas at red so we had to stop. � verb to makesigns to tell someone to do something � Thedriver signalled to show that he was turningright. � At a request stop you have to signalto the driver, otherwise he won’t stop. (NOTE:The British English is signalling – sig-nalled; the US spelling is signaling – sig-naled.)signal box

signal box /�s#n(ə)l bɒks/ noun RAILTRAVEL a building by the side of the railwaywhere the signalman controls the signalssignalmansignalman /�s#n(ə)lmən/ noun RAILTRAVEL somebody who controls railway sig-nals (NOTE: The plural form is signalmen.)signaturesignature /�s#ntʃə/ noun somebody’sname written by them in a special way � Hefound a pile of cheques on his desk waitingfor signature. � The signature on the formdid not match that on the back of the creditcard.signature dish

signature dish /�s#ntʃə dʃ/ nounCATERING a special dish for which a particu-lar restaurant is well knownsignboardsignboard /�sanbɔ�d/ noun a panel witha signsign language

sign language /�san �l�ŋ#wd$/ noun aset of agreed signs made with the fingers andhands, used to communicate by or for peoplewho cannot hear or speaksign on

sign on /�san �ɒn/ verb to start worksignpostsignpost /�sanpəυst/ noun a post with asign showing directions to a placesilver

silver /�slvə/ noun 1. a precious grey metaloften used for making jewellery 2. coinsmade of light grey metal

Leisure.fm Page 280 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

281 sit-down mealSilver Award for Quality

Silver Award for Quality /�slvə ə|

�wɔ�d fə �kwɒləti/ noun TOURISM an annualaward given by one of the regional touristboards to a hotel or restaurantsilver foil

silver foil /�slvə fɔl/, silver paper/�slvə �pepə/ noun CATERING a sheet ofthin shiny metal which looks like silver, usedfor wrapping food insilver plate

silver plate /�slvə �plet/ noun CATERINGcutlery which is made of ordinary metal, butcovered with silver, giving the impressionthat it is made of solid silver and used inhigh-class restaurants as being superior tostainless steel. Also called electroplatednickel silversilver service

silver service /�slvə �s��vs/ nounCATERING a type of restaurant service, espe-cially for banquets, where the waiter or wait-ress serves each guest from a flat dishsilverside

silverside /�slvəsad/ noun MEAT a cut ofbeef taken from behind and below the rumpand topside, usually used for roasting or pot-roastingSilver Thistle Award

Silver Thistle Award /�slvə �θs(ə)l ə|

�wɔ�d/ noun TOURISM an annual award givenby the Scottish Tourist Board to an outstand-ing hotel or restaurantsilverware

silverware /�slvə|�weə/ noun 1. articlesmade of silver 2. (in a restaurant) cutleryand other articles made of silver plate (NOTE:There is no plural form.)silver wedding

silver wedding /�slvə �wedŋ/ noun ananniversary of 25 years of marriagesimmer

simmer /�smə/ verb CATERING to boil gen-tlysimnel cake

simnel cake /�smnəl kek/ noun BREAD,ETC. a fruit cake covered with marzipan, tra-ditionally eaten in Lent or at Eastersimple interest

simple interest /�smpəl �ntrəst/ nounBUSINESS interest calculated on the capitalonly, and not any sums later added to thecapitalsingle

single /�sŋ#(ə)l/ adjective, noun onealonesingle bed

single bed /�sŋ#(ə)l bed/ noun a bed forone personsingle cream

single cream /�sŋ#(ə)l �kri�m/ nounDAIRY liquid cream, with a lower fat contentsingledecker

singledecker /�sŋ#(ə)l �dekə/ nounROAD TRAVEL a bus with only one deck � Theairport bus is a singledecker. Compare dou-ble-deckersingle-entry visa

single-entry visa /�sŋ#(ə)l �entri�vi�zə/ noun TRAVEL a visa which allows youto enter a country once � A single-entry visacosts £35 for adults.

single faresingle fare /�sŋ#(ə)l feə/ noun TRAVELthe fare for one journey from one place toanother. Also called one-way faresingle measuresingle measure /�sŋ#(ə)l �me$ə/ nounBEVERAGES one measure of spiritssingle occupancysingle occupancy /�sŋ#(ə)l�ɒkjυpənsi/ noun HOTELS one person in aroomsingle roomsingle room /�sŋ#(ə)l �ru�m/ nounHOTELS a room for one personsingle room supplementsingle room supplement /�sŋ#(ə)lru�m �s�plmənt/ noun TOURISM an extracharge for a single person travelling with agroup where charges are calculated on thebasis of two people sharing each roomsingles barsingles bar /�sŋ#(ə)lz bɑ�/ noun a barwhere unmarried or divorced people go, hop-ing to meet otherssingle supplementsingle supplement /�sŋ#(ə)l�s�plmənt/ noun HOTELS an extra sumcharged for accommodation when it is occu-pied by only one personsingle ticketsingle ticket /�sŋ#(ə)l �tkt/ nounTRAVEL a ticket for one journey from oneplace to another � I want two singles to Lon-don. Also called one-way ticketsingle-track railwaysingle-track railway /�sŋ#(ə)l tr�k�relwe/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a railway line onwhich trains go in either direction on thesame rails, with passing places at intervalssingle tripsingle trip /�sŋ#(ə)l trp/ noun TRAVELone trip in one direction only � The insur-ance offers single-trip policies for both fam-ilies and individuals.sinksink /sŋk/ noun a basin for washing in akitchen � verb to go down to the bottom ofsomething such as water or mud � The ferrysank in 30m of water. � All the passengerswere saved when the liner sank in the tropi-cal storm. (NOTE: sinking – sank – hassunk)sink unitsink unit /�sŋk �ju�nt/ noun an arrange-ment of sinks, taps and waste pipes forminga single piece of equipmentsirloinsirloin /�s��lɔn/ noun MEAT the best cut ofbeef from the back of the animal � Webought a sirloin of beef for our Sunday roast.sirloin steaksirloin steak /�s��lɔn �stek/ noun MEATa thick piece of beef cut from a sirloinsister companysister company /�sstə �k�mp(ə)ni/noun BUSINESS a company which is part ofthe same group as another companysister shipsister ship /�sstə ʃp/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a ship which is of the same design andbelongs to the same company as another shipsit-down mealsit-down meal /�st daυn �mi�l/ nounCATERING a meal where the guests sit and eat

Leisure.fm Page 281 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sit-down strike 282at tables, as opposed to a ‘stand-up meal’ �After the meeting a sit-down lunch will beserved to the delegates.sit-down strikesit-down strike /�st daυn �strak/ nounBUSINESS a strike where employees stay intheir place of work and refuse to work orleavesitesite /sat/ noun 1. a place where a buildingstands � on site at the place where a buildingis or is being constructed 2. ENTERTAINMENTa place where an event takes place � Theyvisited the sites of First World War battles. 3.MARKETING same as website � How manyhits did we have on our site last week? � verbto place a building on a particular piece ofland � The hotel will be sited between theairport and the new exhibition centre.

‘…this site is designed for holidaymakers, so thecheapest flights pop up first’ [Evening Standard,travel section]

Site of Special Scientific InterestSite of Special Scientific Interest/�sat əv �speʃ(ə)l �saəntfk �ntrəst/noun a small area of land which has beennoted as particularly important by the NatureConservancy Council, and which is pre-served for its fauna, flora or geology. AbbrSSSIsittingsitting /�stŋ/ noun CATERING the timewhen a group of people eat together � Takeyour seats for the second sitting.sitting roomsitting room /�stŋ ru�m/ noun a roomwith comfortable chairs where people canrest, talk, watch television, etc. � The suitehas a bedroom, bathroom and a private sit-ting room.situatedsituated /�stʃuetd/ adjective placed �The hotel is situated at the edge of the town.� The tourist office is situated near the rail-way station.situationsituation /�stʃu |�eʃ(ə)n/ noun a placewhere something is � The hotel is in a verypleasant situation by the lake.situations vacantsituations vacant /�stʃueʃ(ə)nz�vekənt/ noun a list in a newspaper of jobswhich are availablesix-packsix-pack /�sks p�k/ noun a box contain-ing six itemssixth freedomsixth freedom /�sksθ �fri�dəm/ noun AIRTRAVEL the right of a carrier of one country tocarry passengers from another country, stop-ping in its own country, and then continuingto a third countrysizesize /saz/ noun the measurements ofsomething, how big something is, or howmany there are of something � What sizeshoes do you take? � This packet is the max-imum size allowed by the post office. � She’slooking for something in a smaller size.

skateskate /sket/ noun SEAFOOD a large flat seafish with white flesh (NOTE: The plural formis skate.) � verb SPORT to slide on ice wear-ing skatesskateboardskateboard /�sketbɔ�d/ SPORT noun ashort narrow board with a set of small wheelsfitted underneath, used to move rapidly or toperform jumps and stunts � verb to ride on askateboardskateboardingskateboarding /�sketbɔ�dŋ/ nounSPORT the sport or pastime of riding a skate-boardskateparkskatepark /�sketpɑ�k/ noun SPORT anarea specially designed and constructed forpeople practising and performing on skate-boards and in-line skatesskaterskater /�sketə/ noun SPORT somebodywho goes skating � There were dozens ofskaters on the frozen pond.skatingskating /�sketŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof sliding on the ice, wearing skates � Skat-ing is very popular in Canada.skating rinkskating rink /�sketŋ rŋk/ noun SPORTsame as ice rink � There used to be anindoor skating rink in Richmond.skeleton keyskeleton key /�skelt(ə)n �ki�/ noun a keywhich will fit any lock in a buildingskeleton staffskeleton staff /�skelt(ə)n stɑ�f/ noun afew staff left to carry on essential work whilemost of the workforce is awayskewerskewer /�skju�ə/ noun CATERING a longthin metal rod for putting through pieces ofmeat when cooking � She put some pieces ofchicken and onion on the skewer. � The maincourse was a skewer of lamb with rice. �verb to stick a long metal rod through some-thing � He skewered bits of meat and greenpeppers and grilled them. � The fish wasskewered on a stick.skiski /ski�/ noun one of two long flat objectswhich are attached to your boots for slidingover snow � Skis can be hired at the chairlift.� We always hire skis when we get to the skiresort. � Someone stole my new pair of skis.� verb to move over snow on skis � Themountain rescue team had to ski to the site ofthe avalanche. � We go skiing in Switzerlandevery winter.

‘…the newest and best thing in snow sport is thetwin-tip: a free-ride ski that is compact, bent up atboth ends and can turn on a sixpence’ [TheSunday Times]

ski areaski area /�ski� �eəriə/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT part of a mountain range or part of aclub’s land where you can skiskibootsskiboots /�ski� bu�ts/, ski boots pluralnoun SPORT special boots worn when skiing,which attach to the skis

Leisure.fm Page 282 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

283 sky bedski equipmentski equipment, ski gear noun SPORT allthe things needed to go skiing, e.g. skis,boots, goggles and polesskierskier /�ski�ə/ noun SPORT somebody whomoves over snow on skis � Not a single skierwas out on the slopes.ski gogglesski goggles /�ski� �#ɒ#(ə)lz/ plural nounSPORT goggles worn when skiingski holidayski holiday /�ski� �hɒlde/ noun TOURISMa holiday when you skiskiingskiing /�ski�ŋ/ noun SPORT the sport ofmoving over snow on skis � Skiing is a verypopular sport. � I did some skiing when Iwas younger. � We’re going on a skiing hol-iday.skiing instructorskiing instructor /�ski�ŋ n |�str�ktə/noun SPORT somebody who teaches peoplehow to skiski jumpski jump /�ski� d$�mp/ noun SPORT aslope with a sudden drop at the bottom fromwhich skiers jump in a competition to seewho can jump the furthestski liftski lift /�ski� lft/ noun a device to take ski-ers to the top of a slope � They had a marvel-lous view from the ski lift. � The hotel iswithin walking distance of the ski lifts.skillskill /skl/ noun the ability to do somethingwell � Making meringues requires a lot ofskill. � Skills can be taught and that is wheregood teachers are important.skilledskilled /skld/ adjective having a particularskill � We need skilled staff in the receptionarea. Compare unskilledskilled labourskilled labour /�skld �lebə/ noun work-ers who have special knowledge or qualifica-tionsskilletskillet /�sklt/ noun US CATERING a fryingpanskimskim /skm/ verb CATERING to removethings floating on the surface of a liquid �Skim the soup to remove the fat.skimmed milkskimmed milk /�skmd �mlk/ nounDAIRY milk from which most of the fat hasbeen removedskinskin /skn/ noun 1. the outer covering ofthe body � She got sunburnt and her skinbegan to peel. 2. CATERING the outer surfaceof fruit, vegetable or meat � Take the skin offthe peach with a knife.skin-diveskin-dive /�skn dav/ verb SPORT toswim underwater using breathing apparatus,as a sportskin-diverskin-diver /�skn �davə/ noun SPORTsomebody who goes skin-diving � From theboat we could see skin-divers on the reef.skin-divingskin-diving /�skn �davŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of swimming underwater using

breathing apparatus � They went on a skin-diving holiday on the coast of Mexico.skipskip /skp/ verb (informal) 1. to miss part ofsomething � We decided to skip the tour tothe Roman ruins. � I’m not hungry, I’ll skipthe pudding. 2. to leave quickly, without pay-ing � The couple in Room 14 skipped duringthe night.ski pantsski pants /�ski� p�nts/ plural noun SPORTtrousers with an elastic strap under the foot,worn when skiingski passski pass /�ski� pɑ�s/ noun SPORT a cardwhich allows a skier to use the ski runs or skilifts for a particular number of times � Theyoffer free tuition, equipment and ski passesto beginners.ski polesski poles /�ski� pəυlz/ plural noun SPORTa pair of long sticks used to push the skieralongskipperskipper /�skpə/ noun 1. TRAVEL the cap-tain of a ship or an aircraft � a day-skippercertificate certificate which allows someoneto sail a boat in coastal waters � A day-skip-per certificate is required when booking. 2.HOTELS somebody who leaves a hotelquickly, without paying (informal)ski resortski resort /�ski� r |�zɔ�t/ noun TOURISM atown in the mountains where people staywhen on a skiing holidayskirtskirt /sk��t/ noun FOOD a stewing cut ofbeef taken from the flank, below the sirloinand rumpski runski run /�ski� sləυp/, ski slope nounSPORT a specially prepared and markedslope for skiing down a mountainski towski tow /�ski� təυ/ noun SPORT a device totake skiers to the top of a slope by draggingthem along with their skis on the groundski trailski trail /�ski� trel/ noun SPORT a markedpath for skiersskiwearskiwear /�ski�weə/ noun SPORT clothesworn when skiing (NOTE: There is no pluralform.)skull-cap

skull-cap /�sk�l k�p/ noun a small capwhich covers your hair and the top of yourhead closely � Some chefs wear skull-caps. �toqueskysky /ska/ noun the area above the Earthwhich is blue during the day, and where themoon and stars appear at night � the beauti-ful deep blue sky of a Mediterranean evening� It’s going to be a beautiful day – there’s nota cloud in the sky. � The wind carried theglider high up into the sky.sky bedsky bed /�ska bed/, skybed noun a seaton a passenger aircraft that transforms into abed. Also called flat bed

Leisure.fm Page 283 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

skycap 284skycap

skycap /�skak�p/ noun a porter whoworks at an airportskydive

skydive /�skadav/ verb to jump from anaeroplane and descend in free fall, some-times performing acrobatic manoeuvres,before pulling the ripcord of a parachuteskyline

skyline /�skalan/ noun the shape ofbuildings seen against the sky � The Chicagoskyline is very distinctive.sky marshal

sky marshal /�ska �mɑ�ʃ(ə)l/ noun anarmed guard providing security duringflights on commercial passenger aircraftskyscraper

skyscraper /�skaskrepə/ noun a verytall building � They’re planning a 100-storeyskyscraper near the park.skysurfing

skysurfing /�skas��fŋ/ noun SPORT thesport of jumping from an aircraft and per-forming a series of moves before descendingby parachuteslack

slack /sl�k/ adjective not busy � Novem-ber is a slack month in the hotel. � Tuesdayis our slackest day.slack season

slack season /�sl�k �si�z(ə)n/ nounTOURISM a period when a hotel or resort isnot very busyslash

slash /sl�ʃ/ verb to cut, to reduce sharply� Prices have been slashed in all depart-ments. � The company has slashed prices ontours to Turkey.sled

sled /sled/ noun US SPORT same as sledgesledge

sledge /sled$/ SPORT noun a small vehiclewith runners for sliding over snow � verb toslide on the snow on a sledge as a sportsledging

sledging /�sled$ŋ/ noun SPORT the sportof going on sledges � to go sledging to playat sliding on the snow on a sledgesleep

sleep /sli�p/ noun the state of resting natu-rally and unconsciously � to go, to get tosleep to start sleeping � She found it difficultto get to sleep because of the noise of thetraffic. � verb to be in a state of natural restand unconsciousness � Did you sleep well? �I can’t sleep sitting upright. (NOTE: sleep-ing – slept)sleeper

sleeper /�sli�pə/ noun 1. RAIL TRAVEL asleeping car 2. RAIL TRAVEL an overnighttrain with sleeping cars � The Edinburghsleeper leaves at 11.30 p.m. � The sleeperfrom Moscow to St Petersburg is one of Rus-sia’s great rail journeys. 3. HOTELS an emptyroom which is shown as being occupied onthe reservations boardsleeper seat

sleeper seat /�sli�pə si�t/ noun TRAVEL acomfortable seat on an aircraft, boat or trainwhich can be reclined so that you can sleepmore easily

sleep insleep in /�sli�p �n/ verb to sleep in thebuilding where you work � Most of the res-taurant staff sleep in.sleeping bagsleeping bag /�sli�pŋ b�#/ noun aquilted bag for sleeping in a tent, etc.sleeping carsleeping car /�sli�pŋ kɑ�/ noun RAILTRAVEL a special coach on a railway train,with beds where passengers can sleepsleeping pillsleeping pill /�sli�pŋ pl/, sleeping tab-let /�sli�pŋ �t�blət/ noun MEDICAL a pillwhich makes you go to sleep or keeps youasleepsleeping sicknesssleeping sickness /�sli�pŋ �sknəs/noun MEDICAL an African disease, spread bythe tsetse fly, where trypanosomes infest theblood

COMMENT: Symptoms are headaches,lethargy and long periods of sleep. Thedisease is fatal if not treated.

sleep outsleep out /�sli�p aυt/ verb HOTELS not tosleep in a hotel room, even if it has been paidforsleep-out staffsleep-out staff /�sli�p aυt �stɑ�f/ nounHOTELS staff who do not sleep in a hotelsleighsleigh /sle/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a largesledge pulled by horses or reindeer, etc. � Atthe ski resort you can go out for sleigh rides.sliceslice /slas/ noun a thin piece cut off some-thing � a slice of bread � two slices of cake� Can you cut me another slice of beef,please? � verb to cut into slicessliced breadsliced bread /�slast �bred/ noun BREAD,ETC. a loaf of bread which has already beensliced mechanically before it is soldslice of breadslice of bread /�slas əv �bred/ nounCATERING a thin piece cut from a loafslicerslicer /�slasə/ noun CATERING a machinefor slicing meat, bread, etc.slideslide /slad/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT aslippery surface on ice 2. a slippery metal orplastic slope for children to slide down 3. asmall piece of film which can be projectedonto a screen � verb to move smoothly overa slippery surface (NOTE: sliding – slid)slide projectorslide projector /�slad prə |�d$ektə/ nounan apparatus for making pictures from slidesappear on a screenslipslip /slp/ noun 1. a small, often carelessmistake � He made a couple of slips in add-ing up the bill. 2. a small piece of paper �verb to slide by mistake � She slipped on thepolished floor and broke her leg.slip clothslip cloth /�slp klɒθ/ noun CATERINGsame as napperonslip roadslip road /�slp rəυd/ noun ROAD TRAVEL aroad which leads onto or off a motorway �You must not park on the slip road.

Leisure.fm Page 284 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

285 smoking areasloe gin

sloe gin /�sləυ �d$n/ noun BEVERAGES ginflavoured with the juice of blackthorn berriesslop basin

slop basin /�slɒp �bes(ə)n/ noun CATER-ING a bowl placed on a table into which wasteliquid such as cold dregs from teacups can beputslope

slope /sləυp/ noun a slanting piece ofgroundslot

slot /slɒt/ noun 1. a narrow opening forputting a coin into 2. a set time and placeavailable for doing something � The airlinehad requested more takeoff and landing slotsat the airport.

‘…airlines, airports and even governments arearguing about the best way of allocating slots atcongested airports’ [Airliner World]

slot machine

slot machine /�slɒt mə|�ʃi�n/ noun sameas vending machineslow lane

slow lane /�sləυ len/ noun ROAD TRAVELsame as inside laneslush

slush /sl�ʃ/ noun half-melted snow � Thesnow has started to melt and the roads arecovered with slush.small ads

small ads /�smɔ�l �dz/ plural noun sameas classified ads � Look in the small ads tosee if there are any cottages to let in Wales.small change

small change /�smɔ�l �tʃend$/ nouncoinssmall to medium-sized enterprise

small to medium-sized enterprise,small to medium-size enterprise noun abusiness with 1 to 250 employees. AbbrSMEsmart card

smart card /�smɑ�t kɑ�d/ noun FINANCE acredit card with a microchip, used for with-drawing money from cash dispensers or forbuying at automatic terminalsSME

SME abbreviation small to medium-sizedenterprisesmell

smell /smel/ noun something which youcan sense with the nose � the smell of coffeecoming from the restaurant � verb 1. tosense something through the nose � I cansmell burning 2. to have a particular smell �The room smells of cheese. (NOTE: smelling– smelt or smelled)

COMMENT: The senses of smell and tasteare closely connected, and together givethe real taste of food. Smells are sensedby receptors in the nasal cavity whichtransmit impulses to the brain. When foodis eaten, the smell is sensed at the sametime as the taste is sensed by the tastebuds, and most of what we think of astaste is in fact smell, which explains whyfood loses its taste when someone has acold and a blocked nose.

smelt

smelt /smelt/ noun SEAFOOD a small ediblesea fish (NOTE: There is no plural form.)

smokesmoke /sməυk/ noun vapour and gas givenoff when something burns � verb 1. CATER-ING to preserve food such as meat, fish,bacon, cheese, by hanging it in the smokefrom a fire � As soon as the fish are caught,we select some for smoking. 2. to breathe insmoke from something such as a cigarette �He asked if he could smoke his pipe in therestaurant.smokedsmoked /sməυkt/ adjective CATERINGpreserved by hanging in the smoke of a fire� We had smoked reindeer as an entrée.smoke detectorsmoke detector /�sməυk d |�tektə/ nouna device which is sensitive to smoke, and setsoff alarms or sprinklers when it sensessmoke � Smoke detectors are fitted in all therooms. � All the men smoked cigars, and thisset off the smoke detectors.smoked haddocksmoked haddock /�sməυkt �h�dək/noun SEAFOOD a common smoked fish,which is yellow in coloursmoked salmonsmoked salmon /�sməυkt �s�mən/noun SEAFOOD salmon which has been curedby smoking, and is served in very thin slices,usually with brown bread and lemon, as anhors d’oeuvresmoke-freesmoke-free /�sməυk fri�/ adjective with-out anyone smoking � The landlord is press-ing for the right to run a smoke-free pub. �Each restaurant has to designate a smoke-free area.smokelesssmokeless /�sməυkləs/ adjective makingno smokesmokeless zonesmokeless zone /�sməυkləs �zəυn/noun an area of a town where you are notallowed to make any smokesmokersmoker /�sməυkə/ noun 1. somebody whosmokes cigarettes, etc. � We only have twomembers of staff who are smokers. 2. RAILTRAVEL a railway carriage where you cansmoke

‘…a report published in the Journal of the Amer-ican Health Association found that restaurantstaff were exposed to up to four-and-a-half timesthe level of atmospheric smoke as people wholive with smokers, while exposure for bar staffwas up to six times as great’ [Caterer & Hotel-keeper]

smokingsmoking /�sməυkŋ/ noun the act ofsmoking a cigarette � ‘no smoking’ do notsmoke here � Please extinguish your ciga-rettes when the ‘no smoking’ signs light up.

‘…the ruling came into force last week, makingLos Angeles the largest city in the USA to makesmoking in eating places a punishable offence’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

smoking areasmoking area, smoking section noun asection of a restaurant, plane, etc., wheresmoking is allowed

Leisure.fm Page 285 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

smoking room 286smoking room

smoking room /�sməυkŋ ru�m/ nounENTERTAINMENT a special room in a hotel orclub where people can smoke, and which isalso often used for playing cardssmoothie

smoothie /�smu�ði/ noun BEVERAGES adrink made from puréed fruit, sometimeswith milk, yoghurt, or ice creamsmorgasbord

smorgasbord /�smɔ�bəzbɔ�d/ nounCATERING Swedish buffet of many colddishes � For lunch there will be a smorgas-bord.smuggle

smuggle /�sm�#(ə)l/ verb BUSINESS totake goods into a country illegally withoutdeclaring them to the customs � They had tosmuggle the computer disks into the country.smuggler

smuggler /�sm�#lə/ noun somebody whosmugglessmuggling

smuggling /�sm�#lŋ/ noun BUSINESS theact of taking goods illegally into a country �He made his money in cigarette smuggling.snack

snack /sn�k/ noun CATERING a light meal,or a small amount of food eaten � We didn’thave time to stop for a proper lunch, so justhad a snack on the motorway.snack bar

snack bar /�sn�k bɑ�/ noun CATERING asmall simple restaurant where you can havea light meal, usually sitting at a counter � Hemet the girl by chance in a snack bar atWaterloo Station.snapper

snapper /�sn�pə/ noun SEAFOOD a type ofPacific fishsnood

snood /snu�d/ noun CATERING a cloth bagwhich is worn over the hair, especially bypeople preparing or selling foodsnooker

snooker /�snu�kə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT agame like billiards played with twenty-twoballs of various colours, the object being tohit a white ball so that it sends a ball ofanother colour into one of the ‘pockets’ atthe edge of the tablesnooker table

snooker table /�snu�kə �teb(ə)l/ nounENTERTAINMENT a table on which snooker isplayedsnooze

snooze /snu�z/ noun a short sleep � verbto sleep lightly for a short timesnooze button

snooze button, snooze control noun abutton on an alarm clock which resets thealarm to go off again after a short timesnorkel

snorkel /�snɔ�k(ə)l/ noun SPORT a tubewhich goes from the mouth or mask of anunderwater swimmer to the surface to allowhim to breathe in airsnorkelling

snorkelling /�snɔ�k(ə)lŋ/, snorkelingUS /�snɔ�klŋ/ noun � to go snorkelling togo swimming with a snorkel � Snorkellinghas become my favourite holiday sport.

snowsnow /snəυ/ noun water which falls aswhite flakes of ice crystals in cold weather �Snow fell all night on the mountains. � verbto fall as snow � It snowed heavily during thenight.snowblindnesssnowblindness /�snəυblandnəs/ nounMEDICAL a temporary painful blindnesscaused by bright sunlight shining on snowsnowboardsnowboard /�snəυbɔ�d/ noun SPORT atype of board similar to a surfboard, onwhich you slide down snow slopessnowboardersnowboarder /�snəυbɔ�də/ noun SPORTsomebody who slides down snow slopes ona snowboard

‘…skiers think snowboarders are responsible foran increasing number of collisions but there is nostatistical evidence to support this contention. Onthe other hand, snowboarders are about ten timesmore likely to injure themselves than skiers’[The Sunday Times]

snow cannonsnow cannon /�snəυ �k�nən/ noun amachine which makes snow when there isnot enough snow on ski runssnow conditionssnow conditions /�snəυ kən|�dʃ(ə)nz/plural noun the type and thickness of snowsnowdriftsnowdrift /�snəυdrft/ noun a heap ofsnow which has been piled up by the wind �The lane was blocked by a huge snowdrift.snowfallsnowfall /�snəυfɔ�l/ noun the quantity ofsnow which comes down at any one time � Aheavy snowfall blocked the main roads.snowfieldsnowfield /�snəυfi�ld/ noun a permanentlarge flat area of snowsnowflakesnowflake /�snəυflek/ noun a smallpiece of snow formed from a number of icecrystalssnowlinesnowline /�snəυlan/ noun the level on ahigh mountain above which there is perma-nent snowsnowmobilesnowmobile /�snəυməbi�l/ noun ROADTRAVEL a vehicle with caterpillar tracks spe-cially designed for driving on snowsnowploughsnowplough /�snəυplaυ/ noun ROADTRAVEL a heavy vehicle with a plough on thefront for clearing snow off roads, railways,etc. (NOTE: The US spelling is snowplow.)snow reportsnow report /�snəυ r |�pɔ�t/ noun TOUR-ISM a report from a resort, telling how muchsnow there is and of what typesnowshoeingsnowshoeing /�snəυʃuŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of walking on snow-covered terrainwearing snowshoessnowshoessnowshoes /�snəυʃu�z/ plural nounframes shaped like tennis rackets with a lightweb, which are tied under the feet for walk-ing on snowsnowstormsnowstorm /�snəυstɔ�m/ noun a heavyfall of snow accompanied by wind

Leisure.fm Page 286 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

287 sole ownersnowtrain

snowtrain /�snəυtren/ noun RAIL TRAVELa special train that goes direct to ski resortssnow tyres

snow tyres /�snəυ �taəz/ plural nounROAD TRAVEL special tyres with thick treads,for use when driving on snowsoap

soap /səυp/ noun a substance which youwash with, made from oils and usually witha pleasant smell � Two small bars of soap areprovided in the bathroom. � There is a liquidsoap dispenser in the gents’ toilets.soapdish

soapdish /�səυpdʃ/ noun a dish in whicha bar of soap can be put � Is there a soapdishin the shower cubicle?socio-economic group

socio-economic group /�səυʃiəυ�i�kənɒmk �#ru�p/ noun a group in societydivided according to income and position,classified by letters A, B, C, D, and Esocket

socket /�sɒkt/ noun � (electric) socket ahollow device into which a light bulb can befitted, or a set of holes into which an electricplug can be fitted � There is a socket on thewall that you can plug your laptop into. �This plug doesn’t fit that socket.

COMMENT: Sockets vary considerablyfrom country to country. In Europe, sock-ets usually have holes for two round pins.In the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan,sockets take two flat pins. In Britain, sock-ets take three flat pins. Travellers shouldalways carry adaptor plugs.

soda

soda /�səυdə/ noun 1. CATERING a com-pound of sodium 2. US BEVERAGES any fizzynon-alcoholic sweet drinksoda biscuit

soda biscuit /�səυdə �bskt/ nounBREAD, ETC. a dry salty biscuitsoda fountain

soda fountain /�səυdə �faυntn/ nounCATERING a bar where sweet drinks and icecream are servedsoda siphon

soda siphon /�səυdə �saf(ə)n/ nounBEVERAGES a bottle with a special spout,filled with water and gas under pressure,used for serving soda water at table or in aloungesoda water

soda water /�səυdə �wɔ�tə/ noun BEVER-AGES water made fizzy by putting gas into it,drunk with alcohol or fruit juicesodium bicarbonate

sodium bicarbonate /�səυdiəm ba|

�kɑ�bənət/ noun CATERING a chemical com-pound, formula NaHCO3, used as a raisingagent in baked goods and to make fizzydrinks fizzysofa

sofa /�səυfə/ noun a long seat with a softback on which several people can sit � Hehad to sleep on the sofa.sofabed

sofabed /�səυfəbed/ noun a type of sofawhich can fold out to form a bed � The chil-dren can sleep on the sofabed in the lounge.

soft

soft /sɒft/ adjective not hard � The beds aretoo soft: I prefer a hard bed.soft-boiled egg

soft-boiled egg /�sɒft bɔld �e#/ nounFOOD an egg which has been cooked in boil-ing water for a short time so that the yolk ishot, but still liquidsoft cheese

soft cheese /�sɒft �tʃi�z/ noun DAIRYcheese which is soft or soft in the middle,e.g. Camembert or Briesoft currency

soft currency /�sɒft �k�rənsi/ nounFINANCE the currency of a country which hasa weak economy, so that the currency ischeap to buy and difficult to exchange forother currenciessoft drink

soft drink /�sɒft drŋk/ noun BEVERAGESa drink which is not alcoholic, sold eitherready prepared in a bottle or can or in con-centrated form which can be mixed withwatersoft fruit

soft fruit /�sɒft �fru�t/ noun FRUIT a gen-eral term for all fruits and berries that have arelatively soft flesh, and so cannot be kept,except in some cases by freezing, e.g. rasp-berries, strawberries, blueberries and black-berriessoft ice cream

soft ice cream /�sɒft as �kri�m/ nounDESSERTS ice cream mixed with air, dis-pensed from a machinesolarium

solarium /sə |�leəriəm/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a room where you can enjoy real orartificial sunlightsold out

sold out /�səυld �aυt/ adjective no longeravailable because all the items have beensoldsole

sole /səυl/ adjective only � noun SEAFOODa type of flat sea fish with delicate whiteflesh � She ordered a grilled sole and a glassof white wine.

COMMENT: The two types of sole are‘Dover sole’ and ‘lemon sole’; Dover solesare more oval in shape, lemon soles aremore rounded.

sole agency

sole agency /�səυl �ed$ənsi/ noun BUSI-NESS an agreement to be the only person torepresent a company or to sell a product in aparticular area � He has the sole agency forthe tour company.sole agent

sole agent /�səυl �ed$ənt/ noun BUSI-NESS somebody who has the sole agency fora company or a product in an area � She isthe sole agent for the airline.sole owner

sole owner /�səυl �əυnə/, sole proprie-tor /�səυl prə|�praətə/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who owns a business on his or herown, with no partners, without forming acompany

Leisure.fm Page 287 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sole trader 288sole tradersole trader /�səυl �tredə/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who runs a business by them-selves but has not registered it as a companysommeliersommelier /sɒ |�meliə/ noun CATERING aFrench noun meaning wine waiter, the per-son in charge of serving the wines in a res-taurantson et lumièreson et lumière /�sɒn e �lu�mieə/ nounENTERTAINMENT an entertainment consistingof sound and lighting effects, shown in theopen air at night and usually based around ahistoric building � The son et lumière beginsat 22.00. � All the tickets for the son etlumière have been sold.sorbetsorbet /�sɔ�be/ noun DESSERTS sweet fla-voured ice made with water and flavouringand sometimes cream � a raspberry sorbet(NOTE: The US English is sherbet.)SOSSOS /�es əυ �es/ noun 1. an internationalsignal to show that you are in distress, inwhich the letters ‘s’, ‘o’, and ‘s’ are repeatedin Morse code � They sent out SOS mes-sages. 2. a message broadcast to say thatsomeone is ill and asking a relative to get incontact � This is an SOS for Mr Smith, atpresent holidaying in Scotland, to say thathis mother is dangerously ill.soufflésoufflé /�su�fle/ noun FOOD a light cookeddish, made from beaten egg whites andcream or custard, with sweet or savoury fla-vouring, eaten hot � a cheese soufflé � alemon soufflésouksouk /su�k/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a marketin an Arab country � You must visit the soukin Marrakech.soundproofsoundproof /�saυndpru�f/ adjective notallowing sound to pass through � The radiocommentators sit in a soundproof cabin. �verb to make a building soundproof � All thebedrooms in the hotel are soundproofed.soundproofingsoundproofing /�saυndpru�fŋ/ noun 1.the act of protecting something against noise2. material which protects against noisesoundproof windowsoundproof window /�saυndpru�f�wndəυ/ noun a window which preventsnoise from outside getting into a roomsoupsoup /su�p/ noun FOOD a liquid dish usu-ally eaten at the beginning of a meal

COMMENT: Note various words for soup:thick vegetable soup is a ‘potage’; soupmade from shellfish is a ‘bisque’; clearmeat soup is ‘consommé’; cream soup is‘crème’ or ‘velouté’.

soup bowlsoup bowl /�su�p bəυl/ noun CATERING aspecial deep dish in which soup is servedsoup chefsoup chef /�su�p ʃef/ noun CATERING thechef in charge of making soups. Also calledchef potager

soupçon

soupçon /�su�psɒn/ noun CATERING avery small amount � Just add a soupçon ofcurry powder.soup plate

soup plate /�su�p plet/ noun CATERING awide deep plate in which soup is served, asopposed to a soup bowlsoup spoon

soup spoon /�su�p spu�n/ noun CATER-ING a specially large flat spoon, for eatingsoupsour

sour /�saυə/ adjective 1. not sweet, sharp-tasting 2. CATERING having gone badsourness

sourness /�saυənəs/ noun CATERING thestate of being soursous-chef

sous-chef /�su� ʃef/ noun CATERING achef with less experience, who is the assist-ant to the main chef in a restaurant kitchen(NOTE: sous-chef comes from the Frenchnoun meaning ‘under-chef’.)soused herring

soused herring /�saυst �herŋ/ nounSEAFOOD herring which has been pickled invinegar and herbssous vide

sous vide /�su� �vi�d/ noun CATERING amethod of preparing ready-cooked food forresale, where the food is heat-sealed in plas-tic trays or in plastic bags with some of theair removed from the containersouth

south /saυθ/ noun 1. the direction facingtowards the sun at midday � Look south fromthe mountain, and you will see the city in thedistance. � The city is to the south of themountain range. � The wind is blowing fromthe south. 2. the part of a country to the southof the rest � The south of the country iswarmer than the north. � She went to live inthe south of England. � adjective referring tothe south � The south coast is popular forholidaymakers. � Cross to the south side ofthe river. � adverb towards the south � Godue south for two kilometres, and you willsee the village on your left. � The river flowssouth into the Mediterranean.southbound

southbound /�saυθbaυnd/ adjectivegoing towards the south � There has been anaccident on the southbound carriageway ofthe motorway. � All southbound trains havebeen cancelled.south-east

south-east /�saυθ �i�st/ adjective, adverb,noun the direction between south and east �South-East Asia is an important tradingarea. � The river runs south-east from here.south-easterly

south-easterly /�saυθ �i�stəli/ adjective1. blowing from the south-east 2. towards thesouth-east � The plane was following asouth-easterly route.south-eastern

south-eastern /�saυθ �i�stən/ adjectivereferring to the south-east or situated in the

Leisure.fm Page 288 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

289 sparkling winesouth-east � Kent is a south-eastern countywhere apples grow well.southerlysoutherly /�s�ðəli/ adjective 1. towardsthe south 2. situated in the southsouthernsouthern /�s�ð(ə)n/ adjective of the south� The southern part of the country is warmerthan the north.southernersoutherner /�s�ð(ə)nə/ noun somebodywho lives in or comes from the south � Hewas a southerner who had never been to NewYork before.southernmostsouthernmost /�s�ð(ə)nməυst/ adjec-tive furthest southsouthwardsouthward /�saυθwəd/ adjective, adverbtowards the southsouthwardssouthwards /�saυθwədz/ adverb towardsthe southsouth-westsouth-west /�saυθ �west/ adjective,adverb, noun the direction between southand west � We need to head south-west fortwo miles. � Arizona is in the south-west ofthe United States.south-westerlysouth-westerly /�saυθ �westəli/ adjec-tive 1. blowing from the south-west � Asouth-westerly wind was blowing. 2. towardsthe south-west � We were following a south-westerly direction.south-westernsouth-western /�saυθ �westən/ adjec-tive referring to the south-west or situated inthe south-west � The south-western cornerof England includes Cornwall and Devon.south windsouth wind /�saυθ �wnd/ noun a windwhich blows from the southsouvenirsouvenir /�su�və|�nə/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT something bought which reminds youof the place where you bought it � I boughta tartan scarf as a souvenir of Scotland. �Keep it as a souvenir of your visit. � Theywere selling souvenir programmes of the TestMatch.souvenir shopsouvenir shop /�su�və|�nə ʃɒp/ nounENTERTAINMENT a shop which sells souve-nirs � There are too many souvenir shops onthe seafront.soyasoya /�sɔə/ noun FOOD a plant which pro-duces edible beans which have a high proteinand fat content and very little starchsoya milksoya milk /�sɔə mlk/ noun a milk substi-tute made from soya beans, often with vita-mins and sugar addedsoya saucesoya sauce /�sɔə �sɔ�s/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a salty dark Chinese sauce made fromsoya beanssoybeansoybean /�sɔbi�n/, soya bean /�sɔəbi�n/ noun FOOD a bean from a soya plantsoy saucesoy sauce /�sɔ �sɔ�s/ SAUCES, ETC. sameas soya sauce

spa

spa /spɑ�/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a placewhere mineral water comes out of theground naturally and where people go todrink the water or bathe in it because of itsmedicinal properties � He spends two weeksevery summer at a French spa.

‘…the spa ranges over three floors with all theequipment that the modern exercise fanatic coulddesire, including a rooftop bar that overlooksFifth Avenue’ [Business Traveller]

space

space /spes/ noun an area which is avail-able for something � We still have somespace on the flight.space availability

space availability /�spes ə |�velə |�blti/noun AIR TRAVEL how many empty seatsthere are on a flightspacesaving

spacesaving /�spessevŋ/ adjectivecompact or which folds, and so saves spacespaghetti

spaghetti /spə|�#eti/ noun FOOD long thinstrips of pasta � I ordered spaghetti with aspecial cream sauce.

