1. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade - A Perspective(Project of International Financial Management) By Asokendu Samanta (RB 09035)Centre: Powai, Mumbai December 11, 2009

2. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective1 Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade- A Perspective (Project of International Financial Management) Asokendu Samanta (RB09035) PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai, Email: asokendu@hotmail.com December 11, 2009Abstract: Until middle of 2007, yen carry trade was one of the lucrative options to the traders. Not onlyAmerican dollar (USD) was high in terms of Japanese yen (JPY) during that time (June 18, 2007, 1 USD= 123.87 JPY) (see Fig 1), but significant differences of interest rates between US treasury and borrowingrate of Japan prompted traders to borrow Japanese currency with a relatively low interest rate and to usethe funds to purchase a different currency (i.e. USD) yielding higher interest rate in order to make asignificant amount of profit depending on the amount of leverage used. However, afterwards constantappreciation of JPY in terms of USD (December 4, 2009, 1 USD = 87.8 JYP) and reduction of US depositinterest rate has changed the scenario completely. As USD is depreciated in terms of other majorcurrencies (Euro, Great Britain Pound etc.) in 2009 and deposit interest rate in some country (i.eAustralia) is still higher than the borrowing rate of USA, traders now are encouraged in going for dollarcarry trade instead of yen carry trade. This aspect is described at length in this report with the help of anexcel based carry trade software named samcarry (see appendix), which is developed by the author.Though major world currencies (Australian dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, Great Britain pound, Americandollar) are used to make a comparison to understand which currency is beneficial for carry trade, Indiancurrency, rupees (INR) is also considered for this purpose.Key Words: Carry trade, Hedging, Interest rate, Risk appetiteFig 1. Yen vs USD from 1999 to 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/] Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 3. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective2ContentsAbstract1Contents 2Chapter 1Introduction3-5Chapter 2Yen carry trade 6-8Chapter 3Dollar carry trade9-12Chapter 4Possibility of Pound carry trade 13-15Chapter 5Conclusions16References 17Abbreviation 17Appendix18-20 Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 4. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective3 ChapterONEINTRODUCTIONIntroduction Astrategy in which an investor borrows a certain currency with a relatively low interest rateand uses the funds to purchase a different currency yielding a higher interest rate is calledcurrency carry trade. A trader using this strategy attempts to capture the difference betweenthe interest rates, which can often be substantial, depending on the amount of leverage used.However, a trader may incur huge loss if the exchange rate changes substantially and unfavorably duringthe carry trade period when he has not hedged the funds.An example will clarify the issue. If a trader borrows 1000,000 yen from a bank of Japan at an interestrate of 0.5%, exchanges these currency to 10000 USD (let us assume 1 USD = 100 Yen) and deposits it ina US federal Bank at an interest rate of 5.5%. At the end of one year, trader will get an amount 10550USD (Principle amount 10000 USD + interest 550 USD) from federal bank. Let us assume that taxrequired to be paid on the matured amount in federal bank is negligible. Now he has to pay back 1005000yen which is equivalent to 10050 USD (if the exchange rate remains same) in Japanese bank from wherehe took the loan. So he will make a profit of 500 USD (10550 USD matured value from Federal bank -10050 USD Loan Pay back in Japanese bank). However, if the exchange rate changes in between and letus assume Yen gets appreciated by 10% (now 1 USD = 90 Yen), he has to exchange 1005000/90 = 11167USD to pay back 1005000 Yen loan in Japan. As a result, in that case trader will incur a loss of 617 USD(10550 USD matured value from Federal bank 11167 USD Loan pay back in Japanese bank). Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 5. