5610 report

Project 2 (YeonKyung Lee) Page 1 of 13

A Pioneer Woman in Technical Communication Profession: Ethaline H. Cortelyou’s Life and Career

Introduction

The World War II and the Cold War era were an important watershed for the technical

communication profession in the United States. This was an era when women scientists started

entering into the professional world in greater numbers after World War II broke and men were

drafted (Malone, 2010). The need to fill empty positions increased not only the number of

woman scientists employed, but also the number of women college students (Puaca, 2014).

However, many women suffered from discrimination in the workplace and fought against the

conventional values of marriage and family (Malone, 2010). There was a woman technical writer

who was, in some respects, at the center of the most turbulent era for women professionals in the

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. She was a talented technical

communicator who pioneered the technical communication profession. She also stood up for

gender equality to improve women’s employment condition and work environment in the

sciences. Her name was Ethaline Hartge Cortelyou.

Early Profession

Cortelyou was born on November 26, 1909, in New Kinston, Pennsylvania, to Charles and Marie

W. Hartge ("Obituaries”, 2007). She had one younger sister, Evaline Hartge Saxman, and one

younger brother, Charles Hartge (Obituaries, 2007). She grew up in Pennsylvania and attended

Tarentum High School and Slippery Rock and Clarion STC before 1929 (NARA, 1966a). She

majored in chemistry and earned a B.S. degree from Alfred University in New York in 1932

(NARA, 1966a). Like many other women in the 1930s, she planned to become a teacher before

Figure 1. Photograph of Ethaline H. Cortelyou. Adapted from "Pioneering in Technical Writing," by S. S. Dibelka, 1957, Matrix, March-April, 6-8.


she started her career as a chemist. She got an

elementary and secondary teacher license in

Pennsylvania and Georgia, and taught chemistry

and mathematics in various schools (NARA,

1966a). It is uncertain whether she wanted to

become a teacher or she didn't have much choice

in selecting a career as a woman in the 1920s and

the 1930s. Figure 1 shows a photograph of

Ethaline Cortelyou. It was taken when she was

working at the Armour Research Foundation in the

1950s.

In 1930, Cortelyou married a chemist named Warren P. Cortelyou (“Obituaries”, 2007). Before

she started her career as a technical editor in 1944, she worked in various teaching and research

jobs. In 1942, she worked at Kingsbury Ordnance Plant for nine months as a Junior Chemist

(NARA, 1966a). Even though her major duty was research, she was unofficially assigned to

editing technical documents such as reports and manuals (NARA, 1966a). She also worked at

Indiana Steel Products Corporation from 1943 to 1944 as a research engineer (NARA, 1966a).

Even though her major was chemistry in college, she also had a passion for English, journalism,

and public relations. During her college study at Alfred University, she took various English and

journalism courses along with chemistry, mathematics, and education courses (NARA, 1966a).

Her graduate coursework was focused on English and journalism rather than chemistry (NARA,

1966a). She also had tasks relating to public relations in school and professional organizations

(NARA, 1966a). For example, she took a speaking tour in the United States and Canada as a


member of Sigma Delta Epsilon and had public relations responsibilities in the American

Chemical Society (NARA, 1966a).

Technical writing and editing in the 1940s was a relatively new and unknown field. Technical

writing tasks were believed to be more suitable for men, but there were arguments that women's

quality such as attention to detail, empathy, and sensitivity make women more competent in the

technical communication profession (Malone, 2010). Cortelyou was also asked to perform

technical writing tasks, and she was certainly good at it. Whether she wanted to pursue technical

writing and editing as her career path or not, it may have been a better career option for her

where she could stretch her interest and passion in the fields of English, journalism, and public

relations.

Pursuing a Career as a Technical Editor

The Manhattan Project: The First Step as an Official Technical Editor

After World War II began and the U.S. joined the war in1941, the U.S. government's need for

military commodities and ballistic research increased (Puaca, 2014). The Dean of Barnard

College, Virginia Gildersleeve (1942), mentioned in the New York Times Magazines that "a

shortage is becoming apparent which is far more serious than the shortage of sugar, or even the

shortage of rubber: this is the shortage of trained brains" (p. 18). The research on weapons and

machines was directly connected to the results of the war. The government started hiring

intelligent college graduates, including women, and operating research laboratories (Puaca,

2014). Cortelyou was hired for one of the U.S. government's laboratory projects in July 1944,

which was the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago (NARA, 1966a). Through the

Manhattan Project, researchers developed an atomic weapon for use in World War II (Manhattan


Project, n.d.). In the project, Cortelyou was in charge of producing reports, charts, tables, and

graphs of research data (NARA, 1966a). She also assisted in creating a classified table of

isotopes and the style manual Plutonium Project Record (NARA, 1966b). With a background in

chemistry, she often participated in research and original writing (NARA, 1966a).