COMMENT: Spaghetti is boiled in saltwater, and eaten either simply with butteror olive oil, or with certain sauces.

spaghetti bolognese

spaghetti bolognese /spə|�#eti �bɒlə |

�nez/ noun FOOD spaghetti with meat andtomato saucespaghetti carbonara

spaghetti carbonara /spə |�#eti �kɑ�bə|

�nɑ�rə/ noun FOOD spaghetti with egg andbacon saucespare

spare /speə/ adjective available but notbeing used � There is a spare toilet roll in thebathroom cupboard. � spare battery, sparebulb a battery or electric bulb which is keptto replace another one which is worn out orbrokenspare part

spare part /�speə �pɑ�t/ noun a piece ofmachinery used instead of a piece which isbroken or worn out. Also called replace-ment partspare ribs

spare ribs /�speə �rbz/ noun FOOD porkribs cooked in a savoury sauce � We are hav-ing spare ribs for the barbecue.spare room

spare room /�speə �ru�m/ noun a bed-room which a family does not usespare time

spare time /�speə �tam/ noun the timewhen you are not at work � He built himselfa car in his spare time.sparkling

sparkling /�spɑ�klŋ/ adjective BEVER-AGES with bubbles in itsparkling water

sparkling water /�spɑ�klŋ �wɔ�tə/ nounBEVERAGES mineral water which has bubblesin itsparkling wine

sparkling wine /�spɑ�klŋ �wan/ nounBEVERAGES wine which has bubbles in it �Champagne is a sparkling wine from France.

Leisure.fm Page 289 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

spatchcock 290spatchcock

spatchcock /�sp�tʃkɒk/ noun MEAT achicken or other fowl that is split, dressedand grilledspa town

spa town /�spɑ� taυn/ noun TOURISM atown which has a spa � Bath is the oldest spatown in England.speak

speak /spi�k/ verb 1. to say words, to talk� She spoke to me when the meeting wasover. � He walked past me without speaking.� I will speak to the manager about the serv-ice. 2. to be able to say things in a foreignlanguage � Our restaurant staff can all speakFrench. � Is there anyone in the hotel whocan speak Russian?speaker

speaker /�spi�kə/ noun 1. somebody whospeaks � There is an Arabic speaker to helpthe tour guide. � he is a popular speakermany people come to hear him give speechesat meetings 2. a loudspeaker � One of thespeakers in the car doesn’t work.-speaking

-speaking /spi�kŋ/ suffix able to speak alanguage � a Japanese-speaking tour guidespecial

special /�speʃ(ə)l/ adjective not ordinary,or designed for a specific purpose � nounCATERING a particular dish on a menu �today’s special, special of the day a specialdish prepared for the day and not listed in theprinted menuspecial interest holiday

special interest holiday /�speʃ(ə)l�ntrəst �hɒlde/ noun TOURISM a holidayarranged for people with particular hobbies,such as bird-watching, sketching, etc.speciality

speciality /�speʃi |��ləti/ noun somethingwhich you are known for, which you aregood at � The speciality of the restaurant isits fish soup.speciality restaurant

speciality restaurant /�speʃi�ləti�rest(ə)rɒnt/ noun CATERING a restaurantwhich specialises in one type of foodspecial offer

special offer /�speʃ(ə)l �ɒfə/ noun MAR-KETING goods put on sale at a specially lowprice � We have a range of luggage on spe-cial offer.special rates

special rates, special terms plural nouna cheaper tariff offered for a particular rea-son � The hotel has special rates for fami-lies. � We offer special terms for groups.specific humidity

specific humidity /spə|�sfk hju� |

�mdəti/ noun the ratio between the amountof water vapour in air and the total mass ofthe mixture of air and water vapourspeed

speed /spi�d/ noun the rate at which some-thing moves or is done � verb ROAD TRAVELto drive a car faster than the legal speed � Hewas stopped for speeding.

speedboat

speedboat /�spi�dbəυt/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a racing motor boat � The windsurferswere almost killed by the speedboat.speed limit

speed limit /�spi�d �lmt/ noun the legalspeed which is enforced in some areas � Thespeed limit is 30 mph in towns.spend

spend /spend/ verb 1. ROAD TRAVEL to paymoney � They spent all their savings on buy-ing the shop. 2. to use time � The averagevisitor spends about two hours in themuseum. (NOTE: spending – spent) � nounsame as expenditure � The number of long-haul visitors from the USA and their spendalso declined by 1%. � The café is attractingan average food and drink spend of $25 perperson.spice

spice /spas/ noun FOOD a substance madefrom the roots, flowers, seeds or leaves ofplants, used to flavour food � Cloves, cinna-mon and nutmeg are the main spices I use. �You need lots of spices for Indian cookery. �verb CATERING to add spice to a dish � Apinch of mustard will spice up the sauce.

COMMENT: The commonest spices aresalt, pepper and mustard. Others oftenused are cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nut-meg, paprika, turmeric (in pickles), andthe various spices which make up currypowders.

spiced

spiced /spast/ adjective CATERING withspices added � spiced chicken wingsspiciness

spiciness /�spasnəs/ noun CATERINGthe taste of spicesspicy

spicy /�spasi/ adjective CATERING tastingof spices � She loves spicy Indian food. �Mexican cooking is hot and spicy.spill

spill /spl/ noun the act of letting liquid fallby mistake � Waiters should know how todeal with spills. � verb to pour a liquid or apowder out of a container by mistake � Hespilt coffee over the tablecloth. � The waiterspilt white wine down the front of the guest’sdress. (NOTE: spilling – spilled or spilt)spinach

spinach /�spnd$/ noun VEGETABLES acommon green-leaved vegetable � We hadchicken, potatoes and spinach. (NOTE: Thereis no plural form: some spinach; a spoonfulof spinach.)spirit

spirit /�sprt/ noun BEVERAGES a strongalcoholic drink, e.g. whisky, gin or brandy �The club is licensed to sell beers, wines andspirits.spirit burner

spirit burner, spirit lamp noun CATERINGapparatus in which methylated spirits isburned, used to keep food hot on the table, orto cook food rapidly next to the table

Leisure.fm Page 290 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

291 spring rollspit

spit /spt/ noun CATERING a long metal rodpassed through meat which turns so that themeat is evenly cooked � spit-roasted porksplit menu

split menu /�splt �menju�/ noun CATER-ING a menu which offers two or more menuoptions, which are pre-agreed with theguests before arrivalsplit shift

split shift /�splt ʃft/ noun BUSINESS asystem where working shifts are dividedspoil

spoil /spɔl/ verb 1. to make something bador unpleasant � The trip was spoilt by thebad weather. � Rain spoiled our picnic. 2. togo bad � The dish will spoil quickly unlessyou keep it in the fridge. (NOTE: spoiling –spoilt or spoiled)spoilage

spoilage /�spɔld$/ noun CATERING foodgoing bad, such as fruit rotting when over-ripespoke

spoke /spəυk/ noun AIR TRAVEL a domesticflight from a central airport connecting withinternational flightssponge bag

sponge bag /�sp�nd$ b�#/ noun a smallbag for carrying soap, flannel, toothbrushand other toilet articlessponge cake

sponge cake /�sp�nd$ kek/, spongepudding /sp�nd$ �pυdŋ/ noun BREAD,ETC. a light soft cake or pudding made fromflour, eggs, sugar and fat � You need slices ofsponge cake to make a trifle.sponsor

sponsor /�spɒnsə/ BUSINESS noun 1. acompany which pays to help a sport, inreturn for advertising rights 2. a companywhich pays for a radio or TV programme asa way of advertising its products � verb topay money to help business development inreturn for advertising � to sponsor a televi-sion programme � The company has spon-sored the football match.sponsorship

sponsorship /�spɒnsəʃp/, sponsoringnoun BUSINESS the act of paying to helpbusiness development in return for advertis-ingspoon

spoon /spu�n/ noun 1. an eating utensilwith a bowl and a long handle � Use a spoonto eat your pudding. � We need a big spoonto serve the soup. 2. same as spoonful � Putthree spoons of coffee into the cafetière. �verb � to spoon something into somethingto put something in with a spoonspoonful

spoonful /�spu�nfυl/ noun the amountwhich a spoon can hold � She always takesher coffee with two spoonfuls of sugar. Alsocalled spoonsport

sport /spɔ�t/ noun a game or activity thatinvolves physical exercise and skill, e.g.football, hockey or tennis

sports centresports centre /�spɔ�ts �sentə/ noun agroup of connected buildings in which thereare facilities for various sportssports facilitiessports facilities /�spɔ�tz fə |�slətiz/ plu-ral noun the equipment and buildings forplaying sports, e.g. tennis courts and swim-ming pools � The club has extensive sportsfacilities.sports hallsports hall /�spɔ�ts hɔ�l/ noun a largebuilding where indoor sports such as basket-ball are playedsportswearsportswear /�spɔ�tsweə/ noun clothesworn to play sports (NOTE: There is no pluralform.)spotspot /spɒt/ noun a place � on the spot onduty, at one’s post � The fire services were onthe spot in a few minutes.spot checkspot check /�spɒt tʃek/ noun a checkmade suddenly and at random � Customsofficers carry out or make spot checks oncars entering the country.spotlightspotlight /�spɒtlat/ noun a bright lightwhich shines on one small areaspousespouse /spaυs/ noun a husband or wifespouse farespouse fare /�spaυs �feə/ noun TRAVEL aspecially discounted fare for a husband orwife of a passenger travelling on a full-fareticketspratsprat /spr�t/ noun SEAFOOD a very smallherring-like fishspreadspread /spred/ noun FOOD a soft food con-sisting of meat, fish or cheese, which you canspread on something such as bread � Assnacks, they offered us water biscuits withcheese spread. � verb to cover with a layer ofsomething � He spread the butter thickly onhis bread.springspring /sprŋ/ noun 1. a small stream ofwater coming out of the ground � The spawas built in Roman times around hot mineralsprings. 2. a season of the year followingwinter when plants begin to grow and put outleaves � The travel company has brought outits spring catalogue. � We offer spring toursto the bulb fields of Holland.Springboard UKSpringboard UK /�sprŋbɔ�d ju� �ke/noun an organisation in the UK that educatespeople about job opportunities in the hospi-tality, leisure, travel and tourism industriesspring onionspring onion /�sprŋ ��njən/ noun VEGE-TABLES a very small onion with long greenleaves, used in salads and in cooking � Ichopped some spring onions into the salad.(NOTE: The US English is scallion.)spring rollspring roll /�sprŋ �rəυl/ noun FOOD a hotsnack or starter of mixed savoury ingredientsformed into a slightly flattened cylindrical

Leisure.fm Page 291 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

spring tide 292shape, wrapped in thin dough and fried untilcrisp and goldenspring tidespring tide /�sprŋ �tad/ noun a tidewhich occurs at the new and full moon whenthe influence of the sun and moon acttogether and the difference between high andlow water is more than normalspring waterspring water /�sprŋ �wɔ�tə/ noun BEV-ERAGES water which comes from a naturalspringsprinklesprinkle /�sprŋkəl/ verb CATERING toscatter water, sugar, etc. � The chef sprinkledpoppy seeds on the cake.sprinklersprinkler /�sprŋklə/ noun a device forsprinkling watersprinkler systemsprinkler system /�sprŋklə �sstəm/noun a system of automatic fire controlwhich sprinkles water on a fire and is set offby rising heatspritzerspritzer /�sprtsə/ noun BEVERAGES adrink of white wine and soda watersproutsprout /spraυt/ noun 1. a young shoot of aplant 2. VEGETABLES same as Brusselssproutsquaresquare /skweə/ noun 1. a shape with fourequal sides and four right-angled corners 2.an open area in a town, surrounded by build-ingssquare measuresquare measure /�skweə �me$ə/ nounarea in square feet or metres, calculated bymultiplying width and lengthsquashsquash /skwɒʃ/ noun 1. BEVERAGES con-centrated juice of a fruit to which water isadded to make a long drink � a glass oforange squash 2. SPORT a fast game playedwith rackets in a room with high walls 3.VEGETABLES a vegetable like a marrow orpumpkin, etc. � verb to crush or to squeezesomething � Hundreds of commuters weresquashed into the train.squash courtsquash court /�skwɒʃ kɔ�t/ noun SPORTa room with high walls for playing squashsqueezesqueeze /skwi�z/ noun � a squeeze oflemon a few drops of lemon juice � verb tocrush, to press � Ten people tried to squeezeinto the lift.squeezersqueezer /�skwi�zə/ noun CATERING adevice for pressing lemons, oranges, etc., tolet the juice run outsquidsquid /skwd/ noun SEAFOOD a sea animallike a small octopus (NOTE: There is no plu-ral form: a plate of fried squid.)SSSISSSI abbreviation TOURISM Site of SpecialScientific Intereststabiliserstabiliser /�steblazə/, stabilizer noun1. CATERING an artificial substance added toprocessed food to stop the mixture from

changing, as in sauces containing water andfat 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a piece put on thehull of a ship to prevent it from rollingstabilising agent

stabilising agent /�steblazŋ�ed$ənt/ noun CATERING same as stabi-liserstack

stack /st�k/ noun a pile or heap of thingson top of each other � There is a stack ofreplies to our advertisement. � verb 1. to pilethings on top of each other � The skis arestacked outside the chalet. 2. AIR TRAVEL (ofaircraft) to circle round waiting in turn forpermission to land at a busy airport � Wehave had aircraft stacking for over fifteenminutes on busy days.stacking

stacking /�st�kŋ/ adjective designed tobe piled one on top of another � The hall isfurnished with 200 stacking chairs.stadium

stadium /�stediəm/ noun a place wherepeople watch sports, usually having a flatcentral playing area surrounded by risingrows of seatsstaff

staff /stɑ�f/ noun BUSINESS the people whowork for an organisation � to be on the staffor a member of staff or a staff member tobe employed permanently by a company �accounts staff people who work in theaccounts department � senior staff, juniorstaff older or younger members of staff, orpeople in more important or less importantpositions in a company � verb BUSINESS toprovide employees for an organisation � Thebar is staffed with skilled part-timers. � Wehad difficulty in staffing the hotel.staff accommodation

staff accommodation /�stɑ�f ə|�kɒmə|

�deʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS the rooms in a hotelwhere members of staff livestaff agency

staff agency /�stɑ�f �ed$ənsi/ nounBUSINESS an agency which looks for staff fororganisationsstaff appointment

staff appointment /�stɑ�f ə |�pɔntmənt/noun a job on the staffstaff association

staff association /�stɑ�f əsəυsi |�eʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS a society formed by mem-bers of staff of a company to represent themto the management and to organise entertain-mentsstaff catering

staff catering /�stɑ�f �ketərŋ/ noun thework of preparing meals for the staff of ahotel or restaurantstaff cook

staff cook /�stɑ�f �kυk/ noun CATERING achef who cooks meals for the staff of a hotelor restaurantstaff discount

staff discount /�stɑ�f �dskaυnt/ noun adiscount given to people working in the com-pany

Leisure.fm Page 292 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

293 standard lampstaff incentives

staff incentives /�stɑ�f n |�sentvz/ plu-ral noun BUSINESS better pay or conditionsoffered to employees to make them workbetterstaffing

staffing /�stɑ�fŋ/ noun BUSINESS thework of providing employees for an organi-sation � the hotel’s staffing policy thehotel’s views on staff: how many are neededfor each department, if they should be full-time or part-time, what the salaries shouldbe, etc.staffing levels

staffing levels /�stɑ�fŋ �lev(ə)lz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS the numbers of members ofstaff required in departments for them towork efficientlystaffing problems

staffing problems /�stɑ�fŋ �prɒbləmz/plural noun problems to do with staffstaff meals

staff meals /�stɑ�f �mi�lz/ plural nounBUSINESS meals provided for the staff of ahotel or restaurant, noted as a cost in theaccountsstaff restaurant

staff restaurant /�stɑ�f �rest(ə)rɒnt/noun BUSINESS a special restaurant for thestaff of a hotel, club or other organisationstaff training

staff training /�stɑ�f �trenŋ/ noun BUSI-NESS the activity of teaching staff better andmore profitable ways of working � The shopis closed for staff training.staff turnover

staff turnover /�stɑ�f �t��nəυvə/ nounBUSINESS same as labour turnover � Wehope to motivate staff and achieve a reduc-tion in staff turnover.stage

stage /sted$/ noun 1. ENTERTAINMENT thepart of the theatre where the actors perform2. part of a journey � The tour crosses Indiaby easy stages. � verb to put on or arrange aplay, a show, a musical or other performanceor event � The exhibition is being staged inthe conference centre.stagger

stagger /�st�#ə/ verb to arrange holidays,working hours etc. so that they do not allbegin and end at the same time � Staggeredholidays help the tourist industry. � We haveto stagger the lunch hour so that there isalways someone on the switchboard.staggering

staggering /�st�#ərŋ/ noun HOTELS amethod of staffing a hotel in which employ-ees start and end their shifts at different timesso as to ensure that there are always staffavailable to help guestsstainless steel

stainless steel /�stenləs �sti�l/ nounmetal made of steel with a high percentageof chromium, which makes it resistant tostains or rust � a set of stainless steel pans �a stainless steel teapot � stainless steel cut-lery

stair

stair /steə/ noun 1. one step in a series ofsteps, going up or down inside a building 2.� (flight of) stairs a series of steps leadingfrom one floor of a building to the nextstaircarpet

staircarpet /�steəkɑ�pt/ noun a long nar-row piece of carpet for covering stairsstaircase

staircase /�steəkes/ noun a set of stairswhich go from one floor in a building toanother � The staircase is at the back of thebuilding. � You have to go up a spiral stair-case to get to the top of the tower.stairwell

stairwell /�steəwel/ noun the part of abuilding in which the staircase is fitted � Thelift is fitted in the centre of the stairwell.stale

stale /stel/ adjective no longer fresh � Ifyou don’t eat the cakes soon they’ll go stale.� Nobody likes the smell of stale cigarettesmoke.stall

stall /stɔ�l/ noun 1. a wooden stand in amarket, where a trader displays and sells hisor her goods 2. a section of a urinal for onepersonstamp

stamp /st�mp/ noun 1. a device for mak-ing marks on documents, or a mark made inthis way � The invoice has the stamp‘received with thanks’ on it. � The customsofficer looked at the stamps in her passport.2. � (postage) stamp a small piece ofgummed paper which you buy from a postoffice and stick on a letter or parcel so that itcan be sent through the post � You’ll need a£1 stamp to send the letter to Australia. �verb 1. to stick a stamp on a letter or parcel� All the envelopes need to be sealed andstamped. 2. to mark something with a stamp� They stamped my passport when I enteredthe country.stamp machine

stamp machine /�st�mp mə |�ʃi�n/ nouna machine which sells stamps automaticallystamp pad

stamp pad /�st�mp p�d/ noun a soft padof cloth with ink, on which a stamp ispressed before marking paperstand

stand /st�nd/ noun AIR TRAVEL a placewhere an aircraft waits for passengers toboard

‘…ten nose-in stands are available and are capa-ble of handling aircraft up to Airbus A320 size’[Airliner World]

standard

standard /�st�ndəd/ noun the usual qual-ity or usual conditions which other things arejudged against � adjective 1. usual, recom-mended or established � We make a standardcharge of £25 for a thirty-minute session. 2.on a tall polestandard lamp

standard lamp /�st�ndəd l�mp/ noun alamp in a room on a tall pole

Leisure.fm Page 293 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

standard letter 294standard letter

standard letter /�st�ndəd �letə/ noun aletter which is sent without any change tovarious correspondentsstandard rate

standard rate /�st�ndəd ret/ noun thenormal charge for something such as a phonecallStandard Time

Standard Time /�st�ndəd tam/ nounnormal local time as in the winter monthsstand-by

stand-by /�st�nd ba/ adjective AIRTRAVEL referring to a ticket sold at a lowerprice shortly before the departure of a flightwhen there are empty seats remaining on theaircraft � noun AIR TRAVEL same as standbyticket � adjective referring to a passengerwho travels with a standby ticketstandby fare

standby fare /�st�ndba feə/ nounTRAVEL a cheaper fare for a standby ticketstandby ticket

standby ticket /�st�ndba �tkt/ nounAIR TRAVEL a cheaper air ticket which allowsthe passenger to wait until the last moment tosee if there is an empty seat on the planestanding

standing /�st�ndŋ/ noun good reputation� a restaurant of good standing � the finan-cial standing of a companystanding order

standing order /�st�ndŋ �ɔ�də/ nounBUSINESS an instruction given by a customerasking a bank to make a regular payment.Also called banker’s orderstanding time

standing time /�st�ndŋ tam/ nounCATERING the time which a dish should beleft in the microwave oven after cooking andbefore servingstand-up buffet

stand-up buffet /�st�nd �p �bυfe/ nounCATERING a buffet where the guests stand toeat, holding their plates in their handsstar

star /stɑ�/ noun 1. a small bright lightwhich you see in the sky at night 2. a shapewith several regular points, used as a systemof classification � one-star, two-star, three-star, four-star hotel a hotel which has beenclassified with one, two, three or four stars,under a classification system

‘…they have been careful to stay well within thethree-star market and not overload bedroomswith soft furnishings’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]COMMENT: Hotels in the UK are givenstars by the English Tourism Council,together with the RAC and AA; other grad-ing systems include rosettes, ribbons andcrowns. Hotels can also be given stars byinternational guide books such as theMichelin Red Guides. Stars are also usedto indicate how long frozen food can bekept and the temperature of freezers. Onestar means that food can be kept at –6°Cfor one week, two stars at –12°C for fourweeks, and three stars at –18°C for threemonths. Similarly for freezers, each star isequal to –6°C, so a freezer marked or will

keep food at –12°C, which is cold enoughto keep food for one month.

starboard

starboard /�stɑ�bəd/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS the right-hand side of a ship when fac-ing the bow, also used of the right-hand sideof an aircraft � We turned to starboard toavoid the ferry. � People on the starboardside of the plane can see the Statue of Lib-erty.starch

starch /stɑ�tʃ/ noun CATERING the usualform in which carbohydrates exist in food,especially in bread, rice and potatoesstarchystarchy /�stɑ�tʃi/ adjective CATERING con-taining a lot of starch � He eats too muchstarchy food.

COMMENT: Starch is present in commonfoods, and is broken down by the digestiveprocess into forms of sugar.

starlight

starlight /�stɑ�lat/ noun light from thestarsstarlitstarlit /�stɑ�lt/ adjective lit by the light ofthe starsstar rating

star rating /�stɑ� �retŋ/ noun a ratingunder a star system

‘Business travellers accustomed to de luxeaccommodation in Spain will appreciate the factthat several Spanish hoteliers have dropped theirfive-star rating to four, so that guests need onlypay a 6% value added tax instead of the usual lux-ury rate of 15%’ [Business Traveller]‘…star ratings symbolize the level of service,range of facilities and quality of guest care youcan expect. Hotels are required to meet progres-sively higher standards as they move up the scalefrom one to five stars’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

starred

starred /stɑ�d/ adjective given a star as asign of approval � a Michelin-starred restau-rantstartstart /stɑ�t/ noun the beginning of some-thing � to make an early start to set offearly on a trip � verb 1. to begin � The mainfilm starts at 8.15. � The tour starts from thecastle gate. 2. to set a machine going � It isdifficult to start a car in cold weather. � Thecar won’t start – the battery must be flat. 3.� to start to to begin � The weather is start-ing to become warmer. � It was starting toget dark and we were still miles from the cha-let.starterstarter /�stɑ�tə/ noun CATERING the firstcourse in a meal � What do you want as astarter? � We don’t want starters, we’ll gostraight onto the main course.starter motorstarter motor /�stɑ�tə �məυtə/ nounROAD TRAVEL an electric motor in a car whichsets the main engine goingstarting

starting /�stɑ�tŋ/ noun beginningstarting datestarting date /�stɑ�tŋ det/ noun thedate on which something begins

Leisure.fm Page 294 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

295 stealstarting point

starting point /�stɑ�tŋ pɔnt/ noun theplace where something starts � The startingpoint for the excursion is the Post Office.starting salary

starting salary /�stɑ�tŋ �s�ləri/ nounBUSINESS the annual wage given to anemployee when starting work with a com-pany � He was appointed at a starting salaryof £10,000.starve

starve /stɑ�v/ verb not to have enough toeat � I’m starving I’m very hungry(informal)state ownership

state ownership /�stet �əυnəʃp/ nounBUSINESS same as public ownershipstate pension

state pension /�stet �penʃən/ nounsame as government pensionstateroom

stateroom /�stetru�m/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a large cabin on a linerstation

station /�steʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the regularplace where someone works 2. US a place ina hotel, shop or other workplace where aservice is available � The restaurant has ababy-changing station. � The ice station isalong the corridor from your room. 3. � TVstation, radio station a building where TVor radio programmes are produced � The sta-tion broadcasts hourly reports on snow con-ditions.stationery

stationery /�steʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ noun 1. thingssuch as paper, envelopes, pens and ink whichyou use for writing � You can buy food, toi-letries and stationery at the hotel shop. 2.HOTELS in particular, notepaper, envelopes,etc., with the hotel’s name and addressprinted on them � The letter was typed on thehotel stationery.station head waiter

station head waiter /�steʃ(ə)n hed�wetə/ noun CATERING a chief waiter who isin charge of a station, and takes the ordersfrom customersstation manager

station manager /�steʃən �m�nəd$ə/,stationmaster /�steʃ(ə)nmɑ�stə/ nounRAIL TRAVEL somebody in charge of a railwaystationstation waiter

station waiter /�steʃ(ə)n �wetə/ nounCATERING a waiter who serves a particulargroup of four or five tables in a restaurantstatue

statue /�st�tʃu�/ noun a figure of a personcarved in stone or made of metal, etc. � Thestatue of King John is in the centre of thesquare.status

status /�stetəs/ noun a position or condi-tionstatus inquiry

status inquiry /�stetəs n |�kwaəri/noun BUSINESS a check on a customer’scredit rating

statutorystatutory /�st�tʃυt(ə)ri/ adjective fixedby law � There is a statutory period of pro-bation of thirteen weeks.statutory holidaystatutory holiday /�st�tʃυt(ə)ri�hɒlde/ noun a holiday which is fixed bylaw � All employees have at least 2 days’statutory holiday over the Christmas period.staystay /ste/ noun a length of time spent inone place � a three-night stay at a centrallylocated hotel � The tourists were in townonly for a short stay. � Did you enjoy yourstay in London? � verb to spend time in aplace � The party is staying at the Hotel Lon-don. � We always stay at the same resort. �Occupancy rates have stayed below 60% fortwo years.stay overstay over /�ste �əυvə/ verb to stay in aplace for at least one night

‘…the numbers of stay-over visitors increased bytwo per cent, following a six per cent fall in thepreceding year’ [Daily Telegraph]

STBSTB abbreviation TOURISM Scottish TouristBoardSTDSTD abbreviation subscriber trunk diallingsteaksteak /stek/ noun 1. MEAT a thick slice ofbeef cut from the best part of the animal 2.CATERING a thick slice cut across the body ofan animal or fish � a gammon steak � asalmon steaksteak and kidneysteak and kidney /�stek ən �kdni/noun FOOD a typically English combinationof cubes of beef and kidney, which arecooked together with onions in a thick saucein a pie or pudding � a serving of steak andkidney pie � an individual steak and kidneypuddingsteak au poivresteak au poivre /�stek əυ �pwɑ�vrə/noun FOOD a steak which has been grilledand has a sauce made with pepper and pep-percorns poured over itsteak barsteak bar /�stek bɑ�/ noun CATERING arestaurant which only serves steak, withseating for customers at counterssteakhousesteakhouse /�stekhaυs/ noun CATERINGa restaurant serving steak and other grilledfoodsteak knifesteak knife /�stek naf/ noun CATERING avery sharp knife or a knife with a serratededge, used when eating meat (NOTE: The plu-ral form is steak knives.)steak tartaresteak tartare /�stek tɑ�|�tɑ�/ noun FOODa dish of raw minced steak, served mixedwith raw eggs, raw onion and herbsstealsteal /sti�l/ verb to take and keep somethingthat belongs to another person without per-mission � A burglar broke into the hotelroom and stole my wallet. � Keep your pursein your bag or it may get stolen. � The car

Leisure.fm Page 295 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

steam 296was stolen from the hotel car park. (NOTE:stealing – stole – stolen)steam

steam /sti�m/ noun vapour which comesoff hot water � verb CATERING to cook some-thing using the steam from boiling water

COMMENT: Vegetables, fish and poultrycan be cooked by steaming in a containerwith holes in the bottom, placed over a panof boiling water. Juices and vitamins areretained in the food during cooking. Pud-dings, such as steak-and-kidney pudding,are steamed by standing the basin con-taining the pudding in a pan of boilingwater.

steamboat

steamboat /�sti�mbəυt/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a boat powered by steam � Steam-boats criss-crossed the lake.steamed

steamed /sti�md/ adjective CATERINGcooked in steam � One of the desserts on themenu is steamed treacle pudding.steam engine

steam engine /�sti�m �end$n/ noun anengine which is powered by steam pressuresteamer

steamer /�sti�mə/ noun 1. also steam-ship SHIPS AND BOATS a large passenger shippowered by steam � We took the steamerfrom Cape Town to Mombasa. 2. CATERING atype of pan with holes in the bottom which isplaced over boiling water for steaming food� The best way to cook vegetables is in asteamer.steaming oven

steaming oven, steaming cabinet nounCATERING an oven in a restaurant kitchen,used to steam large quantities of food at thesame timesteam railway

steam railway /�sti�m �relwe/ nounRAIL TRAVEL a railway where the engines arepowered by steam pressuresteel

steel /sti�l/ noun a rod of rough metal witha handle, used for sharpening knivessteep

steep /sti�p/ adjective 1. rising or fallingsharply � There’s a very steep hill at theentrance to the town. 2. excessive (informal )� Their prices are a bit steep.stem ginger

stem ginger /�stem �d$nd$ə/ noun FOODround portions of the underground stem of aginger plant, cooked until tender and pre-served in syrupstep

step /step/ noun a stair on a staircase, or aflat rung on a ladder � There are 75 steps tothe top of the tower. � mind the step be care-ful, because the floor level changes and goesup or down with a stepstereo

stereo /�steriəυ/ noun a machine whichplays music or other sound through two dif-ferent loudspeakers � I bought a new pair ofspeakers for my stereo.

sterilisationsterilisation /�sterla |�zeʃ(ə)n/, sterili-zation noun MEDICAL the act of makingsomething free from bacteria or microbessterilisesterilise /�sterlaz/, sterilize verb MEDI-CAL to make something free from bacteria ormicrobessterilised milksterilised milk /�sterəlazd �mlk/ nounDAIRY milk prepared for human consumptionby heating in sealed airtight containers to killall bacteriasterlingsterling /�st��lŋ/ noun FINANCE the stand-ard currency used in the United Kingdom �to quote prices in sterling or to quote sterlingpricessternstern /st��n/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS therear part of a shipsternwheelersternwheeler /�st��nwi�lə/ noun SHIPSAND BOATS a large steamboat with one largepaddle-wheel at the back, as used on theMississippi � We took a trip up the Missis-sippi on an old-fashioned sternwheeler.Compare paddle steamerstewstew /stju�/ noun FOOD a dish of meat andvegetables cooked together for a long time �rabbit stew � verb CATERING to cook for along time in liquid � stewed apples andcream � pears stewed in red winestewardsteward /�stju�əd/ noun TRAVEL some-body who looks after passengers and servesdrinks and food on a ship, plane, or othervehicle, or a similar person who deals withguests in a club, restaurant, hotel, etc.stewardessstewardess /�stju�ə |�des/ noun TRAVEL awoman who looks after passengers andserves drinks and food on a ship or plane, ora similar person who deals with guests in aclub, restaurant, hotel, etc. Also called airhostess, flight attendantstewed applestewed apple /�stju�d ��p(ə)l/ pluralnoun DESSERTS apples which have beencooked until they are soft, served as a dessertstewing steakstewing steak /�stju�ŋ stek/ nounMEAT pieces of beef used to make stewsstickstick /stk/ noun something long and thinsticking plastersticking plaster /�stkŋ �plɑ�stə/ nounan adhesive plaster or tape used to cover asmall wound or to attach a pad of dressing tothe skin (NOTE: The US English calls this bya tradename: Band-Aid.)stillstill /stl/ adjective (of drinks) with no gasbubbles in it � still water � still orange drinkOpposite fizzystillroomstillroom /�stlru�m/ noun (in a hotel) aroom where coffee, tea, and some lightmeals such as afternoon tea are preparedStiltonStilton /�stltən/ noun DAIRY either of twostrong-flavoured British white cheeses made

Leisure.fm Page 296 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

297 storefrom whole milk, one veined with bluemould, the other plainstir

stir /st��/ verb CATERING to mix up a liquidor food � Keep stirring the porridge, or itwill stick to the bottom of the pan.stir-fry

stir-fry /�st�� fra/ verb CATERING to cookvegetables or meat quickly in hot oil in awok, while rapidly stirring � Stir-fry the veg-etables separately, not all together. � nounFOOD vegetables or meat cooked quickly in alittle hot oil � She made a stir-fry of vegeta-bles and bamboo shoots.stock

stock /stɒk/ noun 1. BUSINESS the quantityof goods or raw materials kept by a business� Even if it is cut off by snow, the hotel hassufficient stocks of food to last a week. 2.BUSINESS the goods in a warehouse or shop� in stock, out of stock available or notavailable in the warehouse or shop � to hold2,000 lines in stock � The item went out ofstock just before Christmas but came backinto stock in the first week of January. � Weare out of stock of this item. 3. FOOD liquidmade from boiling bones, etc., in water, usedas a base for soups and sauces � The soup ismade with fish stock. � verb BUSINESS tohold goods for sale in a warehouse or store �to stock 200 linesstock code

stock code /�stɒk kəυd/ noun BUSINESS aset of numbers and letters which refers to anitem of stockstock control

stock control /�stɒk kən|�trəυl/ noun asystem of checking that there is not too muchstock in a warehouse, but just enough tomeet requirements (NOTE: The US term isinventory control.)stock size

stock size /�stɒk saz/ noun BUSINESS ausual size that fits a lot of people or is neededfor many tasks � We only carry stock sizes ofshoes.stock up with

stock up with /�stɒk ��p wð/ verb to buygoods to hold in case of emergency � We’llstock up with food to last us over the holidayweekend.stodgy

stodgy /�stɒd$i/ adjective CATERING heavyand filling to eat and usually fairly tastelessSTOL

STOL /stɒl/ abbreviation AIR TRAVEL shorttake-off and landingstone

stone /stəυn/ noun 1. rock � The church isbuilt of the local grey stone. 2. a small pieceof rock � Stop a moment, I’ve got a stone inmy shoe. 3. a hard seed inside a fruit � Countthe cherry stones on the side of your plate. 4.a measure of weight equalling 14 pounds or6.35 kilograms � I’ve put on weight – I weigh12 stone. (NOTE: In the USA, human bodyweight is always given in pounds.)

stool

stool /stu�l/ noun a seat with no back �bathroom stool a stool placed in a bathroomstopstop /stɒp/ noun 1. � to come to a stop notto go any further � Work on the new marinacame to a stop when the company could notpay the workers’ wages. � The brakes failedand the car came to a stop against a wall. 2.a place where a bus or train lets passengersget on or off � The bus stop is opposite theTown Hall. � There are six stops betweenhere and Marble Arch. 3. � his account is onstop he will not be supplied with anythinguntil he pays what he owes � to put a stopon a cheque to ask a bank not to pay acheque you have written � verb 1. to causesomething not to move any more � Does thisbus stop near the Post Office? � The touristcoach was stopped by customs. � The gov-ernment has stopped the import of cars. � Hestopped his car by the side of the lake. 2. notto do anything any more � The operator hasstopped offering tours to Greece. � The res-taurant stopped serving meals at 12.00 mid-night. � The hotel staff stopped work whenthe company could not pay their wages. �The cleaning staff stop work at 5.30. � Wehave stopped supplying Smith & Co. 3. tostay in a place � They stopped for five nightsat the Grand Hotel. 4. � to stop an accountto stop supplying a customer until they havepaid what they owe � to stop payments notto pay any more money 5. � to stop some-one’s wages to take money out of someone’swages before he or she receives them � Westopped £25 from his pay because he wasrude to the guests.stop-off

stop-off /�stɒp ɒf/ noun TRAVEL same asstopoverstop-off point

stop-off point /�stɒp ɒf �pɔnt/ nounTOURISM a place where you can stop andleave a tour � The trails through the park areeasy to follow and the stop-off points arewell organised and comfortable.stop overstop over /�stɒp �əυvə/ verb to stay for ashort time in a place during a long journey �We stopped over in Hong Kong on the way toAustralia.stopoverstopover /�stɒpəυvə/ noun TRAVEL a shortstay in a place during a long journey � Theticket allows you two stopovers betweenLondon and Tokyo. Also called layover(NOTE: The US English for this is layover.)storagestorage /�stɔ�rd$/ noun the keeping ofgoods in store or in a warehouse � We put ourfurniture into storage.store

store /stɔ�/ noun 1. a supply of food orother materials kept for later use 2. BUSINESSa place in which goods are kept 3. US a shop

Leisure.fm Page 297 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

store card 298� There’s a department store next to thehotel. (NOTE: British English usually usesshop for small businesses.) � verb 1. tokeep for future use 2. to put in a warehousestore card

store card /�stɔ� kɑ�d/ noun BUSINESS acredit card issued by a department storewhich can only be used for purchases withinthat storestorekeeper

storekeeper /�stɔ�ki�pə/, storeman/�stɔ�mən/ noun CATERING somebody wholooks after stores of food, drink, and othersupplies in a hotel’s storeroomstoreroom

storeroom /�stɔ�ru�m/ noun a roomwhere things such as foodstuffs are storedstorm

storm /stɔ�m/ noun violent weather, withwind and rain or snowstorm damage

storm damage /�stɔ�m �d�md$/ noundamage caused by a stormstout

stout /staυt/ noun BEVERAGES strong darkbeerstove

stove /stəυv/ noun same as cookerstraight

straight /stret/ adjective with no turns �The road goes in a straight line across theplain for two hundred kilometres. � adverb1. without turning � The road goes straightacross the plain for two hundred kilometres.� go straight on continue along this roadwithout turning off it � Go straight on pastthe crossroads and then turn left. 2. withoutstopping � The plane flies straight to Wash-ington. 3. BARS with no water or any otherliquid added � He drinks his whisky straight.(NOTE: British English also uses neat.)straight up

straight up /�stret ��p/ adjective servedwithout icestrain

strain /stren/ verb CATERING to pour liq-uid through a sieve to separate solids from it� Boil the peas for ten minutes and thenstrain.strainer

strainer /�strenə/ noun CATERING a uten-sil made with metal or nylon mesh, used toseparate solids from a liquid � a tea strainera small utensil placed over a cup to separatetea leaves from the liquid, used when makingtea with loose tea leavesstrand

strand /str�nd/ verb to leave someonealone and helpless � Her handbag was stolenand she was stranded without any money.stranded

stranded /�str�ndd/ adjective left aloneand helpless � The tourist group wasstranded in the mountain hut by a suddensnowstorm. � The collapse of the holidaycompany left thousands of holidaymakersstranded in Turkey.straw

straw /strɔ�/ noun a long thin tube used forsucking up a drink

strawberry

strawberry /�strɔ�b(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT acommon red heart-shaped soft summer fruit,used in desserts and also preserved as jamstream

stream /stri�m/ noun 1. a small flow ofwater, a small river 2. a continuous flow ofthings � Crossing the road is difficultbecause of the stream of traffic. � Streams ofguests ran out of the burning hotel.streetstreet /stri�t/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a road ina town � the High Street banks main Brit-ish banks which accept deposits from indi-vidual customersstreetcar

streetcar /�stri�tkɑ�/ noun US RAILTRAVEL a form of public transport, with car-riages running on rails laid in the street � Youcan take a streetcar from the station to thecity centre. (NOTE: The British English istram.)street directory

street directory /�stri�t da |�rekt(ə)ri/noun 1. a map of a town with all the streetslisted in alphabetical order in an index 2. alist of the people living in a streetstreet map

street map /�stri�t m�p/, street plan/�stri�t pl�n/ noun a diagram showing thestreets of a town, with their namesstreet market

street market /�stri�t �mɑ�kt/ nounENTERTAINMENT a market held in a street,with stalls along both sides of the roadwaystress

stress /stres/ noun nervous tension orworry � People in positions of responsibilityoften complain of stress-related illnesses. �The new work schedules caused too muchstress on the shop floor.stressed

stressed /strest/ adjective worried andtense, suffering from stress � When you’refeeling stressed it’s better to try to get to bedearly. � You must be very careful in dealingwith stressed customers. � stressed out veryworried and tense (informal)stressful

stressful /�stresf(ə)l/ adjective causingstress � She left his job in the kitchenbecause he found it too stressful.stress management

stress management /�stres�m�nd$mənt/ noun BUSINESS a way ofcoping with stress-related problems at workstress relief

stress relief /�stres r |�li�f/ noun methodsof relieving the effects of stress � He saidthat the workshop on stress relief could beuseful for his staff, who were having to copewith increasingly difficult and stressed cus-tomers.stretch

stretch /stretʃ/ noun a long piece of land,water or road � For long stretches of theTranssiberian Railway, all you see are trees.� Stretches of the river have been so pollutedthat bathing is dangerous. � verb 1. � tostretch to to be enough for � Will your

Leisure.fm Page 298 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

299 sub-franchisemoney stretch to the visit to the temple? �dinner won’t stretch to seven there won’tbe enough food for seven people 2. to spreadout for a great distance � White sandybeaches stretch as far as the eye can see.stretch limostretch limo /�stretʃ �lməυ/ noun ROADTRAVEL a luxurious hire car, which is muchlonger than the normal models, used to carryimportant passengers (informal )strike

strike /strak/ noun 1. BUSINESS a situationwhere employees refuse to work, because ofe.g. bad pay or a lack of agreement withmanagement � All flights are delayed due toa strike by air traffic controllers. 2. � to takestrike action to go on strike 3. � to come outon strike, to go on strike to refuse to work� The baggage handlers are on strike forhigher pay. � to call the workforce out onstrike to tell the employees to stop work �The union called its members out on strike. �verb BUSINESS to stop working because thereis no agreement with management � to strikefor higher wages or for shorter workinghours � to strike in protest against bad work-ing conditions (NOTE: striking – struck)strikebound

strikebound /�strakbaυnd/ adjectivenot able to work or to move because of astrike � The cruise ship is strikebound in thedocks.strikebreaker

strikebreaker /�strakbrekə/ noun anemployee who goes on working while every-one else is on strikestrike callstrike call /�strak kɔ�l/ noun BUSINESS ademand by a union for a strikestrike fund

strike fund /�strak f�nd/ noun BUSINESSmoney collected by a trade union from itsmembers, used to pay strike paystrike paystrike pay /�strak pe/ noun BUSINESSwages paid to striking employees by theirtrade unionstriker

striker /�strakə/ noun an employee who ison strike � Strikers marched to the companyheadquarters.string

string /strŋ/ verb CATERING 1. to removethe stringy fibres from fruit or vegetablesbefore cooking or eating 2. to remove cur-rants from their stalks by sliding them offbetween the prongs of a forkstring beansstring beans /�strŋ �bi�nz/ plural nounVEGETABLES same as green beansstrip

strip /strp/ noun an act of taking yourclothes off, often as an entertainment forother peoplestrip light

strip light /�strp lat/ noun a light madein the form of a tubestrollstroll /strəυl/ noun a slow and short lei-surely walk � After dinner we went for a

stroll through the village. � verb to walkslowly along � On Sunday evenings, every-one strolls along the boulevard.strongstrong /strɒŋ/ adjective with a lot of forceor strength � strong coffee, strong tea cof-fee or tea made with more coffee or tea thanusual � You need a cup of strong black coffeeto wake you up. � I like my tea very strong. �strong pound the pound when it is has ahigh value against other currenciesstudio

studio /�stju�diəυ/ noun a very small flatfor one person, usually one room with asmall kitchen and bathroom � You can rent astudio overlooking the sea for £300 a week inhigh season.

