INTRODUCTION OF COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE FROM GIBSON MICHELL BOOK

Chapt # 8:Counseling for Career planning and decision making

CAREERThe sum total of one’s work experience in a general occupational category such as teaching , accounting, medicine, or sales

OCCUPATIONA specific job or work activity

CAREER DEVELOPMENT

That aspect of one’s total development that emphasizes learning about, preparation for, entry into, and progression in the world of work

CAREER EDUCATION

The totality of experiences through which one learns about and prepares for engaging in work as part of livingA primary responsibility of the school with an emphasis on learning about, planning for, and preparing to enter a career

CAREER GUIDANCE

Activities that are carried out by counselors in a variety of settings for the purpose of stimulating and facilitating career development in persons over their working lifetimes

These activities include assistance in career planning, decision making, and adjustment

CAREER COACHING Helping individuals set goals, identify procedures

to achieve the goals, and evaluate progress toward goal achievement

“Coaching” also advise and encourage the client to “stay on track”

OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION Data concerning training and related to

educational programs , career, career patterns, and employment trends and opportunities

VOCATION A trade or occupation

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Education that is preparatory for a career in

a vocation or technical field

Theories of Career

Development

THEORY NO 1

THEORY NO 2

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

Career development is an aspect of a person’s total development

Development is a process that takes place over an individual’s life span

Theory focus on the developmental stages that are related to age

Early researchers anaylized the career dicision making in terms of three priods

1: Fantacy Choices ,2: Tantative Choices, 3: Realistic Choices.

1: DONALD.E.SUPER He presented a ‘’Lifespan developmental Theory’’ Thats based on 14 propositions.1. People differ in abilities...2. people are qualified...3. Occupational pattern...4. Vocational preferences...5. Series of life stages...6. Nature of career pattern...7. Coping the demands of

environment...

Continued........8:Career maturity...9:Development through life stages...10:Implementing occupational self

concepts...11:Compromise between individual and

social factors...12:Dependancy of person,s satisfactions...13:work satisfaction and self satisfaction…14:Focus on personality organizations...

2: HARVIGURST,S DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY Havighurst divided the human life

span into six periods

he broke down development into important tasks that must b accomplished at each age level

3 : E.H.ERICKSON,S PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORYAs people grow they face a series of psychological crises that shape personality

Each crises focuses on a particulr aspect of personality and each involves the person,s relationhip with other people

THEORY NO 3PERSONALITY THEORIES

4: ANNE ROE'S CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORYIts based on Maslow,s Theory of Basic Needs.

Roe,s research into accupational catagories led her to develop 8 occupational groups,further subdivided into 6 classification levels:

Roe,s Classification Levels :1. Professional and

managerial(independant)2. Professional and managerial (less

indipendant)3. Semi-professioanl and small

buisness4. Skilled5. Semi-skilled6. unskilled

SLT stands for Social Learning Theory KRUMBOLZ and C. Nichol 1990

Banduras 1997 behavior theory to career decision making

1996 Mitchell and Krumboltz added ideas and refer SLT as learning theory of career LTCC

Suggest 4 categories of factor are influential in the career development and decision making

THEORY NO 5SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Genetic endowment and special abilities

Environmental condition and events

Learning experience

Task approach skill

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Describe by Hansen in 2005 presents a framework for integrative life planning (ILP)

This theory of integrated life planning is model which

1. Relates societal context to the individual to families to education and to work

2. Is a life long process of identifying primary needs, roles and goals and integrating them with in self work family and community

THEORY NO 6HOLISTIC THEORY FOR CAREER COUNSELING WITH ADULTS

3. Is interactive and relationship oriented and designed to help individuals achieves greater satisfaction meaning wholeness and a sense of community

4. Is a means to help shape the direction of once life in power other, manage change and contribute to the large society and common goods

HOLISTIC THEORY FOR CAREER COUNSELING WITH ADULTS

1. Finding work that need doing in changing global context

2. Waving our lives into a meaningful whole

3. Connecting family and work

SIX CRITICAL THEMES

4. Valuing pluralism and inclusivity

5. Managing personal transitions

6. Exploring spirituality and life purpose

CRITICAL THEMES

Sociological View of careers

Newspaper and television reports

Example of a person

THEORY NO 7SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Is it possible to evaluate all decisive factor in the choice?