Even though she was a team member of the Manhattan Project, she was opposed to the

government's idea of dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. In 1945, she signed the Szilard

Petition in opposition of the U.S. government's plan to use an atomic bomb (Bird & Sherwin, n.

d.). The petition was for a Commander-In-Chief of the U.S., and people who signed the petition

asked him to consider the results and moral responsibilities that are associated with an atomic

bomb (Bird & Sherwin, n. d.). However, the Szilard Petition didn't work, and the war was ended

when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945 (Bird & Sherwin, n. d.). Her

work in the Manhattan Project naturally ended when the war ended in 1945 (NARA, 1966a).

Exploring a Career in Teaching, Science, and Technical Editing

After World War II had ended, Cortelyou went back to teach chemistry and chemical analysis at

Mundelein College in 1945 (NARA, 1966a). She worked as a chemistry teacher for nine months

(NARA, 1966a). In 1947, she started working at the Armour Research Foundation (ARF), which

is currently called the IIT Research Institute, as a technical editor (NARA, 1966a). She was

responsible for managing research reports generated in the organization. She also supervised

editors, illustrators, draftsmen, and typists (NARA, 1966a).

In 1951, she was hired as an associated chemist at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne,

Illinois (NARA, 1966a). Some of her responsibilities were related to technical documentation.

For example, she was in charge of maintaining records of laboratory research and writing safety

manuals and division procedure (NARA, 1966a). World War II was the time when the technical


communication profession began to rise, but her experience at Argonne National Laboratory

shows that some companies didn't hire a technical writer or editor as a separate position. Instead,

they asked scientists or engineers to perform the technical writing and editing job.

Cortelyou went back to ARF in 1953 as a technical editor in the Chemistry and Chemical

Engineering Research Department (NARA, 1966a). She got promoted to an acting supervisor in

1954. In 1956, she was promoted again to a Literacy Analyst (NARA, 1966a). Her

responsibilities in the ARF included managing important contracts including those with other

government agencies (NARA, 1966a). She was still in charge of managing the technical

documentation projects, and she often wrote original documents (NARA, 1966a). While she was

working for the ARF, she taught report writing to several people within the organization (NARA,

1966a). She also taught literature searching to students who were participating in the production

of sound films for the U.S. Advised Public Relations (NARA, 1966a). Regardless of the job

titles, it seems like Cortelyou explored various job tasks associated with teaching, science, and

technical editing. Her experience and job titles show that “technical writer” and “technical

editor” were not widely recognized job titles in the 1950s. Table 1 shows the history of her

career, in terms of time, names of the organizations she worked for, and job titles she had.

Table 1. History of Cortelyou’s career. Information is retrieved from Cortelyou’s federal civilian personnel file.

Start month/year

End month/year Organization Name Job Title

Mar 1942 Dec 1942 Kingsbury Ordnance Plant Junior ChemistJul 1943 Jul 1944 Indiana Steel Products Corporation Research Engineer

Jul 1944 Sep 1945 Manhattan Project, University of Chicago Editor

Sep 1945 Jun 1946 Mundelein College Chemistry Teacher

Jun 1947 Aug 1950 Armour Research Foundation Technical Editor

Aug 1950 Dec 1950 Self employed Free-lance Writer

Jan 1951 Jun 1953 Argonne National Laboratory Associate Chemist


? 1953 Nov 1954 Armour Research Foundation Technical Editor

Nov 1954 Nov 1956 Armour Research Foundation Acting Supervisor

Nov 1956 Dec 1958 Armour Research Foundation Literacy Analyst

Feb 1959 Oct 1959 Atlantic Division of Aerojet-General Corp. Technical Editor

Dec 1959 Oct 1961 Aeroprojects Incorporated Chief Technical Editor

Jan 1962 May 1962 Blair Associates Editorial Consultant

May 1962 Apr 1966 NASA Headquarters Supervisory Writer/Editor

Feb 1965 Jun 1965 Graduate School of American University Instructor

May 1966 Dec 1969 National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases

Technical Information Specialists

Cortelyou’s View of Women as Professionals in Technical Editing and

Science

Advocating technical editing job for woman scientists

While she was working in the ARF, she counseled other women to become technical writers. As

shown in Figure 2, in the article published in American Association Agricultural College Editors

(ACE) Newsletter in 1955, she argued that woman’s natural qualities such as attention to detail,

dedication, and sensible emotions are suitable for a career as a technical editor (Cortelyou,

1955). She mentioned that women's ability to sense and handle other people's emotions will be

beneficial to a good relationship with the author, which is a tricky task for technical editors

(Cortelyou, 1955). According to Cortelyou (1955), technical editors at the time often had to

persuade the original authors to rewrite a small or large portion of the writing. She provided an

example of a woman editor who handled a man author's feelings and persuaded him into

rewriting a significant portion of the original document (Cortelyou, 1955). Cortelyou (1955) also

argued that technical editing would be suitable for married women and mothers because

technical editing tasks are possible to perform at home and women can easily get back to their

career after maternity leave (Cortelyou, 1955). She also mentioned that women would feel less


discriminated because the technical editing

field was so new and "men have not

become so firmly entrenched as to resent

feminine competition" (p. 8). To target

younger generations, she argued that

technical editing is a meaningful and

satisfying job with a family-like

relationship with coworkers (Cortelyou,

1955). She mentioned that technical editor

is more satisfying than teaching jobs

because it is not a temporary job

(Cortelyou, 1955). Cortelyou's article helps

us to understand the work environment for

women in the 1950s. Women valued

marriage and family before their careers,

and women in the workforce had a hard

time with gender discrimination and left jobs after they got married or pregnant.

The woman power

However, after the Sputnik Crisis in 1957, she changed her opinion and argued that the United

States should utilize woman scientists, "the woman power" (Cortelyou, 1958, p. 18). She

strongly argued that companies or the government that hired women who majored in science as

technical writers and editors were wasting women's talent and ability (Cortelyou, 1958). She also

criticized the inequality that women suffered in the professions, such as lower wages than men or

Figure 2. Cortelyou’s one-page article published in American Association Agricultural College Editors (ACE) Newsletter. (Cortelyou, 1955).


less important responsibilities (Cortelyou, 1958). Also, in an interview with The Washington

Post and Times Herald, she criticized social conditions where women are not welcomed in

professions (Kachan, 1958). She argued that Russia's equal work environment for both genders

contributed to the success of launching Sputnik (Kachan, 1958). She urged women to choose

careers as scientists and argued that "the best employer is the government" (Kachan, 1958, p. B3)

because the government treated women better than private companies.

Speech in the All Women in Science Luncheon

Her experience in Sigma Delta Epsilon also demonstrates her efforts to raise awareness of

women's employment and work environment issues. Sigma Delta Epsilon is a society for

graduate women in scientific fields, which was founded by women graduate students from

Cornell University 1921 ("About Us", n. d.). She made speaking tours in the United States and

Canada as a member of Sigma Delta Epsilon (NARA, 1966a). On her speaking tour, she made a

speech titled "The Status of the American Woman Scientists" at the December 1958 All Women

in Science Luncheon (Puaca, 2014). She urged the United States to improve women scientists'

employment conditions, work environment, corporate welfare, and higher education

opportunities. Her speech caught society's attention and led to the creation of the National

Council on Participation of Women in Science in March 1959 (Puaca, 2014). Figure 3 is a

picture of Cortelyou and other members of Sigma Delta Epsilon at the December 1959 All

Women in Science Luncheon.


Figure 3. Members of Sigma Delta Epsilon at the December 1959 All Women in Science Luncheon. Reprinted from Searching for Scientific Womanpower: Technocratic Feminism and the Politics of National Security, 1940-1980 (p. 97), by L. M. Puaca, 2014, the United States: The University of North Carolina Press. Copyright 2014 by the University of North Carolina Press.