‘…the hotel offers 120 studios and nine apart-ments. Each has a direct telephone line, satelliteTV, sofabed and fully equipped kitchenette. Aself-service laundry is located within the hotel.Studios are for single people or couples, whileapartments can sleep as many as four guests’[Inside Hotels]

study

study /�st�di/ noun the act of examiningsomething carefully to learn more about it �course of study a course at school, collegeor university � verb to learn about a subjectat school, college or university � He’s study-ing hotel management.study tourstudy tour /�st�di �tυə/ noun TOURISM atour of a country or an area which includesvisits, lectures and classesstuffstuff /st�f/ verb CATERING to put stuffinginside meat, fish or vegetables and cook andserve them together as a special dishstuffed tomatoesstuffed tomatoes /�st�ft tə|�mɑ�təυz/plural noun FOOD tomatoes cooked with asavoury mixture inside themstuffed vine leavesstuffed vine leaves /�st�ft �van �li�vz/plural noun FOOD vine leaves cooked with asavoury mixture inside themstuffingstuffing /�st�fŋ/ noun FOOD a mixture ofchopped meat or vegetables with bread-crumbs or rice and herbs and spices, usuallyput inside meat or vegetables � Chicken isoften cooked with a sage and onion stuffing.sturgeonsturgeon /�st��d$ən/ noun SEAFOOD alarge edible fish whose eggs are caviar(NOTE: The plural form is sturgeon.)sub-sub- /s�b/ prefix under, less importantsub-agency

sub-agency /�s�b �ed$ənsi/ noun asmall agency which is part of a large agencysubaquasubaqua /s�b |��kwə/ adjective SPORTreferring to underwater sports � a subaquaclubsub-franchise

sub-franchise /�s�b �fr�ntʃaz/ BUSI-NESS noun a franchise held from a mainfranchise in an area � verb (of a main fran-chise) to license a franchise in an area � The

Leisure.fm Page 299 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sub-franchisee 300master franchise runs three units and sub-franchises two other outlets.sub-franchisee

sub-franchisee /�s�b �fr�ntʃa |�zi�/noun BUSINESS somebody who trades undera sub-franchisesubmarine

submarine /�s�bmə |�ri�n/ noun FOOD asandwich made with a long roll cut horizon-tallysub-post office

sub-post office /�s�b �pəυst �ɒfs/ nouna small post office, usually part of a generalstoresubscriber trunk dialling

subscriber trunk dialling /səb |

�skrabə tr�ŋk �daəlŋ/ noun a telephonesystem where you can dial long-distancenumbers direct from your own telephonewithout going through the operator. AbbrSTDsubsidise

subsidise /�s�bsdaz/ verb to help bysomebody or something by giving themmoney � The government has agreed to sub-sidise the hotel industry.subsidy

subsidy /�s�bsdi/ noun 1. money given tohelp something which is not profitable � Thecountry’s hotel industry exists on govern-ment subsidies. � The government hasincreased its subsidy to the hotel industry. 2.money given by a government to makesomething cheaper � the subsidy on butter orthe butter subsidysubsistence

subsistence /səb |�sstəns/ noun the min-imum amount of food, money, housing, etc.,which a person needs � to live at subsist-ence level to have only just enough money tolive onsubsistence allowance

subsistence allowance /səb |�sstəns ə |

�laυəns/ noun BUSINESS money paid by acompany to cover the cost of accommoda-tion and meals for a member of staff who istravelling on businesssuburb

suburb /�s�b��b/ noun a residential areaon the outskirts of a city or town � She livesin a quiet suburb of Boston. � the suburbsthe residential areas all round a town � Peo-ple who live in the suburbs find the air qual-ity is better than in the centre of town.suburban

suburban /sə|�b��bən/ adjective referringto the suburbs � This is a very a suburbanarea – almost all the men commute to Lon-don every day.suburban line

suburban line /sə|�b��bən lan/ nounRAIL TRAVEL a railway line between the sub-urbs to the centre of a town � Services onsuburban lines have been disrupted by thestrike.suburban trains

suburban trains /sə |�b��bən �trenz/plural noun RAIL TRAVEL trains which runbetween the suburbs and the town centre

subway

subway /�s�bwe/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL apassage underground along which pedestri-ans can pass, as under a busy road 2. US RAILTRAVEL an underground railway system � theNew York subway � He took the subway toGrand Central Station.subzero temperatures

subzero temperatures /�s�bzərəυ�temprtʃəz/ noun temperatures belowzero, ie. below freezing point. � When yougo skiing in Norway you must be preparedfor subzero temperatures.succulent

succulent /�s�kjυlənt/ adjective CATER-ING tender and juicy � a slice of succulentham � They served each of us a succulentpiece of roast chicken.suet

suet /�su�t/ noun FOOD hard fat from ananimal, used in cookingsuet dumplings

suet dumplings /�su�t �d�mplŋz/ plu-ral noun FOOD small balls of flour, suet andwater, flavoured with herbssuet pudding

suet pudding /�su�t �pυdŋ/ noun FOODa dish made with flour and suet, cooked bysteaming or boiling, with a sweet or savouryfillingsugar

sugar /�ʃυ#ə/ noun FOOD any of severalsweet carbohydrates

COMMENT: There are several naturalforms of sugar: sucrose (in plants), lactose(in milk), fructose (in fruit), glucose anddextrose (in fruit and in body tissue). Edi-ble sugar used in the home is a form ofrefined sucrose. All sugars are usefulsources of energy, though excessiveamounts of sugar can increase weight andcause tooth decay. Diabetes mellitus is acondition where the body is incapable ofabsorbing sugar from food.

sugarcraft

sugarcraft /�ʃυ#əkrɑ�ft/ noun CATERINGthe art of decorating cakes with icing sugar,and making designs out of sugarsugar crystals

sugar crystals /�ʃυ#ə �krst(ə)lz/ pluralnoun FOOD large pale brown sugar crystals,used for sweetening coffeesugar cubes

sugar cubes /�ʃυ#ə kju�bz/ plural nounFOOD granulated sugar formed into hardcubessugar-free

sugar-free /�ʃυ#ə fri�/ adjective CATER-ING not containing sugarsugar lump

sugar lump /�ʃυ#ə l�mp/ noun FOOD acube of white sugarsuit

suit /su�t/ noun two or three pieces ofclothing made of the same cloth, usually ajacket and/or waistcoat and trousers or skirtsuitcase

suitcase /�su�tkes/ noun a case or boxwith a handle for carrying clothes and per-sonal belongings when travelling � The cus-toms officer made him open his three suit-cases.

Leisure.fm Page 300 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

301 sunshadesuitcase standsuitcase stand /�su�tkes st�nd/ nounHOTELS a wooden stand in a hotel bedroom,on which you can place your suitcasessuitesuite /swi�t/ noun HOTELS a series of roomswhich make a set, e.g. bedroom, bathroomand sitting room � The hotel has 91 roomsand suites.suite hotelsuite hotel /�swi�t həυ|�tel/ noun HOTELSa hotel where all the accommodation con-sists of suites of roomssultanasultana /s�l|�tɑ�nə/ noun FRUIT a type ofseedless raisin � We will need sultanas forthe Christmas cake. Compare currant, rai-sinsummary sheetsummary sheet /�s�məri ʃi�t/ nounBUSINESS a piece of paper giving details ofsales in a restaurant, itemised by the cashiersummersummer /�s�mə/ noun the warmest seasonof the year following spring, when plantsbegin to make fruit � the summer holidays1. the period during the summer when chil-dren do not go to school, the longest holidaysduring the school year (in the UK about sixweeks, but much longer in the USA) 2. anyholiday taken during the summersummer campsummer camp /�s�mə k�mp/ nounTOURISM a camp organised for children orteenagers during the summer holidayssummer puddingsummer pudding /�s�mə �pυdŋ/ nounDESSERTS a dessert made from slices ofbread lining a basin, which is filled with amixture of soft fruit such as raspberries,strawberries and blackcurrants. It is chilledand usually served with cream.summer schedulesummer schedule, summer timetablenoun TRAVEL a special timetable for planesor trains or ferries, which applies during thehigh seasonsummer schoolsummer school /�s�mə sku�l/ nounclasses held at a school, college or universityduring the summer holiday � She is organis-ing a summer school in Florence on ‘TheItalian Renaissance’.Summer TimeSummer Time /�s�mə tam/ noun sameas Daylight Saving Timesummitsummit /�s�mt/ noun (of a mountain) topsunsun /s�n/ noun 1. a very hot body aroundwhich the Earth revolves and which providesheat and daylight � The sun wasn’t shiningwhen she took the photo. 2. same as sun-shine � She was sitting in the sun on thedeck. � He prefers a table out of the sun.sunbathesunbathe /�s�nbeð/ verb to lie in the sunto get your body brownsunbathersunbather /�s�nbeðə/ noun somebodywho is sunbathing � The pool was sur-rounded by sunbathers.

sunbathingsunbathing /�s�nbeðŋ/ noun lying inthe sun to get your body brown � Sunbathingon the beach at midday is not advised.sunburnsunburn /�s�nb��n/ noun MEDICAL a pain-ful inflammation of the skin caused by beingin the sun for too longsunburntsunburnt /�s�nb��nt/ adjective damagedor made red by the sunsundaesundae /�s�nde/ noun DESSERTS a des-sert of ice cream, cream, fruit and nuts and asweet sauceSunday closingSunday closing /�s�nde �kləυzŋ/ nounthe practice of not opening a shop on Sun-dayssundecksundeck /�s�ndek/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSthe top deck of a passenger ship where peo-ple can sit in the sunsun-drenchedsun-drenched /�s�n drentʃt/ adjectivevery sunny � the sun-drenched beaches ofthe Italian Rivierasun-driedsun-dried /�s�n drad/ adjective CATER-ING dried in the sun to preserve it, a methodusually used with fruit such as tomatoes orfigs or with fish � a jar of sun-dried tomatoessundrysundry /�s�ndri/ adjective, noun varioussundry itemssundry items /�s�ndri �atəmz/, sun-dries /�s�ndriz/ plural noun small itemswhich are not listed in detailsunflower oilsunflower oil /�s�nflaυər ɔl/ noun FOODan edible oil made from the seeds of the sun-flowersunglassessunglasses /�s�n#lɑ�sz/ plural noundark glasses to protect your eyes from thesun � I always wear sunglasses when I’mdriving.sunhatsunhat /�s�nh�t/ noun a hat worn to pro-tect you from the sun � The baby keeps tak-ing his sunhat off.sunlightsunlight /�s�nlat/ noun the light from thesunsun loungesun lounge /�s�n laυnd$/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a room with many large windows,where you can enjoy sunlightsunnysunny /�s�ni/ adjective 1. full of sunlight �The sunniest part of the garden is beyond thetennis courts. 2. with periods, especiallylong periods, during which the sun shines �The weather forecast is for sunny spells dur-ing the morning.sunny side upsunny side up /�s�ni sad ��p/ adjectiveUS FOOD fried without being turned over(informal )sunroofsunroof /�s�nru�f/ noun ROAD TRAVEL apart of a roof of a car which slides opensunshadesunshade /�s�nʃed/ noun same as para-sol � Virginia was sitting in a deckchairunder a sunshade, reading a book.

Leisure.fm Page 301 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sunshine 302sunshine

sunshine /�s�nʃan/ noun light from thesun � London has on average 7.6 hours ofsunshine per day during May. � The westcoast of France has more than 250 days ofsunshine per annum. Also called sunsunspot

sunspot /�s�nspɒt/ noun a place that hasa warm and sunny climate and is usuallypopular as a holiday destinationsunstroke

sunstroke /�s�nstrəυk/ noun MEDICAL anillness caused by being in the sunlight toomuch � In cases of sunstroke patients shouldlie down in a dark room.suntan

suntan /�s�nt�n/ noun a brown colour ofthe skin caused by the sun � I have to get asuntan before I go back to the office other-wise no one will think I have been on holiday.suntan lotion

suntan lotion /�s�nt�n �ləυʃ(ə)n/ noun asubstance which is rubbed on the body toprevent sunburn � Can you put some suntanoil on my back?Super APEX

Super APEX /�su�pə �epeks/ nounTRAVEL a special fare offering cheaper pricesthan the normal APEXsupermarket

supermarket /�su�pəmɑ�kt/ noun alarge store, usually selling food, where cus-tomers serve themselves and pay at a check-out � You can buy all the food you need in thesupermarket next to the holiday apartments.� We’ve got no tea left, can you buy somefrom the supermarket?supersaver

supersaver /�su�pəsevə/ noun an air-line, coach, or train ticket that is cheaper thanthe usual price and must usually be bought aspecific amount of time before the date oftravelsuperstore

superstore /�su�pəstɔ�/ noun BUSINESS avery large self-service store which sells awide range of goodssupervise

supervise /�su�pəvaz/ verb to watchwork carefully to see if it is well done � Shesupervises six girls in the reception area.supervision

supervision /�su�pə|�v$(ə)n/ noun theact of watching work carefully to see if it iswell done � New staff work under supervi-sion for the first three months. � The cashwas counted under the supervision of thehead cashier. � She is very experienced andcan be left to work without any supervision.supervisor

supervisor /�su�pəvazə/ noun a personwhose job is making sure that other peopleare working wellsupervisory

supervisory /�su�pəvazəri/ adjectiveinvolving supervision � supervisory staff �He works in a supervisory capacity.supper

supper /�s�pə/ noun CATERING an eveningmeal, especially a light informal meal � to

have supper to eat an evening meal � We’llhave supper on the terrace.supper menusupper menu /�s�pə �menju�/ nounCATERING a menu containing various lightdishes, served at a suppersupplementsupplement /�s�plmənt/ noun some-thing which is in addition to something else,especially an additional chargesupplementarysupplementary /�s�pl |�ment(ə)ri/adjective in addition � There are no supple-mentary charges – the price is all-inclusive.suppliersupplier /sə |�plaə/ noun BUSINESS a per-son or company which provides somethingwhich is needed � He’s our regular supplierof beverages or our regular beverage sup-plier. � They are major suppliers of equip-ment to the hotel trade.supplysupply /sə|�pla/ noun 1. the act of provid-ing something which is needed � We rely onhim for our supply of cheese or for ourcheese supply. � in short supply not availa-ble in large enough quantities to meet thedemand � Fresh vegetables are in short sup-ply during the winter. 2. a stock of somethingwhich is needed � The restaurant is runningshort of supplies of bread. � Supplies arerunning out – we’ll have to order in somemore stock. � verb to provide somethingwhich is needed � The brewery supplies allthe beer to the hotel. � This company has thecontract to supply the American Embassy. �He supplies the hotel with cheese or He sup-plies cheese to the hotel. (NOTE: You supplysomeone with something or supplysomething to someone. Note also sup-plies – supplying – supplied)surchargesurcharge /�s��tʃɑ�d$/ noun an extraamount to pay � verb to ask someone to payan extra amountsurfsurf /s��f/ noun a line of breaking wavesalong a shore, or the foam from breakingwaves � The surf is too rough for children tobathe. � verb to ride on large waves comingonto a beach on a surf board � He goes surf-ing each weekend. � It’s too dangerous to gosurfing today.surfacesurface /�s��fs/ noun the top part ofsomething � to send a package by surfacemail to send a package by land or sea, not byairsurface transportsurface transport /�s��fs �tr�nspɔ�t/noun TRAVEL transport on land or seasurf and turfsurf and turf /�s��f ən �t��f/ noun CATER-ING a meal, menu, or dish including both sea-food and meat, especially steak and lobstersurfboardsurfboard /�s��fbɔ�d/ noun SPORT aboard which you stand or lie on to ride onbreaking waves � When they went on holiday

Leisure.fm Page 302 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

303 sweet pepperthey took their surfboards on the roof of thecar.surfboatsurfboat /�s��fbəυt/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a light boat for riding on surfsurfersurfer /�s��fə/, surf-rider noun SPORTsomebody who surfssurfingsurfing /�s��fŋ/, surf-riding /�s��fradŋ/noun SPORT the sport of riding on breakingwaves on a board � Surfing is the most pop-ular sport in Hawaii.

‘…as surfing becomes more popular, competi-tion to ride the waves has intensified, resulting ina rising number of violent assaults at beachesworldwide’ [The Sunday Times]

surnamesurname /�s��nem/ noun same as familyname � Her Christian name or first name isAnne, but I don’t know her surname. � Smithis the commonest surname in the London tel-ephone directory.surroundsurround /sə|�raυnd/ verb to be all roundsomething or someone � When the floodscame, the hotel was surrounded by waterand the guests had to be rescued by boat. �The villa is outside the town, surrounded byvineyards.surroundingsurrounding /sə |�raυndŋ/ adjective allaround � Standing on the terrace, you have amarvellous view over the surrounding coun-tryside.surroundingssurroundings /sə |�raυndŋz/ plural nounthe area around a place � The surroundingsof the hotel are very peaceful.surveysurvey noun /�s��ve/ 1. a general reporton something � The Tourist Office has pro-duced a survey of local hotels and the facili-ties they offer. 2. the careful examination of abuilding to see if it is in good enough condi-tion � We have asked for a survey of the hotelbefore buying it. � The insurance company iscarrying out a survey of the damage causedby the storm. 3. the work of taking exactmeasurements of something � verb /sə |�ve/to examine something to see if it is in goodconditionsurveyorsurveyor /sə|�veə/ noun somebody whoexamines buildings to see if they are in goodconditionsushisushi /�su�ʃi/ noun Japanese FOOD a dishconsisting of rice, various pickles, and rawfish, made into little rolls and eaten coldsushi barsushi bar /�su�ʃi bɑ�/ noun CATERING abar where you eat sushi and drink sakesustainablesustainable /sə|�stenəb(ə)l/ adjectivenot damaging to natural resources, leavingthe environment in good condition � Theymake conservatories from sustainable tim-ber. � The table is made of hardwood from asustainable source.

sustainable development

sustainable development /sə |

�stenəb(ə)l d |�veləpmənt/ noun economicdevelopment that does not use up too muchof the earth’s natural resources or cause envi-ronmental pollutionswap

swap /swɒp/ noun the exchange of onething for another � verb to exchange onething for another � She swapped her old carfor a new motorcycle. (NOTE: swapping –swapped) � they swapped jobs each ofthem took the other’s jobswapping

swapping /�swɒpŋ/ noun the act ofexchanging one thing for anothersweat

sweat /swet/ verb CATERING to cook some-thing in a pan in its own juices with a smallamount of fat or oil until tenderswede

swede /swi�d/ noun VEGETABLES a com-mon vegetable with a round root and yellowflesh, used mainly in soups and stewssweet

sweet /swi�t/ adjective not sour, tastinglike sugar � With the fruit, we ordered asweet white wine. � Just one spoon of sugarin my tea – I don’t like it too sweet. � noun1. FOOD a small piece of food made of sugar,eaten as a snack � She bought a bag of sweetsto eat during the film. (NOTE: The US Eng-lish is candy.) 2. same as dessertsweet-and-sour

sweet-and-sour /�swi�t ən �saυə/ adjec-tive CATERING cooked in or served with asauce that has sugar and vinegar among theingredientssweetbread

sweetbread /�swi�tbred/ noun the pan-creas or thymus of a calf, lamb, or otheryoung animal soaked, fried, and eaten asfoodsweet chestnut

sweet chestnut /�swi�t �tʃesn�t/ nounNUTS an edible chestnut � roast turkey andchestnut stuffingsweet corn

sweet corn /�swi�t kɔ�n/ noun VEGETA-BLES maize seeds, eaten as a vegetable eitherremoved from or still attached to the cob �sweet corn covered with melted buttersweeten

sweeten /�swi�t(ə)n/ verb to make some-thing taste sweet or sweeter by adding sugaror another natural or artificial substancesweetener

sweetener /�swi�t(ə)nə/ noun CATERINGan artificial substance added to food to makeit sweet, e.g. saccharinsweetening

sweetening /�swi�t(ə)nŋ/ noun same assweetenersweet pepper

sweet pepper /�swi�t �pepə/ noun VEGE-TABLES the fruit of the Capsicum, which canbe green, red or yellow and is eaten cookedor raw in salads � We had stuffed green pep-pers for lunch. Also called pimento, capsi-cum

Leisure.fm Page 303 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

sweet pickles 304sweet pickles

sweet pickles /�swi�t �pk(ə)lz/ pluralnoun SAUCES, ETC. pickles made with a lotof sugarsweet potato

sweet potato /�swi�t pə |�tetəυ/ nounVEGETABLES a starchy root vegetable grownin tropical and subtropical regions

COMMENT: Called ‘yams’ in the SouthernUSA; the plant has no connection with theordinary potato.

sweet trolley

sweet trolley /�swi�t �trɒli/ noun CATER-ING same as dessert trolleysweet wine

sweet wine /�swi�t �wan/ noun BEVER-AGES wine which is sweet, as opposed to drywine � Are we right to believe that sweetwine must always go with dessert?sweltering

sweltering /�swelt(ə)rŋ/ adjective veryhotswim

swim /swm/ SPORT verb to move throughwater using your arms and legs to make yougo forward � noun a period spent swimming� Let’s go for a swim before breakfast.swimmer

swimmer /�swmə/ noun SPORT some-body who swims � One of the swimmers gotinto difficulties and was saved by the life-guard.swimming

swimming /�swmŋ/ noun SPORT theactivity of moving in water by using yourarms and legsswimming baths

swimming baths /�smŋ bɑ�ðz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT a large building with apublic swimming pool � The teacher tookthe whole class to the swimming baths for aswimming lesson.swimming costume

swimming costume /�swmŋ�kɒstju�m/ noun SPORT a piece of clothingworn when swimming. Also called bathingcostumeswimming pool

swimming pool /�swmŋ pu�l/ nounENTERTAINMENT an enclosed tank of waterfor swimming in � The hotel has an indoorswimming pool. � She swam two lengths ofthe swimming pool.swimming trunks

swimming trunks /�swmŋ tr�ŋks/plural noun SPORT shorts worn by a manwhen swimmingswimsuit

swimsuit /�swmsu�t/ noun SPORT a one-piece swimming costume for women andgirls � She was wearing her blue swimsuit.swing door

swing door /�swŋ �dɔ�/ noun a doorwhich is not attached with a catch, and whichis opened by pushing from either side �There is a swing door between the kitchenand the restaurant.swipe

swipe /swap/ verb to put an electroniccard through a reader by passing it quicklyalong a groove

swipe card

swipe card /�swap kɑ�d/ noun a type ofmagnetic key card which you run down a slotto unlock the doorSwiss franc account

Swiss franc account /�sws �fr�ŋk ə|

�kaυnt/ noun FINANCE a bank account inSwiss francsSwiss roll

Swiss roll /�sws �rəυl/ noun BREAD, ETC.a cake made by rolling up a thin sheet ofsponge cake covered with jam or cream(NOTE: The US English is jelly roll.)switch

switch /swtʃ/ verb to change from onething to another � The waiter had switchedour glasses by mistake. � She switchedflights in Montreal and went on to Calgary.� noun an apparatus for starting or stoppingan electric current � The light switch is nearthe bed.switchboard

switchboard /�swtʃbɔ�d/ noun a centralpoint in a telephone system, where all inter-nal and external lines meet � You shouldphone the switchboard if you want an earlycall.switchboard operator

switchboard operator /�swtʃbɔ�d�ɒpəretə/ noun somebody who works thecentral telephone systemswitch off

switch off /�swtʃ �ɒf/ verb to stop a pieceof electrical equipment working � Don’t for-get to switch off the air-conditioning whenyou go to bed. � The captain has switched offthe ‘fasten seat belts’ sign.switch on

switch on /�swtʃ �ɒn/ verb to start a pieceof electrical equipment working � The cap-tain switched on the ‘no smoking’ sign. � Heswitched on the air-conditioner. � When youput the light on in the bathroom, the fanswitches on automatically.switch over to

switch over to /�swtʃ �əυvə tu�/ verb tochange to something quite different � Wehave switched over to a French supplier. �The hotel has switched over to gas for heat-ing.swizzlestick

swizzlestick /�swz(ə)lstk/ noun BARS asmall stick put into a glass of fizzy drink tomake it less fizzy, or into a cocktail to mixthe ingredientsswop

swop /swɒp/ same as swapSWOT analysis

SWOT analysis /�swɒt ə|�n�ləss/ nounMARKETING a method of developing a mar-keting strategy based on an assessment of theStrengths and Weaknesses of the companyand the Opportunities and Threats in themarketsyllabub

syllabub /�sləb�b/ noun DESSERTS asweet food made of cream whipped withwine

Leisure.fm Page 304 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

305 systems analysissynergysynergy /�snəd$i/ noun a process wheregreater effects are produced by joiningforces than by acting separatelysynthesisesynthesise /�snθəsaz/, synthesizeverb to produce a substance, especially achemical compound, by combining othersubstances

syrupsyrup /�srəp/ noun FOOD a thick sweet liq-uid � fruit syrup � raspberry syrupsystems analysissystems analysis /�sstəmz ə|�n�ləss/noun BUSINESS use of a computer to analysethe way in which a company works atpresent and suggest how it can work moreefficiently in future (NOTE: The plural form isanalyses.)

Leisure.fm Page 305 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Ttabtab /t�b/ noun � to pick up the tab to paythe bill (informal)tabletable /�teb(ə)l/ noun 1. a piece of furniturewith a flat top and legs 2. CATERING a pieceof furniture in a restaurant where guests sit toeat � He asked for a table by the window. �She says she booked a table for six people for12.30. � at table sitting at a dining table �The last guest arrived when everyone elsewas at table. 3. a list of figures or facts setout in columnstableclothtablecloth /�teb(ə)l|�klɒθ/ noun CATER-ING a cloth for covering a table during a mealtable d’hôte menutable d’hôte menu /�tɑ�blə �dəυt�menju�/ noun CATERING a menu which hasa restricted number of dishes at a single pricefor the whole meal � They chose from thetable d’hôte menu. Compare à la cartemenutable lamptable lamp /�teb(ə)l l�mp/ noun a lampon a table � You can use the table lamp if theoverhead light is too bright.table linentable linen /�teb(ə)l �lnn/ noun CATER-ING tablecloths, napkins, etc.table mattable mat /�teb(ə)l m�t/ noun CATERINGsame as placemat � Put hot dishes on tablemats, not directly on the table itself.table napkintable napkin /�teb(ə)l �n�pkn/ nounCATERING a square piece of cloth used to pro-tect clothes and wipe your mouth at mealtimestable plantable plan /�teb(ə)l pl�n/ noun CATER-ING the layout of the tables in a large roomfor a function to show where each person isto sit, and to allow for efficient servicetable servicetable service /�teb(ə)l �s��vs/ nounCATERING service by a waiter or waitress topeople sitting at a restaurant table. Alsocalled waiter servicetable settingtable setting /�teb(ə)l �setŋ/ nounCATERING same as place settingtablespoontablespoon /�teb(ə)lspu�n/ noun CATER-ING a large spoon for serving food at tabletablespoonfultablespoonful /�teb(ə)lspu�nfυl/ nounCATERING the amount contained in a table-spoon � Add two tablespoonfuls of sugar.

table tent

table tent /�teb(ə)l tent/ noun CATERINGa folded card advertising special items on themenu or special wines, placed on a table in arestauranttableware

tableware /�teb(ə)lweə/ noun CATERINGknives, forks, spoons, plates and other uten-sils used on the table (NOTE: There is no plu-ral form.)table wine

table wine /�teb(ə)l wan/ plural nounBEVERAGES a less expensive wine which isconsidered suitable for drinking with mealsTAB vaccine

TAB vaccine /�ti� ei� �bi� �v�ksi�n/ nounMEDICAL a former vaccine which immunisedagainst typhoid fever and paratyphoid A andB � He was given a TAB injection. � TABinjections give only temporary immunityagainst paratyphoid.tachograph

tachograph /�t�kə#rɑ�f/ noun ROADTRAVEL a device in a truck, which showsdetails of distance travelled and time of jour-neystaco

taco /�t�kəυ/ noun FOOD in Mexican cook-ing, a little vegetable omelette which isrolled round a filling and eaten as a snackTafelwein

Tafelwein /�t�f(ə)lwan/ noun BEVER-AGES a German noun meaning table wine. �

vin de tabletag

tag /t�#/ noun a labelTageskarte

Tageskarte /�t�#əskɑ�t/ noun CATERINGa list of special dishes prepared for the dayand not listed in the printed menu. � carte dujour (NOTE: Tageskarte comes from theGerman noun meaning ‘menu of the day’.)tagliatelle

tagliatelle /�t�#li� |�teli/ noun FOOD pastain the form of long narrow ribbonstailback

tailback /�telb�k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL along line of cars held up by roadworks, anaccident, etc. � Because of the crash, there’sa six-mile tailback on the motorway fromjunction 4.tailored

tailored /�teləd/ adjective adapted to fit aparticular requirement � This course is tai-lored to the needs of women going back towork. � Individually tailored holidays arealso available to selected destinations.

Leisure.fm Page 306 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

307 targettailor-madetailor-made /�telə �med/ adjective madeto fit particular needs � a tailor-made all-inclusive 16-day triptailwindtailwind /�telwnd/ noun TRAVEL a windblowing from behind a ship or aircraft � Theflight will be slightly early because of a tail-wind across the Atlantic.taketake /tek/ noun BUSINESS money receivedfrom customers in a shop, restaurant, etc. �verb 1. to carry something to another place2. � to take place to happen � The receptionwill take place on Saturday. 3. to eat or todrink usually � Do you take sugar in yourtea? (NOTE: taking – took – has taken)takeawaytakeaway /�tekəwe/ noun, adjectiveCATERING (informal) 1. a shop where you canbuy cooked food to eat somewhere else �There’s an Indian takeaway round the cor-ner. 2. a hot meal which you buy to eat athome � We had a Chinese takeaway for sup-per. � We can phone for a takeaway pizza.(NOTE: The US English is takeout.)take-home paytake-home pay /�tek həυm �pe/ nounBUSINESS pay left after tax and insurancehave been deductedtake offtake off /�tek �ɒf/ verb 1. to remove or todeduct � He took £25 off the price. 2. (of aplane) to start to rise from the ground intothe air � The plane took off ten minutes late.3. � she took the day off she decided not towork for the daytakeofftakeoff /�tekɒf/ noun (of a plane) the pro-cedure where an aircraft runs along a runwayand rises from the ground into the air � Thehostess will serve drinks shortly after take-off.

‘…a queue of planes at takeoff delayed ourdeparture by ten minutes’ [Business Traveller]

takeouttakeout /�tekaυt/ noun US CATERINGsame as takeawaytakingstakings /�tekŋz/ plural noun BUSINESSmoney received from customers in a shop,restaurant or hotel � The day’s takings werestolen from the cash desk.tall drinktall drink /�tɔ�l drŋk/ noun BEVERAGES analcoholic drink served with more ice andmixer and in a taller glass than a highballtantan /t�n/ noun same as suntan � She got atan from spending each day on the beach.tandooritandoori /t�n |�dυəri/ noun CATERING amethod of Indian cooking using a specialoven, or food cooked in this way � a tan-doori restaurant � tandoori chicken

COMMENT: Food is usually marinated inyoghurt and spices, then cooked in a tradi-tional clay oven called a ‘tandoor’.

tandoori oventandoori oven /t�n |�dυəri ��v(ə)n/ nounCATERING a traditional clay oven used in

Indian restaurants to cook tandoori-stylefoodtangtang /t�ŋ/ noun CATERING 1. a sharp tasteor smell � I love to smell the tang of the sea.2. a piece of flat metal which forms the cen-tre of the handle of a knifetangerinetangerine /�t�nd$ə|�ri�n/ noun FRUIT asmall orange with soft skin which peels eas-ily � There was a bowl of tangerines on thetable.tangible assetstangible assets /�t�nd$b(ə)l ��sets/plural noun BUSINESS assets which have avalue and actually exist, such as buildings,machines and fittingstanktank /t�ŋk/ noun a large, usually metalcontainer for liquidstannedtanned /t�nd/ adjective made brown bythe sun � My white legs looked out of placeamong all the tanned bodies on the beach.taptap /t�p/ noun an apparatus with a twistingknob or lever and a valve which allows liquidto come out of a pipe or container (NOTE: InBritain, the hot tap is usually on the right,and the cold tap on the left, but in othercountries they are often the other wayround.) � cold tap, hot tap a tap which pro-duces cold or hot water � to turn a tap on toallow water to run � to turn a tap off to stopwater runningtapastapas /�t�p�s/ noun CATERING smallplates of snacks such as fried squid, olives,cheese etc., served with beer or winetapas bartapas bar /�t�pəs bɑ�/ noun BARS a barwhere the speciality is serving tapastape measuretape measure /�tep �me$ə/ noun a metalor plastic ribbon with centimetres and inchesmarked on it, used to measure how longsomething istaphousetaphouse /�t�phaυs/ noun BARS an inn,bar, public house or other place serving alco-holtaproomtaproom /�t�pru�m/ noun BARS a bar in aplace such as a hotel or pubtap water

tap water /�t�p �wɔ�tə/ noun water whichcomes from the mains and not from a well orbottle � Can I have a carafe of water, please?– ordinary tap water will do.taramasalatataramasalata /�t�rəməsə|�lɑ�tə/ nounFOOD a creamy pink or beige paste madefrom smoked fish roe, usually served in theform of a pâté or dip as an appetiser or snacktargettarget /�tɑ�#t/ noun something to aim for� to set targets to fix amounts or sales whichemployees have to reach � to meet a targetto produce the sales which are expected � tomiss a target not to produce the sales whichare expected � verb to aim to sell to someone

Leisure.fm Page 307 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

target market 308� to target a market to aim to sell to a par-ticular market

‘…many pub chains are also targeting their menuoffer to appeal to children in an attempt to com-pete in the family market with the ever-popularhamburger chains’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

target markettarget market /�tɑ�#t �mɑ�kt/ nounMARKETING the market to which a companyis planning to sell its products or servicestarifftariff /�t�rf/ noun HOTELS the rate ofcharging for electricity, hotel rooms, traintickets, etc. � The new winter tariff will beintroduced next week.tariff barrierstariff barriers /�t�rf �b�riəz/ pluralnoun BUSINESS customs duty intended tomake imports more difficult � to impose tar-iff barriers on or to lift tariff barriers from aproducttarmactarmac /�tɑ�m�k/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL ahard road surface made of tar mixed withsmall stones � The sun was so hot, the tar-mac was starting to melt. 2. AIR TRAVEL arunway in an airport � The snow ploughswere working flat out to clear the snow fromthe tarmac.tarragontarragon /�t�rə#ən/ noun SAUCES, ETC. aherb used in cooking, often to flavourchickentarragon vinegartarragon vinegar /�t�rə#ən �vn#ə/noun SAUCES, ETC. vinegar flavoured withtarragon, made by putting leaves of the plantin vinegar for a few weekstarttart /tɑ�t/ noun FOOD a pastry case usuallyfilled with sweet food, but sometimes alsosavoury � jam tart � cheese tart � adjectiveCATERING bitter in flavour � These applesare very tart.tartaretartare /tɑ�|�tɑ�/ adjective � steak tartaretartare saucetartare sauce /�tɑ�tə �sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a sauce made of mayonnaiseand chopped pickles, served with fish. Alsocalled sauce tartaretartetarte /tɑ�t/ noun DESSERTS a French nounmeaning open tarttarte tatintarte tatin /�tɑ� �t�t�n/ noun DESSERTSan apple tart, cooked upside down, made ofsliced apples cooked in butter with the pastryon top, then reversed in the serving dishtartlettartlet /�tɑ�tlət/ noun FOOD a little tarttartrazinetartrazine /�tɑ�trəzi�n/ noun CATERING ayellow substance added to food to give it anattractive colour

COMMENT: Although widely used, tartra-zine provokes reactions in some childrenand hypersensitive people and is bannedin some countries.

tastetaste /test/ noun 1. the sense by whichyou can tell differences of flavour between

things you eat, using the tongue 2. the fla-vour of a food or drink � The soup has notaste. � The pudding has a funny taste. � Thiswine has a taste of raspberries. � verb 1. tosense the flavour of something � The cheftastes each dish to check the sauces. � Wouldyou like a piece of cheese to taste? 2. to havea flavour � This soup tastes of onions. � Thepudding tastes very good.

COMMENT: The taste buds can tell the dif-ference between salt, sour, bitter andsweet tastes. The buds on the tip of thetongue identify salt and sweet tastes,those on the sides of the tongue identifysour, and those at the back of the mouththe bitter tastes. Note that most of what wethink of as taste is in fact smell, and this iswhy when someone has a cold and ablocked nose, food seems to lose its taste.

taste buds

taste buds /�test b�dz/ plural noun cellson the tongue which enable you to tell differ-ences in flavourtasteless

tasteless /�testləs/ adjective CATERINGwith no particular flavourtaste panel

taste panel /�test �p�n(ə)l/ noun anumber of people who taste food to assess itsqualitytaster

taster /�testə/ noun CATERING 1. some-body who tastes food or drink to see if it isgood � A panel of tasters tried the new lineof cakes. � She is chief taster for a tea com-pany. 2. a small piece of food which is eatento see how it tastestasting

tasting /�testŋ/ noun an event at whichpeople taste different kinds of food or winetasty

tasty /�testi/ adjective CATERING with aparticular pleasant flavourtavern

tavern /�t�v(ə)n/ noun BARS an inn or pub-lic house (old name)taverna

taverna /tə|�v��nə/ noun 1. CATERING aGreek restaurant 2. TOURISM (in Greece) aguesthouse with a bar, often also servingmealstax

tax /t�ks/ noun 1. money taken by the gov-ernment or by an official body to pay forgovernment services 2. � to levy a tax, toimpose a tax to demand payment of a tax �to lift a tax to remove a tax � tax deductedat source tax which is removed from a salaryor interest before the money is paid out �verb 1. to make someone pay a tax � to taxbusinesses at 50% 2. to impose a tax onsomething � Income is taxed at 35%. � Lux-ury items are heavily taxed. � tax deduc-tions US 1. money removed from a salary topay tax 2. business expenses which can beclaimed against tax � tax exemption US 1.the state of not being required to pay tax 2.

