Zafer mert i̇zmir 2. strşpe rust

Current situation of wheat stripe rust in Turkey: Yr27 virulence and potential

effects

Z. Mert, K. Akan, L. Çetin, A. Yorgancılar, B. Ercan, R.

Ünsal, A. Tülek, V. Urin, C.Şermet, Ü. Küçüközdemir, H. Ay, A. İlkhan1 and M. Karaman1

Outline

Wheat in Turkey

Records of stripe rust

Stripe Rust situation

Institutions involved, coordination and planning approaches for management

Race identification of stripe rust

Resistance of the cultivars to stripe rust

Conclusion

The staple cropRanking of wheat crop in the country compared to other annual crops 60%

Wheat production area; Irrigated wheat 25% and Rainfed wheat 75%

Winter Wheat sowing areas 75 % Spring wheat sowing areas 25%

Winter Wheat productions 65 % Spring wheat productions 35%

Wheat in Turkey

Wheat production Bread Durum Total

Producing area (ha)(x 1000)

6.765 1.335 8.100

Production (ton)(x 1000)

16.860 3.740 20.600

Central Anatolia, WW

South East Anatolia-SWAegean Region- SW

East Anatolia, WW

Blacksea region , WW, FW

Thrace region WW

Marmara region, FW,SW

Area % Planting date Harvesting date

Coastal 20 1 November- 25 November 25 May-10 June

Planes 35 1 October-20 October 15 July- 15 August

Highlands 45 25 September-15 October 20 July-30 August

BLACK SEA

MEDITERRANEAN

Çukurova, SW

Wheat in TurkeyBLACKSEA

Yellow Rust

Yellow RustYellow Rust

Yellow RustLeaf rustLeaf rust

Leaf rust

Leaf rust

Leaf rustStem Rust

Stem Rust

Stem Rust

Historical yellow rust hot-spots – locations, frequency of occurrence

In 1991 26.1% loss in potential yield of Gerek 79 in Central Anatolia(Braun 1991) 1995 epidemic caused at least 0.5 million tons of wheat loss (Çetinet al. 1998) In 1998 69% of Gerek 79 fields in Central Anatolia was affectedheavily (over 50S) In 2009 70 % of Gerek 79 fields in Central Anatolia was affectedheavily (over 50S) In 2010, severe epidemics in South East Anatolia and CentralAnatolia, Kaşifbey, Gerek 79 cultivars

Stripe rust played an important role in changing cultivar preferenceby the farmers following epidemics of 1995 in Cukurova and of 1998 inCentral Anatolia

Yellow rust records

ŞANLIURFA

- Yellow rust started at beginning ofthe season in southeast andmediterranean but fungicideapplications prevented epidemics.

- Farmers applied fungicides twice insome areas.

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In 2013

10

2014 stripe rust situation

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Thrace Region (Border of the Europe)

12


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1. Central Research Institute for Field Crops (CRIFC), Ankara2. Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Eskisehir3. Aegean Agriculture Research Institute, Izmir4. Bahri Dagdas International Agriculture Research Institute, Konya 5. Maize Research Station, Sakarya6. East Mediterranean Agriculture Research Institute, Adana7. GAP International Agricultural Research Institute, Diyarbakir 8. Black Sea Agriculture Research Institute, Samsun 9. Thrace Agriculture Research Institute, Edirne10. Eastern Anatolia Agriculture Research Institute, Erzurum11. GAP Soil - Water Resources and Agriculture Research Institute,

Sanlıurfa12. East Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agriculture Research

Institute, K.Maraş

National Research Project for Diseases of Temperate Cereals


Survey activities to determine current andpotential epidemics in the region.

Screening of the wheat and barley germplasmunder natural and artificial condition in themultiplication.

Coordination of the institute and materialchanging among institutes

Aim of the project

Monitoring of the pathogenic variation forresistance breeding study

Pathotype / Race analyses.

Determination of the resistance sources forbreeding programmes.

Improve technical capacity through trainingactivities as theoretical and practical.