QUESTION

1980 Indian published press published a president Hellman B Well book entitled being luck

2003 publication Richard Wiseman identifies four principal of luck

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

1. Maximize your chance opportunity

2. Listen to your luck hunches

3. Expect good fortune

4. Turn your bad luck into good

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Economic theory describe the importance of economic factor in career choice

1. Job according to qualification

2. Job security

3. Reward

THEORY NO 8ECONOMIC THEORY

IMPLICATION OF CAREER COUNSELING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL

CAREER COUNSELING

Career Choice Theorie

s

Chances

Happens Interest

and abilities

Personality traits

Human development and maturity

Economic Factors

Individual Values

FACTORS INVOLVES IN CHOOSING CAREER

IMPLICATIONS OF CAREER THEORY FOR COUNSELORS Career development is a process leading to a

decision Counselors should understand:

Particular tasks at certain developmental stages

Interpret and assess individual interestBasic human needs and special needsRecognize the rapid change in the ways people work and live

Update the theories and research

CAN YOU GUESS??

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL

CAREER COUNSELING OF HUMAN POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT (CCHD)CCHD focus on encouraging clients to

challenge the limitations of their present self concept in a manner of speaking, to redefine themselves and stimulate their vitality

Development occurs across the life span of the individual

Awareness of maturing process related to mastery of development task at each life stage

CCHD Individual aptitudes and interest should be

enhanced by strategies and experienced

Environment influences the development

Programs designed to inhibit negative factors that prevent full development

PHASES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Who plays significant role?

Postsecondary Educational institutions

Adult Educational Program

Career centers Private practitioners Employment Offices

Assessment

Planning

Placement

WOMEN Traditional Women’s Careers???? Today women’s careers????

Women in Pakistan = 48.63% (2014) World Bank

Women in Labor Work= 21.7% ( 2009) 2005 to 2008 approx. 75, 000 divorce cases 2008 to 2011 approx. 1, 24141 divorce cases

were registered in Pakistan 85 percent of love marriages end up in

separations

SINGLE PARENT LIFE

SELFISH TREND

WOMEN POTENTIAL SHOULD BE ENHANCED Prejudice in salaries and opportunities 60% of women headed families live in

poverty Career Counselors must help female clients

to identify alternatives of traditional jobs as well as create balance to be a mother and a worker

Recognize educational opportunity, job search skills and Positive self concept

MINORITIES IN PAKISTAN U.S. State Department's International

Religious Freedom Report 2002 estimated

Christians at 2.09 million Ahmadis at 286,000 Hindus at 1.03 million Parsis , Buddhists, and Sikhs at 20,000 each

OUR SOCIETY FUTURE WILL NOT BE HEALTHY IF TOMORROW’S MINORITY ADULTS ARE SERIOUSLY DISADVANTAGED AND NEGLECTED

MINORITIES Counselors should assist minorities in

achieving career equity and opportunities Do not be used Biased assessment

instruments Should be advocated for employment of

them based on personal qualification, not on ethnic culture background

POOR According to 27 March,

2014 Report Poverty in Pakistan – 40 %

people living below poverty line

52 % of total population in Baluchistan

33 % of Sindh KPK having 32 % 19 % of Punjab

POOR

COUNSELING OF POOR Homeless Assistance Act (1987) designed to

aid schools and reconnect child with school School in poverty areas must have good

counseling programs and adult education program

Encouraged to apply only for jobs for which they are qualified

Involvement of local business

PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES A person who has a physical and mental

impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities

According to Harrington (1997), students with disabilities frequently leave school without marketable skills or the ability to function independently