Leisure.fm Page 308 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

309 teapart of income which a person is allowed toearn and not pay tax ontaxabletaxable /�t�ksəb(ə)l/ adjective BUSINESSliable to taxtaxable incometaxable income /�t�ksəb(ə)l �nk�m/noun BUSINESS income on which a personhas to pay taxtaxable itemstaxable items /�t�ksəb(ə)l �atəmz/ plu-ral noun BUSINESS things on which a tax hasto be paidtax adjustmentstax adjustments /�t�ks ə |�d$�stmənts/plural noun BUSINESS changes made to taxtax advisertax adviser /�t�ks əd |�vazə/, tax con-sultant /�t�ks kən |�s�ltənt/ noun BUSINESSsomebody who gives advice on tax problemstax allowancetax allowance /�t�ks ə |�laυəns/ nounBUSINESS a part of a person’s income whichhe or she is allowed to earn and not pay taxontax avoidancetax avoidance /�t�ks ə|�vɔd(ə)ns/ nounBUSINESS legal efforts to minimise theamount of tax to be paid. Compare tax eva-siontax codetax code /�t�ks kəυd/ noun BUSINESS anumber given to indicate the amount of taxallowances a person hastax concessiontax concession /�t�ks kən |�seʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS a measure that allows lesstax to be paidtax credittax credit /�t�ks �kredt/ noun FINANCEthe part of a dividend on which the companyhas already paid tax, so that the shareholderis not taxed on it againtax declarationtax declaration /�t�ks deklə |�reʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS same as tax returntax-deductibletax-deductible /�t�ks d|�d�ktb(ə)l/adjective BUSINESS deducted from anincome before tax is paidtax deductionstax deductions /�t�ks d |�d�kʃənz/ plu-ral noun US 1. money removed from a salaryto pay tax 2. business expenses which can beclaimed against taxtax evasiontax evasion /�t�ks |�ve$(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS illegal efforts not to pay tax. Comparetax avoidancetax formtax form /�t�ks fɔ�m/ noun BUSINESS ablank form to be filled in with details ofincome and allowances and sent to the taxoffice each yeartax-freetax-free /�t�ks �fri�/ adjective BUSINESSon which tax does not have to be paid � Chil-dren’s clothes are tax-free. � She bought thewatch tax-free at the airport.tax haventax haven /�t�ks �hev(ə)n/ noun BUSI-NESS a place where taxes are low, encourag-ing companies to set up their main officesthere

tax holidaytax holiday /�t�ks �hɒlde/ noun BUSI-NESS the period when a new company paysno taxtaxitaxi /�t�ksi/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a car whichtakes people from one place to another formoney � He took a taxi to the airport. �Where can we get a taxi to take us to thebeach? Also called cab � verb (of an air-craft) to go along the ground before takeoffor after landing � The aircraft taxied outonto the runway. � taxi fare 1. the price tobe paid for a journey in a taxi 2. a passengerin a taxitaxicabtaxicab, taxi cab noun same as taxitaxi drivertaxi driver /�t�ksi �dravə/ noun ROADTRAVEL somebody who drives a taxi � Thetaxi driver helped me with my luggage.taxi faretaxi fare /�t�ksi feə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1.the price to be paid for a journey in a taxi 2.a passenger in a taxitax inspectortax inspector /�t�ks n |�spektə/ nounBUSINESS a government official who exam-ines tax returns and decides how much taxsomeone should paytaxi ranktaxi rank /�t�ksi r�ŋk/ noun ROADTRAVEL a place where taxis wait in line forcustomers � There’s a taxi rank just outsidethe hotel.taxiwaytaxiway /�t�ksiwe/ noun AIR TRAVEL alane across an airport along which aircraftcan taxi

‘…a taxiway leads aircraft to Terminal 2 whichhas a large parking area at its northern end’[Airliner World]

tax relieftax relief /�t�ks r |�li�f/ noun BUSINESSmeasures to allow people not to pay tax onparts of their incometax returntax return /�t�ks r |�t��n/ noun BUSINESSa completed tax form, with details of incomeand allowances. Also called tax declarationtax yeartax year /�t�ks �jə/ noun BUSINESS atwelve-month period on which taxes are cal-culated. Also called fiscal yearT-barT-bar /�ti� bɑ�/ noun SPORT a type of ski-liftwhere two skiers hold onto a T-shaped bar,one on each side, to be pulled up a slopeT-bone steakT-bone steak /�ti� bəυn �stek/ nounMEAT a thick slice of beef cut from the riband having a bone shaped like a T in itteatea /ti�/ noun 1. BEVERAGES a hot drinkmade by pouring boiling water onto the driedleaves of an Asian plant � a cup of tea � Tomake tea, you need freshly boiled water. 2.BEVERAGES the dried leaves of an Asianplant used to make a hot drink � Buy a poundof tea. � You put the tea into the pot beforeadding the hot water. 3. BEVERAGES the driedleaves or flowers of other plants, used to

Leisure.fm Page 309 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

teabag 310make a drink � camomile tea � mint tea 4.CATERING a meal taken in the afternoon, usu-ally between 4 and 5 o’clock. � cream tea,high tea

COMMENT: Tea is the most common drinkin Britain, although coffee is becomingalmost as popular as tea. There are twomain types of tea: Indian tea (black tea,usually mixed in various blends) and Chi-nese tea (or China tea) which is green.Chinese tea is never served with milk. InBritain, Indian tea is usually served withmilk. In the USA and Canada, tea is alsoserved with cream.

teabagteabag /�ti�b�#/ noun CATERING a smallpaper bag full of tea which is put into a cup,or into the pot instead of loose tea � I don’tlike weak tea – put another teabag in the pot.tea breaktea break /�ti� brek/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a short rest time during work when theemployees can drink tea or coffeeteacaketeacake /�ti�kek/ noun BREAD, ETC. a typeof bun with raisins in it, usually eaten toastedwith butter � We ordered toasted teacakes.tea ceremonytea ceremony /�ti� �serməni/ nounENTERTAINMENT the formal serving of tea,especially in Japanteacupteacup /�ti�k�p/ noun a large cup for tea �She put the teacups and saucers on a tray.tea gardentea garden /�ti� �#ɑ�d(ə)n/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT an outdoor place for having teatea partytea party /�ti� �pɑ�ti/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a small gathering in the afternoonwhere tea may be drunkteapotteapot /�ti�pɒt/ noun a special pot with ahandle and spout for making tea in and forserving it � Put two teabags into the teapotand add boiling water.tearoomtearoom /�ti�ru�m/, teashop /�ti�ʃɒp/noun CATERING a small restaurant whichserves mainly tea, coffee, sandwiches,scones and cakes � There’s a tearoomattached to the baker’s shop. � Our villageteashop has the best chocolate cake I’ve evertasted.teaspoonteaspoon /�ti�spu�n/ noun 1. a smallspoon for stirring tea or other liquid � Canyou bring me a teaspoon, please? 2. same asteaspoonful � I take one teaspoon of sugarin my coffee.teaspoonfulteaspoonful /�ti�spu�nfυl/ noun theamount contained in a teaspoon � Put a tea-spoonful of salt into the pan.tea strainertea strainer /�ti� �strenə/ noun CATERINGa small sieve, which fits over a tea cup, usedto prevent tea leaves from getting into thecupteatimeteatime /�ti�tam/ noun CATERING the timewhen tea is served, between 4 and 5.30 p.m.

� Hurry up, it’ll soon be teatime! � The chil-dren’s TV programmes are on at teatime.tea trolley

tea trolley /�ti� �trɒli/ noun CATERING atable on wheels for carrying foodtechnology

technology /tek |�nɒləd$i/ noun the appli-cation of scientific knowledge to industrialprocesses

‘European hotels invest more than £150m a yearon interactive guest room technology’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

tel

tel abbreviation telephonetelegram

telegram /�tel#r�m/ noun a message sentby telegraph � He went into the post office tosend a telegram. � We sent a telegram to mygrandmother on her birthday.telephone

telephone /�telfəυn/ noun a machineused for speaking to someone who is a longway away � We had a new telephone systeminstalled last week. (NOTE: The word tele-phone is often shortened to phone: phonecall, phone book, etc., but not in theexpressions telephone switchboard, tele-phone operator, telephone exchange.) �to be on the telephone to be speaking tosomeone by telephone � The receptionist ison the telephone all the time. � She’s on thetelephone at the moment. Can I take a mes-sage? � by telephone using the telephone �He wanted to book his plane ticket by tele-phone. � We reserved a room by telephone. �house telephone, internal telephone a tele-phone which links different rooms in a hotel,but is not connected to an outside line � tomake a telephone call to dial and speak tosomeone on the telephone � to answer thetelephone, to take a telephone call to liftthe telephone when it rings and listen to whatthe caller is saying � verb � to telephone aperson, a place to call someone or a place bytelephone � We telephoned the reservationthrough to the hotel. � The travel agent tele-phoned to say that the tickets are ready forcollection. � It’s very expensive to telephoneSingapore at this time of day. � to telephoneabout something to make a telephone call tospeak about something � He telephonedabout the bill. � to telephone for somethingto make a telephone call to ask for something� He telephoned for a taxi.telephone booking

telephone booking /�telfəυn �bυkŋ/noun HOTELS a booking made by phone forsomething such as a room in a hotel, a tablein a restaurant etc.telephone booth

telephone booth /�telfəυn bu�ð/ nouna small cabin for a public telephonetelephone call

telephone call /�tel |�fəυn kɔ�l/ noun aconversation with someone on the telephone

Leisure.fm Page 310 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

311 tennis courttelephone check-in

telephone check-in /�telfəυn tʃek �n/noun AIR TRAVEL a check-in made by phon-ing the airline, usually only available to pas-sengers with hand baggagetelephone directory

telephone directory /�telfəυn da|

�rekt(ə)ri/ noun same as phone book � Shelooked up the number of the company in thetelephone directory.telephone exchange

telephone exchange /�telfəυn ks |

�tʃend$/ noun a central office where the tel-ephones of a whole district are linkedtelephone kiosk

telephone kiosk /�telfəυn �ki�ɒsk/noun a shelter with a public telephone in ittelephone line

telephone line /�telfəυn lan/ noun awire along which telephone messages traveltelephone link

telephone link /�tel|�fəυn lŋk/ noun adirect line from one telephone to another.Also called phone linktelephone number

telephone number /�telfəυn �n�mbə/noun a number which you dial to speak to aparticular person on the telephone � Can yougive me your telephone number?telephone order

telephone order /�telfəυn �ɔ�də/ pluralnoun an order received over the telephonetelephone subscriber

telephone subscriber /�telfəυn səb|

�skrabə/ noun somebody who has a tele-phonetelephone switchboard

telephone switchboard /�telfəυn�swtʃbɔ�d/ noun a central point in a tele-phone system, where internal and externallines meettelephonist

telephonist /tə|�lefənst/ noun somebodywho works a telephone switchboard. Alsocalled operator 2television

television /�tel |�v$(ə)n/ noun 1. ENTER-TAINMENT a system for broadcasting picturesby radio waves. Abbr TV 2. the picturesbroadcast in this way � He stayed in his roomall evening, watching television. 3. same astelevision set � Is there a television in theroom?television set

television set /�tel |�v$(ə)n set/ nounENTERTAINMENT a piece of electrical equip-ment which shows pictures broadcast by tel-evision � My father has bought a new televi-sion set or a new TV.temperance

temperance /�temp(ə)rəns/ noun thepractice of not drinking alcoholtemperance hotel

temperance hotel /�temp(ə)rəns həυ|

�tel/ noun HOTELS a hotel which does notserve alcoholtemperate

temperate /�temp(ə)rət/ adjective neithervery hot nor very coldtemperature

temperature /�temprtʃə/ noun 1. ameasurement of heat in degrees � The tem-perature outside is below 30° Centigrade. �

What is the temperature in the sauna? � Thesea temperature is 18° in the summer. 2. anillness where your body is hotter than normaltempura

tempura /temp |�pjυərə/ noun FOOD a Jap-anese dish of vegetables or seafood coated inlight batter and deep-friedtenant

tenant /�tenənt/ noun BUSINESS somebodywho rents or leases premises from a landlordtenanted pub

tenanted pub /�tenəntd �p�b/ nounBARS a pub which is owned by a brewery andwhere the manager is a tenant of the brewerytender

tender /�tendə/ noun 1. an offer to workfor a particular price � to put a project outto tender, to ask for, to invite tenders for aproject to ask contractors to give writtenestimates for a job � to put in a tender, tosubmit a tender to make an estimate for ajob 2. SHIPS AND BOATS a small boat used totake passengers and cargo to a ship which isnot moored alongside a quay � verb 1. � totender for a contract to put forward an esti-mate of cost for work to be carried out undercontract � to tender for the construction of ahotel 2. � to tender one’s resignation toresign from one’s job � adjective CATERINGeasy to cut or chew, not tough � a plate oftender young asparagus � The steak was sotender, you hardly needed a knife to cut it.tenderer

tenderer /�tendərə/ noun BUSINESS a per-son or company which offers to work for anagreed price � The company was the suc-cessful tenderer for the project.tendering

tendering /�tendərŋ/ noun BUSINESS theact of putting forward an estimate of cost �To be successful, you must follow the tender-ing procedure as laid out in the documents.tenderise

tenderise /�tendəraz/, tenderize verbCATERING to make meat tender by beating it,soaking it in a marinade, or sprinkling it witha special substancetenderiser

tenderiser /�tendərazə/, tenderizernoun CATERING a substance sprinkled onmeat to break down its fibres and make itmore tendertenderloin

tenderloin /�tendərlɔn/ noun MEAT a fil-let of pork, cut from the backbonetennis

tennis /�tens/ noun SPORT a game for twoplayers or two pairs of players who use rack-ets to hit a ball backwards and forwards overa net � Let’s have a game of tennis beforedinner. � She plays tennis every day whenshe is on holiday.tennis ball

tennis ball /�tens bɔ�l/ noun SPORT a ballused when playing tennistennis court

tennis court /�tens kɔ�t/ noun SPORT aspecially marked ground for playing tennis

Leisure.fm Page 311 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

tennis racket 312tennis rackettennis racket /�tens �r�kt/ noun SPORTa type of bat with a long handle and a headmade of mesh, used when playing tennistennis shoestennis shoes /�tens ʃu�z/ plural nounSPORT special shoes worn when playing ten-nistenttent /tent/ noun a canvas shelter held up bypoles and attached to the ground with pegsand ropes � to pitch a tent to put up a tenttequilatequila /t |�ki�lə/ noun BEVERAGES a strongMexican spirit made by redistilling the fer-mented juice of the agave plantteriyakiteriyaki /�teri |�jɑ�ki/ noun FOOD a Japanesedish consisting of grilled shellfish or meatbrushed with a marinade of soy sauce, sugar,and rice winetermterm /t��m/ noun 1. a period of time � inthe long term over a long period of time � inthe short term in the near future, quite soon2. � cash terms lower terms which apply ifthe customer pays cash � ‘terms: cash withorder’ conditions of sale showing that pay-ment has to be made in cash when the orderis placed � on favourable terms on espe-cially good terms � The shop is let on veryfavourable terms. 3. part of a legal or univer-sity year. � termsterminalterminal /�t��mn(ə)l/ noun TRAVEL abuilding situated at the beginning or end of atransport route, with facilities for handlingpassengers or freightterminal buildingterminal building /�t��mn(ə)l �bldŋ/noun AIR TRAVEL same as airport terminalterminateterminate /�t��mnet/ verb to bringsomething to an end � to terminate an agree-ment � his employment was terminated �The offer terminates on July 31st. � Theflight from Paris terminates in New York.terminusterminus /�t��mnəs/ noun TRAVEL a sta-tion at the end of a railway line, or a point atthe end of a regular route of a bus or a coach(NOTE: The plural form is termini or termi-nuses.)termsterms /t��mz/ plural noun BUSINESS condi-tions or duties which have to be carried outas part of a contract, arrangements whichhave to be agreed before a contract is valid �to negotiate for better terms � He refused toagree to some of the terms of the contract. �By or Under the terms of the contract, thecompany is responsible for all damage to theproperty. � terms of payment, paymentterms conditions for paying something �terms of sale conditions attached to a sale �terms of employment conditions set out ina contract of employment

‘…companies have been improving communica-tions, often as part of deals to cut down demarca-

tion and to give everybody the same terms ofemployment’ [The Economist]

terraceterrace /�terəs/ noun a flat outdoor areawhich is raised above another area � Theguests had cocktails on the terrace beforegoing into dinner.terrazzoterrazzo /tə|�r�tsəυ/ noun a floor coveringmaterial made of small pieces of marble setin cement and then polishedterrineterrine /tə|�ri�n/ noun FOOD a coarse pâté orsimilar cold food cooked and sometimesserved in a small dish with a tight-fitting lidterrorismterrorism /�terərz(ə)m/ noun violent actssuch as kidnapping and bombing carried outfor political purposestertiary industrytertiary industry /�t��ʃəri �ndəstri/noun BUSINESS same as service industrytertiary sectortertiary sector /�t��ʃəri �sektə/ noun asection of the economy containing the serv-ice industriesTexMexTexMex /teks|�meks/ adjective CATERINGreferring to the Texan and Mexican style ofAmerican cooking, based on steaks, barbe-cued meat and Mexican dishes such as chilliand tortillastexturetexture /�tekstʃə/ noun (of food) the qual-ity in the structure of a food that makes itfirm or soft or rough or smooth � This breadhas a light texture. � Flavour and texture areconserved by slow gentle cooking and thenfast freezing.textured vegetable proteintextured vegetable protein /�tekstʃəd�ved$təb(ə)l �prəυti�n/ noun FOOD a sub-stance made from processed soya beans orother vegetables, used as a substitute formeatthalassotherapythalassotherapy /�θ�l�sə |�θerəpi/ nouna type of physiotherapy where the patientsare put in hot seawater baths or are encour-aged to swim in the sea � a large thalasso-therapy spa near Bordeaux Compare hydro-therapyThanksgivingThanksgiving /�θ�ŋks|�#vŋ/ nounENTERTAINMENT an American festival cele-brating the first harvest of the pilgrims whosettled in the United States, celebrated on thefourth Thursday in November � All the fam-ily will be here for Thanksgiving.

COMMENT: The traditional menu forThanksgiving dinner is roast turkey withcranberry sauce, followed by pumpkin pie.

thawthaw /θɔ�/ verb to melt something which isfrozentheatretheatre /�θətə/ noun ENTERTAINMENT abuilding in which plays and shows are per-formed � We’ll have dinner early and thengo to the theatre. (NOTE: The US spelling istheater. Note also that in US English,

Leisure.fm Page 312 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

313 throughputtheater is also used to refer to a buildingwhere films are shown: in British English,this is a cinema.)theatre bookingstheatre bookings /�θətə �bυkŋz/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT the numbers of seatsin theatres which are reservedtheatregoertheatregoer /�θətə|�#əυə/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT somebody who goes to the theatre� Shaftesbury Avenue was full of theatrego-ers trying to find taxis. (NOTE: The US spell-ing is theatergoer.)theatre seattheatre seat /�θətə si�t/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a place to see a play or a showtheatre tickettheatre ticket /�θətə �tkt/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a ticket which allows you a seat ina theatrethefttheft /θeft/ noun the crime of stealing � Wehave brought in security guards to protectthe hotel against theft. � They are trying tocut their losses from theft by members ofstaff.themetheme /θi�m/ noun the main subject of abook or articlethemedthemed /θi�md/ adjective having a specialtheme � The hotel offers 18 individuallythemed rooms.theme parktheme park /�θi�m pɑ�k/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT an amusement park based on a sin-gle theme � A visit to the theme park isincluded in the package tour.therapeutictherapeutic /�θerə |�pju�tk/ adjectiveMEDICAL given in order to cure or ease a dis-order or disease � Massage of the back maybe therapeutic in some cases.therapytherapy /�θerəpi/ noun MEDICAL the treat-ment of a person to help cure a disease or dis-order � They use heat therapy to treat mus-cular problems.thermalthermal /�θ��m(ə)l/ adjective referring toheatthermal bathsthermal baths /�θ��m(ə)l bɑ�θs/ pluralnoun ENTERTAINMENT baths of naturally hotwaterthermal resortthermal resort, thermal spa noun TOUR-ISM a place where people go for treatmentusing naturally hot water or mudthermal springthermal spring /�θ��m(ə)l sprŋ/ nounENTERTAINMENT a spring of naturally hotwater coming out of the groundthermometerthermometer /θə|�mɒmtə/ noun aninstrument for measuring temperature � Putthe thermometer in your mouth – I want totake your temperature. � The thermometeroutside shows 20°.thermometer readingthermometer reading /θə |�mɒmtə�ri�dŋ/ noun the figure for the temperaturegiven on a thermometer � It’s a cold morning

– the thermometer reading was –25° at 6a.m.Thermos flaskThermos flask, Thermos noun a trade-mark for a vacuum flask � We took Ther-moses of hot coffee to drink when we wentcross-country skiing.third and fourth freedomsthird and fourth freedoms /�θ��d ənfɔ�θ �fri�dəmz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL theright of an aircraft to land passengers or mailand the right to pick up passengers or mailthird partythird party /�θ��d �pɑ�ti/ noun any personother than the two main parties involved in acontractthird-party insurancethird-party insurance /�θ��d �pɑ�ti n |

�ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE insurance whichcovers injury to or death of any person whois not one of the people named in the insur-ance contractThird WorldThird World /�θ��d �w��ld/ noun thecountries of Africa, Asia and South Americawhich do not have highly developed indus-tries and where people are generally poor �We sell tractors into the Third World or toThird World countries. � Some Third Worldcountries have asked for their debts to berescheduled.thirstythirsty /�θ��sti/ adjective wanting to drink� Running around on the beach makes methirsty.thirty-day visathirty-day visa /�θ��ti de �vi�zə/ noun avisa which allows you to stay in a country for30 daysThousand Island dressingThousand Island dressing/�θaυz(ə)nd �alənd �dresŋ/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a type of salad dressing made with may-onnaise and chopped pimento, with chillisauce, ketchup and paprikathrivingthriving /�θravŋ/ adjective doing well,lively, healthy � a thriving seaside resortthrombosisthrombosis /θrɒm |�bəυss/ noun MEDICALthe blocking of an artery or vein by a mass ofcoagulated blood

‘…the association between deep vein thrombosis(DVT) – a blood clot in the calf vein – and long-haul flights has long been recognised’ [Wander-lust]

throngthrong /θrɒŋ/ noun a great crowd of people� throngs of Christmas shoppers � verb tocrowd together � Crowds thronged thestreets during the fiesta. � The shopping pre-cinct was thronged with shoppers in the daysbefore Christmas.throughthrough /θru�/ adjective TRAVEL going tothe final terminusthroughputthroughput /�θru�pυt/ noun BUSINESS theamount of work done, number of passengerswho pass through or number of customersserved

Leisure.fm Page 313 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

through ticket 314‘…the peak times the departure lounge can bebusy but the throughput of passengers is swift’[Airliner World]

through ticket

through ticket /�θru� �tkt/ noun TRAVELa ticket which allows you to travel to yourfinal destination, even though you maychange trains or planes en routethroughway

throughway /�θru�we/, thruway nounUS ROAD TRAVEL a main road with fewentrances and exits (NOTE: The British Eng-lish is motorway.)thumb

thumb /θ�m/ verb � to thumb a lift to aska car driver or truck driver to take you as apassenger, usually by signalling with thethumb or by holding a sign with your desti-nation written on itthunder

thunder /�θ�ndə/ noun a loud noise in theair following a flash of lightning � a tropicalstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning� He was woken by the sound of thunder.thunderstorm

thunderstorm /�θ�ndəstɔ�m/ noun astorm with rain, thunder and lightning �There was a terrible thunderstorm last nightand our house was struck by lightning. �Don’t shelter under a tree during a thunder-storm.thyme

thyme /tam/ noun SAUCES, ETC. same ascommon thymetick

tick /tk/ noun 1. credit (informal ) � All thefurniture in the house is bought on tick. 2. amark written to show that something is cor-rect � If you want a receipt, put a tick in thebox marked ‘R’. (NOTE: The US English forthis is check.) 3. MEDICAL a tiny parasitewhich sucks blood from the skin � verb tomark with a sign to show that something iscorrect � The form is very easy to fill in – allyou have to do is tick the boxes.ticket

ticket /�tkt/ noun 1. a piece of paperwhich allows you to go into a place, e.g. acinema or an exhibition 2. a piece of paper orcard which allows you to travel � train ticketor bus ticket or plane ticket 3. a piece ofpaper which shows something � verb toissue tickets � The new ticketing system hasbeen operative since June 1st.ticket agency

ticket agency /�tkt �ed$ənsi/ nounENTERTAINMENT a shop which sells theatreticketsticket booth

ticket booth /�tkt bu�ð/ noun TOURISMa small cabin out of doors where entrancetickets, theatre tickets, bus tickets, etc., aresoldticket collector

ticket collector /�tkt kə|�lektə/ nounRAIL TRAVEL somebody at a railway stationwho takes the tickets from passengers asthey get off the train

ticket counter

ticket counter /�tkt �kaυntə/ nounTRAVEL a place where tickets are soldticketing agent

ticketing agent /�tktŋ �ed$ənt/ nounTRAVEL an agent who is authorised to issuetickets, e.g. for travel by long-distance coachticket office

ticket office /�tkt �ɒfs/ noun TOURISMan office where tickets can be bought, eitherfor travel or for theatres or other places ofentertainmenttidal

tidal /�tad(ə)l/ adjective referring to thetide � tidal stretch of the river part of theriver near its mouth where the movement ofthe tides is noticeabletidetide /tad/ noun the regular rising and fall-ing movement of the sea � high tide, lowtide points when the level of the sea is at itshighest or at its lowesttide tables

tide tables /�tad �teb(ə)lz/ plural nounlists which show exactly when high and lowtide is at particular points on the coasttie

tie /ta/ noun 1. a band of cloth which isworn knotted round the neck under the shirtcollar � You have to wear a jacket and tie toget into the restaurant. 2. BARS a system bywhich a pub belongs to a brewery and thelandlord is obliged to buy his or her beerfrom that brewery � The lease will be subjectto a full tie on beer and ciders only. � verb toattach something with string, rope or twine �He tied the parcel with thick string. � Shetied two labels onto the parcel. � to tie up (ofa boat) to be attached by a rope to the quaytied housetied house /�tad �haυs/ noun BARS a pubwhich belongs to a brewery and is let to atenant landlord who is obliged to buy his orher beer from the brewerytie-on label

tie-on label /�ta ɒn �leb(ə)l/ noun a labelwith a piece of string attached so that it canbe tied onto an itemtiger prawn

tiger prawn /�ta#ə prɔ�n/ noun SEAFOODa very large type of prawntight

tight /tat/ adjective fitting closely � Myshoes hurt – they’re too tight. � A biscuit tinshould have a tight-fitting lid. � a tightschedule a schedule where many meetingsare very close together � The group has avery tight schedule today and is due to leaveby coach for the airport in thirty minutes’time.tikka

tikka /�ti�kə/ noun FOOD a type of Indiancooking done in a hot clay oven with redcurry sauce � We ordered chicken tikka andrice.time

time /tam/ noun 1. the period that isneeded for something to take place, e.g. onehour, two days, fifty minutes 2. the hour ofthe day, e.g. 9.00, 12.15, ten o’clock at night

Leisure.fm Page 314 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

315 toad-in-the-hole� The time of arrival or arrival time is indi-cated on the screen. � Departure times aredelayed by up to fifteen minutes because ofthe volume of traffic. � on time at the righttime � The plane was on time. � You willhave to hurry if you want to get to the meet-ing on time or if you want to be on time forthe meeting. � opening time, closing timethe time when a shop or office starts or stopswork, when a pub opens or closes 3. a systemof hours on the clock 4. hours worked � therestaurant staff are paid time and a halfon Sundays they are paid the usual rate plus50% extra when they work on Sundays 5. aperiod before something happens � to keepwithin the time limits, within the timeschedule to complete work by the timestatedtime and method studytime and method study /�tam ən�meθəd �st�di/ noun BUSINESS an examina-tion of the way in which something is doneto see if a cheaper or quicker way can befoundtime and motion expert

time and motion expert /�tam ən�məυʃ(ə)n �eksp��t/ noun BUSINESS some-body who analyses time and motion studiesand suggests changes in the way work isdonetime and motion studytime and motion study /�tam ən�məυʃ(ə)n �st�di/ noun BUSINESS an exam-ination of how long it takes to do particularjobs and of the movements employees haveto make to do themtime differencetime difference /�tam �df(ə)rəns/ nounthe difference in time between one time zoneand another � There is a four-hour time dif-ference between Moscow and London.time limittime limit /�tam �lmt/ noun the periodduring which something should be donetimesharetimeshare /�tamʃeə/, time sharingnoun TOURISM an arrangement where a sharein the same flat or house is sold to severalpeople, each having the right to stay in it foran agreed period each year � They bought atimeshare apartment in Spain.time sheettime sheet /�tam ʃi�t/ noun a piece ofpaper showing when an employee starts andfinishes work and how they spend their timetimetabletimetable /�tamteb(ə)l/ noun 1. TRAVELa list showing times of arrivals and depar-tures of buses, trains or planes � Accordingto the timetable, there should be a train toLondon at 10.22. � The bus company hasbrought out its winter timetable. 2. ENTER-TAINMENT a list of appointments or events �The manager has a very full timetable, so Idoubt if she will be able to see you today. �verb to arrange the times for something to

happen � You are timetabled to speak at4.30.time zonetime zone /�tam zəυn/ noun one of 24areas in the world in which the same stand-ard time is used, divided by meridiansroughly every 15°tintin /tn/ noun a metal container in whichfood or another substance is sold and can bekept for a long time (NOTE: The US Englishis can.) � biscuit tin a tin with a tight-fittinglid for keeping biscuits intinfoiltinfoil /�tnfɔl/ noun CATERING a thin sheetof aluminium, used to cover food � Wrap thesalmon in tinfoil and place in the oven.tinnedtinned /tnd/ adjective prepared in a tin,and kept until use � Tinned food will keep forlonger than frozen food.tin-openertin-opener /�tn �əυp(ə)nə/ noun a devicefor opening tins � We took several tins ofsoup with us when we went camping, but for-got the tin opener! (NOTE: The US English iscan-opener.)tiptip /tp/ noun 1. money given to someonewho has helped you � I gave the cab drivera 50-cent tip. � The staff are not allowed toaccept tips. Also called gratuity 2. a piece ofadvice on something to buy or to do whichcould be profitable � He gave me a tip abouta cheap restaurant just round the cornerfrom the hotel. � verb to give money tosomeone who has helped you � He tippedthe waitress £5. (NOTE: tipping – tipped)tip credittip credit /�tp �kredt/ noun BUSINESSmoney removed from an employee’s paybecause he or she receives tips from custom-erstippingtipping /�tpŋ/ noun the act of givingmoney to someone who has helped you �Tipping is not allowed in Singapore.TIRTIR abbreviation ROAD TRAVEL TransportsInternationaux Routierstiramisutiramisu /�trəmi|�su�/ noun DESSERTS anItalian dessert of sponge cake soaked inmarsala wine and topped with creamtisanetisane /t |�z�n/ noun BEVERAGES a drinkmade by pouring boiling water on dried orfresh leaves or flowers, e.g. lime tea, camo-mile teatissuetissue /�tʃu�/ noun a soft paper handker-chief � There is a box of tissues beside thebed.T-junctionT-junction /�ti� �d$�ŋkʃ(ə)n/ noun ROADTRAVEL a junction where one road joinsanother at right anglestoad-in-the-holetoad-in-the-hole /�təυd n ðə �həυl/noun FOOD an English dish of sausagescooked in batter

Leisure.fm Page 315 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

toast 316toast

toast /təυst/ noun 1. BREAD, ETC. a slice ofbread which has been grilled � You havetoast and marmalade for breakfast. � Sheasked for scrambled eggs on toast. � browntoast, white toast toast made from brownbread or white bread 2. the act of drinking tosomeone’s health or success � I’ll give you atoast – the bride and groom! � verb 1.CATERING to grill bread, etc. until it is brown� We had a pot of tea and toasted teacakes.2. to drink to wish someone health or successtoaster

toaster /�təυstə/ noun an electric devicefor toasting breadtoastie

toastie /�təυsti/ noun FOOD same astoastytoastmaster

toastmaster /�təυstmɑ�stə/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT somebody at a banquet whoannounces the toasts and calls on people tospeaktoast-rack

toast-rack /�təυst r�k/ noun CATERING adevice for holding slices of toast upright onthe breakfast table � The waiter brought atoast rack with six pieces of toast. � Youshould put the toast in the rack to prevent itgetting soggy.toasty

toasty /�təυsti/ noun FOOD a sandwich thathas been toastedtoboggan

toboggan /tə |�bɒ#ən/ SPORT noun a longflat wooden sledge curved upwards at thefront � verb to slide on a toboggantobogganing

tobogganing /tə |�bɒ#ənŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of sliding on a toboggantofu

tofu /�təυfu�/ noun FOOD bean curd, a softwhite paste made from soya beanstoilet

toilet /�tɔlət/ noun 1. a bowl with a seat onwhich you sit to pass waste matter from thebody 2. a room with this bowl in it � The toi-lets are towards the rear of the plane. � Thegents toilets are downstairs and to the right.toilet bowl

toilet bowl /�tɔlət bəυl/ noun the chinabasin of a toilettoilet paper

toilet paper /�tɔlət �pepə/, toilet tissuenoun soft paper for wiping yourself aftergetting rid of waste matter. Also called lava-tory papertoilet paper dispenser

toilet paper dispenser, toilet paperholder noun a bracket or box, usually fixedto the wall, which holds toilet papertoiletries

toiletries /�tɔlətriz/ plural noun soap,cream, perfume, etc., used in washing thebodytoilet roll

toilet roll /�tɔlət rəυl/ noun a roll of softpaper in a toilet, used for wiping yourselfafter getting rid of waste mattertoilet seat

toilet seat /�tɔlət si�t/ noun the plastic orwooden part of a toilet on which you sit

tokentoken /�təυkən/ noun 1. something whichacts as a sign or symbol 2. � book token,flower token, gift token, record token acard bought in a store which is given as apresent and which must be exchanged in thatstore for goods � We gave her a gift token forher birthday.token chargetoken charge /�təυkən �tʃɑ�d$/ noun asmall charge which does not cover the realcosts � A token charge is made for heating.token paymenttoken payment /�təυkən �pemənt/noun a small payment which does not coverthe real coststoken striketoken strike /�təυkən �strak/ noun ashort strike to show that employees have agrievancetolltoll /təυl/ noun a payment for using a serv-ice, usually a bridge or a ferry � We had tocross a toll bridge to get to the island. � Youhave to pay a toll to cross the bridge.toll calltoll call /�təυl kɔ�l/ noun US a long-dis-tance telephone calltoll-freetoll-free /�təυl �fri�/ adverb, adjective USwithout having to pay a charge for a long-distance telephone call � to call someonetoll-free � a toll-free numbertoll-free telephonetoll-free telephone /�təυl fri� �telfəυn/noun US MARKETING a system where one cantelephone to reply to an advertisement, toplace an order or to ask for information, andthe seller pays for the calltollwaytollway /�tɒlwe/ noun US ROAD TRAVELsame as turnpiketomatotomato /tə |�mɑ�təυ/ noun FRUIT a red fruitused in salads and sauces � a glass of tomatojuicetomato saucetomato sauce /tə |�mɑ�təυ sɔ�s/ nounSAUCES, ETC. a sauce made with tomatoestonton /t�n/ noun a measure of weight equal to2,240 pounds or 907 kilostonetone /təυn/ noun a noise made by amachine such as a telephone � Please speakafter the tone.tonguetongue /t�ŋ/ noun the long organ in yourmouth which can move and is used for tast-ing, swallowing and speaking

COMMENT: Tongue is used as food, oxtongue and lamb’s tongue being the mostcommon. It is available ready-cooked tobe eaten sliced in salad or sandwiches.

tonic watertonic water /�tɒnk �wɔ�tə/ noun BEVER-AGES a fizzy drink of water and sugar, con-taining quininetonnagetonnage /�t�nd$/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSthe amount of space for cargo in a ship,measured in tonstonnetonne /t�n/ noun a metric ton, 1,000 kilos

Leisure.fm Page 316 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

317 touristtoothbrushtoothbrush /�tu�θbr�ʃ/ noun a smallbrush with a long handle used for cleaningthe teeth � I forgot to pack a toothbrush.toothpastetoothpaste /�tu�θpest/ noun a mintypaste used with a toothbrush for cleaning theteeth � I must buy a little tube of toothpasteto take when I’m travelling.toothpicktoothpick /�tu�θpk/ noun a little pointedpiece of wood, used for cleaning between theteethtoothsometoothsome /�tu�θsəm/ adjective good toeattoptop /tɒp/ noun 1. the upper surface or thehighest point of something � We climbed tothe top of the cathedral tower. � You can seethree countries from the top of the mountain.� There is a roof garden on top of the hotel.2. a cover for a container � Make sure the topis screwed back tightly onto the jar. 3. US theroof of a cartop classtop class /�tɒp �klɑ�s/ adjective top qual-ity, most expensive � It’s a top class restau-rant. Also called first classtop decktop deck /�tɒp �dek/ noun ROAD TRAVELthe upstairs part of a double-decker bus �Let’s sit on the top deck to get a good view.Also called upper decktop floortop floor /�tɒp flɔ�/ noun the floor nearestthe roof in a building � The lift doesn’t go tothe top floor.top-gradetop-grade /�tɒp #red/ adjective mostimportant, of the best qualitytop managementtop management /�tɒp �m�nd$mənt/noun BUSINESS the main directors of a com-panytop officialtop official /�tɒp ə|�fʃ(ə)l/ noun a veryimportant person in a government depart-menttop-qualitytop-quality /�tɒp �kwɒlti/ adjective sameas high-qualitytoquetoque /təυk/ noun CATERING a tall whitehat worn by chefs

‘…the formal toque is being superseded by col-oured skull-caps and bandanas with matchingneckerchiefs’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

tortetorte /tɔ�t/ noun DESSERTS a German nounmeaning an open tart with various fillings �The most popular dessert is a lemon andlime torte on a sponge base.tortellinitortellini /�tɔ�tə|�li�ni/ plural noun FOODsmall filled pasta that is shaped into rings,boiled, and served in a soup or saucetortillatortilla /tɔ�|�ti�ə/ noun FOOD a thin flatMexican bread, cooked on a hot griddle andeaten folded, with a fillingtortilla chiptortilla chip /tɔ� |�ti�ə tʃp/ noun FOOD athin crunchy crisp made of maize meal, often

served with dips such as salsa andguacamoletot

tot /tɒt/ noun BEVERAGES a small glass of aspirit such as rumtotal

total /�təυt(ə)l/ adjective complete, witheverything added together � total amount �total cost � total expenditure � total revenue� the car was written off as a total loss thecar was so badly damaged that the insurerssaid it had no value � noun an amount whichis complete, with everything added up � Thetotal for one night came to more than £1,000.� verb to add up to � costs totalling morethan £25,000 (NOTE: The British English istotalling – totalled but the US spelling istotaling – totaled.)total invoice value

total invoice value /�təυt(ə)l �nvɔs�v�lju�/ noun BUSINESS the total amount onan invoice, including transport, VAT, etc.touch down

touch down /�t�tʃ �daυn/ verb (of plane)to land � The plane touched down at 13.20.touchdown

touchdown /�t�tʃdaυn/ noun AIR TRAVELa landing by a plane � The plane veeredacross the runway as one of its tyres burst ontouchdown. � Touchdown was 15 minuteslate.tough

tough /t�f/ adjective difficult to chew or tocut. Opposite tender (NOTE: tough –tougher – toughest) � it’s as tough as oldboots it’s extremely tough (informal)tour

tour /tυə/ noun a holiday journey to variousplaces coming back eventually to the placeyou started from � The group went on a tourof Italy. � The minister went on a fact-findingtour of the region. � verb to go on holiday,visiting various places � We spent the holi-day touring around Wales.tour guide

tour guide /�tυə #ad/ noun a personwhose job is to accompany a group of tour-ists on a tour and give them informationabout the places they are visitingtourism

tourism /�tυərz(ə)m/ noun BUSINESS thebusiness of providing travel, accommoda-tion, food, entertainment, etc., for tourists �Tourism is the country’s main source ofincome.tourism industry

tourism industry /�tυərz(ə)m�ndəstri/ noun all the various businessesthat provide services for tourists, consideredtogethertourism tax

tourism tax /�tυərz(ə)m t�ks/ nounFINANCE a tax on visitors to an area or coun-try that is usually collected by the businesseswho provide accommodation for themtourist

tourist /�tυərst/ noun a person who goeson holiday to visit places away from theirhome � The tourists were talking German. �

Leisure.fm Page 317 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

tourist attraction 318There were parties of tourists visiting all thechurches. � Trafalgar Square is always fullof tourists.tourist attraction

tourist attraction /�tυərst ə |�tr�kʃən/noun a special sight or building whichattracts a lot of tourists � The main touristattractions in London are the Tower of Lon-don and the Changing of the Guard.tourist board

tourist board /�tυərst bɔ�d/ noun anofficial organisation which promotes tour-ism in a particular part of the worldtourist bus

tourist bus /�tυərst b�s/ noun a bus car-rying tourists, visiting various places ofinteresttourist centre

tourist centre /�tυərst �sentə/ noun atown which caters for tourists who visit thesurrounding areatourist class

tourist class /�tυərst klɑ�s/ nounTRAVEL same as economy class � Shealways travels first class because touristclass is too uncomfortable.tourist class hotel

tourist class hotel /�tυərst klɑ�s həυ |

�tel/ noun HOTELS same as two-star hoteltouristed

touristed /�tυərstd/ adjective visited bya large number of touriststourist informationtourist information /�tυərst �nfə|

�meʃ(ə)n/ noun details of places visitorsmight like to visit, how to get there, openingtimes, available accommodation, etc.tourist information office

tourist information office /�tυərst�nfə|�meʃ(ə)n �ɒfs/ noun an office whichgives information to tourists � You can get amap of the town from the tourist bureau.Also called information bureau

COMMENT: Tourist information offices areusually indicated by the international signshowing the letter ‘i’.

tourist seasontourist season /�tυərst �si�z(ə)n/ nounsame as holiday season � Late winter is themain holiday season in the Alpine resorts. �The tourist season on the North Italian coastlasts about three months.tourist trade

tourist trade /�tυərst tred/ noun thebusiness of tourism � Tourist trade has fallenoff sharply because of the recession.tourist trap

tourist trap /�tυərst tr�p/ noun a placewhich attracts tourists and then makes thempay a lot of money for something which isnot very goodtourist visatourist visa /�tυərst �vi�zə/ noun TRAVELa visa which allows a person to visit a coun-try for a short time on holidaytouristy

touristy /�tυərsti/ adjective spoiltbecause of there being too many tourists, andbecause of having tried too hard to attracttourists � The fishing village is pretty, butvery touristy.

tour leader

tour leader /�tυ�ə �li�də/ noun TOURISMsomebody who leads a tour and organises itlocallytournant

tournant /�tυənɒn/ adjective CATERING aFrench adjective meaning ‘turning’tournedos

tournedos /�tυənədɒs/ noun MEAT a thickround piece of fillet steaktour operator

tour operator /�tu�ər �ɒpəretə/ nounTRAVEL a travel agency which organises andsells package holidays or tours � Hundredsof people were stranded in Spain when thetour operator went bust.