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective4Gain in the Carry TradeMany professional traders use this trade because the gains can become very large when leverage is takeninto consideration.Risk in the Carry TradeThe big risk in a carry trade is the uncertainty of exchange rates. If a trader involved in yen carry tradeagainst US dollar and if the dollar was to fall in value relative to the Japanese yen, then the trader wouldrun the risk of losing money. Also, these transactions are generally done with a lot of leverage, so a smallmovement in exchange rates can result in huge losses unless the position is hedged appropriately.Analysts did concede carry trades could reverse any time. That happened in the late 1990s during theAsian crisis when dollar fell against the yen from a peak of 147.63 yen in August 1998 to a low of 111.53yen by October of the same year. As soon as the storm passed, investors resumed selling the yen.Yen, Dollar, Pound Carry TradesIn the present report, detailed discussions are made on yen carry trade (Chapter 2), dollar carry trade(Chapter 3) and pound carry trade (Chapter 4) and their prospects separately. For this purpose, softwarenamed samcarry [Name is given after the title of the author] is developed to calculate the profit/ lossfor each carry trade. Carry trade can be calculated by the software between major currencies (Australiandollar, Euro, Japanese yen, Great Britain pound, US dollar) along with Indian rupees. The software isdiscussed in Appendix.The present borrowing and depositing interest rates (Table 1.1) are collected from the website of aparticular bank of the various countries. Kindly note that these interest rates vary from bank to bank,depends on amount and period of transaction, type of loan/deposit etc.. The present exchange ratesbetween currencies are also tabulated in Table 1.2 collecting from website http://www.bloomberg.comand http://www.xe which will be required in calculating carry trades.Table 1.1 Interest rate in different countries Interest rateAustralia GermanyIndiaJapan UK USA Currency AUD1EUR3 INR2JPY4GBP5USD6 Depositing rate6.5 0.25 6.00 0.172 2.01.5 Borrowing rate13.9 1.75 12.002.0 3.73.7 1. ANZ Bank Australia (http://www.anz.com/aus) 2. State bank of India (http://www.statebankofindia.com) 3. European Central Bank (http://www.ecb.int) 4. Bank of Japan (http://www.boj.or.jp) 5. Bank of Scotland (http://www.bankofscotland.co.uk) 6. Bank of America (http://www.bankofamerica.com) Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 6. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective5 Table 1.2 Currency exchange rates* [as on 2 December 2009, 20:00 IST] AUDEURINRJPYGBPUSD AUD 1.6266 0.02340.01241.8004 1.0815 EUR0.61480.01431 0.00761.1069 0.6649 INR 42.7342 69.56220.5287 76.929746.3410 JPY 80.8791131.55491.8838145.613987.4700 GBP0.5554 0.9034 0.01300.0069 0.6007 USD0.92461.504 0.02160.01141.6647*Source: http://www.bloomberg.com and http://www.xe.com Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 7. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective6 ChapterTWOYEN CARRY TRADEIntroduction G oing back to the history, we can find out that the first modern yen carry trade occurred in the late 1980s. Many traders borrowed yen to invest in the much-higher yielding currencies that were participants of the ERM (European Monetary System) mechanism. This pressure on the yen was further compounded by the huge investments in the real estate market inU.S. at that time by Japanese investors. When the Nikkei and the Japanese real estate market started along decline in 1990, many Japanese investors were forced to repatriate their capital from overseas thusmarking the beginning of the end of the first modern yen carry trade.According to Henry [2006] (See Ref 5), yen continued to rise nearly 20% in 1990. It rose another 6% in1991 and then declined slightly in the first few months of 1992. The first warning for the ultimate end ofthe yen carry trade came in September 1992, when Great Britain was forced to exit the ERM mechanism(it proceeded to fall from US$2 to US$1.40 in the next three months). While the yen initially held on (andeven declined), this was not to be as Sweden followed with its own devaluation in November 1992 followed by Spain, Portugal and Ireland. By the end of 1992, Western Europe was severely weakened (asmany countries that had chosen to stay within the ERM had to raise their interest rates severely in order tokeep up with the rise in German interest rates following its reunification). Speculative outflows started Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 8. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective7occurring in the beginning of 1993, and eventually turned into a torrent by the summer. The first modernyen carry trade was now over, and the next yen carry trade would not occur until the summer of 1995.From the beginning of 1993 when the yen (100) traded at US$0.80, the yen would eventually end up 50%higher at US$1.20 by the summer of 1995.The second great yen carry trade began in the summer of 1995 and it did not end until October 1998 when the yen ended its decline by rising 15% in a week!The latest yen carry trade occurs during 2005-2007. According to Henry [2006], at its peak in late 2005,the money flowing into foreign bond funds exceeded 5 trillion yen over the trailing 12-month period,equivalent to about 1 percent of GDP. There are also some indications that foreign investors borrowedyen to fund positions in higher-yielding currencies, but this evidence is more mixed and the magnitude ofthis form of the carry trade is less certain. Data from the Bank for International Settlements show thatJapanese banks increased their net outward yen-denominated lending from $19 billion in 2004 to $87billion in 2005. Japanese financial institutions probably also provided yen funding through derivativestransactions with offshore counterparties, and Japanese banks have increased investing in alternativefinancial products, such as structured bonds, securitized products, hedge funds, according to the Bank ofJapan.Once the latest yen carry trade is over in the middle of 2007, yen continued to rise against USD till dateexcept a slight decline during April August 2008 and January - April 2009, which is evident from Fig.2.1. From Fig. 2.1 it can also be observed that from the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009, yen rose awhipping 34%!, This huge appreciation of yen against USD in addition to the decline interest rate inUSA, indicate that possibility of yen carry trade is remote now.Fig 2.1 Japanese Yen vs. USD from July 2007 to December 2009 [Source: http://www.advfn.com/] Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 9. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective854 JPY3210AUDINR EURGBPUSD-1-2-3Fig 2.2 Profit/loss (%) of yen carry trade in various currencies with present exchange and interest rateFig 2.2 shows the present scenario of percentage profit and loss if a trader wishes to do yen carry tradeusing various currencies (AUD, INR, EUR, GBP, USD). The chart is prepared calculating the yen carrytrade using present software samcarry. It is assumed that exchange rate will remain constant after oneyear (which may not be the case always) and tax required to pay in overseas country (depositing country)is negligible. It that case, profit /loss is simply the difference between the interest rates of the overseascountry (where the fund is deposited) and Japan (from where fund is borrowed). As the dollar depositingrate is reduced (present rate is 1.5%, See Table 1.1) and again it is higher than the borrowing rate (presentrate is 2%, see Table 1.1) of Japan, trader will incur 0.5% loss at the end of a year due to yen carry trade.Which means yen carry trade (to dollar) is not profitable in the present scenario. However, it depends onthe appreciation/depreciation of the foreign currencies and whether the funds are hedged or unhedged.It is interesting to notice from Fig. 2.2 that when yen carry trade using big currencies like, EURO, GBP,USD is not profitable, carry trade using AUD, INR gives a good amount of profit (4-4.5%), as depositinginterest rate in Australia and India is more (6 6.5%, see Table 1.1). However, again this will depend onthe volatility of the exchange rate. Research has showed that volatility is the main enemy of the carrytrade. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 10. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective9 ChapterTHREEDOLLAR CARRY TRADEIntroduction Due to the appreciation of yen and depreciation of US dollar with respect to other foreigncurrencies (see Fig 3.1 and 3.2) recently, a new trend is emerging, which is dollar carrytrade. According to Gertrude Chavez- Dreyfuss [2009] of Reuters, Carry trades in the U.S.dollar are barely six months old but the volume could surpass those seen during the peak ofyen carry transactions more than two years ago. With low interest rate in US, easy and readily availablefunds, investors have started borrowing huge sums of money in dollars to purchase higher-yielding assetsoverseas in carry trades to achieve better returns.Analysts are forecasting that this dollar carry trade may last at least three to four years and volume will bebigger than the volume of yen carry trade happened during 2004-2007. Increased carry trade in the dollarwould likely result in further declines in the dollar, which has fallen 7 percent so far this year against amajor currency basket, weighed down by increasing risk appetite and low interest rates. From Fig 3.1 andFig 3.2 it is observed that from March 2009 to December 2009, dollar has fallen nearly 17.81% againstPound and 17.5% against Euro. These figures are computed below. