IMPROVEMENT IN

FOOD RESOURC

ES

Our country is second in population in the world with 125 crores . For such a huge population we will require 241 million tonnes of grain production per annum to feed our people . Therefore it is necessary to increase the production of plants and animals. This resulted in a variety of “revolutions” which made India self –reliant . These revolutions include green revolution,blue revolution , white revolution and yellow revolution.

Introduction

Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable means keeping an effort going continuously . So , sustainable agriculture means successful management of resources for agriculture means successful management of resources for agriculture means successful management of resources for satisfy the changing human needs , while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.

Organic farming It is the practice of raising of unpolluted crops

through the use of manures , biopesticides with healthy cropping systems that provide optimum nutrients to plants and keep the pests as well as weeds under control . In organic farming there is little or no use of chemical fertilizers , pesticides and herbicides .

Crop seasons Kharif season crops =These crops are grown in

rainy seasons i.e., kharif season from the month of June to October. For example , paddy , soya bean , arhar ,maize ,millet , cotton and urad are kharif crops

Rabi crops = These crops are grown in winter season , i.e. , rabi season from November to April . For example , wheat , gram , peas , mustard , ,linseed , sugarcane are rabi season crops.

Improvement in Yields Following three scientific approaches are

adopted in India to obtain high yields from our agriculture farms:

1.Crop protection management .2.Crop improvement for higher yield through

genetic manipulation.3.Crop protection management.

Crop production

management1.Nutrition management.2.Classification of nutrients.

Manure Manure are natural fertilizers . They are bulky

sources of organic matter in the soil is made up by adding manures and fertilizers to the soil of crop fields . Both manure and fertilizers are major sources of nutrients of plants of plants , so they are used in crop production.

Fertilizers Fertilizers are the sources of plant nutrients ,

manufactured commercially from chemicals . Fertilizers supply Nitrogen , Phosphorus and Potassium.

Basically they are used for good vegetative growth giving rise to healthy plants . Fertilizers are one of the major components for obtaining higher yields specially in high cost farming practices .

Irrigation

Crop plants get water from soil . Soil obtains water from rain . However , sufficient rain is not always there . Therefore , soil is not able to supply required water to crops . The extra water required by crops is met through irrigation . The process of supplying water to crop plants through human efforts by means of canals , wells , reservoirs , tube-wells , etc . , is known as irrigation .

Cropping patterns These are models of raising crops which help in

obtaining maximum benefit from the same piece of land , reduce risk of crop failure , disease and infestation . Three common types of cropping types of cropping patterns are mixed cropping , intercropping and crop rotation .

Mixed cropping Farming is an agricultural process of harnessing solar

energy in the form of economic produce of plants and animals. The Indian farmers depend a great deal on the monsoon rain for water. Monsoons sometimes bring very heavy rain and cause floods . Sometimes there are very dry spells which lead to drought conditions . Also , the amount of rainfall in a particular season is not dependable . Therefore , the small and marginal farmers , particularly in the rain –fed regions cannot take the risk of growing specialized crops . They prefer a farming system , called mixed cropping .

Intercropping Intercropping is a practice of growing two or

more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area . The practice of intercropping is adopted by small farmers and where farmers have least access to irrigation .

Crop Rotation If we grow a crop continuously in same field for

many years , it results into various problems such as (1)depletion of same type of nutrients and (2)build up of diseases and insect-pests . Is demands for the requirement of the practice of crop rotation . Crop rotation can be defined as the practice of growing of different crops on a piece of land in a preplanned succession .

Crop Improvement for Higher Yield Through Genetic

Manipulation The art of recognising valuable traits and incorporating them into future generation is very important in plant breeding . Breeder search for individual plants that exhibit desirable traits . The two most desirable qualities of food plants are high yield and natural resistance to disease . Such traits occasionally arise spontaneously through a process called mutation , but the natural rate of mutation is too slow and unreliable to produce all the plants that breeders would like to see.

Genetic Manipulatio

n Various crop production techniques have

remained successful in gaining high yield of varieties under cultivation to a maximum extent . However , if potential of a variety is poor or limited then improved agronomic approaches cannot increase the yield .

Plant Breeding for High Yielding

Crops The plant breeding means production of new

varieties or stains by a programme of artificial selection spanning several generations of the organism concerned . Plant breeding is a science as well as art of improving genetic make up of plant in relation to their economic use .

Weed Control Weed are unwanted plants in the cultivated

fields . In other words , plants other than crops are the weeds . Weeds can be control by four methods . Mechanical methods , Cultural methods , Chemical methods and Biological methods . The process of removing of weeds is known as weeding .

Diseases of Crop Plants 1. Seed-borne diseases –These diseases are spread

by seeds . These diseases are caused by fungi .2. Soil-borne diseases- These diseases are spread

by soil and mostly affect roots and stems of crop plants .

3. Air- borne diseases-These diseases are transmitted by the air .

4. Water – borne diseases-These diseases are caused by water . ‘

Storage of grains Most crops are harvested only once in ,,a year .

Thus , they are available in plenty during a selective time . For getting seasonal foods regularly throughout the year , they are stored in safe storage . Cereals or food grains are stored at following three levels : (1)At producer level(called rural storage). (2)At trader level and (3)at FCI level .

Animal Husbandry The production of agriculture that deals with the feeding , caring , and breeding of domestic animals is called animal husbandry .

Cattle Farming Cattle farming is done for two purposes –

milk and draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling ,irrigation and carting . Indian cattle belongs to two different species , Bos indicus , cows , and Bos bubalis , buffaloes .

Poultry Farming Poultry farming is undertaken to raise

domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat . The cross - breeding programmes between Indian (indigenous , for example , Aseel ) and foreign (exotic , for example , Leghorn )

Egg and Broiler Production

Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin – rich supplementary feed for growth rate and better feed efficiency .

Fish Production Fish is a cheap source of animal protein for our food . Fish production includes the finned true fish as well as shellfish such as prawns and molluscs . There are two ways of obtaining fish . One is from natural resources ,which is called capture fishing . The other way is by fish farming ,which is called culture fishery . The water source of the fish can be either seawater or freshwater , such as in rivers and ponds . Fishing can thus be done both by capture and culture of fish in marine and freshwater ecosystems .

Marine Fisheries India ’s marine fishery resources include

7500 km of coastline and the deep seas beyond it .popular marine fish varieties include, pomphret , mackerel , tuna, sardines , and Bombay duck .

Inland Fisheries Fresh water resources include canals ,

ponds reservoirs and rivers . Brackish water resources , where seawater and fresh water mix together , such as estuaries and lagoons are also important fish reservoirs . While capture fishing is also done in such inland water bodies .

Bee – keeping

Bee – keeping needs low investments , farmers use it as an additional income generating activity. In addition to honey , the beehives are a source of wax which is used in various medicinal preparations .

NAME :- ASHISH RAJ K.CLASS :- IX-B

ROLL NO. :- 27SCHOOL:- K.V SEC 31 CHD