Cortelyou’s later career and retirement

After working for the Armour Research Foundation, Cortelyou continued working as a technical

editor. From 1959 to 1962, she worked for various corporations including the Atlantic Division

of Aerojet-General Corporation, Aeroprojects Incorporated, and Blair Associates (NARA,

1966a). Her responsibilities mostly related to technical documentation, but she engaged in public

relations work at the Atlantic Division of Aerojet-General Corporation (NARA, 1966a). She

wrote promotional literature to gain publicity for the organization (NARA, 1966a).

In May 1962, she was hired by the National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)

headquarters as supervisory technical writer-editor (NARA, 1966a). She worked until 1966 and

served as NASA's immediate point of contact for technical documentation and publications

(NARA, 1966a). She managed technical documentation projects and contracts, and created a

handbook about technical writing for future NASA employees (NARA, 1966a). The handbook


included editing standards, document style, format, and conventions. She also worked to create

the Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use, measurement of Thermal Radiation

Properties of Slides, and Thermal Radiation of Slides (NARA, 1966a). At that time, she was

already widely recognized in the field of technical writing. Her supervisor D. L. Hoxis

mentioned that Cortelyou is "well known in her field" (NARA, 1966b, p. 6) and she

"communicates complicated ideas readily" (NARA, 1966b, p. 6). While working at NASA, she

also taught Report Writing in the Graduate School of American University for six months, with

NASA's permission (NARA, 1966a).

Cortelyou retired from her job in 1969, three years after she started working at National Institute

of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (NARA, 1969c). Her final annual salary was $17,920

(NARA, 1969c). See Figure 4 to see a graph of her salary over the time. Her retirement was

listed as a disability retirement (NARA, 1969a). She took a lot of sick leaves at the end of her

career (NARA, 1969b), and passed away eight years after she retired in July 19, 1997

(Obituaries, 2007).


19421943

19441944

19451946

19471950

19511953

19531954

19561956

19581959

19591961

19621962

19631965

19661968

1969$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

$18,000

$20,000

Salary (year) Linear (Salary (year))Figure 4. Cortelyou’s salary throughout her career. Information is retrieved from Cortelyou’s federal civilian personnel file.

Cortelyou as a technical writer/editor

With a background in chemistry, Cortelyou worked as a technical writer/editor for various

scientific organizations. She also actively published journals about technical writing/editing in

Journal of Chemical Education, American Documentation, and STWP Review. See Table 2 for

the list of her major publications.

Table 2. List of Cortelyou’s major publication

Published year Title of the article Name of the

Journal Volume(Issue)

1948 Technical editing as a career for Bachelors of Chemistry

Journal of Chemical Education 25(12)

1954 Some fundamentals of designing tables of data

American Documentation 5(3)

1954 National Cooperative Undergraduate Chemical Research Program*


1955 Counseling the woman chemistry major


1955 The abstract of chemical report Journal of Chemical Education 3(10)

1956 The training of chemists and chemical engineers for technical journalism


1957 How to prepare a technical paper The American Journal of Medical

23(6)

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed033p64


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.5090050305/abstract



Technology

1961 Building an organization style manual for technical reports STWP Review 8(2)

1964 Writing the technical report Journal of Chemical Education 4(3)

*Co-published with W. P. Cortelyou

She believed her strength in technical writing was graphics (NARA, 1966a). In her article “Some

Fundamentals of Designing Tables of Data”, she demonstrated the design principles of tables in

technical documents. For example, she mentioned each table should have a number and a title,

units, and columns that group related data (Cortelyou, 1954). She also recommended using a

table when the data have more than four items or the data compare and contrast qualitative

information (Cortelyou, 1954).

Cortelyou was also an active member of the Association of Technical Writers and Editors

(TWE), which was New York-based organization that was one of the bases of Society for

Technical Communication (STC) (NARA, 1966a). She was the founder and the first president of

Chicago chapter in TWE (NARA, 1966a).

Conclusion

Cortelyou thrived in an era when women were undervalued regardless of their true abilities. She

was an intelligent and competent woman with excellent abilities and a passion for technical

writing and editing. She also had exceptional abilities in many different fields, including various

science fields, public relations, teaching, and visual design. Her talent and abilities were luckily

recognized by various companies and government organizations, and she made a good salary

(See Figure 4) as a woman in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. She set a good role model of a

technical writer for future women professionals in the field. Her courage to speak up about poor

conditions for women in employment would have inspired and impacted not only women


scientists, but also all women in the United States in the mid 20th century who struggled against

conventional values.