‘…a number of block bookings by American touroperators have been cancelled’ [Economist]

tour organizer

tour organizer /tυə �ɔ�#ə|�nazə/ nounTOURISM company or person who arranges atourtour representative

tour representative /�tυə�reprzentətv/ noun TOURISM a representa-tive of a tour operator available to assist itscustomers at a holiday destinationtour wholesaler

tour wholesaler /�tυ�ə �həυlselə/ nounTOURISM a company which organises toursand sells them through tour operatorstow

tow /təυ/ verb to pull something behind avehicle � The motorways were jammed withcars towing caravans.towel

towel /�taυəl/ noun a large piece of softcloth for drying something, especially yourbody � There are piles of towels in the bath-room. � There’s only one towel in the bath-room.towelling

towelling /�taυəlŋ/, toweling US nounan absorbent type of soft cloth used mainlyfor making towels � He was wearing a yel-low towelling bathrobe.towel rail

towel rail /�taυəl rel/ noun a bar of metalor wood in a bathroom on which you canhang a toweltown

town /taυn/ noun a place where people liveand work, with houses, shops, offices andfactoriestown centre

town centre /�taυn �sentə/ noun the cen-tral part of a town, where main shops, banksand places of interest are situated (NOTE:This is called downtown in US English.)town crier

town crier /�taυn �kraə/ noun formerly,somebody employed to make publicannouncements in the street by ringing a belland shouting in a loud voicetown guide

town guide /�taυn #ad/ noun TOURISM 1.a guidebook with descriptions of the historyof a town and what to visit 2. a person whoshows tourists round a towntown hall

town hall /�taυn �hɔ�l/ noun a building inthe centre of a town where the town council

Leisure.fm Page 318 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

319 trailermeets and where the town’s administrativeoffices aretownhouse hotel

townhouse hotel /�taυnhaυs həυ |�tel/noun HOTELS a small privately-owned lux-ury hotel, usually with less than 50 rooms,situated in the middle of a towntrack

track /tr�k/ noun 1. a path � They followeda track through the jungle. 2. RAIL TRAVEL aline of railstrade

trade /tred/ noun BUSINESS 1. the businessof buying and selling 2. business donetrade cycle

trade cycle /�tred �sak(ə)l/ noun BUSI-NESS a period during which trade expands,then slows down and then expands again.Also called economic cycle, businesscycletrade directory

trade directory /�tred da |�rekt(ə)ri/noun same as commercial directorytrade discount

trade discount /�tred �dskaυnt/ nounBUSINESS a discount given to a customer inthe same tradetrade fair

trade fair /�tred feə/ noun MARKETING alarge exhibition and meeting for advertisingand selling a particular type of product � Thefair is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. � The com-puter fair runs from April 1st to 6th. � Thereare two trade fairs running in London at thesame time – the carpet manufacturers’ andthe computer dealers’.trade terms

trade terms /�tred t��mz/ plural nounBUSINESS a special discount for people in thesame tradetrade union

trade union /�tred �ju�njən/, tradesunion /�tredz �ju�njən/ noun BUSINESS anorganisation which represents employeeswho are its members in discussions withemployers about wages and conditions ofemployment � The staff are all members of atrades union or are trade union members. �He has applied for trade union membershipor applied to join a trades union. (NOTE: TheUS English is labor union.)trading loss

trading loss /�tredŋ �lɒs/ noun BUSI-NESS a situation where the company’sreceipts are less than its expendituretrading profit

trading profit /�tredŋ �prɒft/ nounBUSINESS a result where the company’sreceipts are higher than its expendituretradition

tradition /trə|�dʃ(ə)n/ noun customs, hab-its or stories passed from generation to gen-erationtraditional

traditional /trə|�dʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective fol-lowing tradition, which has existed for a longtime � On Easter Day it is traditional to givechocolate eggs. � Villagers still wear the tra-ditional costumes on Sundays.

‘‘traditional’ should be used to describe a recipeor method for a product that has existed for a sig-nificant period’ [Food Standards Agency]

traditionallytraditionally /trə |�dʃ(ə)nəli/ adverb fol-lowing tradition � Brightly coloured clothingis traditionally worn during the parade.traffictraffic /�tr�fk/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL carsand other vehicles which are moving � Thereis an increase in commuter traffic or goodstraffic on the motorway. 2. ROAD TRAVEL themovement of cars, trucks, trains, planes, orthe movement of people or goods in vehicles� Passenger traffic on the commuter lineshas decreased during the summer. 3. BUSI-NESS illegal trade � drugs traffic or traffic indrugs 4. BUSINESS the number of sales madeby a business

‘…just under ten million passengers travelledthrough the airport last year, and with a steadyincrease in the volume of traffic predicted, theairport has decided to build a new terminal tomeet this demand’ [Airliner World]

traffic circletraffic circle /�tr�fk �s��k(ə)l/ noun USROAD TRAVEL same as roundabouttraffic congestiontraffic congestion /�tr�fk kən |

�d$estʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a situationwhere the streets are difficult to movethrough because there is a lot of traffic �Traffic congestion makes it almost impossi-ble for buses to run on time.traffic islandtraffic island /�tr�fk �alənd/ nounROAD TRAVEL a small raised piece of pave-ment in the centre of the road where pedes-trians can safely standtraffic jamtraffic jam /�tr�fk d$�m/ noun ROADTRAVEL a situation where there is so muchtraffic on the road that it moves only veryslowly � Traffic jams are common in the rushhour.traffic lightstraffic lights /�tr�fk lats/ plural nounROAD TRAVEL red, amber and green lights ona pole by a road, telling traffic when to stopor go � Turn left at the next set of lights.traffic policemantraffic policeman /�tr�fk pə|�li�smən/noun ROAD TRAVEL a policeman who directstraffic or who rides a motorcycle to supervisetraffictraffic sheettraffic sheet /�tr�fk ʃi�t/ plural nounBUSINESS a list showing daily salestraffic wardentraffic warden /�tr�fk �wɔ�dən/ nounROAD TRAVEL a uniformed official who givesparking tickets to cars which are parked ille-gallytrailtrail /trel/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a path ortrack � a long-distance ski trail � The islandhas a great network of tracks and trails.trailertrailer /�trelə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL 1. asmall vehicle like a box on wheels which istowed behind a car, and which can be used

Leisure.fm Page 319 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

trailer park 320for carrying luggage, camping equipment,etc. 2. US a caravantrailer park

trailer park /�trelə pɑ�k/ noun ROADTRAVEL same as caravan park � We rent acaravan in a caravan park.trailhead

trailhead /�trelhed/ noun the point wherea trail starts � The trailhead lies at the end ofthe road up the pass.train

train /tren/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a set ofcoaches or wagons pulled by an engine alongrailway lines � to take the 09.30 train to Lon-don � to ship goods by train � He caught histrain or he missed his train. � verb to teachsomebody to do something, or to learn howto do something � The tour will be accompa-nied by a trained nurse. � He trained as ascuba-diving instructor.

‘American Airlines offers a through connectionby train for passengers arriving by air in Brussels.Expect to see a new generation of ‘airline trains’’[Evening Standard]

trainee

trainee /tre|�ni�/ noun somebody who islearning how to do something � We employtrainee waiters to help in the restaurant atpeak periods. � Graduate trainees come towork in the head office when they have fin-ished their courses at university.traineeship

traineeship /tre|�ni�ʃp/ noun a post as atraineetraining

training /�trenŋ/ noun the process ofbeing taught a skill � During training, stu-dents work in a restaurant for three days aweek. � There is a ten-week training periodfor new staff. � off-the-job training traininggiven to employees away from their place ofwork, such as at a college or schooltraining course

training course /�trenŋ kɔ�s/ nounBUSINESS a series of lessons to teach some-one how to do somethingtraining levy

training levy /�trenŋ �levi/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax to be paid by companies to fundthe government’s training schemestraining officer

training officer /�trenŋ �ɒfsə/ nounBUSINESS somebody in a company who dealswith the training of stafftraining unit

training unit /�trenŋ �ju�nt/ noun BUSI-NESS a special group of teachers who organ-ise training for companiestrain station

train station /�tren �steʃ(ə)n/ noun RAILTRAVEL same as railway stationtrain timetable

train timetable /tren �tam |�teb(ə)l/noun RAIL TRAVEL a list showing times ofarrivals and departures of trainstraiteur

traiteur /tre|�t��/ noun CATERING a Frenchnoun meaning ‘outside caterer’tram

tram /tr�m/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a form ofpublic transport, consisting of carriages run-

ning on rails laid in the street (NOTE: The USEnglish is streetcar.)

COMMENT: Although common in Europeancountries (Germany, Switzerland, andScandinavia, for example), trams are nowrare in British towns, though some newtram systems have recently been installed(as in Croydon and Manchester). In theUSA, the best-known streetcar system isin San Francisco.

tramcar

tramcar /�tr�mkɑ�/ noun RAIL TRAVEL asingle carriage of a tram � In Germany, mosttrams consist of two tramcars linkedtogether.tramlines

tramlines /�tr�mlanz/ plural noun RAILTRAVEL rails along which a tram runstramway

tramway /�tr�mwe/ noun RAIL TRAVELsame as tramlinestrancheur

trancheur /trɒn |�ʃ��/ noun CATERING theperson in the kitchen who cuts meat (NOTE:trancheur comes from the French nounmeaning ‘carver’.)tranquillizer

tranquillizer /�tr�ŋkwlazə/, tranquil-liser US noun MEDICAL a drug which makesa person calmtransatlantic

transatlantic /�tr�nzət|�l�ntk/ adjec-tive AIR TRAVEL across the Atlantictransfer

transfer noun /�tr�nsf��/ TRAVEL 1. ameans of transport to take travellers from anairport to a hotel and back � Included in theprice are transfers from airport to hotel. 2. achange from one form of transport to another3. a piece of paper taken from a machine orgiven by a ticket collector, allowing a pas-senger on one form of transport to change toanother � verb /tr�ns|�f��/ to pass from oneplace to another, or cause someone or some-thing to pass from one place to another � Onarrival at the station, the party will transferto a coach for the rest of the journey to thehotel.transfer coach

transfer coach /�tr�nsf�� kəυtʃ/ nounAIR TRAVEL a coach which takes travellersfrom the airport to their hoteltransfer passengers

transfer passengers /�tr�nsf���p�snd$əz/ plural noun AIR TRAVEL travel-lers who are changing from one aircraft,train or bus to another, or to another form oftransporttransferred-charge call

transferred-charge call /�tr�nsf��dtʃɑ�d$ �kɔ�l/ noun a phone call where theperson receiving the call agrees to pay for ittransformer

transformer /tr�ns|�fɔ�mə/ noun a devicefor changing the voltage of electric current,so that electrical devices from one countrycan be used in countries with different volt-age systems. � adaptor

Leisure.fm Page 320 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

321 travel agenttransienttransient /�tr�nziənt/ adjective lasting orstaying only for a short timetransientstransients /�tr�nziənts/ plural noun USHOTELS people who stay in a hotel or guesthouse for a short timetransittransit /�tr�nzt/ noun TRAVEL the move-ment of passengers or goods on the way to adestination � to pay compensation for dam-age suffered in transit � Some of the party’sluggage was lost in transit.transit loungetransit lounge /�tr�nzt laυnd$/ nounAIR TRAVEL a room in an airport where pas-sengers wait for connecting flightstransit passengertransit passenger /�tr�nzt �p�snd$ə/noun a passenger who is at an airport simplyin order to change flights and is not requiredto go through customs or immigration for-malitiestransit visatransit visa /�tr�nst �vi�zə/ nounTRAVEL a visa which allows someone tospend a short time in one country while trav-elling to another countrytranslatetranslate /tr�ns|�let/ verb to put some-thing which is said or written in one lan-guage into another language � He asked hissecretary to translate the letter from the Ger-man agent. � We have had the brochuretranslated from French into Japanese. � Theguide will translate the instructions for you.translationtranslation /tr�ns|�leʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. theact of putting something which is said orwritten in one language into another lan-guage 2. a text which has been translated �The translation of the fire instructions wasnot correct.translatortranslator /tr�ns|�letə/ noun somebodywho translates � She works as a translatorfor the European Parliament.transmissibletransmissible /tr�nz|�msəb(ə)l/ adjec-tive MEDICAL possible to pass on or transmit� a disease transmissible by foodtransmissiontransmission /tr�nz|�mʃ(ə)n/ nounROAD TRAVEL the part of the mechanism of avehicle which passes the power from theengine to the wheelstransporttransport /�tr�nspɔ�t/ noun the act orbusiness of moving of goods or people fromone place to another � air transport or trans-port by air � rail transport or transport byrail � road transport or transport by road �passenger transport or the transport of pas-sengers � What means of transport will youuse to get to the museum? � the visitors willbe using public transport or private trans-port the visitors will be coming by bus, train,etc., or in their own cars, etc. � verb to movegoods or people from one place to another ina vehicle � The company transports millions

of tons of goods by rail each year. � The vis-itors will be transported to the factory by airor by helicopter or by taxi.transportationtransportation /�tr�nspɔ� |�teʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS 1. same as transport 2.vehicles used to move goods or people fromone place to another � The company will pro-vide transportation to the airport.

‘…arriving passengers move from the arrivalgate, down one floor to pick up their bags, andout of the door to their onward destination, viatheir chosen method of ground transportation’[Airliner World]

transport cafétransport café /�tr�nspɔ�t �k�fe/ nounCATERING a restaurant where truck-driverseatTransports Internationaux RoutiersTransports Internationaux Routiersnoun ROAD TRAVEL a French term referringto a system of international documentswhich allows dutiable goods to cross severalEuropean countries by road without payingduty until they reach their final destination.Abbr TIRtrashcantrashcan /�tr�ʃk�n/ noun US a largeplastic or metal container for household rub-bish � They come to empty the trashcansonce a week. � She put the rest of the dinnerin the trashcan.traveltravel /�tr�v(ə)l/ noun the action of mov-ing from one country or place to another �Business travel is a very important part ofour overhead expenditure. � the travel busi-ness � business � the travel trade all busi-nesses which organise travel for people �adjective specially made for use when trav-elling � a travel pillow � verb 1. to movefrom one country or place to another � Hetravels to the States on business twice a year.� In her new job, she has to travel abroad atleast ten times a year. 2. BUSINESS to go fromone place to another, showing a company’sgoods to buyers and taking orders from them� He travels in the north of the country for apharmaceutical company. (NOTE: The Brit-ish English is travelling – travelled butAmerican English is traveling – traveled.)travel advisorytravel advisory /�tr�v(ə)l əd |�vaz(ə)ri/noun a notice published by a government orinternational agency giving advice on travelto particular areas or countries where travel-lers may encounter danger or difficultiestravel agencytravel agency /�tr�v(ə)l �ed$ənsi/ nounTRAVEL an office which arranges tickets andaccommodation for travellers � Can you getforeign currency from the travel agency? � Ihave to collect my tickets from the travelagency.travel agenttravel agent /�tr�v(ə)l �ed$ənt/ nounTRAVEL a person or company that arranges

Leisure.fm Page 321 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

travel alarm clock 322tickets and accommodation for its customers� I asked the travel agent for details of toursto Greece. � The tour was arranged by ourlocal travel agent. � The travel agent calledto say that the tickets were ready. � See yourtravel agent for details of our tours to Spain.travel alarm clocktravel alarm clock /�tr�v(ə)l ə|�lɑ�m�klɒk/ noun a small alarm clock which folds,and can easily be carried when travellingtravel allowance

travel allowance /�tr�v(ə)l ə|�laυəns/noun money which an employee is allowedto spend on travellingtravelator

travelator /�tr�v(ə)letə/ noun a type ofmoving carpet, which you stand on to betaken from one place to another on the samelevel. Compare escalator, lifttravel bureautravel bureau /�tr�v(ə)l �bjυərəυ/ nounTRAVEL same as travel agencytravelcard

travelcard /�tr�v(ə)lkɑ�d/ noun a ticketentitling the user to an unlimited number ofjourneys on a public transport system withina particular area for a fixed period of timetravel data

travel data /�tr�v(ə)l �detə/ noun infor-mation about a person’s travel arrangementsor accommodation, which is stored on com-putertravel documenttravel document /�tr�v(ə)l�dɒkjυmənt/ noun TRAVEL a passport orvisa which a person must have to be able totravel between countriestravel insurancetravel insurance /�tr�v(ə)l n |�ʃυərəns/noun FINANCE insurance taken out by a trav-eller against accident, loss of luggage, ill-ness, etc.travel irontravel iron /�tr�v(ə)l �aən/ noun a smalliron which you can carry with you when youtraveltraveller

traveller /�tr�v(ə)lə/ noun TRAVEL some-body who travels (NOTE: The US spelling istraveler.)traveller’s chequetraveller’s cheque /�tr�v(ə)ləz tʃek/noun FINANCE a cheque which you buy at abank before you travel and which you canthen use in a foreign country � Most shops inthe USA accept traveller’s cheques. � Thehotel will cash traveller’s cheques for you.(NOTE: The US term is traveler’s check.) �dollar traveler’s check, sterling traveller’scheque a traveller’s cheque in dollars orpounds sterlingtravellers’ diarrhoeatravellers’ diarrhoea /�tr�vələz �daə|

�ri�ə/ noun MEDICAL diarrhoea caused by eat-ing unwashed vegetables or fruit, or drinkingunboiled water, contracted by travellerstravelling companion

travelling companion /�tr�v(ə)lŋkəm |�p�njən/ noun TRAVEL somebody whois travelling with another

travelling expensestravelling expenses /�tr�v(ə)lŋ ek|

�spensz/ plural noun TRAVEL money spenton travelling and hotels for business pur-posestravel literaturetravel literature /�tr�v(ə)l �lt(ə)rətʃə/noun TRAVEL magazines, leaflets, etc., whichgive information about traveltravel magazinetravel magazine /�tr�v(ə)l m�#ə|�zi�n/noun TRAVEL a magazine with articles onholidays and traveltravel managementtravel management /�tr�v(ə)l�m�nd$mənt/ noun TRAVEL the organisa-tion and running of a travel system � The aimof travel management is to make sure thatbusiness travel is both cost-effective and pro-ductive.

‘…travel management means meeting thedemands and expectations of travellers, be theyindividuals or part of a group’ [HeathrowInternational Traveller]

travel organisationtravel organisation /�tr�v(ə)l�ɔ�#ənazeʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL a body rep-resenting companies in the travel businesstravel sicknesstravel sickness /�tr�v(ə)l �sknəs/ nounMEDICAL sickness caused by the movementof a car, aircraft, bus or train. Also calledmotion sicknesstravel sickness pillstravel sickness pills /�tr�v(ə)l �sknəsplz/ plural noun MEDICAL tablets taken toprevent travel sicknesstravel warningtravel warning /�tr�v(ə)l �wɔ�nŋ/ nouna notice published by a government warningits citizens against travelling to a particularcountry or areatraytray /tre/ noun 1. a flat board for carryingglasses or cups and saucers, etc. � He had hislunch on a tray in his bedroom. � Shebumped into a waiter carrying a tray ofglasses. � The waiter brought round a tray ofsandwiches and coffee. � in tray, out tray 2.� in tray a container for letters or memoswhich have been received and are waiting tobe dealt withtray tabletray table /�tre �teb(ə)l/ noun a smalltable that folds down from the back of theseat in front of you in a plane or traintreacletreacle /�tri�k(ə)l/ noun FOOD a thick dark-brown syrup produced when sugar is refined,used to make treacle toffee (NOTE: The USEnglish is molasses.)

‘…syrup and treacle are both solutions of invertsugar in water, uncrystallized by-products ofsugar refining. They contain approximately equalproportions of dextrose and fructose’ [TheSunday Times]

treacle tarttreacle tart /�tri�k(ə)l tɑ�t/ noun DES-SERTS a tart made with golden syruptrektrek /trek/ TOURISM noun a long and diffi-cult journey � a four week trek in the Andes

Leisure.fm Page 322 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

323 trouser press� verb to make a long and difficult journey �They trekked across the desert in search ofwater.trekkertrekker /�trekə/ noun SPORT somebodywho goes on long and difficult journeys, usu-ally on foot � Will Nepal remain a safe des-tination for international trekkers?trekkingtrekking /�trekŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof going on long and difficulty journeys,usually on foot � This is one of the world’sclassic trekking routes. � pony-trekkingtrestletrestle /�tres(ə)l/ noun a pair of foldinglegs which can be used to hold up a tabletrestle tabletrestle table /�tres(ə)l �teb(ə)l/ noun atable made of planks resting on folding legstrialtrial /�traəl/ noun a test to see if somethingis good � on trial being tested � verb to testsomething to see if it is good � The restau-rant is still only trialling farm cod. � We aretrialling a new ticketing system. (NOTE: trial-ling – trialled)trimtrim /trm/ noun 1. the act of cutting some-thing short to make it tidy � He went to thebarber’s for a trim. 2. decoration on a car �verb 1. CATERING to cut off parts of meat orfish because they are not needed � The cheftrimmed the meat to remove most of the fatand gristle. 2. to cut something short to makeit tidy � Ask the hairdresser to trim yourbeard. 3. to cut back or reduce � They havetrimmed their staff to the absolute minimum.4. to ornament or to decoratetrimmingstrimmings /�trmŋz/ noun CATERING 1.pieces cut off when preparing meat or fish �Keep any trimmings for stocks and soups. 2.sauces and garnishes which are usuallyserved with a dish � We had roast turkey withall the trimmings.triptrip /trp/ noun a journey � verb to catchyour foot in something so that you staggerand fall downtrip dossiertrip dossier /�trp �dɒsie/ noun a collec-tion of documents relating to the trip that atraveller is going to maketripetripe /trap/ noun MEAT part of a cow’sstomach used as food � The local dish istripe and onions.

COMMENT: Tripe is sold bleached andboiled; the best quality tripe is that called‘honeycomb tripe’; it can be eaten cold orstewed with onions.

tripletriple /�trp(ə)l/ adjective three timestriple occupancytriple occupancy /�trp(ə)l �ɒkjυpənsi/noun HOTELS three people sharing one hotelroomtrippertripper /�trpə/ noun TOURISM somebodywho goes on a journey, especially a day’sexcursion by coach or by train

trocken

trocken /�trɒkən/ adjective BEVERAGES aGerman word meaning ‘dry’, used of winetrolley

trolley /�trɒli/ noun 1. a basket on wheelsfor carrying shopping, luggage, etc. 2.CATERING a table on wheels for carrying foodtrolley-bus

trolley-bus /�trɒli b�s/ noun ROAD TRAVELa bus which works on electricity taken fromoverhead wires by contact poles � Trolley-buses are an energy-efficient method of pub-lic transport.tronc

tronc /trɒŋk/ noun BUSINESS a Frenchnoun meaning a system where all tips fromcustomers are put into a common pool, andthen shared out among the staff at the end ofthe daytropic

tropic /�trɒpk/ noun � the tropics theregion between the Tropic of Cancer and theTropic of Capricorn where it is very hot, andthe countries and areas that are situated there� He lives in the tropics. � Yellow fever isendemic in parts of the tropics.tropical

tropical /�trɒpk(ə)l/ adjective situated inor coming from the tropics � You will need amosquito net to keep off the tropical insects.tropical disease

tropical disease /�trɒpk(ə)l d |�zi�z/noun MEDICAL a disease which is found intropical countries, e.g. malaria, dengue orLassa fevertropical medicine

tropical medicine /�trɒpk(ə)l�med(ə)sn/ noun MEDICAL the branch ofmedicine which deals with tropical diseasestropical storm

tropical storm /�trɒpk(ə)l �stɔ�m/ nouna violent storm occurring in the tropicsTropic of Cancer

Tropic of Cancer /�trɒpk əv �k�nsə/noun a parallel running round the Earth atlatitude 23°28NTropic of Capricorn

Tropic of Capricorn /�trɒpk əv�k�prkɔ�n/ noun a parallel running roundthe Earth at latitude 23°28Strotters

trotters /�trɒtəz/ noun MEAT pig’s feetcooked for food � Pig’s trotters are on themenu tonight.trouble

trouble /�tr�b(ə)l/ noun problems or anysituation that causes people worry or diffi-culties � He’s having trouble getting his visa.� The plane seems to have engine trouble. �verb to create problems for someone or tobother someone � Can I trouble you for alight?trouser press

trouser press /�traυzə pres/ noun adevice for pressing trousers with two boardswhich clamp down on the trousers to removecreases, sometimes heated electrically �Every room in the hotel has an electric trou-ser press.

Leisure.fm Page 323 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

trousers 324trousers

trousers /�traυzəz/ noun � (pair of) trou-sers outer clothes which cover the legs andthe lower part of the bodytrout

trout /traυt/ noun SEAFOOD a type of ediblefreshwater fish � grilled trout with almondstruck

truck /tr�k/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same aslorrytruck driver

truck driver /�tr�k �dravə/ noun ROADTRAVEL somebody who drives a trucktruffle

truffle /�tr�f(ə)l/ noun FOOD 1. an edibleunderground fungus that is regarded as a del-icacy 2. a rich ball-shaped chocolate with acentre of soft chocolatetrunk

trunk /tr�ŋk/ noun a large case for carryingluggage, especially by sea or railtrunk call

trunk call /�tr�ŋk kɔ�l/ noun a telephonecall to a number in a different zone or areatsatsiki

tsatsiki /ts�t |�tsi�ki/ noun FOOD a Greekdish of cucumber, mint and yoghurtT-shirt

T-shirt, teeshirt noun a light shirt with nobuttons or collar, usually with short sleeves �She was wearing jeans and a T-shirt. � Nowonder you’re cold if you went out in just aT-shirt.tub

tub /t�b/ noun US same as bathtubtube

tube /tju�b/ noun 1. a long pipe for carry-ing liquids or gas � a tube of toothpaste 2. �the Tube the underground rail network inLondon 3. BEVERAGES (in Australia) a can ofbeertulip glass

tulip glass /�tju�lp #lɑ�s/ noun CATER-ING same as flutetumbler

tumbler /�t�mblə/ noun CATERING a glasswith a flat base and straight sides, used forserving water, etc.tun

tun /t�n/ noun BARS a large barrel for wineor beertuna

tuna /�tju�nə/ noun SEAFOOD a large ediblesea fish with dark pink flesh (NOTE: The plu-ral form is tuna.)

COMMENT: Fresh tuna is available in somecountries, but in Britain is most easilyavailable in tins. Tuna is often used in sal-ads.

tunnel

tunnel /�t�n(ə)l/ noun a long hole in theground � The road round the lake goesthrough six tunnels. � The tunnel through theAlps is over 30km long.turbot

turbot /�t��bət/ noun SEAFOOD a large flatedible white sea fish (NOTE: The plural formis turbot.)turbulence

turbulence /�t��bjυləns/ noun AIR TRAVELa disturbance in the air causing an aircraft torock suddenlytureen

tureen /tjυ |�ri�n/ noun CATERING a largeserving dish for soup � The waitress arrived

with a tureen of vegetable soup and put it onthe table.turkeyturkey /�t��ki/ noun MEAT a large poultrybird raised for meat � We’re having roast tur-key for Christmas dinner.

COMMENT: Turkey is traditionally eaten atChristmas, with chestnut stuffing; it is alsoeaten in the US for Thanksgiving dinner.

TurkishTurkish /�t��kʃ/ adjective referring toTurkeyTurkish bathTurkish bath /�t��kʃ �bɑ�θ/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT public baths with hot pools, coldbaths, massages, etc.Turkish coffeeTurkish coffee /�t��kʃ �kɒfi/ noun BEV-ERAGES coffee heated with sugar and water.Also called Greek coffeeTurkish delightTurkish delight /�t��kʃ d|�lat/ nounDESSERTS a very sweet jelly, flavoured withessences of flowers, sometimes with nutsadded, sprinkled with powdered sugarturmericturmeric /�t��mərk/ noun SAUCES, ETC. ayellow spice, used especially in pickles andcurriesturnturn /t��n/ noun 1. a change of direction,especially of a vehicle � There’s a sharp leftturn about 250 metres further on. 2. move-ment in a circle 3. ENTERTAINMENT a per-formance in a cabaret 4. � the meat is doneto a turn the meat is properly cooked allthrough � verb 1. to change direction, to goin another direction � Turn left at the trafficlights. 2. to go round in a circleturnaroundturnaround /�t��nə |�raυnd/ � turnroundturndown serviceturndown service /�t��ndaυn �s��vs/noun HOTELS the work of preparing a roomin the evening, by removing the bedcoversand turning down a corner of the sheet toshow the pillowcaseturningturning /�t��nŋ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL apoint where a road leaves another road �Take the second turning on the right. � Aftertaking several wrong turnings we were hope-lessly lost.turnipturnip /�t��np/ noun VEGETABLES a com-mon vegetable with a round white root, usedmainly in soups and stews

COMMENT: Boiled turnips or ‘neaps’ arethe traditional accompaniment to Scottishhaggis.

turnkey operationturnkey operation /�t��nki� ɒpə|

�reʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS a deal where acompany takes all responsibility for con-structing, fitting and staffing a building suchas a hotel, so that it is completely ready forthe purchaser to take overturnoverturnover /�t��nəυvə/ noun 1. FOOD pastryfolded over a sweet filling, and baked orfried � apple turnover 2. BUSINESS the

Leisure.fm Page 324 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

325 tyreamount of goods or services sold by anorganisation � The restaurant’s turnover hasincreased by 23.5%. � We based our calcu-lations on the forecast turnover. (NOTE: TheUS English is sales volume.)turnover tax

turnover tax /�t��nəυvə t�ks/ nounBUSINESS a tax on company turnoverturnpike

turnpike /�t��npak/ noun US ROADTRAVEL a motorway on which you pay a toll.Also called tollwayturnround

turnround /�t��nraυnd/, turnaround US/�t��nə |�raυnd/ noun 1. TRAVEL the act ofunloading passengers and cargo from a shipor aircraft, cleaning, refuelling and reloadingfor the next trip � Poor turnround time of air-craft can affect schedules. 2. the time takento do thisturnstile

turnstile /�t��nstal/ noun a gate whichturns round on a pivot, allowing only oneperson to go through at a time � More thanthree thousand people went through the turn-stiles in an hour.tutti frutti

tutti frutti /�tu�ti �fru�ti/ noun DESSERTSan Italian ice cream with pieces of preservedfruit in itTV

TV /�ti� �vi�/ noun ENTERTAINMENT 1. televi-sion � He loves to watch TV. 2. a televisionset � There is a colour TV in each room.TV lounge

TV lounge /�ti� �vi� laυnd$/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a room in a hotel, college, hospi-tal, etc., where residents can watch TVTVP

TVP abbreviation FOOD textured vegetableprotein24-hour service

24-hour service /�twenti fɔ�r aυə�s��vs/ noun help which is available for thewhole daytwin

twin /twn/ verb � to twin a town withanother town to arrange a special relation-ship between a town in one country and asimilar town in another country � Richmondis twinned with Fontainebleau.twin-bedded room

twin-bedded room /�twn �bedd �ru�m/noun HOTELS a room with twin bedstwin beds

twin beds /�twn �beds/ plural noun twosingle beds placed in a bedroomtwinning

twinning /�twnŋ/ noun TOURISM a spe-cial arrangement between a town in onecountry and one of similar size or situation inanother country � The district council’stown-twinning committee decided thatEpping should be twinned with Eppingen inGermany.twin room

twin room /�twn �ru�m/ noun HOTELSsame as twin-bedded room

twin-tips skis

twin-tips skis, twin-tipped skis pluralnoun SPORT skis which are shorter andwider than conventional skis and are bent upat both endstwo-berth cabin

two-berth cabin /�tu� b��θ �k�bn/ nouna cabin with two beds, usually one above theothertwo-lane highway

two-lane highway /�tu� len �hawe/noun US ROAD TRAVEL a road in two parts,with a barrier between them � The traffic onthe two-lane highway was bumper-to-bumper. (NOTE: The British English is dualcarriageway.)two-sink system

two-sink system /�tu� sŋk �sstəm/noun CATERING a system for washing dishesby hand, with two sinks, the first with warmwater for washing, the second with very hotwater for rinsingtwo-star hotel

two-star hotel /�tu� stɑ� həυ |�tel/ nounHOTELS a hotel which provides quite basicaccommodation at cheaper prices. Alsocalled tourist-class hoteltype

type /tap/ noun sort or kind � What type ofaccommodation are you looking for?typhoid fever

typhoid fever /�tafɔd �fi�və/ noun MED-ICAL an infection of the intestine caused bySalmonella typhi in food and water � Con-taminated water was probably the cause ofthe recent outbreak of typhoid fever.

COMMENT: Typhoid fever gives a fever,diarrhoea and the patient may pass bloodin the faeces. It can be fatal if not treated;patients who have had the disease maybecome carriers. Although a vaccine isavailable, travellers in countries wheretyphoid is endemic should avoid eatinggreen salad, unpeeled fruit and drinkingordinary tap water; they should only drinkbottled water or tap water which has beenboiled.

typhoon

typhoon /ta|�fu�n/ noun a violent tropicalstorm with extremely strong winds, in theFar East (NOTE: In the Caribbean, this iscalled a hurricane.)typhus

typhus /�tafəs/ noun MEDICAL one of sev-eral fevers caused by the Rickettsia bacte-rium, transmitted by fleas and lice � Aidworkers fear that a typhus epidemic mayerupt if conditions in the refugee camps dete-riorate any further.

COMMENT: Typhus victims have a fever,feel extremely weak and develop a darkrash on the skin.

tyre

tyre /�taə/ noun a thick rubber cover rounda wheel (NOTE: The US spelling is tire.)

Leisure.fm Page 325 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Uugliugli /��#li/ noun FRUIT a citrus fruit similarto a grapefruit, but a little larger, of unevenshape and easy to peelUHTUHT abbreviation CATERING ultra heattreatedultimate destinationultimate destination /��ltmət �dest |

�neʃ(ə)n/ noun TRAVEL same as final desti-nationultra heat treated milkultra heat treated milk /��ltrə hi�t�tri�td �mlk/ noun DAIRY milk which hasbeen treated by sterilising at temperaturesabove 135°C, and then put aseptically intocontainers. Abbr UHT milkultraviolet lamp

ultraviolet lamp /��ltrəvaələt �l�mp/noun a lamp which gives off ultraviolet rayswhich tan the skin, help the skin produceVitamin D and kill bacteriaultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation /��ltrəvaələt�redi|�eʃ(ə)n/ noun short invisible rays,beyond the violet end of the colour spectrum,which form the tanning and burning elementin sunlightUMUM abbreviation TRAVEL unaccompaniedminorumbrellaumbrella /�m |�brelə/ noun a round framecovered with cloth which you hold over yourhead to keep off the rainunaccompanied

unaccompanied /��nə |�k�mpənid/adjective TRAVEL not going with a passenger� There are three unaccompanied childrenon the flight.unaccompanied baggageunaccompanied baggage/��nək�mpənid �b�#d$/ noun TRAVELbaggage which is not accompanied by a pas-senger � Unaccompanied baggage must bechecked in at the airport 24 hours inadvance.unaccompanied minorunaccompanied minor/��nək�mpənid �manə/ noun TRAVELsomebody below the age of majority travel-ling alone. Abbr UMunappetising

unappetising /�n |��ptazŋ/ adjectivenot looking, smelling or tasting attractiveunbonded

unbonded /�n |�bɒndd/ adjective BUSI-NESS not having placed money as a suretyagainst future potential loss

‘…the booking of accommodation was organizedthrough a US-based company which was not anABTA member and so hotel bookings wereunbonded’ [Sunday Times]

uncheckedunchecked /�n |�tʃekt/ adjective that hasnot been checked � unchecked figures �Three items of unchecked baggage remainedin the check-in area.unclaimedunclaimed /�n |�klemd/ adjective that hasnot been claimedunclaimed baggageunclaimed baggage /��nklemd�b�#d$/ noun cases which have been leftwith someone and have not been collected bytheir owners � Unclaimed property orUnclaimed baggage will be sold by auctionafter six months.uncomfortableuncomfortable /�n |�k�mftəb(ə)l/ adjec-tive not soft and relaxing � Plastic seats arevery uncomfortable on long journeys.uncookeduncooked /�n |�kυkt/ adjective CATERINGraw, not cooked � Some Japanese dishesconsist of uncooked fish. � Shrimps are greywhen uncooked and become pink whencooked.uncorkuncork /�n|�kɔ�k/ verb BARS to take thecork out of a bottleuncrossed chequeuncrossed cheque /��nkrɒst �tʃek/noun FINANCE a cheque which can be cashedanywhere. Also called open chequeuncureduncured /�n |�kjυərd/ adjective (of food)not preserved by smoking, salting, pickling,or dryingundeliveredundelivered /��nd|�lvəd/ adjective thathas not been deliveredunderbookedunderbooked /��ndə|�bυkt/ adjectivereferring to a tour or flight which does nothave enough bookingsunderchargeundercharge /��ndə |�tʃɑ�d$/ verb to askfor less money than you should � I think wewere undercharged for the meal. � He under-charged us by £5.underclothundercloth /��ndəklɒθ/ noun CATERING acloth, usually of baize, which covers a tablebefore the tablecloth is put onunderdishunderdish /��ndədʃ/ noun CATERING aflat dish on which another deeper dish isplaced before serving

Leisure.fm Page 326 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

327 universal timeunderdone

underdone /��ndə |�d�n/ adjective CATER-ING having not been cooked for very long �a plate of underdone chicken Opposite over-doneunderground

underground adverb /��ndə|�#raυnd/under the ground � The ordinary railway linegoes underground for a short distance. �adjective /��ndə#raυnd/ under the ground �There’s an underground passage to thetower. � The hotel has an underground carpark. � noun /��ndə#raυnd/ RAIL TRAVEL arailway system which runs in a tunnel underthe ground � He took the underground to theairport. � The underground can be verycrowded during rush hour. (NOTE: The USEnglish is subway.)underground train

underground train /��ndə#raυnd tren/noun RAIL TRAVEL a train which runs in a tun-nel under the groundunderpass

underpass /��ndəpɑ�s/ noun ROADTRAVEL a place where one road goes underanother � Turn left at the lights when youcome out of the underpass. Compare over-passunderplate

underplate /��ndəplet/ noun CATERING aflat plate on which another deeper dish isplaced before serving, e.g. a plate under asoup plate or under a coffee cup and saucerunderstaffed

understaffed /��ndə |�stɑ�ft/ adjectivewith not enough staff � Service is slowbecause the restaurant is understaffed.underwater

underwater /��ndə |�wɔ�tə/ adjective,adverb below the surface of the water � Hedived and swam underwater for several sec-onds. � She goes on holiday to the Red Seato do underwater photography.undesirable alien

undesirable alien /��ndzarəb(ə)l�eliən/ noun a foreigner who is not wel-come in a country, and who can be expelledundeveloped

undeveloped /��nd|�veləpt/ adjectiveTOURISM where no facilities for tourists havebeen built � The island is still undeveloped.undressed

undressed /�n |�drest/ adjective 1. (offood ) not fully prepared for cooking or eat-ing 2. (of food) not covered with a dressingor sauceunearned income

unearned income /��n��nd �nk�m/noun BUSINESS money received from inter-est or dividendsunfair dismissal

unfair dismissal /��nfeə ds|�ms(ə)l/noun BUSINESS the removal of someonefrom a job by an employer who appears notto be acting in a reasonable wayunfilled

unfilled /�n |�fld/ adjective having notbeen filled � We still have several unfilledplaces on the tour. � Almost 90% of hotels

had unfilled positions, especially amongkitchen staff.unfilled roomunfilled room /��nfld �ru�m/ nounHOTELS a hotel room which is still vacant atthe end of the dayunfitunfit /�n |�ft/ adjective not suitable � unfitfor human consumption not suitable forhumans to eat, and possibly only be suitableto give to animalsunguaranteed reservationunguaranteed reservation/��n#�rənti�d �rezə |�veʃ(ə)n/ noun a res-ervation for something which a companycannot promise will be availableuniformuniform /�ju�nfɔ�m/ noun speciallydesigned clothing worn by all members of agroup � The holiday camp staff all wear yel-low uniforms.uniform allowanceuniform allowance /�ju�nfɔ�m ə |

�laυəns/ noun money given to an employeeto buy new items of uniform as old itemswear outuniformeduniformed /�ju�nfɔ�md/ adjective wear-ing a uniformuniformed servicesuniformed services /�ju�nfɔ�md�s��vsz/ plural noun HOTELS services in ahotel provided by staff who wear uniformsuniformed staffuniformed staff /�ju�n |�fɔ�md stɑ�f/noun HOTELS hotel staff who wear uniforms,e.g. porters and bellboysuninsureduninsured /�nn |�ʃυəd/ adjective FINANCEnot covered by an insurance policy � Afterthe fire, they discovered that the hotel wasuninsured.union agreementunion agreement /�ju�njən ə|�#ri�mənt/noun BUSINESS a contract between manage-ment and a trade union concerning employ-ment, pay, conditions of work, etc.unitunit /�ju�nt/ noun 1. a single part of alarger whole � The motel has sixteen units. 2.� bedroom unit one cupboard, one set ofshelves, etc., which can be matched with oth-ers to form a suite of furniture for a bedroomunit of currencyunit of currency /�ju�nt əv �k�rənsi/noun FINANCE the main element for countingthe money of a country, e.g. dollar, pound,euro or yenuniversal pluguniversal plug /�ju�nv��s(ə)l �pl�#/noun a form of plug with various types ofpin, which can be used in several differenttypes of socketUniversal Product CodeUniversal Product Code/�ju�nv��s(ə)l �prɒd�kt �kəυd/ noun BUSI-NESS same as bar code. Abbr UPCuniversal timeuniversal time, universal time coordi-nated noun an international system fortimekeeping � The flight departs at 2040 UTor 2040 UTC. Abbr UT, UTC

Leisure.fm Page 327 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

unleavened 328unleavenedunleavened /�n |�levənd/ adjectiveCATERING made without yeast or other rais-ing agentunleavened breadunleavened bread /�n |�lev(ə)nd bred/noun BREAD, ETC. bread made without usinga raising agent such as yeast, made in Medi-terranean countries, and in India and Paki-stanunlimitedunlimited /�n |�lmtd/ adjective with nolimitsunlimited mileageunlimited mileage /�n |�lmtd�mald$/ noun ROAD TRAVEL an allowancewith a hired car, where the driver is notcharged for the number of miles coveredunloadunload /�n |�ləυd/ verb to take goods off aship, etc. � The ship is unloading at Ham-burg. � We need a fork-lift truck to unloadthe lorry. � We unloaded the spare parts atLagos. � There are no unloading facilitiesfor container ships.unlockunlock /�n |�lɒk/ verb to open somethingwhich was lockedunmadeunmade /�n |�med/ adjective not yet madeunmade bedunmade bed /��nmed �bed/ noun a bedwhich has not been made after someone hasslept in itunmade roomunmade room /��nmed �ru�m/ nounHOTELS a hotel room which has not been pre-pared by cleaning, changing the linen andtidying, etc., since the last guest left itunofficialunofficial /��nə|�fʃ(ə)l/ adjective notapproved by a department or organisation �We have had some unofficial meetings withpeople from the ministry. Compare officialunofficiallyunofficially /�nə|�fʃəli/ adverb in a waywhich has not been approved by a depart-ment or organisation � He was told by theForeign Office unofficially that it would bebetter if he left the country. Compare offi-ciallyunofficial strikeunofficial strike /��nəfʃ(ə)l �strak/noun BUSINESS a strike by local workers,which has not been approved by the mainunionunpaidunpaid /�n|�ped/ adjective having notbeen settledunpasteurised milkunpasteurised milk /�n |�p�stʃərazdmlk/ noun DAIRY milk which has not beentreated by pasteurisation � Cheese madefrom unpasteurised milk has a better flavour.unrefinedunrefined /��nr |�fand/ adjective CATER-ING not processed to remove impurities orunwanted substancesunsaltedunsalted /�n |�sɔ�ltd/ adjective CATERINGcontaining no saltunsaturated fatunsaturated fat /�n |�s�tʃəretd �f�t/noun CATERING fat which does not have a

large amount of hydrogen, and so can be bro-ken down more easily. Compare saturatedfatunsecured loan

unsecured loan /��nskjυəd �ləυn/noun BUSINESS a loan made with no securityunskilled

unskilled /�n|�skld/ adjective having noparticular skillunskilled staff

unskilled staff /�n |�skld stɑ�f/ nounBUSINESS employees who have no particularskill, and so may do general jobs such ascleaning, washing dishes, carrying goods,etc.unskilled work

unskilled work /��nskld �w��k/ nounwork which does not require a particularskillunsocial

unsocial /�n |�səυʃ(ə)l/ adjective � towork unsocial hours to work at times whenmost people are not at work, i.e. in theevening, at night or during public holidaysunspoilt

unspoilt /�n |�spɔlt/ adjective TOURISMnot changed for the worse by modern devel-opment or tourismunstrained

unstrained /�n|�strend/ adjective CATER-ING not put through a strainer to removelumpsunsweetened

unsweetened /�n |�swi�tənd/ adjectiveCATERING served, cooked, or manufacturedwith no added sugar or other natural or arti-ficial sweetening agentuntreated milk

untreated milk /�n |�tri�td mlk/ nounDAIRY milk which has not been processed inany wayup

up /�p/ adverb not in bed � At breakfasttime, the waitress still wasn’t up.UPC

UPC abbreviation BUSINESS UniversalProduct Codeupdate

update /��pdet/ noun information whichbrings something up to date � They issued anupdate on the snow forecast. � verb /�p |

�det/ to revise something so that it is moreup to date � They have updated their guide toGreece to include current prices.upgrade

upgrade /�p |�#red/ noun 1. TRAVEL theact of moving a passenger to a better class ofseat, without making him or her pay extra 2.work done to make facilities more luxuriousor more modern � verb 1. TRAVEL to move apassenger to a better class of seat, withoutmaking him or her pay extra � Because of amistake in the booking, he was upgraded tofirst-class. 2. to make facilities more luxuri-ous or more modern � The new managerplans to upgrade the residents’ lounge.