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 11. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective100.73 0.60With respect to Pound (from Fig 3.1), 100 17.81 % decline0.73 0.80 0.66With respect to Euro (from Fig 3.2), 100 17.50 % decline0.80Gertrude Chavez- Dreyfuss [2009], informs that Pi Economics, Stamford, Connecticut, suggested thedollar carry trade might have reached $250 billion to $550 billion in the first half of 2009. At the height ofthe yen carry trade, transactions were said to have hit $1 trillion, accumulated from 2004-2007.Fig 3.1 GBP vs USD from in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/]Fig 3.2 EURO vs USD in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/]Federal Reserve has provided a blueprint of its policy intentions on low interest rates, which should helpkeep volatility low. This indicates that U.S. carry trades are expected to keep growing. Japans carry tradethrived for years not just because of low rates, but because of low volatility.Even Federal Reserve hike rates, its almost impossible to see the U.S. returning back to 5 or 5.5 percentfed funds rate where they are competitive with the rest of the world. This interest-rate differential would Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 12. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective11be the ultimate long-term factor that will sustain the dollar carry trade in the same way the yen carry livedfor 12 years.The general assumption is that the dollar carry trade gained momentum in the third quarter of this year asrisk appetite rose and the cost of benchmark three-month interbank dollar funds fell below those of theyen.43USD210 AUD INR EUR JPY GBP-1-2-3-4 Fig 3.3 Profit/loss (%) of Dollar carry trade in various currencies with present exchange and interest rateFig. 3.3 shows the percentage profit/loss for dollar carry trades when done using other major currenciesand using Indian currency, Rupees. This is calculated using software samcarry. It is observed thatthough, dollar is declined against major currencies Pound, Euro and Yen, carry trade is not profitableusing these currencies as it is showing negative profit in Fig 3.3. This is mainly because, borrowinginterest of US is considered 3.7% (Table 1.1) in the present calculation, which is higher than the depositinterest rate of UK (2%), Germany (0.25%) and Japan (0.172%) (See Table 1.1). These interest rates aretaken from the website of a particular bank of the respective countries and may vary from bank to bankand depend on depositing period, type of deposits etc. A trader has to know the exact rate according to hisplan. However the rate mentioned in Table 1.1 will definitely give an idea and demonstrate a comparativestudy between currencies.It is also observed from Fig 3.3 that Australian dollar gives a maximum profit of 2.8% (difference ofinterest rate = 6.5 3.7 = 2.8), followed by Indian currency, Rupees 2.3%. As the exchange rate volatilityof Indian currency is high, a trader has to carry a great amount of risk in doing carry trade from USD toINR in an unhedged condition. Fig 3.4 is encouraging for such type of trading where it is observed thatINR is appreciated against USD from March 2009 (1USD = 52 INR) to December 2009 (1 USD = 46INR), by nearly 11.5%. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 13. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective12Fig 3.4 Indian Rupees vs USD in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/]In the era of dollar carry trade, it is interesting to observe whether Pound can be a funding currency forcarry trade. It is discussed in the next chapter. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 14. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective13 ChapterFOUR POSSIBILITY OF POUND CARRY TRADEIntroduction In this chapter, possibility of pound carry trade is discussed. Though it is observed that pound isappreciated against US dollar recently (Fig. 3.1), it is observed that pound is heavily depreciatedagainst Australian dollar (Fig. 4.1, March 2009 to December 2009, nearly 18%). pound is alsogetting depreciated against yen recently (Fig 4.2, August to December 2009, 10%) and againstIndian Rupees (Fig. 4.3, September to December, 3%). These prompted traders to think the possibility ofpound carry trade. Katie Martin [2009], in World Street Journal mentioned that While hard data onhow investors use the so-called carry-trade are hard to come by, the pound is currently trading loweragainst the "Aussie" and the "Kiwi" than it has in more than a decade, as they have soared to 2009 highsagainst the U.S. dollar. He has also quoted that analysts have found a new funding currency in the pound.However it is too early to say whether pound can be used a carry trade. An analysis with data will give abetter understanding. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 15. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective14 Fig 4.1 Australian dollar vs GBP in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/] Fig 4.2 Japanese yen vs GBP in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/]Fig 4.3 Indian Rupees vs GBP in 2009 [source: http://finance.yahoo.com/] Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 16. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective15Fig. 4.4 shows the percentage profit/loss after pound carry trade. This data is generated using presentsoftware samcarry and using the interest rate of Table 1.1 and currency exchange rate of Table 1.2. It isalso assumed that exchange rate is not changed during the carry trade period and tax is negligible. It isobserved that while Australian dollar gives 2.8% profit, Indian currency is giving 2.3% profit. Othercurrencies (Euro, Japanese Yen, USD) is not profitable for pound carry trade. These results are similar todollar carry trade results (Fig. 3.3) as borrowing rate of UK and USA are same (3.7%) as per Table 1.2.As a result once needs to observe market before predicting whether pound carry trade is profitable or not.43 GBP210AUDINR EURJPYUSD-1-2-3-4 Fig 4.4 Profit/loss (%) of Pound carry trade in various currencies with present exchange and interest rate Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 17. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective16 Chapter FIVE CONCLUSIONSSummary Changes of scenario from early yen carry trade to recent dollar carry trades are discussed inthe present report with the help of a recently developed excel based software samcarry.The software is easy to use and user friendly. Possibility of pound carry trade is alsodiscussed with the help of practical data. Tabulated current interest rates of variouscountries (Table 1.1) and exchange rate between major currencies (Table 1.2) are very helpful for thispurpose. A few important aspects which are observed during the analysis are given below.i) Software named samcarry is developed in order to calculate profit/loss quickly for a carry trade. User has the facility in calculating carry trade between five major currencies (Australian dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, Great Britain Pound, US dollar) along with Indian Rupees.ii)Yen carry trade, which was predominant for the last few decades, is over for the time being against GBP, Euro and USD. However, against AUD and INR it is still profitable as depositing interest rate in Australia (6.5%) and India (6%) is still very high compared to borrowing interest rate of Japan (2%).iii) Dollar carry trade is barely six month old. However it is estimated that trade may have already reached $250 billion to $550 billion in the first half of 2009. At the height of the yen carry trade, transactions were said to have hit $1 trillion, accumulated from 2004-2007.iv)Dollar carry trade against Indian Rupees (INR) is profitable (2.3%). However it is risky due to the high volatility of exchange rate unless traders hedged the funds.v) A possibility of Pound carry trade may occur, particularly using Australian dollar as pound is depreciating heavily against AUS (18% in this year). However it is too early to predict such forecast.vi)Rupees carry trade is not possible as borrowing interest rate of India is very high (12%) compared to depositing rate of other countries (1.5 - 6.5%). Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 18. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective17References[1]Class Note on International Financial Management, by Prof. H. K. Pradhan, XLRI, Jamshedpur, 2009.[2]International Financial Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2nd Edition, New Delhi, 2008.