Aim of the project

* Artifical inoculation

Thrace ARILR,YR

Sakarya ARI SR,LR, YR

Karadeniz ARI LR,SR, YR

East Anatolian ARIYR,SR

Kastamonu SR

Şanlıurfa AARIYR, SR, LR

South East Anatolian ARILR,YR, SR

EMARI YR *,LR,SR

CRIFC YR*,SR*, LR

Bahri Dağdaş IARIYR,SR

TZARIYR *, SR, LR

Aegean ARIYR *,LR, SR

ARI YR,LR,SR


Winter Wheat

National

Rust

Program

Spring Wheat

Breeding for resistance

Breeding program conducted by agriculturalresearch institutes in their own regions,

National Program facilitates collaborationbetween institutes

International Winter Wheat Improvementprogram (IWWIP), Turkey-CIMMYT-ICARDAcollaboration


Yellow Rust Stem RustLeaf Rust

Trap nurseriesResistance genesCommon cultivarSome cultivars which have important genes

Pathotype/race analyses under controlled greenhouse condition on differential sets

Monitoring of Pathogenic Variation

Race identification by GRRC (Denmark)

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Old Race New Race Old Race New Race

GenotypesResistance genes

Scores0-9 scale

Scores0-9 scale Scores Scores

Chinese 166 Yr1 0 0 0 0TR

Lee Yr7, + 7 7 90S 100S

Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 7 7 70SMS 20MR

Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 1 1 T-10MS R

Moro Yr 10 1 1 10MR R

Strubes Dickkopf Yr Sd, Yr25 7 7 T-30MS 30R

Suwon 92*Omar Yr SU 2 7 0 30S

Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 3 3 T-10MS 10MR

Triticum speltaalbum

Yr50 0 0 R

Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 1 1 0 R

Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 0 RHeines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 6 20R 30MS

Nord Desprez 3N 1 2 20MSS R

Compair Yr8, + 7 7 0 R

Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 0 1 0 R

Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 R

Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 30MS 5R

Selkirk Yr27 6 8 20R-MR 100S

Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 2 40R 70 SMS

İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 0 0 R R

Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 5 7 10R 100S

*New race wererecorded in 2010 byGRRC, Denmark insamples collectedAdana.

Yr 27 virulence wasrecorded in Turkey inthe 2000-2003 yearsbut Yr Su is the firstrecord.

Yr 27 virulence iswidespread in theworld. So peoplemust be awareness tothis new virulence.

Yellow rust- new race

Yellow rust was not widespread in 2013

20 infected samples were collected by NARS

15 of them recovered and conduct race analyses study by CRIFC.

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Race analyses in 2013

13/ 2 13/ 3 13/4 13/5 13/ 6 13/ 7 13/ 8Chinese 166 Yr1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1Lee Yr7, + 8 7 7 7 8 8 8Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 8 7 8 8 8 7 7Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 4 6 3 3 5 3 3Moro Yr 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Strubes Dickkopf Sd, Yr25 7 7 7 7 8 7 7Suwon 92*Omar SU 7 7 7 7 8 7 7Clement (W) Yr9+, Cle 7 7 7 5 7 6 7Triticum spelta album Yr5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 3 5 3 3 4 5 5

Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 7 7 7 8 7

Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 7 8 7 8 8 8Nord Desprez 3N 6 5 5 6 4 7 6Compair Yr8, + 7 7 7 7 8 7 7Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 2 4 2 3 2 2 2Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7Selkirk Yr27 8 7 8 8 8 8 8Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 1 1 1 0 1 1 1Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 8 8 7 8 8 8 8Federation*4/Kavkaz Yr9 8 8 7 8 8 8 8Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 7 8 8 9 7Yr26 Yr26 2 2 2 3 2 2 2

Yellow Rust and Pathotypes

13/ 9 13/18 13/19 13/22 13/32 13/41 13/53 13/54Chinese 166 Yr1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1Lee Yr7, + 8 7 8 8 7 7 7 7Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 8 7 7 7 7 7 * 7Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 5Moro Yr 10 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 6-7Strubes Dickkopf Sd, Yr25 7 7 5-6 7 7 6-7 1 7Suwon 92*Omar SU 7 7 7 8 7 6-7 1 6Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 7 7 5 6-7 1 7 7 7Triticum spelta album Yr5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 5 1 0 6 1 1 1 1

Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 7 7 7 7 6-7 4 5 7

Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 8 5 0 7 7 6 7 6-7Nord Desprez 3N 6 1-4 0 0 6 6 6 6Compair Yr8, + 7 6-7 6 0 7 7 6 *

Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 2 1 1 0 3 2 7 3Spaldings Prolific SP 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 5 6 0 7 4 5 1Selkirk Yr27 7 6 7 8 7 7 6 *Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 1 0 0 2 1 5 1

İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 8 6 8 8 7 7 5 2Federation*4/Kavkaz Yr9 7 7 8 8 7 7 7 *Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 8 7 8 8 8 8 7 1Yr26 Yr26 2 1 0 0 1 1 * 2

Yellow Rust and Pathotypes

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Registered varieties

Private company Public institute University Total

Bread Wheat 58+29 152+2 8 218+31Durum Wheat 11+3 51 8 70+3

No Cultivar % No Cultivar % No Cultivar % No Cultivar %

1Ceyhan 99

11 9 Sonmez 2001 2,7 17 Ahmetaga 1,4 25 Basribey 95 0,9

2 Pehlivan 10 10 Kasifbey 95 2,7 18 Cumhuriyet 75 1,2 26 Gelibolu 0,8

3 Bezostaja-1 8 11 Esperia 2,6 19 Quality 1,2 27 Ziyabey 98 0,8

4 Tosunbey 7,2 12 Krasunia Odes'ka 2,3 20 Aldane 1 28 Osmaniyem 0,8

5 Pandas 6,9 13 Sagitario 2,1 21 Syrena Odes'ka 1 29 Meta 2002 0,7

6 Bayraktar 2000 4,8 14 Gonen 98 2,1 22 Altay 2000 1 30 Gun-91 0,7

7 Flamura 85 4,6 15 Selimiye 2 23 Golia 0,9 31 Ekiz 0,4

8 Kate-A1 3,4 16 Adana 99 1,4 24 Konya-2002 0,9 32 Enola 0,4

Registered varieties and estimated planting area of mega cultivars

WHAT IS POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE THIS NEW RACE TO THE CULTIVAR IF IT WILL BE SPREAD AND CAUSE EPIDEMIC?

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-Turkish registered varieties (200 cultivar) were tested against tothis new race (Vir Yr27+YRSu) in İzmir under artificial epidemiccondition (highly pressure) in the 2013 growing season .

-Turkish registered varieties (200 cultivar) were tested against toold race (avir Yr27+Yr Su) in Ankara under artificial epidemiccondition (highly pressure) in the 2012 growing season.

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new race (vir on yr 27 +Yr Su)

old race

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CULTIVARSCI: Coeficient of the infection

The reactions of the bread wheat cultivars to New race and old race of yellow rust

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CULTIVARSCI: Coeficient of the infection

The reactions of the bread wheat cultivars to New race and old race of yellow rust

• Some cultivars were susceptibleagainst new yellow rust race (Vir to +Yr27)

–CultivarsKaşifbey, Basribey, Ziyabey, Meta, Yıldız, Sagittario, Gelibolu, Enola etc.

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Control and Alarming

31

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1980's 1990's 2000-2005 2006-2010 2011-2014

Gerek 79

Bayraktar 2000

Sönmez 2001

•Cv. Gerek 79, winter wheat, highly adaptable, drought tolerance, susceptible to yellow rust

•Cv. Bayraktar 2000 and Cv. Sönmez 2001 , winter wheat, highly adaptable, drought tolerance, Resistant to new and previous races of yellow rust

Total sowing area (ha)

Years

A success story

• In an epidemic season, we assume 30% yield losses in a susceptible cultivar such as Gerek 79, this means around 1 tons/ha.

• In total sowing area for two resistant cultivars (Bayraktar 2000 and Sönmez 2001):

650.000 ha*400 USD= 260.000.000 $ USD

Through development of the resistant varieties, farmers have income 260.000.000 USD $ in only one epidemic season.

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Income of the this resistant varieties to the farmers

• Especially some old cultivars originated CIMMYT germplasm and introduced from the outside of the country were susceptible to this new race.• Cultivars Kaşifbey, Basribey, Ziyabey, Meta, Yıldız, Sagittario, Gelibolu, Enola

etc.

• Some old cultivars Kıraç, Gerek 79, Konya 2002 gave lower reactions to new race than the previous races.

• The combination of the new yellow rust race and previous races must be taken into consideration by breeder (IWWIP/National) during development of the germplasm

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Summary

Central Research Institute for Field CropsŞehit Cem Ersever Cad. 9-11 Yenimahalle/AnkaraTel: 0 312 343 10 50 / 13 17 Fax: 0 312 343 62 94

Dr. Zafer Mert, [email protected]

• National Agricultural Research Institutes• ICARDA, Turkey• GRRC, Denmark

Acknowledgement

mailto:[email protected]

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Zafer mert i̇zmir 2. strşpe rust