‘…roads to and from the airport are beingupgraded while a new international terminal,capable of handling 3,000 passengers an hour andincluding a customs hall with seven baggage car-

Leisure.fm Page 328 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

329 UV fly-killerousels, should be ready by June 1996’[Business Traveller]‘…a bedroom upgrade called superior is beingrolled out, which includes contemporary furnish-ing, a work desk with modem point, and extra tel-evision channels. The upgrade to a superior roomis just £20, but is forecast to generate £4m ofadditional revenue in the current financial year’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

upholsteryupholstery /�p |�həυlst(ə)ri/ noun 1. thework of covering chairs or other pieces offurniture with padded seats and covers � Hehas an upholstery shop, repairing old chairsand sofas. 2. covers for chairs, or paddedseats and cushions � The upholstery matchesthe colour scheme in the sitting-room.up-marketup-market /��p �mɑ�kt/ adjective moreexpensive and appealing to a more sophisti-cated section of the population � The com-pany has decided to launch a more up-mar-ket version of the product. � The new shop isvery up-market and everything is extremelyexpensive. Compare down-marketupper berthupper berth /��pə �b��θ/ noun a top bedupper deckupper deck /��pə �dek/ noun TRAVELsame as top deckuprightupright /��prat/ adjective vertical, notlying flat � Put your seats into the uprightposition for landing.upstairsupstairs /��p |�steəz/ adverb towards or inthe upper part of a building or vehicle � Let’sgo upstairs on the top deck: you can see Lon-don much better. � adjective in the upper partof a building or vehicle � There is an upstairsbar for guests. � noun the upper part of abuilding or vehicle. Compare downstairsurinalurinal /jυ |�ran(ə)l/ noun 1. a place wheremen can go to pass waste liquid from thebody � There’s a public urinal at the cornerof the street. 2. a bowl to catch waste liquidpassed from the body by men � The men’sroom is very modern, with stainless steel uri-nals.urnurn /��n/ noun � tea urn, coffee urnCATERING a large container with a tap, in

which tea or coffee can be prepared inadvance and then kept hotuse

use noun /ju�s/ the act of taking somethingand making it serve a purpose, or the way inwhich something is used � to make use of toput to a purpose � verb /ju�z/ to put to a pur-pose � Don’t use the tap water for drinking.� Guests used the fire escape to get out of thebuilding.use-by date

use-by date /�ju�z ba �det/ nounCATERING a date stamped on the label of afood product, which is the last date on whichthe food can be safely eaten. Compare best-before date, sell-by dateuseful

useful /�ju�sf(ə)l/ adjective helpful � tomake oneself useful to do helpful thingsusher

usher /��ʃə/ verb � to usher in to bring inusual

usual /�ju�$uəl/ adjective normal, happen-ing, done or taken often � The usual methodof cooking onions is to fry them gently in alittle oil. � noun CATERING the drink or foodwhich someone well-known to the waiter orbarman has most often (informal ) � A pint ofthe usual, please. � Will you have your usual,sir?usually

usually /�ju�$uəli/ adverb mostly, ordinar-ily, most often � The restaurant is usuallyfull on Friday evenings.UT

UT abbreviation universal timeUTC

UTC abbreviation universal time coordi-natedutensils

utensils /ju�|�tens(ə)lz/ noun a tool orcontainer for use in the kitchenU-turn

U-turn /�ju� t��n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a turnmade by a vehicle on a road, so as to face inthe opposite direction � She made a U-turnand went back to the hotel. � U-turns are notallowed on motorways.UV

UV abbreviation ultravioletUV fly-killer

UV fly-killer /�ju� vi� �fla �klə/ noun adevice which attracts flies to its UV rays andthen kills them by electrocution

Leisure.fm Page 329 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Vvacancyvacancy /�vekənsi/ noun 1. an emptyplace or room � ‘vacancies’ empty roomsavailable � ‘no vacancies’ the hotel or guest-house is full 2. a job which is not filled � Weadvertised a vacancy in the local press. � Wehave been unable to fill the vacancy for anexperienced sous-chef. � They have avacancy for a secretary.vacancy rate

vacancy rate /�vekənsi ret/ nounHOTELS the average number of rooms emptyin a hotel over a period of time, shown as apercentage of the total number of roomsvacant

vacant /�vekənt/ adjective empty or notoccupied � We have six rooms vacant in theannexe.vacate

vacate /və |�ket/ verb to leave a place �Guests are asked to vacate their roomsbefore 12.00. � to vacate the premises toleave a building, offices or rooms so that theybecome emptyvacationvacation /və|�keʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a periodwhen the universities and colleges are closed2. US a holiday or period when people arenot working � The family went on vacationin Florida. � verb US to go on holidayvacationervacationer /və|�keʃ(ə)nə/ noun USsomebody who is on holidayvacation hotelvacation hotel /və |�keʃ(ə)n həυ |�tel/noun US a hotel which is used for holidaysvacation job

vacation job /və|�keʃ(ə)n d$ɒb/ nounUS a job taken by a student during the vaca-tion to earn money to help pay for the costsof a university or college coursevacation rental

vacation rental /və |�keʃ(ə)n �rent(ə)l/noun US any suite-type accommodation thathas self-catering facilitiesvaccinate

vaccinate /�v�ksnet/ verb � to vacci-nate someone against a disease to use avaccine to give a person immunisationagainst a specific disease � She was vacci-nated against smallpox as a child.vaccinationvaccination /�v�ks|�neʃ(ə)n/ nounMEDICAL the act of giving a vaccine to a per-sonvaccinevaccine /�v�ksi�n/ noun MEDICAL a sub-stance used to inoculate or vaccinate

COMMENT: A vaccine contains the germsof the disease, sometimes alive andsometimes dead, and this is injected intothe patient so that his or her body willdevelop immunity to the disease. Vaccina-tion is mainly given against cholera, diph-theria, rabies, smallpox, tuberculosis, andtyphoid.

vacuumvacuum /�v�kju�m/ noun a space whichis completely empty of all matter, includingair � verb to clean e.g. a room or floor witha vacuum cleaner (informal )vacuum cleanervacuum cleaner /�v�kjuəm �kli�nə/noun a cleaning machine which sucks updustvacuum cooling

vacuum cooling /�v�kju�m �ku�lŋ/noun CATERING a method of chilling food ina vacuumvacuum flask

vacuum flask /�v�kjuəm flɑ�sk/ noun abottle with double walls which keeps liquidswarm or cold. Also called thermos flaskvacuum-packed

vacuum-packed /�v�kju�m p�kt/adjective CATERING packed in a special plas-tic pack from which all air has beenexcluded, and then chilled or frozen. Com-pare gas flushedvalet

valet /�v�lt/ noun a male servant wholooks after his master’s clothesvaleting service

valeting service /�v�ltŋ �s��vs/ nouna service in a garage, for cleaning the outsideand inside of a carvalet parking

valet parking /�v�lt �pɑ�kŋ/ noun aservice at a hotel or restaurant where a mem-ber of staff parks the guests’ cars for themvalet service

valet service /�v�lt �s��vs/ nounHOTELS a service in a hotel for cleaning andpressing clothes, especially for dry-cleaning.Also called pressing servicevalid

valid /�v�ld/ adjective lawful, availablefor use � Ticket which is valid for threemonths. � He was carrying a valid passport.� How long is the ticket valid for?validate

validate /�v�ldet/ verb 1. to check to seeif something is correct � The document wasvalidated by the bank. 2. to make somethingvalid � The ticket has to be stamped by theairline to validate it.

Leisure.fm Page 330 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

331 vegetable oilvalidatorvalidator /�v�ldetə/ noun TRAVEL ametal stamp used to validate a ticketvalidityvalidity /və|�ldti/ noun being validvalleyvalley /�v�li/ noun a long low area, usuallywith a river at the bottom, between hills ormountains � Fog forms in the valleys atnight.valuablevaluable /�v�ljυəb(ə)l/ adjective worth alot of money, or very usefulvaluablesvaluables /�v�ljυəb(ə)lz/ plural nounitems which are worth a lot of money �Guests can deposit valuables with the man-ager for safe-keeping.valuevalue /�v�lju�/ noun 1. worth � to be goodvalue for money to be a good deal � to getvalue for money to get a good deal � itemsof value items which are worth a lot ofmoney � Items of value can be deposited inthe hotel safe overnight. 2. a quantity shownas a number � verb to consider something asbeing valuable � As a valued customer, youare entitled to a 10% discount.

‘…short break holidays continue to be driven byprice and value for money, which will only con-tinue to put pressure on us all to keep our pricesdown and our marketing well targeted’ [Caterer& Hotelkeeper]

value addedvalue added /�v�lju� ��dd/ noun sameas added valueValue Added TaxValue Added Tax /�v�lju� �dd �t�ks/noun BUSINESS full form of VATvanvan /v�n/ noun a small closed goods vehi-cle � The van will call this afternoon to pickup the goods.vanillavanilla /və |�nlə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. a fla-vouring made from the seed pods of a tropi-cal plant � This recipe uses vanilla-flavouredsugar. � I want vanilla ice cream with choc-olate sauce.variable costsvariable costs /�veəriəb(ə)l �kɒsts/ plu-ral noun BUSINESS production costs whichincrease with the quantity of the productmade or service provided, such as raw mate-rials for meals, guest bedroom cleaning andlinen or wages for extra casual staffvarietyvariety /və|�raəti/ noun a mixture of dif-ferent sorts � There is a variety of differentcereals for breakfast.variety showvariety show /və|�raəti ʃəυ/ nounENTERTAINMENT an entertainment whichincludes several different types of perform-ers such as singers, dancers, conjurors, ven-triloquists, etc.VATVAT /�vi� e �ti�, v�t/ BUSINESS a taximposed as a percentage of the invoice valueof goods and services � The invoice includesVAT at 17.5%. � Some items are still zero-rated for VAT. � A hotel has to charge VAT

like any other business. � The court heardhow he failed to declare any VAT during thethree years. Full form Value Added TaxVAT declarationVAT declaration /�v�t deklə|�reʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS a statement declaring VATincome to the VAT officeVAT inspectionVAT inspection /�v�t n |�spekʃ(ə)n/noun BUSINESS a visit by officials of the Cus-toms and Excise Department to see if a com-pany is correctly reporting its VATVAT inspectorVAT inspector /�v�t n |�spektə/ nounBUSINESS a government official who exam-ines VAT returns and checks that VAT isbeing paidVAT invoiceVAT invoice /�v�t �nvɔs/ noun BUSI-NESS an invoice which shows VAT sepa-ratelyVAT invoicingVAT invoicing /�v�t �nvɔsŋ/ nounBUSINESS the act of sending an invoiceincluding VATVAT officeVAT office /�v�t �ɒfs/ noun BUSINESS agovernment office dealing with the collec-tion of VAT in an areaVDQSVDQS abbreviation BEVERAGES vin délim-ité de qualité supérieureVDUVDU abbreviation visual display unitvealveal /vi�l/ noun MEAT meat from a calf

COMMENT: Veal is not as popular in Britainas in other European countries.

veal and ham pieveal and ham pie /�vi�l ən h�m �pa/noun FOOD a pie with a filling of veal andham and hard-boiled eggs, eaten coldveal cutletveal cutlet /�vi�l �k�t(ə)lət/ noun FOOD aflat cake of minced veal covered with bread-crumbs and friedveal escalopeveal escalope /vi�l �eskə|�lɒp/ nounFOOD a thin slice of veal, covered in bread-crumbs and friedvegveg /ved$/ noun vegetables, or a vegetable(informal )veganvegan /�vi�#ən/ noun, adjective CATERINGsomeone who does not eat meat, dairy pro-duce, eggs or fish and eats only vegetablesand fruitvegetablevegetable /�ved$təb(ə)l/ noun FOOD aplant grown for food, not usually sweet, e.g.a potato, carrot, onion, cabbage, cauliflower,pea or bean � The main course is served witha selection of vegetables.vegetable chefvegetable chef /�ved$təb(ə)l ʃef/ nounCATERING the chef in charge of preparingvegetables and pasta. Also called chefentremétiervegetable oilvegetable oil /�ved$təb(ə)l ɔl/ nounFOOD an oil that has been extracted from aplant or the seeds of a plant, e.g. olive oil,sunflower oil, sesame oil, or rapeseed oil

Leisure.fm Page 331 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

vegetarian 332vegetarian

vegetarian /�ved$ |�teəriən/ noun, adjec-tive CATERING someone who does not eatmeat, but eats mainly vegetables and fruitand sometimes dairy produce, eggs or fish �She asked for a vegetarian meal. � Our chil-dren are all vegetarians.veggie

veggie /�ved$i/ noun FOOD (informal ) 1.same as vegetable 2. same as vegetarianveggieburger

veggieburger /�ved$ib��#ə/ noun FOODa flat cake made from vegetables, grains, orlegumes, often served in the same way as ahamburgervehicle

vehicle /�vi�k(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL amachine with wheels, used to carry goods orpassengers on a roadvehicular

vehicular /v|�hkjυlə/ adjective referringto vehicles (formal) � No vehicular traffic isallowed on the island. � no vehicular accessto the motorway vehicles cannot get ontothe motorway herevelouté

velouté /və|�lu�te/ noun FOOD soup with acreamy texturevending machine

vending machine /�vendŋ mə |�ʃi�n/noun a machine from which you can buysomething, such as sweets, chocolate, ciga-rettes or drinks, by putting coins into a slot.Also called slot machinevenetian blind

venetian blind /və |�ni�ʃ(ə)n �bland/noun a blind to shut out light, made of hori-zontal strips of plastic or wood, which can beopened and shut or raised and lowered bypulling a stringvenison

venison /�vens(ə)n/ noun MEAT meatfrom a deer

COMMENT: Venison is left to hang for atleast one week before eating. It is dark redin colour and has very little fat.

venison pâté

venison pâté /�vens(ə)n �p�te/ nounFOOD pâté made from venisonvenison stew

venison stew /�vens(ə)n �stju�/ nounFOOD pieces of venison cooked in a liquidventilation

ventilation /�vent|�leʃ(ə)n/ noun ameans or the act of bringing in fresh airventilation hood

ventilation hood, ventilation canopynoun CATERING a device placed over an ovenor other cooking surface, to remove smellsand steam

‘Ventilation hoods are needed to remove thesmells, vapour and grease invariably produced inlarge quantities during cooking. The ventilationsystem should include a fan of sufficient extractcapacity to cope with the expected fume loadfrom the equipment it serves.’ [Health andSafety in Kitchens (HSE)]

ventilation shaft

ventilation shaft /�vent|�leʃ(ə)n ʃɑ�ft/noun a tube which allows fresh air to go intoa building

ventilatorventilator /�ventletə/ noun an openingwhich allows fresh air to come in, or amachine which pumps fresh air into a roomand extracts stale airventure capitalventure capital /�ventʃə �k�pt(ə)l/noun BUSINESS capital for investment in theearly stages of projects which may easily belost. Also called risk capitalvenuevenue /�venju�/ noun an agreed placewhere something will take place � The venuefor the conference has still to be booked.verdigrisverdigris /�v��d#ri�/ noun a green discol-oration on things made of copper caused bycontact with dampvermicellivermicelli /�v��m|�tʃeli/ noun FOOD atype of pasta, like very thin spaghettiverminvermin /�v��mn/ noun insects or animals,such as beetles, mice, etc., which are lookedupon as pests by some people. � pestvermouthvermouth /�v��məθ/ noun BEVERAGES atype of strong wine flavoured with herbs

COMMENT: Vermouth can be either sweetor dry; Italian vermouth is used to makemartinis.

vertical integrationvertical integration /�v��tk(ə)l �nt |

�#reʃ(ə)n/ noun BUSINESS the joiningtogether of businesses which deal with dif-ferent stages in the production or sale of thesame product, as when a restaurant chaintakes over a wine importervesselvessel /�ves(ə)l/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS ashipvestibulevestibule /�vestbju�l/ noun an entrancehallviavia /�vaə/ preposition by or using a meansor a route � The shipment is going via theSuez Canal. � We are sending the informa-tion pack via our office in New York. � Theysent the message via the courier.videovideo /�vdiəυ/ noun, adjective ENTER-TAINMENT a system which records and showspictures on a television screenvideo cameravideo camera /�vdiəυ �k�m(ə)rə/ nouna camera which records video picturesvideo cassettevideo cassette /�vdiəυ kə|�set/ noun aplastic case containing videotape which canfit directly into a video cassette recordervideo-cassette recordervideo-cassette recorder, videorecorder noun ENTERTAINMENT a machinewhich records television or films pictures ontape, so that they can be played back latervideo conferencevideo conference /�vdiəυ�kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun a meeting where somepeople take part by televisionviewview /vju�/ noun 1. what you can see froma certain place � a room with a view over theharbour � We asked for a room with a sea

Leisure.fm Page 332 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

333 visitors’ bookview and were given one looking out over thebus depot. 2. an opinion or a way of thinkingabout something � We asked the sales man-ager for his views on the reorganisation ofthe reps’ territories. � The chairman takesthe view that credit should never be longerthan thirty days. � in view of because of � Inview of the falling exchange rate, we havehad to introduce surcharges on some of ourtours.viewing area

viewing area /�vju�ŋ �eəriə/ noun aplace, e.g. at an airport, where people canstand to watch what is happeningvillavilla /�vlə/ noun TOURISM a large countryor seaside house, usually in a warm country� He is staying in a villa on the Mediterra-nean. � They are renting a villa in Greece forAugust.villagevillage /�vld$/ noun a small group ofhouses in the country, like a little town, oftenwith a church, and usually some shopsvillage fêtevillage fête /�vld$ �fet/ noun ENTER-TAINMENT a little local festival in a villagevinvin /v�n/ noun BEVERAGES a French nounmeaning winevinaigrettevinaigrette /�vn |�#ret/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a salad dressing made with oil, vinegar,salt and other flavourings. Also calledFrench dressingvindaloovindaloo /�vndə|�lu�/ noun FOOD a veryhot curry sauce made with coriander, redchilli, ginger, and other spices, or a dishcooked in this saucevin délimité de qualité supérieurevin délimité de qualité supérieure/�v�n de |�lmte də �k�lte su|�peri|���/noun BEVERAGES a French classification ofwine, indicating that it comes from a partic-ular region and is made from a particularvariety of grape. Abbr VDQSvin de paysvin de pays /�v�n də �pe/ noun BEVER-AGES table wine from a particular region ofFrancevin de tablevin de table /�v�n də �tɑ�blə/ noun BEV-ERAGES table winevinegarvinegar /�vn#ə/ noun SAUCES, ETC. liq-uid made from sour wine or cider, used incooking and for preserving food � red winevinegar � cider vinegarvineyardvineyard /�vnjəd/ noun BEVERAGES anarea planted with vines for making wine �There are some vineyards in southern Eng-land. � We visited vineyards along theMoselle and bought some wine.vinovino /�vi�nəυ/ noun BEVERAGES an Italiannoun meaning winevino di tavolavino di tavola /�vi�nəυ �di� �t�vələ/ nounBEVERAGES table wine

vintagevintage /�vntd$/ noun 1. BEVERAGES thework of collecting grapes to make wine, orthe grapes which are collected 2. BEVERAGESa fine wine made in a particular year � Thisis a very good vintage. � What vintage is it?– it’s a 1968. � vintage wine, vintage port afine or expensive old wine or port which wasmade in a particular yearvinylvinyl /�van(ə)l/ noun a plastic material,used especially to make floor coveringsVIPVIP abbreviation very important person �we laid on VIP treatment for our visitors,we gave our visitors a VIP reception wearranged for our visitors to be well lookedafter and entertainedVIP loungeVIP lounge /�vi� a �pi� laυnd$/ noun AIRTRAVEL a special room at an airport forimportant travellersVIP suiteVIP suite /�vi� a �pi� �swi�t/ noun HOTELSa specially luxurious suite at an airport or ina hotelvirusvirus /�varəs/ noun MEDICAL a tiny germcell which can only develop in other cells,and often destroys them � Scientists haveisolated a new flu virus.

COMMENT: Many common diseases suchas measles or the common cold arecaused by viruses; viral diseases cannotbe treated with antibiotics.

visavisa /�vi�zə/ noun a special document orspecial stamp in a passport which allowssomeone to enter a country � You will need avisa before you go to the USA. � He filled inhis visa application form.visa nationalvisa national /�vi�zə �n�ʃ(ə)nəl/ noun aperson from a country whose citizens need avisa in order to enter the UKvisitvisit /�vzt/ noun a short stay in a place �We will be making a short visit to Londonnext week. � He is on a business visit to Edin-burgh. � We had a visit from the VAT inspec-tor. � verb to go to a place or to see someoneor something for a short time � He spent aweek in Scotland, visiting museums in Edin-burgh and Glasgow. � The trade delegationvisited the Ministry of Commerce.visitorvisitor /�vztə/ noun a person who comesto visit � The coach brought a group of visi-tors to the exhibition.visitor centrevisitor centre /�vztə �sentə/ nounTOURISM a building offering information andservices to visitors in a city or at a historicalor archaeological site, park, or nature reservevisitor guidevisitor guide /�vztə #ad/ noun TOUR-ISM a guidebook for visitors to a placevisitors’ bookvisitors’ book /�vztəz bυk/ noun abook in which visitors to a museum or gueststo a hotel write comments about the place

Leisure.fm Page 333 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

visitors’ ledger 334visitors’ ledger

visitors’ ledger /�vztəz �led$ə/ nounHOTELS a ledger in which itemised accountsfor each guest in a hotel are keptvisitors’ tax

visitors’ tax /�vztəz t�ks/ noun BUSI-NESS a tax to be paid to a local municipalityfor each visitorvitamin

vitamin /�vtəmn/ noun CATERING anessential substance not synthesised in thebody, but found in most foods, and neededfor good healthVitamin A

Vitamin A /�vtəmn �e/ noun CATERING avitamin which is soluble in fat and can beformed in the body, but is mainly found infood such as liver, vegetables, eggs and codliver oil

COMMENT: Lack of Vitamin A affects thebody’s growth and resistance to diseaseand can cause night blindness.

Vitamin B

Vitamin B1 /�vtəmn bi� �w�n/ nounCATERING a vitamin found in yeast, liver,cereals and porkVitamin B

Vitamin B2 /�vtəmn bi� �tu�/ nounCATERING a vitamin found in eggs, liver,green vegetables, milk and yeastVitamin B

Vitamin B6 /�vtəmn bi� �sks/ nounCATERING a vitamin found in meat, cerealsand molassesVitamin B

Vitamin B12 /�vtəmn bi� �twelv/ nounCATERING a vitamin found in liver and kid-ney, but not present in vegetablesVitamin B complex

Vitamin B complex /�vtəmn bi��kɒmpleks/ noun CATERING a group of vita-mins such as folic acid, riboflavine and thia-mine

COMMENT: Lack of vitamins from the Bcomplex can have different results: lack ofthiamine causes beriberi; lack of ribofla-vine affects a child’s growth; lack of pyri-doxine causes convulsions and vomitingin babies; lack of vitamin B12 causes anae-mia.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C /�vtəmn �si�/ noun CATERINGa vitamin which is soluble in water and isfound in fresh fruit, especially oranges andlemons, raw vegetables and liver

COMMENT: Lack of Vitamin C can causeanaemia and scurvy.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D /�vtəmn �di�/ noun CATERINGa vitamin which is soluble in fat, found inbutter, eggs and fish and also produced bythe skin when exposed to sunlight

COMMENT: Vitamin D helps in the forma-tion of bones, and lack of it causes ricketsin children.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E /�vtəmn �i�/ noun CATERING avitamin found in vegetables, vegetable oils,eggs and wholemeal bread

vodka

vodka /�vɒdkə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. astrong colourless alcohol distilled from grainor potatoes made originally in Russia andPoland 2. a glass of this alcohol � Two vodkaand tonics, please.void

void /vɔd/ adjective invalid, which cannotlawfully be used � The ticket is void. � verbto mark a document to show that it cannot beused lawfully � We will void the existingticket and issue a new one.voiture

voiture /vwɑ�|�tjυə/ noun CATERING a trol-ley for food in a restaurant (NOTE: voiturecomes from the French noun meaning‘car’.)vol-au-vent

vol-au-vent /�vɒl əυ �vɒŋ/ noun FOOD asmall round case of pastry, usually filledwith a savoury mixture, eaten hot or cold �mushroom vol-au-ventvol-au-vent case

vol-au-vent case /�vɒl əυ vɒn �kes/noun FOOD a round case of pastry ready to befilled with a savoury fillingvolcano

volcano /vɒl |�kenəυ/ noun a mountainwith a hole on the top through which lava,ash and gas can exit

COMMENT: Volcanoes occur along faultsin the earth’s surface and exist in well-known chains. Some are extinct, but oth-ers erupt relatively frequently. Some arealways active, in that they emit sulphurousgases and smoke, without actually erupt-ing. Volcanic eruptions are a major sourceof atmospheric pollution. Volcanoes arepopular tourist attractions: the best-knownin Europe are Vesuvius, Stromboli andEtna in Italy and Helgafell in Iceland.

voltage

voltage /�vəυltd$/ noun a measure ofelectrical force

COMMENT: The voltage in many countriesis 110V (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.). InEurope, the Far East and Africa, voltage isusually 220V or 240V. Travellers shouldalways carry a transformer to get electricalappliances to work.

volume catering

volume catering /�vɒlju�m �ketərŋ/noun CATERING catering for large numbersof people, as at mass meetings or sportseventsvoucher

voucher /�vaυtʃə/ noun a piece of paperwhich is given instead of money � Each trav-eller has a book of vouchers to be presentedat the reception desk in each hotel where thegroup stays.voyage

voyage /�vɔd$/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS along journey by shipvoyager

voyager /�vɔd$ə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATSsomebody who goes on a long journey byship

Leisure.fm Page 334 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

Wwafer

wafer /�wefə/ noun BREAD, ETC. a thinsweet biscuit eaten with ice cream � a bowlof vanilla and chocolate ice cream, with awafer in itwaffle

waffle /�wɒf(ə)l/ noun BREAD, ETC. a typeof thick crisp pancake cooked in an ironmould and eaten with syrup � We boughtwaffles at the stall in the fairground. � Waf-fles are very popular in Belgium.waffle-iron

waffle-iron /�wɒf(ə)l �aən/ noun CATER-ING an iron mould used for making waffleswage

wage /wed$/ noun money paid, usually incash each week, to an employee for workdone � She is earning a good wage or goodwages in the bar.wage differentials

wage differentials /�wed$ dfə |

�renʃəlz/ plural noun BUSINESS differencesin salary between employees in similar typesof jobswage packet

wage packet /�wed$ �p�kt/ noun anenvelope containing money and pay slipwages book

wages book /�wed$z bυk/ noun BUSI-NESS a ledger in which details of all pay-ments to staff are keptwage scale

wage scale /�wed$ skel/ noun BUSI-NESS a list of wages, showing different ratesof pay for different jobs in the same com-pany (NOTE: The plural wages is moreusual when referring to the money earned,but wage is used before other nouns.)wagonwagon /�w�#ən/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a vehi-cle for carrying goods used on the railwaywaistcoat

waistcoat /�westkəυt/ noun a short coatwith buttons and without any sleeves, whichis worn over a shirt and under a jacket � Thewaiters’ uniform is black trousers, whiteshirt and red waistcoats.wait

wait /wet/ verb 1. to stay where you are,and not do anything until something happensor someone comes � We gave our order halfan hour ago, but are still waiting for the firstcourse. � If you wait here I expect a taxi willcome along soon. 2. � to wait on someoneCATERING to serve food to someone at tablewaiterwaiter /�wetə/ noun CATERING a man whoserves food to people in a restaurant

waiter servicewaiter service, waitress service nounCATERING same as table servicewaiting listwaiting list /�wetŋ lst/ noun a list ofpeople waiting to see someone or do some-thing � There is a waiting list of passengershoping to get a flight.waiting roomwaiting room /�wetŋ ru�m/ nounTRAVEL a room where travellers wait for theirtrains, buses, etc.waiting staffwaiting staff /�wetŋ stɑ�f/ noun CATER-ING restaurant employees who serve theguests at tablewaitlist

waitlist /�wetlst/ same as waiting listwaitresswaitress /�wetrəs/ noun CATERING awoman who serves food to people in a res-taurantwakewake /wek/ verb to stop someone sleeping� He asked to be woken at 7.00. (NOTE: wak-ing – woke – has woken)wakeboarding

wakeboarding /�wekbɔ�dŋ/ nounSPORT a water sport in which somebody rid-ing a single board is pulled behind a motorboat and performs jumps while crisscrossingthe wake of the boatwake upwake up /�wek ��p/ verb to stop sleeping� She woke up at 7.30. � He asked to bewoken up at 6.15.wake-up callwake-up call /�wek �p �kɔ�l/ nounHOTELS a phone call from the hotel switch-board to wake a guest upWaldorf saladWaldorf salad /�wɔ�dɔ�f �s�ləd/ nounFOOD a salad made of diced raw apples, cel-ery, and walnuts with a mayonnaise dressingWales Tourist BoardWales Tourist Board /�welz �tυərst�bɔ�d/ noun TOURISM an organisation whichpromotes tourism in Wales and promotestourism to Wales from other parts of the UK.Abbr WTBwalkwalk /wɔ�k/ noun 1. a usually pleasantjourney on foot � It’s only a short walk to thebeach. 2. an organised visit on foot � SeveralLondon walks are advertised each Saturday.� He went on a Dickens walk. � verb 1. to goon foot � He walks to the office every morn-ing. � The visitors walked round the factory.2. � to walk someone HOTELS to move

Leisure.fm Page 335 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

walked guest 336someone to a room in another hotel, even ifthey have a guaranteed reservation, becausethe hotel has been overbookedwalked guest

walked guest /�wɑ�kt �#est/ plural nounHOTELS a guest who has made a reservationwhich cannot be honoured, so that he or shehas to be accommodated somewhere elsewalker

walker /�wɔ�kə/ noun SPORT somebodywho goes walking for pleasure and exercise� She’s a keen walker, and goes walking inScotland every summer.walk-in

walk-in /�wɔ�k n/ adjective, noun largeenough to walk into � We have a large walk-in fridge. � There’s a walk-in wardrobe lead-ing off the bedroom.walk-in customer

walk-in customer /�wɔ�k n/, walk-innoun BUSINESS a customer who eats at ahotel restaurant but is not staying at the hotel� Prices are accessible to both stayingguests and walk-in customers.walking

walking /�wɔ�kŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof going on foot as a relaxation � We spenttwo weeks on a walking holiday in NorthItaly.walking boots

walking boots /�wɔ�kŋ ʃu�s/, walkingshoes plural noun SPORT heavy boots orshoes, suitable for walking long distanceswalking stick

walking stick /�wɔ�kŋ stk/ noun a stickused to support you when walkingwalking tour

walking tour /�wɔ�kŋ �tυə/ noun TOUR-ISM a tour on which you walk from one placeto another, spend the night, and then con-tinue on foot the following daywall

wall /wɔ�l/ noun 1. a structure of brick,stone or wood, forming the side of a room orbuilding or the boundary of a piece of land 2.a thick stone construction round an old town� You can walk all round York on the townwalls.walled

walled /wɔ�ld/ adjective with walls � Veg-etables are grown in the hotel’s walled gar-den. � They visited several old walled townsin South-West France.wallet

wallet /�wɒlt/ noun a small leather casewhich fits into the pocket and is used forholding banknotes � His wallet was stolenfrom his back pocket. � Do not leave yourwallet in the car.wall planner

wall planner /�wɔ�l �pl�nə/ noun a chartwhich shows days, weeks or months so thatthe work of an office can be shown by dia-gramswalnut

walnut /�wɔ�ln�t/ noun NUTS a hard roundnut with a wrinkled shellwalnut oil

walnut oil /�wɔ�ln�t ɔl/ noun SAUCES,ETC. oil produced by crushing walnuts

wander

wander /�wɒndə/ verb to walk about with-out any special direction � to wander off towalk away from the correct path � Two of thegroup wandered off into the market and gotlost.want

want /wɒnt/ verb to need, to require � Doyou want any more tea? � My little daughterwants to go to the toilet. � I want to go toParis next Tuesday.want ads

want ads /�wɒnt �dz/ plural noun sameas classified adswar

war /wɔ�/ noun 1. a period of fightingbetween countries or armies � Travel is dan-gerous in the south of the country because ofthe war. 2. a period of strong competitionbetween companies � a price warwarden

warden /�wɔ�d(ə)n/ noun somebody wholooks after or guards somethingwardrobe

wardrobe /�wɔ�drəυb/ noun a large cup-board in which clothes may be hung � Thereare no hangers in my wardrobe.warewashing

warewashing /�weəwɒʃŋ/ noun CATER-ING the washing of kitchenware such as pans� They have installed a new warewashingsystem.warm

warm /wɔ�m/ adjective quite hot, pleas-antly hot � You must take plenty of warmclothing. � The winter sun can be quite warmin February. � verb CATERING to heat fooduntil it is quite hot � to warm up to heat foodwhich has already been cooked, and hasgone coldwarming cupboard

warming cupboard /�wɔ�mŋ �k�bəd/noun CATERING a specially heated cupboardin a kitchen, where food can be kept warmwarn

warn /wɔ�n/ verb to inform someone of apossible danger � The group was warned tolook out for pickpockets. � The guide warnedus that there might be snakes in the ruins. �They were warned not to go near the armybase. (NOTE: You warn someone of some-thing, or that something may happen, or todo or not to do something.)warning

warning /�wɔ�nŋ/ noun notice of possibledanger � The government issued a warningabout travelling in the south of the country.� Warning notices were put up around theruins.warrant

warrant /�wɒrənt/ noun an official docu-ment which allows someone to do something� verb 1. to guarantee � All the spare partsare warranted. 2. to show that something isreasonable � The tour price is not warrantedby the use of two-star hotels.warranty

warranty /�wɒrənti/ noun 1. BUSINESS apromise in a contract � breach of warrantyfailure to do something which is a part of a

Leisure.fm Page 336 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

337 watercontract 2. a statement made by an insuredperson which declares that the facts stated byhim or her are truewasabi

wasabi /wə|�sɑ�bi/ noun SAUCES, ETC. astrong-tasting green powder or paste from aplant root used as a condiment in Japanesecookingwash

wash /wɒʃ/ noun 1. the act of cleaningsomething, somebody or yourself with wateror another liquid � I’ll go and have a quickwash. 2. clothes which are being washed orwhich are dirty and need to be washed � verbto clean with water or another liquid � She’swashing her hair. � He washed the fruitbefore eating them. � Guests are asked not towash clothes in hotel rooms.wash-basinwash-basin, wash-hand basin noun abowl in a bathroom with taps producing run-ning hot and cold water for washingwashbowl

washbowl /�wɒʃbəυl/ noun a bowl forholding water, but not fixed and with no tapswash cyclewash cycle /�wɒʃ �sak(ə)l/ noun a seriesof operations in a dishwasher to wash dishes,ending with the ‘drain cycle’washer

washer /�wɒʃə/ noun 1. a steel or rubberring under a bolt or nut, or a rubber ringinside a tap which prevents water escapingwhen the tap is turned off 2. a machine forwashing � a dishwasher � glass washerwashing

washing /�wɒʃŋ/ noun 1. the act of clean-ing with water or another liquid 2. clotheswhich are ready to be washed or which havebeen washed � Put your washing in the plas-tic bag. � Washing left out in the morningwill be delivered to the room within 12 hours.washing machinewashing machine /�wɒʃŋ mə |�ʃi�n/noun a machine for washing clotheswashing powder

washing powder /�wɒʃŋ �paυdə/ nouna detergent powder for washing clotheswashing up

washing up /�wɒʃŋ ��p/ noun CATERING1. the cleaning of dirty dishes, glasses, cut-lery, pots and pans with water and detergent� When he couldn’t pay, he had to do thewashing up. 2. dirty dishes, glasses, cutlery,pots and pans waiting to be cleaned � Thereis a pile of washing up waiting to be put intothe dishwasher.washroomwashroom /�wɒʃru�m/ noun US a roomwhere you can wash your hands and use thetoilet � Where’s the washroom, please?washstandwashstand /�wɒʃst�nd/ noun 1. a tableon which a washbowl and jug of water stoodin a bedroom (dated) 2. US a fixed bowl,with taps, for holding water for washing thehands and facewash upwash up /�wɒʃ ��p/ verb 1. CATERING toclean dirty dishes, cutlery, glasses, pots and

pans 2. US to wash yourself � I’ll just go andwash up before lunch.wastagewastage /�westd$/ noun the act of wast-ing � They have to reduce wastage in thekitchens.wastewaste /west/ noun material or matterwhich is useless, especially material that isleft over after all the useful parts or sub-stances have been used up � kitchen waste �verb to use more of something than is needed� You shouldn’t waste water.waste binwaste bin /�west bn/ noun a containerfor putting rubbish inwaste compactorwaste compactor /�west kəm |�p�ktə/noun a machine which crushes waste intosmall packs which are relatively easy to dis-pose ofwaste disposalwaste disposal /�west d|�spəυz(ə)l/noun HOTELS arrangements to get rid of rub-bish, e.g. from a hotel or restaurant

COMMENT: Waste disposal units are notpermitted in countries which do not allowground waste products to be flushed intothe sewage system.

waste disposal unitwaste disposal unit /west d|

�spəυz(ə)l �ju�nt/ noun CATERING amachine attached to a kitchen sink, whichgrinds waste food into pulp which can thenbe flushed away into the drainage systemwaste paper basketwaste paper basket /�west �pepə�bɑ�skt/, wastebasket /�westbɑ�skt/noun a container into which paper or piecesof rubbish can be thrownwaste pipewaste pipe /�west pap/ noun a pipewhich takes dirty water from a sink to thedrainsWATAWATA abbreviation World Association ofTravel Agencieswatchwatch /wɒtʃ/ noun a small clock worn onthe arm or carried in a pocket � verb to lookat something that is happening or that isbeing shown � to watch television � Theywent up to London to watch the changing ofthe guard. � Watch while I show you how toturn the pancake over.watchmanwatchman /�wɒtʃmən/ noun somebodywho guards a building, usually when it isempty. Also called night watchmanwatch outwatch out /�wɒtʃ �aυt/ verb to be alert andcareful, especially to avoid danger � Watchout, you nearly ran into that tree. � We’vebeen warned to watch out for pickpockets.(NOTE: You watch out for sth.)waterwater /�wɔ�tə/ noun 1. BEVERAGES the liq-uid essential to life which makes up a largepart of the body � Is the water safe to drink?� You are advised to drink only bottled water.� Each room has hot and cold running water.