[3]Gertrude Chavez- Dreyfuss, U.S. dollar carry trade may exceed yen peaks, Reuters, (2009). [http://www.forbes.com][4]Katie Martin, A New Carry-Trade currency? U.K. Pound emerges as possibility, World Street Journal, (2009). [http://online.wsj.com][5]Henry To, The Yen carry trade revisited (2006). [http://www.marketthoughts.com][6]Official website of Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com[7]Official website of Yahoo Finance, http://finance.yahoo.com[8]Official website of XE, http://www.xe.com[9]Official website of ADVFN, http://www.advfn.com[10] ANZ Bank Australia (http://www.anz.com/aus)[11] State bank of India (http://www.statebankofindia.com)[12] European Central Bank (http://www.ecb.int)[13] Bank of Japan (http://www.boj.or.jp)[14] Bank of Scotland (http://www.bankofscotland.co.uk)[15] Bank of America (http://www.bankofamerica.com)AbbreviationAUDAustralian DollarERMEuropean Monetary SystemEUREuroGBPGreat Briton PoundINRIndian RupeesJYPJapanese YenUSDAmerican Dollar Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 19. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective18Appendix Software samcarryThis software is developed by the author and in this section a description of the present excel basedsoftware samcarry is discussed. Fig. A1 is a snapshot of the software. The software has the capabilityto calculate the profit/loss at the end of the carry trade period in terms of five major world currencies(Australian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, Great Briton Pound, and US Dollar) along with Indian Rupees.As the exchange rate between currencies changes constantly and interest rates (both deposit andborrowing) of a particular currency in a country are also market dependent, options are given in thesoftware so that users can put the latest figures. Users have the option in calculating tax on the interestbefore calculating final profit/loss. An example will clarify the entire software. Fig. A1. Snapshot of the samcarry software Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 20. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective19Example: Let us assume a trader wanted to borrow 10,000 US dollar from US at a rate of 3.7%, exchangeit to Australian dollar at an exchange rate of 1.0815 (AUD/USD=1.0815) and invest in Australia at a rateof 6.5% for 1 year. If the exchange rate remains same after one year (USD/AUD=1/1.0815=0.9246) andhe does not have to pay any tax on the interest amount, how much he can earn profit/loss at the end of oneyear carry trade?Solution: It is mentioned in the instruction of the software that users have to give input only in theGreen color cell. The software has three parts.Part 1: Borrowing part, where users have to give input related to currency borrowing (i.e. amount, interestrate etc).Part 2: Depositing part, where users have to give input related to currency depositing (exchange rate,deposit period, interest rate etc).Part 3: Calculating part, where users have to give input related to reverse currency exchange rate, tax rateetc.Summary and conclusions do not need inputs. Summary indicates the total transaction and at the end inconclusion, profit/loss are indicated in currency as well as percentage basis.For this present example, user has to select the following options which is mentioned in Blue color.:Part 1: BorrowingFrom which country would you like to borrow currency? USA (from drop down menus)What is the amount you would like to borrow? 10000What is the borrowing rate of that currency in that country? 3.70Part 2: DepositingIn which country would you like to deposit the currency? AustraliaWhat is the currency exchange rate? 1.0815What is the period of deposit? (YY/MM/DD) 1, 0, 0 (first digit indicates year, second month and thirddays)What is the deposit interest rate for that period? 6.5Part 3: CalculatingWhat is the speculated exchange rate at the end of the period? 0.9246What is the tax rate you have to pay on interest in depositing country? 0If the funds are hedged, user needs to put the hedged rate in Part 3. Having received these inputs,software will give the following summary. And at the end profit/loss are calculated in conclusions. If it isa profit, Hooray! you are in profit message will appear and if it is loss, Sorry, you are in lossmessage will appear. In both the cases, profit/loss will be calculated in % basis and will be visible at theend of this line. In the present case, it is a profit of 302.31 AUD, which is 2.80% of the investmentamount of 10,000 USD. Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai 21. Yen Carry Trade to Dollar Carry Trade A Perspective20SummaryConclusionsThis software has the facility to calculate carry trade between any two currencies of the six currencies(AUD, EUR, INR, JPY, GBP, USD) mentioned earlier.The End Asokendu Samanta (SID RB09035, SMS ID 104118), PGCBM 15, XLRI, Center: Powai, Mumbai