COUNSELING OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Understanding of various disabilities and

their career implications Knowledgeable regarding appropriate

resources Sensitive, supportive and at the same time

Realistic Facilitate family support with efforts of other

people Encourage them handicap to employment

INADEQUATE CAREER COUNSELINGIN PAKISTAN In Pakistan, 60 % of the schools are public schools

and unfortunately none of them are even aware of the term ‘career counseling’

(M. Murtaza Noor, Director Community Support

Program Pakistan) 2013 710 schools (Islamabad) and 2,100 private

schools (Rawalpindi) do not offer career counseling

Malik Abrar, President All Private Schools and College Owners’ Association (APSCOA)  

CAREER PLANNING AND DESIGNING IN SCHOOL

PERSON’S DEVELOPMENT STIMULATED BY GREAT EXPERIENCES OF HIS/HER LIFE

Learning Living with others working

ROLE OF COUNSELING PROGRAM IN SCHOOL SETTING

Facilitate and enhance the school contribution towards

Learning

Growth and development

Prepare youth for work

PRINCIPLES FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT

To develop unbiased base

Career as a way of life and an education as a preparation for life

To develop understanding in social-personal development & career education planning

To develop understanding between education & career

CONTD:

Develop opportunities to test concepts , skills & values that have future career application

School career counseling and guidance program is centered in classroom

Prepare students to cope with dramatic changes in the world of work

To develop maturity necessary for making effective career decisions

THE SCHOOL COUNSELOR’S ROLE IN STUDENT CAREER DEVELOPMENT Career counseling

Career Assessment

Resource person and Consultant

Linkage Agent

CAREER COUNSELING Parental counseling Group counseling Group guidance

CAREER ASSESSMENT

Standardized Assessment Non standardized Assessment

RESOURCE PERSON AND CONSULTANT

Active in acquiring materials appropriate to career planning and decision

Counselor aware of computerized information program

Aware sources from which such materials obtained

Opportunities to complement career education program

LINKAGE AGENT Counselors active in collaborative

efforts(community agencies & employers) School-to-work Opportunities Act of 1994 Emphasis on helping the students make

transition from school to work like job shadowing, work-based learning

TECHNIQUES FOR PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING Self-Awareness Educational Awareness Career Awareness Career Exploration Planning and Decision making Placement and Follow-up Educational placement Environmental Placement Follow-up

Career Counselling In Non School Setting

CAREER COUNSELLING IN NON SCHOOL SETTING

The initial out of school career counselling is made through the assistance of the state employment services

CAREER GUIDANCE ACTIVITIES ARE BASED ON Review and discussion of applicant’s

qualification

Applicant’s interest in relation to available employment opportunities

General Aptitude Test Battery, may be used to further assist the client and counseller in career planning

GENERAL APTITUDE TEST BATTERY; known as the GATB It is a professional career aptitude test which

measures nine different aptitudes and can be used to help assess the likelihood that you will be successful in specific careers or training programs. For example

General learning abilitiesVerbal aptitudeNumerical aptitudeMotor coordination

COUNSELING GOALS

Herr and Cramer (1996), outlined following counseling goals for career counselors;

Provide support in building and maintaining positive attitudes toward one’s worth and dignity

Provide any and all geographic information

COUNSELING GOALS

Explore possible retaining and other avenues for improving employment opportunities

Assess the actual reasons for employment difficulties

Assist in developing job-seeking behaviors

ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND EMPLOYERS (NACEWEB, 2006), EMPLOYERS SEEK FOLLOWING TOP 10 PERSONAL QUALITIES/SKILLS

Communication skills Honesty/integrity Teamwork skills Strong work ethics Analytical skills Flexibility Interpersonal skills Motivation Computer skills Detail oriented

COMPUTERIZED CAREER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

Computers are used widely in counseling programs in educational setting for providing career information and assistance

Information System Guidance System