Leisure.fm Page 337 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

water biscuit 338� The temperature of the water or The watertemperature is 60°. 2. � to take the watersto drink mineral water at a spa � verb � thedisplay of cakes made my mouth water thecakes looked and smelt so delicious thatsaliva came into my mouthwater biscuit

water biscuit /�wɔ�tə �bskt/ nounBREAD, ETC. a thin unsweetened hard biscuitmade of flour and water, eaten with cheesewater chestnut

water chestnut /�wɔ�tə �tʃesn�t/ nounVEGETABLES a round white crunchy stembase of a Chinese water plant, often used inAsian cookingwater closet

water closet /�wɔ�tə �klɒzt/ noun a lav-atory (formal) Abbr WCwater cooler

water cooler /�wɔ�tə �ku�lə/, waterfountain noun a container which holdsdrinking water, which is cooled and may bedrawn off through a tapwatercress

watercress /�wɔ�təkres/ noun VEGETA-BLES a creeping plant grown in water andeaten in salads and soup � The chef has madea delicious watercress soup. � cresswaterfall

waterfall /�wɔ�təfɔ�l/ noun a drop in ariver, etc., from a high level over the edge ofa cliff � Let’s climb up to the waterfall andpicnic there. � Is Niagara the largest water-fall in the world?waterfront

waterfront /�wɔ�təfr�nt/ noun the bankof a river or shore of the sea and the buildingsalong it � Let’s have lunch on the terrace ofone of the waterfront restaurants.water glass

water glass /�wɔ�tə #lɑ�s/ noun CATER-ING a glass on a table for drinking water,placed next to a wine glass in a table settingwater ice

water ice /�wɔ�tə as/ noun DESSERTS atype of light ice cream made of water andflavouring � an orange water ice � Thewaiter brought round a tray of water ices.watering place

watering place /�wɔ�tərŋ ples/ noun 1.a place where people go to drink or bathe inthe local water for health reasons 2. a placeby the sea to which people go for swimmingand other leisure activitieswatermelon

watermelon /�wɔ�tə |�melən/ noun FRUIT alarge green fruit with red flesh and blackseedswater park

water park /�wɔ�tə pɑ�k/ noun a leisurearea or theme park with water-based facili-ties such as slides with flowing waterwaterproof

waterproof /�wɔ�təpru�f/ adjective notallowing water through � You will needplenty of waterproof clothing if you aregoing sea fishing. � noun a coat which willnot let water through � Only a light basicwaterproof need be carried.

waterskier

waterskier /�wɔ�təski�ə/ noun SPORTsomebody who goes waterskiingwaterskiing

waterskiing /�wɔ�təski�ŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of gliding along the surface of alake or river on large skis, pulled by a fastboatwater skis

water skis /�wɔ�tə ski�z/ plural nounSPORT wider shorter skis for gliding overwaterwater slide

water slide /�wɔ�tə slad/ noun a slidewith water flowing down it at a swimmingpool or an amusement parkwater sports

water sports /�wɔ�tə spɔ�ts/ plural nounSPORT activities which take place on or inwater, e.g. swimming, water polo and scubadivingwater tank

water tank /�wɔ�tə t�ŋk/ noun a tank forholding waterwater taxi

water taxi /�wɔ�tə �t�ksi/ noun SHIPS ANDBOATS a small boat which goes along a riveror canal, or round a lake, taking passengerson a regular schedule

‘…on the island there are taxis, water taxis, rentalcars and mountain bikes, tours and charter boatsto get you around’ [Food & Travel]

waterwings

waterwings /�wɔ�təwŋz/ plural nouninflatable rings attached to the arms of achild learning to swimwave

wave /wev/ noun a ridge of higher wateron the surface of the sea � Watch out for thebig waves on the beach. � The sea was calm,with hardly any waves. � verb to move yourhand up and down � to wave to someone tosignal to someone with the hand � to wavesomeone on to tell someone to go on by amovement of the handwax

wax /w�ks/ noun a solid substance madefrom fat or oil, used for making candles,polish, etc. � verb to cover floors, skis, etc.with waxway

way /we/ noun 1. ROAD TRAVEL a road orpath � on the way during the journey � Wewill stop at the carpet shop on the way to therestaurant. 2. the direction that leads tosomething � Is this the way to the postoffice? � Can you show me the way to theruins?WC

WC, W.C. abbreviation water closetW/C

W/C noun a desk where letters, documentsor tickets can be picked up by guests. Fullform will callweather

weather /�weðə/ noun conditions outside,e.g. if it is raining, hot, cold or sunny � Theweather can be very wet in spring. � I hopethe weather will be fine for our climb. �What’s the weather like in Italy in May?

Leisure.fm Page 338 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

339 westweather bureau

weather bureau /�weðə �bju�rəυ/,weather centre /�weðə �sentə/ noun anoffice which analyses weather reports andforecasts the weather � The weather centre isforecasting a period of dry sunny weather.weather forecast

weather forecast /�weðə �fɔ�kɑ�st/noun a description of what the weather willbe for a period in the future � The weatherforecast is good. � Switch on the radio – Iwant to hear the weather forecast.weather report

weather report /�weðə r |�pɔ�t/ noun awritten or spoken statement describing whatthe weather has been like recently, what it islike at the moment or what it will be for aperiod in the futurewebsite

website /�websat/ noun MARKETING a col-lection of pages on the Internet which havebeen produced by one company and arelinked together � For more information visitour company website.wedding

wedding /�wedŋ/ noun a marriage cere-monywedding breakfast

wedding breakfast /�wedŋ �brekfəst/noun CATERING a full meal served after awedding which can take the form of a buffet,at the end of which speeches are made andthe wedding cake is cutwedding reception

wedding reception /�wedŋ r|�sepʃən/noun CATERING the party held after a mar-riage ceremony, including the weddingbreakfast, drinks, toasts, cake-cutting, etc.wedding venue

wedding venue /�wedŋ �venju�/ noun aplace where wedding receptions are oftenheld � The old house is a popular weddingvenue.week

week /wi�k/ noun a period of seven daysfrom Monday to Sunday � a three-weekcruise in the Caribbean � to be paid by theweek to be paid a particular amount ofmoney each week � He earns £500 a week orper week. � She works thirty-five hours perweek or She works a thirty-five-hour week.weekendweekend /wi�k |�end/ noun Saturday andSunday, or the period from Friday evening toSunday eveningweekend breakweekend break /�wi�k |�end brek/ nounTOURISM a short holiday of two or threenights over a weekend at a specially low tar-iff � They are offering weekend breaks inAmsterdam from £100.weekend business

weekend business /�wi�kend �bzns/noun BUSINESS business done at the week-end, i.e. the number of customers on Satur-days and Sundays � Weekend business isslow.weekend returnweekend return /�wi�kend r|�t��n/ nounTRAVEL a ticket available at a reduced price if

you go and come back between Friday andMondayweeklyweekly /�wi�kli/ adverb done every week �a weekly flight to the Shetland Isles � aweekly newspaper, a weekly newspaperwhich is published once a weekweekly room rateweekly room rate /�wi�kli �ru�m �ret/noun HOTELS the rate charged for a hotelroom for seven nightsweighweigh /we/ verb 1. to measure how heavysomething is � She weighed the packet at thepost office. � Please put all your luggageonto the scales to be weighed. 2. to have aparticular weight � The packet weighstwenty-five grams.weigh inweigh in /�we �n/ verb AIR TRAVEL to haveyour baggage weighed before a flightweighing machineweighing machine /�weŋ mə|�ʃi�n/noun a machine which measure how heavysomething or someone isweightweight /wet/ noun how heavy someone orsomething is � to sell fruit by weight to sellfruit at a price calculated per pound or perkilo of the fruit � to give short weight to sellsomething which is lighter than it should beWeil’s diseaseWeil’s disease /�welz d|�zi�z/ nounMEDICAL an infectious disease caused trans-mitted to humans from rats’ urine, causingjaundice and kidney damage (NOTE: Weil’sdisease can also be caught from windsurf-ing on stagnant water.)welcomewelcome /�welkəm/ noun a greeting orreception � they gave the visitors a verywarm welcome they greeted the visitorsvery warmly � verb to greet someone as theyarrive � The hotel manager welcomed thetourist group. � adjective 1. received withpleasure � After the walk, we had a welcomehot bath or a hot bath was very welcome. 2.willingly permitted � Visitors are welcometo use the hotel gardens. 3. � you’re wel-come it was a pleasure to serve you (infor-mal: as a reply to ‘thank you’)well-well- /wel/ prefix in a good way � a well-equipped bedroom � a well-known spa townwell-appointedwell-appointed /�wel ə|�pɔntd/ adjec-tive well furnished and equipped, which hasluxurious furnishings and equipmentwell donewell done /�wel �d�n/ adjective CATERINGcompletely cookedwell-hungwell-hung /�wel �h�ŋ/ adjective (of meat)hung up long enough to mature and be goodto eatWelsh rarebitWelsh rarebit /�welʃ �reəbt/ noun FOODcooked cheese on toastwestwest /west/ noun one of the points of thecompass, the direction of the setting sun �

Leisure.fm Page 339 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

westbound 340The sun sets in the west and rises in the east.� adjective referring to the west � the westcoast � adverb towards the west � Drivewest along the motorway for ten miles.westboundwestbound /�westbaυnd/ adjectivegoing towards the west � The westboundcarriageway of the motorway is closed.West EndWest End /�west �end/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT 1. the fashionable part of London,where the main shops can be found �Crowds go shopping in the West End on Sun-day afternoons. Compare East End 2. thecentral London theatres, which put on majorplays � Her first play was a hit in the WestEnd. � He wrote three West End musicals.Compare fringe (NOTE: The US equivalentfor main theatres is Broadway.)westerlywesterly /�westəli/ adjective towards thewestwesternwestern /�westən/ adjective referring tothe westwesternmostwesternmost /�westənməυst/ adjectivefurthest westWestminsterWestminster /�westmnstə/ noun a bor-ough in London where the Houses of Parlia-ment are situated � Tourists always go toWestminster as part of their visit to London.westwardwestward /�westwəd/ adjective, adverbtowards the westwestwardswestwards /�westwədz/ adverb towardsthe westwest windwest wind /�west �wnd/ noun a windcoming from the westwetwet /wet/ adjective 1. covered or soakedwith water or other liquid � I’m wetthrough or soaking wet all my clothes arevery wet 2. rainy � If it is wet, the walk to thebeach will be cancelled. � There’s nothing Ilike better than a wet Sunday in London.wet saleswet sales /�wet selz/ plural noun BUSI-NESS sales of beer and other drinks in a pub� The trade split is: wet 20%, food 50%,accommodation 30%.

‘…the pub has been totally no-smoking for eightyears and, apart from an initial negative impacton wet sales, it has traded successfully ever since’[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]

wetsuitwetsuit /�wetsu�t/ noun SPORT a suit wornby divers, windsurfers, etc., which keeps thebody warm with a layer of water between thebody and the suitwhalewhale /wel/ noun a huge mammal thatlives in the sea � You can take a boat into themouth of the river to see the whales.whale watchingwhale watching /�wel �wɒtʃŋ/ nounTOURISM the tourist attraction of watchingwhales � They run whale-watching toursinto the bay.

wharfwharf /wɔ�f/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS aplace in a dock where a ship can tie up andload or unload (NOTE: The plural form iswharfs or wharves.)wheatwheat /wi�t/ noun FOOD a grain harvestedin temperate regions from a widely culti-vated cereal plant, used for making flour forbread, pasta, and other foodswheat germwheat germ /�wi�t d$��m/ noun FOOD thecentre of the wheat grain that is milled finelyand sometimes toasted, and is used for sprin-kling over cereals or in cookingwheelwheel /wi�l/ noun 1. a round object onwhich a vehicle such as a bicycle, a car or atrain runs 2. any similar round object whichturns � verb to push along something thathas wheels � The waiter wheeled in a sweettrolley.wheelchairwheelchair /�wi�ltʃeə/ noun a chair onwheels used by people who cannot walkwheelchair accesswheelchair access /�wi�ltʃeə ��kses/noun a slope for wheelchairs � There is nowheelchair access into the restaurant.whelkwhelk /welk/ noun SEAFOOD a type of edi-ble sea snail � We bought some whelks at astall on the pier.wheywhey /we/ noun DAIRY the watery liquidthat separates from the solid part of milkwhen it turns sour or when enzymes areadded in cheese making. Compare curdwhipwhip /wp/ verb CATERING to make foodsuch as batter or cream stiff and creamy byadding air to it with short quick movements,using a fork, whisk, or electric beaterwhipped creamwhipped cream /�wpt �kri�m/ nounDAIRY cream, beaten until it is stiff, flavouredwith sugar and vanillawhipping creamwhipping cream /�wpŋ kri�m/ noun aheavy cream containing a high proportion ofbutterfat, which causes it to stiffen whenwhippedwhirlpoolwhirlpool /�w��lpu�l/ noun water whichturns rapidly round and round � Be careful,there are whirlpools in the river.whirlpool bathwhirlpool bath /�w��lpu�l bɑ�θ/ noun atype of bath, often in a spa, where the wateris made to turn round and roundwhiskwhisk /wsk/ CATERING noun a kitchen toolmade of curved or coiled wires attached to ahandle, or of a bundle of twigs or stalks, usedto whip soft or liquid foods � verb to whip asoft or liquid substance with a fork, whisk, orother utensilwhiskeywhiskey /�wski/ noun BEVERAGESwhisky, made in Ireland and the USAwhiskywhisky /�wski/ noun 1. BEVERAGES astrong alcohol distilled from grain, usually

Leisure.fm Page 340 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

341 wifemade in Scotland � whisky sour cocktail ofwhisky, lemon juice and sugar 2. BEVERAGESa glass of this alcohol � Two large whiskies,please.

COMMENT: Whisky may be drunk on itsown (neat), with ice cubes (on the rocks)or diluted with water, soda water or a gin-ger-flavoured fizzy drink.

whisky and soda

whisky and soda /�wski ən �səυdə/noun BEVERAGES a drink of whisky withsoda waterwhisky sour

whisky sour /�wski �saυə/ noun BEVER-AGES a cocktail of whisky, lemon juice andsugarwhite

white /wat/ adjective, noun the colour ofsnow or milk � noun, adjective FOOD sameas egg whitewhitebait

whitebait /�watbet/ noun SEAFOOD asmall young fish fried and eaten whole(NOTE: The plural form is whitebait.)whiteboard

whiteboard /�watbɔ�d/ noun a board ona wall which can be written on using col-oured penswhite bread

white bread /�wat �bred/ noun BREAD,ETC. bread made from refined white flourwhite coffee

white coffee /�wat �kɒfi/ noun BEVER-AGES coffee with milk or creamwhite meat

white meat /wat �mi�t/ noun FOOD light-coloured meat, like the breast meat on achickenwhites

whites /wats/ plural noun white clothes �the traditional chef’s whiteswhite sale

white sale /�wat �sel/ noun a sale ofsheets, towels, etc.white sauce

white sauce /�wat �sɔ�s/ noun SAUCES,ETC. a basic sauce made from fat, flour andliquid usually milk or stockwhite sugar

white sugar /�wat �ʃυ#ə/ noun FOODsame as granulated sugarwhite tie

white tie /�wat �ta/ adjective referring toa formal evening banquet or reception atwhich men wear a white bow tie and blacktail coat. � black tiewhiteware

whiteware /�watweə/ noun CATERINGwhite plates, cups and saucers, etc., asopposed to decorated china

‘…the recession has forced caterers to be price-conscious and whiteware can cost a third lessthan colourfully designed products. We haveseen three- and four-star hotels moving to white-ware, but still striving for standards with elegantdesign or embossed lines’ [Caterer & Hotel-keeper]

white-water canoeing

white-water canoeing /�rɑ�ftŋ/, raft-ing noun SPORT the sport of riding in acanoe or on a raft down rapidly flowing riv-ers

white winewhite wine /�wat �wan/ noun BEVER-AGES wine made without leaving the grapeskins in the fermenting mixture, making thewine pale yellow or green instead of deep red

COMMENT: Dry white wines are drunk withfish, and also as apéritifs. Sweet whitewines are drunk as dessert wines. Allwhite wines are drunk chilled.

whitingwhiting /�watŋ/ noun SEAFOOD a type ofsmall sea fish (NOTE: The plural form iswhiting.)WhitsunWhitsun /�wtsən/ noun a Christian festi-val on the seventh Sunday after EasterWhit SundayWhit Sunday /�wt �s�nde/ noun theseventh Sunday after Easterwholefoodwholefood /�həυlfu�d/ noun FOOD food,grown naturally, which has not been givenartificial fertilisers and has not been proc-essed � A wholefood diet is healthier thaneating processed foods.wholegrainwholegrain /�həυl#ren/ noun FOOD foodsuch as rice of which the whole of the seed iseatenwholemealwholemeal /�həυlmi�l/ adjective contain-ing wheat germ and branwholemeal breadwholemeal bread /�həυl|�mi�l bred/,wholewheat bread /�həυl|�wi�t bred/ nounBREAD, ETC. bread made from wholemealflourwholemeal flourwholemeal flour /�həυlmi�l �flaυə/ nounFOOD flour which has had nothing removedor added to it and contains a large proportionof the original wheat seed, including the branwholesalewholesale /�həυlsel/ noun the sale ofgoods in large quantities to retailerswholesomewholesome /�həυls(ə)m/ adjectivehealthy, good for one’s healthwholesome foodwholesome food /�həυls(ə)m �fu�d/noun CATERING food that is good for yourhealthwholewheatwholewheat /�həυlwi�t/ noun mainly USFOOD same as wholemealwide-bodied aircraftwide-bodied aircraft /�wad �bɒdid�eəkrɑ�ft/ noun AIR TRAVEL an aircraft witha body wider than 5 metres, e.g. the Airbusor a Boeing 747wienerwiener /�wi�nə/ noun US FOOD same asfrankfurter � We cooked wieners on the bar-becue.Wiener schnitzelWiener schnitzel /�wi�nə �ʃnts(ə)l/noun FOOD a slice of veal, covered in bread-crumbs and fried � I’ve been in Germany forfour days and all I’ve eaten are WienerSchnitzels.wifewife /waf/ noun a woman to whom a manis married � He and his wife are both vege-tarians. (NOTE: The plural form is wives.)

Leisure.fm Page 341 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

wild fowl 342wild fowl

wild fowl /�wald faυl/ noun SPORT gamebirds which are shot for sportwildlife

wildlife /�waldlaf/ noun birds, plants andanimals in their natural conditions � Theyspent the week studying the wildlife in thenational park. (NOTE: There is no pluralform.)wildlife park

wildlife park /�wald |�laf pɑ�k/ nounENTERTAINMENT a park where wild animalsare allowed to run freewild mushroom

wild mushroom /�wald �m�ʃru�m/noun VEGETABLES any of various types ofedible mushroom found in the countrysideand which are now also cultivated (NOTE:Ceps and chanterelles are the best-knownwild mushrooms.)wild rice

wild rice /�wald �ras/ noun FOOD a spe-cies of grass which is found naturally inNorth America and which is similar to ricewind

wind verb /wand/ to roll up or to roll down� You can wind down the window if it is toohot. (NOTE: winding – wound) � noun/wnd/ air moving outdoors � The wind isblowing from the sea. � in high winds invery strong windswindbreak

windbreak /�wndbrek/ noun a fence,hedge or screen which protects against thewindwind chill factor

wind chill factor /�wnd tʃl �f�ktə/noun a way of calculating the risk of expo-sure in cold weather by adding the speed ofthe wind to the number of degrees of temper-ature below zerowindow

window /�wndəυ/ noun an opening in awall or door or the side of a vehicle, filledwith glasswindow seat

window seat /�wndəυ si�t/ noun TRAVELa seat in a train, plane, etc., next to a windowwindscreen

windscreen /�wndskri�n/ noun ROADTRAVEL a glass window in the front of a vehi-clewindscreen washer

windscreen washer /�wndskri�n�wɒʃə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL an attachment ona car which squirts water on to the wind-screen to clean the glasswindscreen wiper

windscreen wiper /�wndskri�n�wapə/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a device on avehicle which wipes rain away from thewindscreenwindshield

windshield /�wndʃi�ld/ noun 1. ROADTRAVEL a screen on a motorcycle 2. US awindscreenwindsurfer

windsurfer /�wns��fə/ noun SPORTsomebody who does windsurfing � Wind-surfers were waiting for some wind to makereally big waves.

windsurfingwindsurfing /�wnds��fŋ/ noun SPORTthe sport of riding on water on a specialboard with a sail attached � This is a verypopular beach for windsurfing.windwardwindward /�wndwəd/ adjective, adverbSHIPS AND BOATS on or to the side of a shipfrom which the wind is blowing. Compareleewardwindywindy /�wndi/ adjective when a strongwind is blowing � We have a lot of windyweather in March. � Dress warmly, it’s acold windy day outside.winewine /wan/ noun BEVERAGES 1. an alco-holic drink made from the juice of grapes �We’ll have a bottle of the house wine. � Doyou sell wine by the glass? 2. an alcoholicdrink made from the juice of fruit or flowers� elderberry wine � verb � to wine and dinesomeone to take someone out for an expen-sive dinner and drinkswine barwine bar /�wan bɑ�/ noun BARS a barwhich serves wine, and usually foodwine basketwine basket, wine cradle noun CATER-ING 1. a wickerwork cradle with handles forholding a bottle of vintage red wine at anangle, so that the wine can be served withoutholding the bottle upright and the sediment isnot disturbed 2. a wickerwork containerholding several bottles of wine upright, usedfor serving wine on an aircraftwine bucketwine bucket /�wan �b�kt/ noun BARSsame as ice bucketwine cellarwine cellar /�wan �selə/ noun BARS anunderground room where wine is kept orservedwine coolerwine cooler /�wan �ku�lə/ noun 1. BARSa bucket with ice and water, in which a bottleof wine is placed to keep cold 2. MEDICAL aspecial plastic holder in which a bottle ofchilled wine is placed to keep coldwine glasswine glass /�wan #lɑ�s/ noun CATERINGa glass for serving wine � These wine glassesare very expensive.wine-growingwine-growing /�wan �#rəυŋ/ adjectivein which vines are grown to produce winewine listwine list /�wan lst/ noun CATERING a listof wines which are available at a restaurantwine merchantwine merchant /�wan �m��tʃənt/ nounsomebody who sells wineswine routewine route /�wan ru�t/ noun ROADTRAVEL a road which goes through vineyardswinerywinery /�wanəri/ noun US a vineyard,where wine is madewine tastingwine tasting /�wan �testŋ/ nounENTERTAINMENT a visit to a vineyard or awine merchant’s to taste wine before buyingit

Leisure.fm Page 342 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

343 worldwine waiter

wine waiter /�wan �wetə/ noun CATER-ING the person in charge of serving the winesin a restaurant. Also called sommelierwing

wing /wŋ/ noun 1. part of a bird used forflying, eaten as food � Which part of thechicken do you prefer, white meat or a wing?2. AIR TRAVEL one of two large flat surface atthe side of aircraft, which enable it to fly �He had a seat over the wing, so could not seemuch out of the cabin window.winkle

winkle /�wŋkəl/ noun SEAFOOD a type ofsmall edible sea-snail � We bought winklesand jellied eels from the stall on the pier.winter

winter /�wntə/ noun the last season of theyear, following autumn and before spring,when the weather is coldest and the days areshortwinter resort

winter resort /�wntə r |�zɔ�t/ nounTOURISM a town which is mainly visited inthe winter because of skiing nearbywinter schedule

winter schedule /�tamteb(ə)l/, wintertimetable noun TRAVEL a special timetablefor planes or trains or ferries, which appliesduring the low seasonwinter sports

winter sports /�wntə �spɔ�ts/ pluralnoun SPORT sports which take place in thewinter, e.g. skiing or skatingwinter sports destination

winter sports destination /�wntə�spɔ�ts �destneʃ(ə)n/ noun TOURISM aplace where people go to for winter sports �Flights to winter sports destinations are fullaround Easter.wiper

wiper /�wapə/ noun same as windscreenwiperwire

wire /�waə/ noun 1. a thin metal line orthread � Do not touch the electric wires. 2. atelegram � to send someone a wire � verb tosend a telegram � She wired the hotel to con-firm her arrival on the 5th of May.wok

wok /wɒk/ noun CATERING a Chineseround-bottomed frying pan � A wok is usedfor stir-fry cooking.woman

woman /�wυmən/ noun a female adulthuman being (NOTE: The plural form iswomen.)women’s toilet

women’s toilet /�wmnz �tɔlət/ noun apublic toilet for womenwon ton

won ton /�w�n t�n/ noun FOOD in Chinesecookery, a small dumpling made from asquare of noodle dough with a little filling inthe middle, boiled in soup or deep-friedwooden spoon

wooden spoon /�wυd(ə)n �spu�n/ nounCATERING a spoon made of wood, used forcookingwood pigeon

wood pigeon /�wυd �pd$ən/ noun MEATa wild pigeon which is shot for food

Worcester sauceWorcester sauce, Worcestershiresauce noun SAUCES, ETC. a trademark for abottled sauce, made of vinegar, herbs andspices � a tomato juice with a dash ofWorcester sauce in itword processingword processing /�w��d �prəυsesŋ/noun the use of a computer to produce,check and change texts, reports and lettersworkwork /w��k/ noun a job � in work having ajob � out of work with no job � verb 1. tohave a job � She works in a travel agent’s. �He works at the Swan Hotel. � He is workingas a commis in a London restaurant. 2. tomake a machine operate � Do you know howto work the cash register? 3. to have thedesired effect or result � The plan worked.workerworker /�w��kə/ noun somebody who isemployed � hotel worker, shop worker aperson who works in a hotel or a shopworkforceworkforce /�w��kfɔ�s/ noun BUSINESS allthe employees in a hotel or a companyworkingworking /�w��kŋ/ adjective referring towork � the normal working week the usualnumber of hours worked per week, generallyabout 35 hours � Even though he is a casualworker, he works a normal working week.working capital

working capital /�w��kŋ �k�pt(ə)l/noun BUSINESS capital in the form of cash,stocks and debtors, used by a company in itsday-to-day operationsworking conditionsworking conditions /�w��kŋ kən |

�dʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun the general state ofthe place where people work, e.g. whether itis well lit, well ventilated, too hot, noisy,dark or dangerousworking holidayworking holiday /�w��kŋ �hɒlde/noun a holiday during which volunteerswork on a project of benefit to a communitywork permit

work permit /�w��k �p��mt/ noun BUSI-NESS an official document which allowssomeone who is not a citizen to work in acountrywork schedulework schedule /�w��k �ʃed$u�l/ noun atimetable of jobs to be done, with dates andtimes for finishing themworkstationworkstation /�w��k |�steʃ(ə)n/ nounBUSINESS a desk with a terminal, monitor,keyboard and mouse, where a computeroperator works � The system has five work-stations linked in a network.workwearworkwear /�w��kweə/ noun clothingworn for work, especially a uniformworldworld /w��ld/ noun 1. the planet Earth 2.the people in a particular business, or peoplewith a special interest � the world of bigbusiness � the world of lawyers or the legalworld

Leisure.fm Page 343 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

World Heritage site 344World Heritage site

World Heritage site /�w��ld �hertd$�sat/ noun a place that is considered to be ofoutstanding value to humanity and is givenspecial protectionworld tour

world tour /�w��ld �tυə/ noun TOURISM atour which visits various countries in differ-ent parts of the world and goes round theworldWorld Tourism Organisation

World Tourism Organisation /�w��ld�tυərz(ə)m �ɔ�#ənazeʃ(ə)n/ noun anagency of the United Nations that aims topromote tourism, especially responsible andsustainable tourism, throughout the world.Abbr WTOworldwide

worldwide /�w��ldwad/ adjective,adverb all over the world � a worldwide net-work of couriers � Our hotels have a world-wide reputation for good service. � The air-line operates worldwide.wrap

wrap /r�p/ noun FOOD a soft bread, like atortilla, wrapped round a filling to make asnack � chargrilled aubergines, courgettesand peppers, served in a warm tortilla wrapwrapping

wrapping /�r�pŋ/ noun the paper or plas-tic used to wrap something upwrapping paper

wrapping paper /�r�pŋ �pepə/ nounpaper used to wrap presentswrap up

wrap up /�r�p ��p/ verb 1. to wear warmclothes � You need to wrap up warmly – it isvery cold outside. 2. to cover up completely� She wrapped the book up in colouredpaper.wreck

wreck /rek/ SHIPS AND BOATS noun 1. sameas shipwreck 2. the act of wrecking a shipor of being wrecked � verb to cause severe

damage to a ship � The ship was wrecked onthe coast of Ireland.write

write /rat/ verb to put down words onpaper � Please write your home address onthe registration form. � He wrote a letter tothe management to complain about the serv-ice. (NOTE: writing – wrote – written)writing table

writing table /�ratŋ �teb(ə)l/ noun atable where someone can write letters, etc.written permission

written permission /�rt(ə)n pə|

�mʃ(ə)n/ noun a document which allowssomeone to do something � You need thewritten permission of the owner to visit thecastle.wrong

wrong /rɒŋ/ adjective 1. not right, contain-ing a mistake � The bill was wrong, and wehad to ask the waiter to check it. � Our mealwas sent to the wrong table. � There is some-thing wrong with the television in our room.� They took a wrong turning and ended up inan industrial estate. 2. morally badwrongful dismissal

wrongful dismissal /�rɒŋf(ə)l ds |

�ms(ə)l/ noun BUSINESS removal of some-one from a job for a reason which does notjustify dismissal and which is in breach ofthe contract of employmentwrong number

wrong number /�rɒŋ �n�mbə/ noun a tel-ephone number which is not the one youwanted to dial � We tried dialling severaltimes, but each time got a wrong number.WTB

WTB abbreviation Wales Tourist BoardWTO

WTO abbreviation World Tourism Organi-sationWTTC

WTTC abbreviation World Travel andTourism Council

Leisure.fm Page 344 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

XYZXC skiingXC skiing SPORT same as cross-countryskiingxenophobiaxenophobia /�zenə |�fəυbiə/ noun a dis-like of foreignersYY noun a YMCA or YWCA hostel(informal)yachtyacht /jɒt/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS 1. a sail-ing boat, or a boat used for pleasure and sport2. a large luxurious boat with a motor � Shespent her holiday on a yacht in the Mediter-ranean.yacht clubyacht club /�jɒt kl�b/ noun SPORT a sail-ing clubyachtingyachting /�jɒtŋ/ noun SPORT the activityof sailing a yacht � Yachting holidays in theGreek Islands are very popular.yachting harbouryachting harbour /�jɒtŋ �hɑ�bə/ nounSPORT a harbour with special facilities foryachts such as mooring buoysyachtsmanyachtsman /�jɒtsmən/, yachtswoman/�jɒtswυmən/ noun SPORT somebody whosails a yachtyamyam /j�m/ noun VEGETABLES 1. the thicktuber of a tropical plant Dioscorea 2. USsame as sweet potatoyearyear /jə/ noun a period of twelve months �We are going back to the hotel where westayed last year. � Next year they are goingto Corsica.year endyear end /�jə �end/ noun BUSINESS theend of the financial year, when a company’saccounts are prepared � The accountsdepartment has started work on the year-endaccounts.yeastyeast /ji�st/ noun FOOD a living fungusused to make bread and beeryeast extractyeast extract /�ji�st �ekstr�kt/ nounFOOD a thick sticky brown food obtainedfrom yeast and eaten as a spread or used incookingyellow feveryellow fever /�jeləυ �fi�və/ noun MEDICALan infectious disease, found especially inAfrica and South America, caused by a viruscarried by the mosquito Aedes aegypti

COMMENT: The fever affects the liver andcauses jaundice. There is no known cure

for yellow fever and it can be fatal, but vac-cination can prevent it. Yellow fever isendemic in Central Africa and the northernpart of South America; travellers to theseareas should carry a certificate of vaccina-tion.

yen

yen /jen/ noun FINANCE the currency usedin Japan (NOTE: This is usually written as ¥before a figure: ¥2,700 (say ‘two thousandseven hundred yen’).)yield

yield /ji�ld/ BUSINESS noun money pro-duced as a return on an investment, i.e. reve-nue from sales minus operating costs andcost of sales � verb to produce as interest ordividend � shares which yield 10% � Gov-ernment stocks which yield a small interest.

COMMENT: To work out the yield on aninvestment, take the gross dividend perannum, multiply it by 100 and divide by theprice you paid for it (in pence): an invest-ment paying a dividend of 20p per shareand costing £3.00, is yielding 6.66%.

YMCA

YMCA noun a worldwide welfare organisa-tion that runs hostels providing inexpensiveaccommodation for young people. Full formYoung Men’s Christian Associationyoghurt

yoghurt, yogurt /�jɒ#ərt/ noun DAIRYfermented milk usually eaten as a dessertYorkshire pudding

Yorkshire pudding /�jɔ�kʃə �pυdŋ/noun FOOD a mixture of eggs, flour and milk,cooked in the oven, the traditional accompa-niment to roast beef

COMMENT: Yorkshire pudding may becooked in the oven in one large dish or inseveral small ones. It used to be cooked inthe oven in a pan under the roasting beef,so that the juices of the meat dripped ontothe pudding. The pudding is usuallyserved with the meat as part of the maincourse.

youth hostel

youth hostel /�ju�θ �hɒst(ə)l/ nounTOURISM a building where young travellerscan stay the night cheaply � If you can findplaces at youth hostels, that’s the cheapestway of travelling.YWCA

YWCA noun a worldwide welfare organisa-tion that runs hostels providing inexpensiveaccommodation for young people. Full formYoung Women’s Christian Association

Leisure.fm Page 345 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

zabaglione 346zabaglionezabaglione /�z�bəl |�jəυni/ noun a dessertmade of egg yolks, sugar, and Marsala winebeaten over hot water until pale and foamyand served hot with sponge finger biscuitszebra crossingzebra crossing /�zebrə �krɒsŋ/ nounsame as pedestrian crossingzestzest /zest/ noun FOOD the thin outer rind ofthe peel of a citrus fruit that is cut, scraped,or grated to yield a sharp fruity flavouringfor foods and drinksZIP codeZIP code /�zp kəυd/ noun US letters andnumbers used to indicate a town or street inan address (NOTE: The British English ispostcode.)zonezone /zəυn/ noun an area of a town orcountry, considered for administrative pur-

poses � verb to divide a town into differentareas for planning purposeszoning regulations

zoning regulations /�zəυnŋ �re#jυ|

�leʃ(ə)nz/, zoning ordinances pluralnoun local bylaws which regulate the typesof building and land use in a townzoological gardens

zoological gardens /�zu�əlɒd$k(ə)l�#ɑ�d(ə)nz/, zoo /zu�/ noun ENTERTAIN-MENT a place where wild animals are kept forthe public to seezucchini

zucchini /zυ |�ki�ni/ noun US VEGETABLESsame as courgettezwieback

zwieback /�zwi�b�k/ noun US BREAD,ETC. a type of biscuit made of bread bakedhard

Leisure.fm Page 346 Friday, April 8, 2005 1:20 PM

SUPPLEMENTS

Aircraft registration codesAirline codesAirport codesLocal times around the worldInternational dialling codesInternational currenciesPublic holidaysAccommodation ratingsHLTT (Hospitality, Leisure, Travel and Tourism) classificationsWebsites

Aircraft registration codesThese codes are painted on all aircraft, showing their country of registration.3A Monaco3B Mauritius3C Equatorial Guinea3D Swaziland3X Guinea4K Azerbaijan4R Sri Lanka4U United Nations Organisation4X Israel5A Libya5B Cyprus5H Tanzania5N Nigeria5R Madagascar5T Mauritania5U Niger5V Togo5W Samoa5X Uganda5Y Kenya6O Somalia6V Senegal6Y Jamaica7O Yemen7P Lesotho7Q Malawi7T Algeria8P Barbados8Q Maldives8R Guyana9A Croatia9G Ghana9H Malta9J Zambia9K Kuwait9L Sierra Leone9M Malaysia9N Nepal9Q Democratic Republic of the

Congo9U Burundi9V Singapore9XR Rwanda9Y Trinidad and Tobago

A2 BotswanaA3 TongaA40 OmanA5 BhutanA6 United Arab EmiratesA7 QatarA9C BahrainAP PakistanB China & TaiwanB-H Hong KongB-M MacauC CanadaC2 NauruC3 AndorraC5 GambiaC6 BahamasC9 MozambiqueCC ChileCN MoroccoCP BoliviaCS PortugalCU CubaCX UruguayD GermanyD2 AngolaD4 Cape VerdeD6 Comoros IslandsDQ FijiEC SpainEI IrelandEK ArmeniaEP IranER MoldovaES EstoniaET EthiopiaEW BelarusEY TajikistanEZ TurkmenistanF FranceF New Caledonia (France)F Guadeloupe (France)F Martinique (France)F Tahiti (French Polynesia)G United Kingdom

Aircraft registration codes continuedH4 Solomon IslandsHA HungaryHB Switzerland and

LiechtensteinHC EcuadorHH HaitiHI Dominican RepublicHK ColombiaHL South KoreaHP PanamaHR HondurasHS ThailandHV The VaticanHZ Saudi ArabiaI ItalyJ2 DjiboutiJ3 GrenadaJ5 Guinea BissauJ6 St LuciaJ7 DominicaJ8 St Vincent and the

GrenadinesJA JapanJU MongoliaJY JordanLN NorwayLV ArgentinaLX LuxembourgLY LithuaniaLZ BulgariaN USAOB PeruOD LebanonOE AustriaOH FinlandOK Czech RepublicOO BelgiumOY DenmarkP North KoreaP2 Papua New GuineaP4 ArubaPH NetherlandsPJ Netherland AntillesPK IndonesiaPP BrazilPZ Surinam

RA Russian FederationRP PhilippinesS2 BangladeshS5 SloveniaS7 SeychellesS9 Sao Tome and PrincipeSE SwedenSP PolandST SudanSU EgyptSX GreeceT2 TuvaluT3 KiribatiT7 San MarinoT8A PalauT9 Bosnia-HerzegovinaTC TurkeyTF IcelandTG GuatemalaTI Costa RicaTJ CameroonTL Central African RepublicTN Congo-BrazzavilleTR GabonTS TunisiaTT ChadTU Cote d’IvoireTY BeninTZ MaliUK UzbekistanUR UkraineV2 Antigua and BarbudaV3 BelizeV4 St Kitts and NevisV5 NamibiaV6 MicronesiaV7 Marshall IslandsV8 BruneiVH AustraliaVN VietnamVP, VQ British Overseas

TerritoriesVP-A Anguilla (UK)VP-B Bermuda (UK)VP-C Cayman Islands (UK)VP-F Falkland Islands

Aircraft registration codes continued

VP-G Gibraltar (UK)VP-L British Virgin IslandsVP-M MontserratVQ-H St Helena (UK)VQ-T Turks and Caicos

Islands (UK)VR-B BermudaVR-C Cayman IslandVR-G GibraltarVR-H Hong KongVT IndiaXA MexicoXT Burkina FasoXU CambodiaXY Myanmar