Project 2 (YeonKyung Lee)

References

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content/_1161596_1/Cortelyou%20petition.pdf

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courses/MST-TCH_COM-5610-1A-73253-FS2015/article%20cortelyou.pdf

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of chemists. The Chemical Bulletin, 44, 18-19.

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fame. Technical Communication Quarterly, 19(2), 144-183.

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Times Magazine, p. SM18. Retrieved

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from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project

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Appendix 1. Project Worksheet

Full Name at Birth: Ethaline Hartge

Other Names Used in Life (e.g., married name): Ethaline H. Cortelyou

Date and Place of Birth: November 26, 1909, Parnassus, PA

Full names of Father and Mother: Charles and Marie W. Hartge

Native (or first) Language: English

Name of High School: Tarentum High School

Name(s) of university(-ies), Years of Attendance, and Degrees Earned:

Slippery Rock and Clarion STC, PA. 1926-1929 Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. 1930-1933 – B.S. in Chemistry earned in 1932 Stacou, Iowa, Iowa City, IA. 1933 Summer Alfred 2, Alfred, NY. 1933-35 (Graduate Assistant in chemistry and Coach of Debate) Shimer College, Mt. Carroll, IL. 1936-37 (School Photographer) William Penn College, Gukaloosa, IA. 1937 (Taught chemistry and mathematics) U. of Tenn. Knoxville, TN. 1941 (Graduate Assistant in Chemistry) Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. 1945-1954

Branch of Military and Dates of Service: No service

Name(s) of Spouse(s) with Date(s) of Marriage(s) and Divorce(s): Warren P. Cortelyou, 1930

Employers and Dates of Employment:

Start month/yea

r

End month/year

Organization Name Job Title

Mar 1942 Dec 1942 Kingsbury Ordnance Plant Junior ChemistJul 1943 Jul 1944 Indiana Steel Products Corporation Research Engineer

Jul 1944 Sep 1945 Manhattan Project, University of Chicago Editor

Sep 1945 Jun 1946 Mundelein College Chemistry Teacher

Jun 1947 Aug 1950 Armour Research Foundation Technical Editor

Aug 1950 Dec 1950 Self employed Free-lance Writer

Jan 1951 Jun 1953 Argonne National Laboratory Associate Chemist

? 1953 Nov 1954 Armour Research Foundation Technical Editor

Nov 1954 Nov 1956 Armour Research Foundation Acting Supervisor

Nov 1956 Dec 1958 Armour Research Foundation Literacy Analyst


Feb 1959 Oct 1959 Atlantic Division of Aerojet-General Corp. Technical Editor

Dec 1959 Oct 1961 Aeroprojects Incorporated Chief Technical Editor

Jan 1962 May 1962 Blair Associates Editorial Consultant

May 1962 Apr 1966 NASA Headquarters Supervisory Writer/Editor

Feb 1965 Jun 1965 Graduate School of American University Instructor

May 1966 Dec 1969 National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases

Technical Information Specialists

Publications (title, journal, date, volume, page numbers):

Cortelyou, E. (1948). Technical editing as a career for Bachelors of Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 25(12). p. 692

Cortelyou, E. (1954). Some fundamentals of designing tables of data. American Documentation, 5(3). 155–160

Cortelyou, E. & Cortelyou, W. P. (1954). National Cooperative Undergraduate Chemical Research Program. Journal of Chemical Education, 31(5). p. 267

Cortelyou, E. (1955). Counseling the woman chemistry major. Journal of Chemical Education, 32 (4). p. 196

Cortelyou, E. (1955). The abstract of chemical report, Journal of Chemical Education, 3 (10). p. 532

Cortelyou, E. (1956). The training of chemists and chemical engineers for technical journalism. Journal of Chemical Education, 33 (2). P. 64

Cortelyou, E. (1957). How to prepare a technical paper. The American Journal of Medical Technology, 23(6). 369-373

Cortelyou, E. (1961). Building an Organization Style Manual for Technical Reports. STWP Review, 8(2). 28-32

Cortelyou, E. (1964). Writing the Technical Report. Journal of Chemical Education, 4(3). 141–143

Awards/Honors Received: Can’t find

Date of and Age at Retirement: December 4, 1969

Date and Place of Death: July 19, 1997, Colorado Springs

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13487600