YA AfghanistanYI IraqYJ VanuatuYK SyriaYL LatviaYN NicaraguaYR RomaniaYS El SalvadorYU Serbia & MontenegroYV VenezuelaZ ZimbabweZA AlbaniaZK New ZealandZP ParaguayZS South Africa

Airline codes2J Air Burkina4U GermanWings9U Air MoldovaAA American AirlinesAB Air BerlinAC Air CanadaAF Air FranceAH Air AlgerieAI Air IndiaAM AeromexicoAQ Aloha AirlinesAR Aerolineas ArgentinasAS Alaska AirlinesAT Royal Air MarocAY FinnairAZ AlitaliaBA British AirwaysBB Seaborne AirlinesBD bmi British MidlandBG Biman Bangladesh AirlinesBH Transtate AirlinesBI Royal Brunei AirlinesBL Pacific AirlinesBM Air SiciliaBO Bouraq Indonesia AirlinesBP Air BotswanaBR EVA AirBU Braathens ASABW BWIA – West Indies

AirwaysCA Air China InternationalCB ScotAirwaysCI China AirlinesCJ China Northern AirlinesCM COPA (Compania

Panamena de Aviación)CO Continental AirlinesCU CubanaCX Cathay Pacific AirwaysCY Cyprus AirwaysCZ China Southern AirlinesDL Delta Air LinesDS Easyjet SwitzerlandDT TAAG Angola AirlinesDU Hemus AirDY Air DjiboutiEI Aer LingusEK EmiratesET Ethiopian AirlinesFC Finncomm

FG Ariana Afghan AirlinesFI IcelandAirFJ Air PacificFO Airlines of TasmaniaFR RyanairGA Garuda IndonesiaGC Gambia International

AirlinesGF Gulf AirGH Ghana AirwaysGL Air GreenlandGN Air GabonGR Aurigny Air ServicesGY Guyana AirwaysHA Hawaiian AirlinesHM Air SeychellesHP America West AirlinesHV Transavia AirlinesHY Uzbekistan AirwaysIB IberiaIC Indian AirlinesIE Solomon AirlinesIR Iran AirIV Wind JetIY Yemenia – Yemen AirwaysJL Japan AirlinesJM Air JamaicaJP Adria AirwaysJU JAT AirwaysJY Interisland AirwaysKE Korean Air LinesKL KLM Royal Dutch AirlinesKM Air MaltaKP Kiwi International AirlinesKQ Kenya AirwaysKU Kuwait AirwaysKV KavminvodyaviaKX Cayman AirwaysKY Linhas Aereas de Air Sao

Tome and PrincipeLA Lan-ChileLG LuxairLH LufthansaLN Jamahiriya Libyan Arab

AirlinesLO LOT Polish AirlinesLY El Al Israel AirlinesLX SwissLZ Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines

Airline codes continuedMA MALEV Hungarian

AirlinesMD Air MadagascarMH Malaysia AirlinesMK Air MauritiusMN Commercial AirwaysMR Air MauritanieMS EgyptairNF Air VanuatuNG Lauda AirNH All Nippon AirwaysNO Aus-AirNQ Air JapanNV Nakanihon AirlinesNW Northwest AirlinesNZ Air New ZealandOA Olympic AirlinesOB Astrakhan AirlinesOK Czech AirlinesOM MIAT – Mongolian

AirlinesON Air NauruOO SkyWest AirlinesOS Austrian AirlinesOU Croatia AirlinesOV Estonian AirPB Provincial AirlinesPC Air FijiPH PolynesianPK Pakistan International

AirlinesPR Philippine AirlinesPS Ukraine International

AirlinesPU Pluna Lineas Aereas

UruguayasPX Air NiuginiPY Surinam AirwaysPZ TAM – Transportes Aereos

del MercosurQF Qantas AirwaysQM Air MalawiQR Qatar AirwaysQU East African AirlinesQV Lao AirlinesQX Horizon AirRA Royal Nepal AirlinesRB Syrian Arab AirlinesRG VarigRJ Royal Jordanian

RK Royal Khymer AirlinesRO TAROMSA South African AirwaysSD Sudan AirwaysSK SASSN SN Brussels AirlinesSQ Singapore AirlinesSU Aeroflot Russian AirlinesSV Saudi Arabian AirlinesSW Air NamibiaTC Air TanzaniaTE Lithuanian AirlinesTG Thai Airways InternationalTK Turkish AirlinesTM LAM – Lineas Aereas de

MoçambiqueTN Air Tahiti NuiTP TAP – Air PortugalTU TunisairU2 EasyjetUA United AirlinesUB Myanmar AirwaysUI Eurocypria AirlinesUL SriLankan AirlinesUM Air ZimbabweUS US AirwaysUY Cameroon AirlinesVE AVENSAVH AeropostalVJ Jatayu AirlinesVN Vietnam AirlinesVO Tyrolean AirlinesVR TACV – Transportes

Aereos de Cabo VerdeVS Virgin AtlanticVU Air IvoireVX V BirdW6 Wizz AirWG Wasaya AirlinesWJ Labrador AirwaysW6 Wizz AirWG Wasaya AirlinesWJ Labrador AirwaysWN Southwest AirlinesWR Royal Tongan AirlinesWY Oman AviationYK Kibris Turk Hava YollariYN Air CreebecYU DominairZB Monarch Airlines

Airport codescode airport countryABJ Abidjan Côte d’IvoireABZ Aberdeen UKACA Acapulco MexicoACC Accra GhanaADD Addis Ababa EthiopiaADL Adelaide AustraliaAGP Malaga SpainAKL Auckland New ZealandALC Alicante SpainALG Algiers AlgeriaAMM Amman JordanAMS Amsterdam NetherlandsANC Anchorage USAANK Ankara TurkeyANR Antwerp BelgiumANU Antigua AntiguaARN Stockholm Arlanda SwedenASU Asuncion ParaguayATH Athens GreeceATL Atlanta USAAUH Abu Dhabi UAEAXA Wallblake AnguillaBAH Bahrain BahrainBCN Barcelona SpainBDA Bermuda BermudaBER Berlin GermanyBEY Beirut LebanonBFS Belfast UKBGI Bridgetown BarbadosBGO Bergen NorwayBHX Birmingham UKBIO Bilbao SpainBJL Banjul GambiaBJM Bujumbura BurundiBJS Beijing ChinaBKK Bangkok ThailandBLQ Bologna ItalyBNE Brisbane AustraliaBOD Bordeaux FranceBOG Bogota ColombiaBOM Mumbai IndiaBOS Boston USABRE Bremen GermanyBRN Berne SwitzerlandBRS Bristol UK

Airport codes continuedcode airport countryBRU Brussels BelgiumBSL Basle/Mulhouse SwitzerlandBTS Bratislava SlovakiaBUD Budapest HungaryBUE Buenos Aires ArgentinaBUH Bucharest RomaniaBWI Baltimore USABZV Brazzaville CongoCAI Cairo EgyptCAS Casablanca MoroccoCBR Canberra AustraliaCCS Caracas VenezuelaCCU Calcutta IndiaCDG Paris Charles de Gaulle FranceCGK Jakarta IndonesiaCGN Cologne GermanyCHC Christchurch New ZealandCHI Chicago USACLE Cleveland USACMB Colombo Sri LankaCMN Casablanca Mohamed V MoroccoCNS Cairns AustraliaCOO Cotonou BeninCPH Copenhagen DenmarkCPT Cape Town South AfricaCUR Curacao Neth.AntillesCVG Cincinnati USACWL Cardiff UKDAC Dhaka BangladeshDAM Damascus SyriaDBV Dubrovnik CroatiaDCA Washington National USADCF Dominica DominicaDEL Delhi IndiaDEN Denver USADFW Dallas/Fort Worth USADKR Dakar SenegalDOM Dominica OmanDRW Darwin AustraliaDTT Detroit USADUB Dublin IrelandDUR Durban South AfricaDUS Dusseldorf GermanyDXB Dubai UAEEBB Entebbe Uganda

Airport codes continuedcode airport countryEDI Edinburgh UKEMA East Midlands UKEWR Newark USAFAO Faro PortugalFCO Rome Fiumicino ItalyFIH Kinshasa CongoFRA Frankfurt GermanyFUK Fukuoka JapanGBE Gabarone BotswanaGCI Guernsey UKGCM Grand Cayman Cayman IslandsGEO Georgetown GuyanaGIB Gibraltar GibraltarGIG Rio de Janeiro BrazilGLA Glasgow UKGND Grenada GrenadaGOA Genoa ItalyGOT Gothenburg SwedenGRU Sao Paulo BrazilGRZ Graz AustriaGUA Guatemala City GuatemalaGVA Geneva SwitzerlandHAJ Hanover GermanyHAM Hamburg GermanyHAV Havana CubaHEL Helsinki FinlandHKG Hong Kong Hong KongHNL Honolulu USAHOU Houston USAHRE Harare ZimbabweIAD Washington Dulles USAIAH Houston Intl. USAINN Innsbruck AustriaISB Islamabad PakistanIST Istanbul TurkeyJED Jeddah Saudi ArabiaJER Jersey UKJFK New York Kennedy Intl. USAJKT Jakarta IndonesiaJNB Johannesburg South AfricaKEF Reykjavik IcelandKHI Karachi PakistanKIN Kingston JamaicaKLU Klagenfurt AustriaKOJ Kagoshima Japan

Airport codes continuedcode airport countryKRT Khartoum SudanKUL Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaKWI Kuwait KuwaitLAD Luanda AngolaLAS Las Vegas USALAX Los Angeles USALBA Leeds/Bradford UKLCA Larnaca CyprusLCY London City UKLED St Petersburg RussiaLEJ Leipzig GermanyLGA New York La Guardia USALGW London Gatwick UKLHR London Heathrow UKLIL Lille FranceLIM Lima PeruLIN Milan ItalyLIS Lisbon PortugalLJU Ljubljana SloveniaLLW Lilongwe MalawiLNZ Linz AustriaLOS Lagos NigeriaLPA Gran Canaria SpainLPB La Paz BoliviaLPL Liverpool UKLTN London Luton UKLUN Lusaka ZambiaLUX Luxembourg LuxembourgLYS Lyons FranceMAA Chennai IndiaMAD Madrid SpainMAN Manchester UKMBA Mombasa KenyaMCI Kansas City Intl. USAMCO Orlando USAMCT Muscat OmanMEL Melbourne AustraliaMEX Mexico City MexicoMIA Miami USAMIL Milan ItalyMKC Kansas City USAMLA Malta MaltaMLW Monrovia LiberiaMME Teeside UKMNL Manila Philippines

Airport codes continued

code airport countryMOW Moscow RussiaMPM Maputo MozambiqueMQS Mustique GrenadinesMRS Marseilles FranceMRU Mauritius MauritiusMSP Minneapolis St Paul USAMSY New Orleans USAMUC Munich GermanyMVD Montevideo UruguayMXP Milan ItalyNAP Naples ItalyNAS Nassau BahamasNBO Nairobi KenyaNCE Nice FranceNCL Newcastle UKNGO Nagoya JapanNOU Nourrea New CaledoniaNRT Tokyo Narita JapanNUE Nuremburg GermanyNYC New York USAORD Chicago O’Hare USAORK Cork IrelandORL Orlando USAORY Paris Orly FranceOSA Osaka JapanOSL Oslo NorwayOTP Bucharest Otopeni RomaniaPAR Paris FrancePBM Paramaribo SurinamPDX Portland USAPEK Beijing ChinaPER Perth AustraliaPHL Philadelphia USAPHX Phoenix USAPIT Pittsburgh USAPLH Plymouth UKPMI Palma de Mallorca SpainPOM Port Moresby Papua New GuineaPOS Port of Spain Trinidad and TobagoPPT Papeete French PolynesiaPRG Prague Czech RepublicPSA Florence Pisa ItalyPTY Panama City PanamaRAR Rarotonga Cook IslandsREK Reykjavik Iceland

Airport codes continuedcode airport countryRIO Rio de Janeiro BrazilRIX Riga LatviaROM Rome ItalyRTM Rotterdam NetherlandsRUH Riyadh Saudi ArabiaSAH Sana’a YemenSAN San Diego USASAO Sao Paulo BrazilSCL Santiago ChileSEA Seattle USASEL Seoul South KoreaSFO San Francisco USASHA Shanghai ChinaSHJ Sharjah UAESIN Singapore SingaporeSKG Thessaloniki GreeceSLC Salt Lake City USASLU Saint Lucia Saint LuciaSNN Shannon IrelandSOF Sofia BulgariaSOU Southampton UKSTL Saint Louis USASTN London Stansted UKSTO Stockholm SwedenSTR Stuttgart GermanySVG Stavanger NorwaySVO Moscow Sheremetyevo RussiaSVQ Seville SpainSXB Strasbourg FranceSXF Berlin Schoenefeld GermanySYD Sydney AustraliaSZG Salzburg AustriaTCI Tenerife SpainTGU Tegucigalpa HondurasTHF Berlin Tempelhof GermanyTHR Tehran IranTLL Tallinn EstoniaTLS Toulouse FranceTLV Tel Aviv IsraelTPA Tampa USATPE Taipei TaiwanTRN Turin ItalyTUN Tunis TunisiaTYO Tokyo JapanUIO Quito Ecuador

Airport codes continuedcode airport countryVCE Venice ItalyVIE Vienna AustriaVLC Valencia SpainVNO Vilnius LithuaniaWAS Washington DC USAWAW Warsaw PolandWDH Windhoek NamibiaWLG Wellington New ZealandYEA Edmonton CanadaYEG Edmonton Intl. CanadaYMQ Montreal Mirabel CanadaYOW Ottawa CanadaYTO Toronto CanadaYUL Montreal Pierre Elliot Canada

Trudeau Intl.YVR Vancouver CanadaYWG Winnipeg CanadaYYC Calgary CanadaYYZ Toronto Lester Pearson CanadaZAG Zagreb CroatiaZRH Zurich Switzerland

Local times around the worldUniversal Time (UT) 1200Abu Dhabi 1600Adelaide 2130Algiers 1300Amsterdam 1300Ankara 1400Astana 1800Athens 1400Baghdad 1500Bangkok 1900Beijing 2000Beirut 1400Berlin 1300Bern(e) 1300Bogota 0700Brasilia 0900Brazzaville 1300Brussels 1300Bucharest 1400Budapest 1300Buenos Aires 0900Cairo 1400Calcutta (Kolkata) 1730Canberra 2200Cape Town 1400Caracas 0800Chicago 0600Colombo 1730Copenhagen 1300Costa Rica 0600Damascus 1400Delhi 1730Dhaka 1800Dublin 1200Gibraltar 1300Hanoi 1900Harare 1400Helsinki 1400Hong Kong 2000Honolulu 0200Istanbul 1400Jakarta 1900Jerusalem 1400Kabul 1630Karachi 1700Khartoum 1400Kiev 1400Kinshasa 1400Kuala Lumpur 2000Kuwait 1500Lagos 1300La Paz 0800Lima 0700Lisbon 1200

London 1200Luanda 1300Luxembourg 1300Madagascar 1500Madrid 1300Malé 1700Malta 1300Manila 2000Mexico 0600Minsk 1400Montevideo 0900Montreal 0700Moscow 1500Mumbai 1730Nairobi 1500Nassau 0700New York 0700Oslo 1300Ottawa 0700Panama 0700Paris 1300Perth 2000Phnom Penh 1900Prague 1300Pretoria 1400Pyongyang 2100Quebec 0700Rangoon 1830Reykjavik 1200Rio de Janeiro 0900Riyadh 1500Rome 1300San Francisco 0400Santiago 0800Seoul 2100Seychelles 1600Singapore 2000Stockholm 1300Sydney 2200Taipei 2000Tallinn 1400Tbilisi 1600Tehran 1530Tirana 1300Tokyo 2100Toronto 0700Tripoli 1300Tunis 1300Ulan Bator 2000Vienna 1300Warsaw 1300Washington DC 0700Wellington 0000 (+1 day)Yaoundé 1300

International dialling codesAfghanistan 93Albania 355Algeria 213Andorra 376Angola 244Anguilla 1264Antigua 1268Argentina 54Armenia 374Australia 61Austria 43Bahamas 1242Bahrain 973Bangladesh 880Barbados 1246Belarus 375Belgium 32Belize 501Benin 229Bermuda 1441Bhutan 975Bolivia 591Bosnia 387Botswana 267Brazil 55Brunei 673Bulgaria 359Burkina Faso 226Burma (see Myanmar)Burundi 257Cambodia 855Cameroon 237Canada 1Cape Verde Islands 238Cayman Islands 1345Central African Republic 236Chad 235Chile 56China 86Colombia 57Comoros 269Congo (Republic of the) 242Congo 243(Democratic Republic of the)

Costa Rica 506Croatia 385Cuba 53Cyprus 357Czech Republic 420Denmark 45Djibouti 253Dominica 1767Dominican Republic 1809Ecuador 593

Egypt 20El Salvador 503Equatorial Guinea 240Estonia 372Ethiopia 251Falkland Islands 500Fiji 679Finland 358France 33French Guiana 594Gabon 241Gambia 220Georgia 679Germany 49Ghana 233Gibraltar 350Great Britain 44Greece 30Grenada 1473Guatemala 502Guinea 224Guinea-Bissau 245Guyana 592Haiti 509Honduras 504Hong Kong 852Hungary 36Iceland 354India 91Indonesia 62Iran 98Iraq 964Irish Republic 353Israel 972Italy 39Ivory Coast 225Jamaica 1876Japan 81Jordan 962Kazakhstan 7Kenya 254Kuwait 965Kyrgyzstan 996Laos 856Latvia 371Lebanon 961Lesotho 266Liberia 231Libya 218Liechtenstein 423Lithuania 370Luxembourg 352Macao 853

International dialling codes continuedMacedonia 389(Former Yugoslav Republic of)

Madagascar 261Madeira 351Malawi 265Malaysia 60Maldives 960Mali 223Malta 356Mauritania 222Mauritius 230Mexico 52Moldova 373Monaco 377Mongolia 976Montserrat 1664Morocco 212Mozambique 258Myanmar 95Namibia 264Nauru 674Nepal 977Netherlands 31New Zealand 64Nicaragua 505Niger 227Nigeria 234North Korea 850Norway 47Oman 968Pakistan 92Panama 507Papua New Guinea 675Paraguay 595Peru 51Philippines 63Poland 48Portugal 351Puerto Rico 1787Qatar 974Réunion 262Romania 40Russia 7Rwanda 250St Lucia 1758

St Vincent 1784Samoa 378Saudi Arabia 966Senegal 221Serbia & Montenegro 381Seychelles 248Sierra Leone 232Singapore 65Slovakia 42Slovenia 386Somalia 252South Africa 27South Korea 82Spain 34Sri Lanka 94Sudan 249Suriname 597Swaziland 268Sweden 46Switzerland 41Syria 963Taiwan 886Tanzania 255Thailand 66Togo 228Tonga 676Trinidad & Tobago 1868Tunisia 216Turkey 90Turkmenistan 993Tuvalu 688Uganda 256Ukraine 380United Arab Emirates 971United Kingdom 44USA 1Uruguay 598Uzbekistan 998Vanuatu 678Venezuela 58Vietnam 84Yemen 967Zambia 260Zimbabwe 263

International currenciesIn the following list, units of currency marked (*) usually have no plural: e.g. 1 kyat(one kyat), 200 kyat (two hundred kyat), etc.Country Currency Divided into AbbreviationAfghanistan Afghani* puli Af or AfsAlbania Lek* qindars LkAlgeria Algerian dinar centimes DAAndorra Euro cents €

Angola Kwanza* lwei KzrlAntigua East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$Argentina Argentinian peso australesAustralia Australian dollar cents A$Austria Euro cents €

Bahamas Bahamian dollar cents B$Bahrain Bahraini dinar fils BDBangladesh Taka* poisha TkBarbados Barbados dollar cents Bd$ or BD$Belarus Rouble kopeksBelgium Euro cents €

Belize Belize dollar cents BZ$Benin CFA franc centimes CFA FrBermuda Bermuda dollar cents Bda$Bhutan Ngultrum* chetrum NBolivia Boliviano or Bolivian peso centavos $bBosnia Marka paraBotswana Pula thebe PBrazil Real centavos R$Brunei Brunei dollar sen B$Bulgaria Lev* stotinki LvBurkina Faso CFA franc centimes CFA FrBurma (see Myanmar)Burundi Burundi franc centimes Bur Fr orFrBrCambodia Riel* sen RICameroon CFA franc centimes CFA FrCanada Canadian dollar cents Can$ or C$Cape Verde Islands Escudo Caboverdiano centavos CV escCayman Islands Cayman Island dollar cents CayI$Central AfricanRepublic CFA franc centimes CFA Fr

Chad CFA franc centimes CFA FrChile Chilean peso centavos Ch$China Yuan* or renminbi* fen YColombia Colombian peso centavos Col$Comoros CFA franc centimes CFA FrCongo (Republic of) CFA franc centimes CFA Fr

International currencies continued

Country Currency Divided into AbbreviationCongo (DemocraticRepublic of) Congolese franc centimes

Costa Rica Colón* centimos CCroatia Kuna lipas

/

Cuba Cuban peso centavos Cub$Cyprus Cyprus pound cents £C or C£Czech Republic Koruna haleru K¢Dahomey (see Benin)Denmark Krone öre DKr or DKKDjibouti Djibouti franc centimes Dj FrDominica East Caribbean dollar cents EC$Dominican RepublicDominican peso centavos DR$Ecuador Sucre* centavos SuEgypt Egyptian pound piastres £E or E£Eire (see Irish Republic)El Salvador Colón* centavos ES¢Equatorial Guinea CFA franc centimes CFA FrEstonia Kroon sentsEthiopia Birr* or Ethiopian dollar cents EBFiji Fiji dollar cents $F or F$Finland Euro cents €

France Euro cents €

French Guiana Euro cents €

Gabon CFA franc centimes CFA FrGambia, The Dalasi* butut DiGermany Euro cents €

Ghana Cedi* pesewas ¢Georgia Lari tetriGreat Britain (see United Kingdom)Greece Euro cents €

Grenada East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$Guatemala Quetzal centavos QGuinea Guinea franc centimesGuinea-Bissau CFA franc centimes CFA FrGuyana Guyana dollar cents G$ or Guy$Haiti Gourde* centimes GdeHolland (see Netherlands)Honduras Lempira* centavos LaHong Kong Hong Kong dollar cents HK$Hungary Forint filler FtIceland Króna aurar IkrIndia Rupee paisa R or

Re or R$Indonesia Rupiah* sen representative

International currencies continued

Country Currency Divided into AbbreviationIran Rial* dinars RIIraq Iraqi dinar fils IDIrish Republic Euro cents €

Israel Shekel agora ISItaly Euro cents €

Ivory Coast CFA franc centimes CFA FrJamaica Jamaican dollar cents J$Japan Yen* sen Y or ¥Jordan Jordanian Dinar fils JDKazakhstan TengeKenya Kenya shilling cents KSh or ShKorea (North) North Korean won* chon NK WKorea (South) South Korean won* jeon SK WKuwait Kuwaiti dinar fils KDKyrgystan Som tyinLaos Kip* at K or KpLatvia Lat santimsLebanon Lebanese pound piastres £Leb or L£Lesotho Loti* lisente LLiberia Liberian dollar cents L$Libya Libyan dinar dirhams LDLiechtenstein Swiss franc centimes SFr or FSLithuania LitaLuxembourg Euro cents €

Macedonia Dinar parasMacau Pataca* avos P or $Madeira Euro cents €

Malagasy Republic Malagasy franc centimes FMG orMal Fr

Malawi Kwacha* tambala K or MKMalaysia Ringgit or Malaysian Dollar sen M$Maldives Rufiyaa laaris MvReMali CFA franc cents CFA FrMalta Maltese pound or lira cents £M or M£Mauritania Ouguiya* khoums UMauritius Mauritius rupee cents Mau Rs or RMexico Peso centavos Mex$Moldova LeuMonaco Euro cents €

Mongolian Republic Tugrik* möngös TugMontserrat East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or

EC$Morocco Dirham centimes DHMozambique Metical* centavos M

International currencies continued

Country Currency Divided into AbbreviationMyanmar Kyat* pyas KtNamibia Namibian dollar centsNauru Australian dollar cents A$Nepal Nepalese rupee paise NR or NreNetherlands Euro cents €

New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)New Zealand New Zealand dollar cents NZ$Nicaragua Córdoba centavos C$ or CNiger CFA franc centimes CFA FrNigeria Naira* kobo N or NNorway Krone ore NKrOman Rial Omani baizas ROPakistan Pakistan rupee paise R or Pak RePanama Balboa centesimos BaPapua New Guinea Kina* toea Ka or KParaguay Guarani* centimos GPeru Sol cents SPhilippines Philippine peso centavos P or PPPoland Zloty groszy ZlPortugal Euro cents €

Puerto Rico US dollar cents $ or US$Qatar Qatar Riyal dirhams QRReunion CFA franc centimes CFA FrRomania Leu* bani L or lRussia Rouble kopeks RubRwanda Rwanda franc centimes Rw FrSt Lucia East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$St Vincent East Caribbean dollar cents Ecar$ or EC$Samoa Tala seneSaudi Arabia Saudi riyal or rial halala SA RSenegal CFA franc centimes CFA FrSerbia &Montenegro Dinar paras DN

Seychelles Seychelles rupee cents Sre or RSierra Leone Leone cents LeSingapore Singapore dollar cents S$ or Sing$Slovakia Koruna haliers SkSlovenia Tolar stotin SITSolomon Islands Solomon Island dollar cents SI$Somalia Somali shilling cents Som Sh or

So ShSouth Africa Rand* cents RSpain Euro cents €

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee cents SC Re

International currencies continued

Country Currency Divided into AbbreviationSudan Sudanese dinar pounds SDSuriname Suriname guilder cents S GldSwaziland Lilangeni* cents Li or ESweden Krona örer SKrSyria Syrian pound piastres S£Taiwan New Taiwan dollar cents T$ or NT$Tanzania Tanzanian shilling cents TShThailand Baht* satang BtTogo CFA franc centimes CFA FrTonga Pa’anga senitiTrinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago dollar cents TT$Tunisia Tunisian dinar millimes TDTurkey Turkish lira kurus TLTurkmenistan Manat tenesiTuvalu Australian dollar cents $AUganda Uganda Shilling cents UshUkraine Hryvna kopiykasUnited Arab Emirates UAE dirham fils UAE Dh or

UDUnited Kingdom Pound sterling pence £ or £StgUSA Dollar cents $ or US$Uruguay Uruguayan peso centesimos N$Uzbekistan Sum tiyinVanuatu Vatu centimesVenezuela Bolívar centimos BSVietnam Dong* xu DVirgin Islands US dollar cents US$Yemen Riyal fils YRZambia Kwacha* ngwee KZimbabwe Zimbabwe dollar cents Z$

Public holidaysMost countries have many public holidays: some are observed worldwide, while someare particular to each country. Many countries celebrate the birthday of their ruler, orpast rulers. Many countries also celebrate their independence.

International Public Holidays1st January

New Year’s Day: Observed almost universally as a public holiday.1st May

May Day or Labour Day: Observed in many socialist and western countries.12th October

Columbus Day or Discovery of America Day: Observed in many countries in Southand Central America.

24th OctoberUnited Nations Day: Observed in some (but not all) member countries of the UnitedNations.

International Religious HolidaysThese are observed in many countries, depending on their religion. Many religiousfestivals are not celebrated on a single fixed date, but vary from year to year dependingon the calendar.end of January or February

Chinese New Year: Observed in China, and many other countries with large Chinesepopulations.

October or NovemberDiwali: Observed in India and many other countries with Hindu populations.

March or AprilEaster: Observed in most Christian countries or countries with large Christianpopulations; the date of Easter is not the same in the Western or Catholic Church, andthe Eastern or orthodox Church.

MayWesak or Buddha Day: Celebrated in Thailand and other Buddhist countries.

15th AugustAssumption: Observed in most Catholic countries.

25th DecemberChristmas Day: Observed in most countries; the orthodox Christmas varies in date.

Muslim FestivalsRamadan: The most important Muslim festival is Ramadan (the ninth month in the

Muslim calendar) which varies in date from year to year. The Eid al-Fitr holiday is thelast three days of Ramadan.

Hajj: The Hajj (or pilgrimage to Mecca) takes place during the last month of the Muslimcalendar; the last day of the pilgrimage is the holiday of Eid al-Adha.

30th AugustObserved in most Muslim countries.

Public holidays continued

National Holidays1st January

Haiti (Independence Day)Sudan (Independence Day)

4th JanuaryMyanmar (Independence Day)

26th JanuaryAustralia DayIndia (Republic Day)

4th FebruarySri Lanka (Independence Day)

11th FebruaryIran (Republic Day)

16th FebruaryLithuania (Independence Day)

18th FebruaryGambia (Independence Day)

23rd FebruaryGuyana (Republic Day)

24th FebruaryEstonia (Independence Day)

25th FebruaryKuwait (National Day)

27th FebruaryDominican Republic(Independence Day)

17th MarchIreland (St Patrick’s Day)

20th MarchTunisia (Independence Day)

21st MarchNamibia (Independence Day)

23rd MarchPakistan (Republic Day)

25th MarchGreece (Independence Day)Gabon (National Day)

17th AprilSyria (Independence Day)

18th AprilZimbabwe (Independence Day)

26th AprilTanzania (Union Day)Israel (Independence Day)NOTE: Although Israel declaredindependence on 14 May 1948, as the

Jewish calendar is lunar the holidaymay occur in April or May.

27th AprilSierra Leone (Independence Day)South Africa (Freedom Day)

3rd MayJapan (Constitution Day)Poland (Constitution Day)

14th MayParaguay (Independence Day)

17th MayNorway (Constitution Day)

20th MayCameroon (Republic Day)

22nd MayYemen (Unification Day)

24th MayBermuda Day

25th MayJordan (Independence Day)Argentina (Revolution Day)

2nd JuneItaly (Republic Day)

5th JuneDenmark (Constitution Day)

10th JunePortugal Day

12th JunePhilippines (Independence Day)

17th JuneIceland (Independence Day)

25th JuneMozambique (Independence Day)Slovenia (Statehood Day)

26th JuneMadagascar (Independence Day)

30th JuneDemocratic Republic of the Congo(Independence Day)

1st JulyBurundi (Independence Day)Canada DayRwanda (Independence Day)

4th JulyUSA (Independence Day)

Public holidays continued

6th JulyMalawi (Independence Day)

11th JulyMongolia (Independence Day)

14th JulyFrance (Bastille Day)

17th JulyIraq (Revolution Day)

20th JulyColombia (Independence Day)

21st JulyBelgium (National Day)

26th JulyLiberia (Independence Day)Cuba (Rebellion Day)

28th JulyPeru (Independence Day)

30th JulyMorocco (Throne Day)

1st AugustSwitzerland (National Day)Benin (National Day)

1st Monday in AugustJamaica (Independence Day)

6th AugustBolivia (Independence Day)

7th AugustCote d’Ivoire (Independence Day)

9th AugustSingapore (Independence Day)

10th AugustEcuador (Independence Day)

11th AugustChad (Independence Day)

15th AugustRepublic of the Congo(Independence Day)

South Korea (Liberation Day)17th August

Indonesia (Independence Day)20th August

Hungary (St Stephen’s Day)25th August

Uruguay (Independence Day)31st August

Malaysia (Independence Day)

31st AugustTrinidad & Tobago (Independence Day)

1st SeptemberLibya (Revolution Day)

6th SeptemberSwaziland (Independence Day)

7th SeptemberBrazil (Independence Day)

9th SeptemberNorth Korea (Founding of DPR Korea)

15th SeptemberCosta Rica (Independence Day)El Salvador (Independence Day)Guatemala (Independence Day)Honduras (Independence Day)Nicaragua (Independence Day)

16th SeptemberMexico (Independence Day)

18th SeptemberChile (Independence Day)

22nd SeptemberMali (Independence Day)

1st OctoberBotswana DayChina (Anniversary of the Founding ofthe People’s Republic of China)

Nigeria (Independence Day)Cyprus (Independence Day)NOTE: the Turkish Cypriot areacelebrates Independence Day on 15November

2nd OctoberGuinea (Independence Day)

3rd OctoberGermany (Unity Day)

4th OctoberLesotho (Independence Day)

9th OctoberUganda (Independence Day)

12th OctoberSpain (National Day)Equatorial Guinea (Independence Day)

2nd Monday in OctoberFiji (Independence Day)

24th OctoberZambia (Independence Day)

Public holidays continued

26th OctoberAustria (National Day)

29th OctoberTurkey (Independence Day)

1st NovemberAlgeria (Revolution Day)

2nd NovemberAntigua & Barbuda (Independence Day)

3rd NovemberDominica (Independence Day)

11th NovemberAngola (Independence Day)

18th NovemberLatvia (Independence Day)

22nd NovemberLebanon (Independence Day)

25th NovemberSuriname (Independence Day)

28th NovemberMauritania (Independence Day)

30th NovemberBarbados (Independence Day)

1st DecemberCentral African Republic (Republic Day)Romania (Unification Day)

2nd DecemberLaos (Republic Day)United Arab Emirates(Independence Day)

6th DecemberFinland (Independence Day)

10th DecemberCuba (Independence Day)

11th DecemberBurkina Faso (Republic Day)

12th DecemberKenya (Independence Day)

16th DecemberBahrain (National Day)Bangladesh (Victory Day)

17th DecemberBhutan (National Day)

18th DecemberNiger (Republic Day)

Accommodation ratings

In response to consumer demand, VisitBritain, the Automobile Association andRAC created one overall rating scheme for serviced accommodation, using starsto represent hotels and diamonds for guest accommodation (guesthouses, inns,farmhouses, bed & breakfasts).

Serviced Accommodation: Star ratingsStar ratings symbolise the level of service, range of facilities and quality of guestcare that you can expect. Hotels are required to meet progressively higher standardsas they move up the scale from one to five stars.The gradings are:� Practical accommodation with a limited range of facilities and

services, but a high standard of cleanliness throughout.Restaurant/eating area. 75% of bedrooms with ensuite or privatefacilities.

�� Better-equipped bedrooms, all with ensuite/private bathroom and acolour TV. A lift is normally available. Dinner available.

��� Higher standard of services and facilities including larger publicareas and bedrooms, a receptionist, room service, laundry.

���� Accommodation offering superior comfort and quality; allbedrooms with ensuite bath, fitted overhead shower and WC.Spacious and well-appointed public areas. More emphasis on foodand drink. Room service for all meals and 24 hour drinks,refreshments and snacks. Dry cleaning service. Excellent customerservice.

����� A spacious, luxurious establishment offering the highest quality ofaccommodation, facilities, services and cuisine, with a range ofextra facilities. Professional, attentive staff should provide flawlessguest services.

Serviced Accommodation: Diamond ratingsDiamond ratings for guest accommodation reflect visitor expectations, where qualityis seen as more important than facilities and services. Guest accommodation isrequired to meet progressively higher standards of quality and guest care as theymove up the scale from one to five diamonds.� Clean, comfortable accommodation, providing breakfast.�� Good overall level of quality and comfort, more emphasis on guest

care.��� Well-maintained, a good choice of breakfast dishes, a very good

level of customer care.���� An even higher level of quality and comfort. Very good levels of

customer care.����� Exceptional overall quality in furnishing, rooms and customer care,

anticipating guests’ needs.

Accommodation ratings continued

Self-catering AccommodationAll properties have to meet an extensive list of minimum requirements before theycan be considered for a star rating. Serviced apartments provide self-cateringaccommodation with additional elements of service, such as a 24-hour conciergeservice, or a 5 out of 7 day cleaning service.� Acceptable overall level of quality. Adequate provision of furniture,

furnishings and fittings.�� Good overall level of quality. All units self-contained; 2 bathrooms

where there are eight or more guests.��� Good to very good level of quality. Good standard of maintenance

and decoration. Ample space and good quality furniture. All doublebeds with access from both sides. Microwaves.

���� Excellent overall level of quality. Very good care and attention todetail. Either access to washing machine and drier, or a 24-hourlaundry service.

����� Exceptional overall level of quality. High levels of décor, fixturesand fittings, together with excellent standards guest services.Excellent range of accessories and personal touches.

Holiday, Touring and Camping ParksEvery year the National Tourist Boards inspect more than 1,000 parks. They assessover 50 separate aspects of the parks, from landscaping and layout to maintenance,customer care, and most importantly cleanliness.� Acceptable – to achieve this grade, the park must be clean with

good standards of maintenance and customer care.�� Good – all the above points plus an improved level of landscaping,

lighting, refuse disposal and maintenance.��� Very good – most parks fall within this category; three stars

represent the industry standard. The range of facilities providedmay vary from park to park, but they will be of a very goodstandard and will be well maintained.

���� Excellent quality – careful attention to detail in the provision of allservices and facilities.

����� Exceptional standards can be expected from these parks, with thehighest levels of customer care and attractive surroundings. Allfacilities will be maintained in pristine condition.

As well as the star rating, all parks have a designator to explain the type ofaccommodation.Holiday Parks offer caravan holiday homes for hire or for sale.Touring Parks are for people who want to take their own touring caravan,motorhome or tent.Camping Parks have pitches available for tents only.Many parks offer combinations of these, for example ‘Holiday and Touring Park’ or‘Touring and Camping Park’.

Accommodation ratings continued

Hostels: Star ratingsHostels are rated from one to five stars. They must meet a minimum entryrequirement for both the provision and quality of facilities and services, includingfixtures, fittings, furnishings, décor and any other extra facilities. The more stars, thehigher the overall level of quality.Group Hostels provide hostel style accommodation that caters for groups only.Bunkhouses offer a similar style of accommodation to hostels, but usually withmore limited service and facilities, usually on a self-catering basis. Bunkhouses arenot star rated but meet the same minimum requirements as hostels, where applicable.Camping Barns provide very simple self-catering accommodation. Often referredto as ‘stone tents’, they have the advantage of being roomy and dry. Camping Barnsare not Star rated and will be assessed as being fit for the purpose, meeting a specificminimum entry requirement.

Campus Accommodation: Star ratingsCampus accommodation includes educational establishments such as universitiesand colleges with sleeping accommodation in halls of residence. It is rated from oneto five stars.

Holiday Villages: Star ratingsHoliday villages are rated from one to five stars. A holiday village usually offers avariety of types of accommodation, with the majority provided in custom-builtrooms (e.g. chalets, hotel rooms). A range of facilities and activities are alsoavailable which may, or may not, be included in the tariff.

HLTT classifications

Business Activity

UK SIC Description Sector

55.1 Hotels Hospitality

55.2 Camping sites and other provision of short stayaccommodation Hospitality

55.3 Restaurants Hospitality

55.4 Bars Hospitality

55.5 Canteens and catering Hospitality

60.22 Taxi operation Travel

60.23 Renting of buses and coaches Travel

60.3 Activities of travel agents and tour operators Tourism/Travel

74.873 Activities of exhibition and fair organisers Tourism

74.874 Activities of conference organisers Tourism

92.13 Motion picture projection Leisure

92.311 Live theatrical presentations Leisure

92.32 Operation of arts facilities Leisure

92.33 Fair and amusement park activities Leisure

92.34 Dance halls, discos & dance instructors; otherentertainment activities Leisure

92.52 Museum activities and preservation of historicalsites/buildings Leisure

92.53 Botanical and zoological gardens and naturereserves activities Leisure

92.61 Operation of sports arenas and stadiums Leisure

92.62 Other sporting activities Leisure

92.7 Other recreational activities Leisure

HLTT classifications continued

Occupation

SOC Description

1221 Hotel and accommodation managers

1222 Conference and exhibition managers

1223 Restaurant and catering managers

1224 Publicans and managers of licensed premises

1225 Leisure and sports managers

1226 Travel agency managers

5434 Chefs, cooks

6211 Sports and leisure assistants

6212 Travel agents

6213 Travel and tour guides

6214 Air travel assistants

6215 Rail travel assistants

6219 Leisure and travel service occupations

6231 Housekeepers and related occupations

8213 Bus and coach drivers

9222 Hotel porters

9223 Kitchen and catering assistants

9224 Waiters, waitresses

9225 Bar staff

9226 Leisure and theme park attendants

Marginal

2452 Archivists and curators

8214 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

Websites

Academy of Food and Wine Service www.acfws.orgThe Academy of Food and Wine Service is the industry’s professional trainingbody, dedicated to improving the basic knowledge of all restaurant staff,incorporating bar skills, wine service and food service.

British Hospitality Organisation www.bha-online.org.ukThe British Hospitality Association has been representing the hotel, restaurant andcatering industry for 90 years. The Association exists to ensure that the views of theBritish hospitality industry are represented to government and policy makers in theUK and internationally, in order that its members’ businesses can flourish.

British Institute of Innkeeping www.bii.orgWith over 16,000 members, this is the professional body for the licensed retailsector. It promotes high standards of professionalism throughout the licensed retailsector; aims to encourage new entrants into the industry, and to help them developtheir long-term careers.

Caterer www.caterer.comOnline recruitment resource for hotel, restaurant and bar jobs.

Hospitality Training Foundation www.htf.org.uk

The Restaurant Association www.bha-online.org.uk/restaurantassociation.aspPart of the British Hospitality Organisation, representing the interests ofrestaurateurs for over 40 years

Springboard UK Limited www.springboarduk.org.ukSpringboard UK is a young dynamic organisation which promotes careers inhospitality, leisure, tourism and travel to a range of potential recruits and influencersthrough a network of centres across the UK.

VisitBritain www.visitbritain.orgVisitBritain was created on 1 April 2004, to market Britain to the rest of the worldand to the British.