Unicorn chemicals catalog

UNICORN CHEMICALS COMPANYUNICORN CHEMICALS COMPANY

Vivekananda AEast Udayrajpur, Beside Star Builders,

Kolkata - 700129,West Bedngal,India.

PHONE+91-8420136936 / +91-8981728629

CONTACT

Vivekananda Nagar, East Udayrajpur, Beside Star Builders, Kolkata - 700129,

West Bengal, India.

Phone: +91-8420136936/+91-8981728629

About Unicorn

Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application in different industrial sectors.

What is Unicorn

Our ProductsOur products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring out the most desired results.

Our EstablishmentUnicorn chemicals co. was Established in the year 2010, we are specialized in the production of various high-professional and efficient iso 9001: 2008 desiccants and anti-mold sticker.

Contact Details

Unicorn Chemicals Company

Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water[3][4] and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.

ALUMINUM SULPHATE

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. As a mixture with lime and calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder or bleach powder for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.

CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE


Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium hydroxide. Lye manufactured by Aditya Birla Chemicals is widely used in alumina refineries and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, viscose fibre production and zeolite.

CAUSTIC SODA, LYE


Anti-Mold Sticker

Anti-mold Sticker is derived from natural plants essential oil; it is different from the conventional chemically refined compounds of mold inhibitor. Hence, it is natural, non-toxic and environmental friendly.

This product is applied to food grade, saveAnd green initiative, heavy metal free, DMF free.Can be applied on the Package of Shoes, Handbag, Food, Medicinal, Materials, Leather, Textile etc.

Our Anti Mold Stickers are New BiotechnicalIn accordance to the rule of ROHS and REACHDMF Free MSDS Test Report EnvironmentalPollution Protection


Aluminum SulphateAluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water[3][4] and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.Aluminium sulfate is sometimes referred to as a type of alum. Alums are double sulfate salts, with the formula AM(SO4)2·12H2O, where A is a monovalent caption such as potassium or ammonium and M is a trivalent metal ion such as aluminium.[5] The anhydrous form occurs naturally as a rare mineral millosevichite, found e.g. in volcanic environments and on burning coal-mining waste dumps. Aluminium sulfate is rarely, if ever, encountered as the anhydrous salt. It forms a number of different hydrates , of which the hexadecahydrate Al2(SO4)3•16H2O and octadecahydrate Al2(SO4)3•18H2O are the most common. The heptadecahydrate, whose formula can be written as [Al(H2O)6]2(SO4)3•5H2O, occurs naturally as the mineral alunogen.

Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound

with the formula Al䔖SO䔬䔡 It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.

Formula: Al2(SO4)3

Molar mass: 342.15 g/molIUPAC ID: Aluminium sulfateMelting point: 770 °CDensity: 2.67 g/cm³Soluble in: WaterClassification: Alum compounds


Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. As a mixture with lime and calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder or bleach powder for water treatment and as a bleaching agent. This compound is relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is a white solid, a l though commerc ia l samples appear ye l low. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble in water and is more preferably used in soft to medium-hard water. It has two forms: dry and hydrated.

CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound

with formula Ca(ClO)䔖 As a mixture with lime and calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder or bleach powder for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.

Formula: Ca(ClO)2IUPAC ID: Calcium hypochloriteMolar mass: 142.98 g/molDensity: 2.35 g/cm³Melting point: 100 °CBoiling point: 175 °CSoluble in: Water


Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium hydroxide. Lye manufactured by Aditya Birla Chemicals is widely used in alumina refineries and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, viscose fibre production and zeolite.It is also a raw material for a large number of chemicals used in the paper, textiles, dyes, refinery and other industries. Considered to be the most common base in chemical laboratories, caustic soda also finds use in the production of food additives.

Caustic soda, Lye

Product specifications:

NaOHFormula

Synonyms Caustic soda lye, sodium hydroxide

Specifications

Specific gravity at 30°C: Min. 1.514Purity: Min. 47% w/wSodium chloride: Max. 0.03% wtSodium carbonate: Max. 0.20% wtIron: Max. 0.001% wt

Applications

Alumina refineriesPulp and paperSoaps and detergentsViscose fibreTextile processingOrganic chemicals such as dyes, etc.Inorganic chemicals such as sulphites,phosphites, etc



Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H SO and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a 2 4

pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid that is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sometimes, it is dyed dark brown during production to alert people to its hazards. The historical name of this acid is oil of vitriol. Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid and shows different properties depending upon its concentration. Its corrosiveness on other materials, like metals, living tissues or even stones, can be mainly ascribed to its strong acidic nature and, if concentrated, strong dehydratingand oxidizing properties. Sulfuric acid at a high concentration can cause very serious damage upon contact, since not only does it cause chemical burns via hydrolysis, but also secondary thermal burns through dehydration. It can lead to permanent blindnessif splashed onto eyes and irreversible damage if swallowed. Accordingly, safety precautions should be strictly observed when handling it. Moreover, it is hygroscopic, readily absorbing water vapour from the air.


Sulfuric acid has a wide range of applications including in domestic acidic drain cleaners, as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteriesand in various cleaning agents. It is also a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. It is widely produced with different methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process, lead chamber process and some other methods.

Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid

with the molecular formula H䔖SO䔬 and molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid that is soluble in water at all concentrations.

Formula : H SO2 4

Molar mass : 98.079 g/molDensity : 1.84 g/cm³ IUPAC ID : Sulfuric acidBoiling point : 337 °C

Melting point : 10 °C Classification : Sulfuric acids


Hydrochloric acidH y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d i s a c l e a r , c o l o r l e s s , highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid. When it reacts with an organic base it forms a hydrochloride salt.It was historically called acidum salis, muriatic acid, and spirits of salt because it was produced from rock salt and green vitriol(by Basilius Valentinus in the 15th century) and later from the chemically similar common salt and sulfuric acid (by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th century). Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius . Later, it was used by chemists such as Glauber , Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research.With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smal ler-sca le appl ica t ions , inc luding household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced worldwide annually.

General Information

Systematic name Hydrochloric acid

Other names Muriatic acid, Spirit of salt

Molecular Formula Hcl in water (H O) 2

Molar Mass 36.46 g/mol (HCl)

Appearance Clear colorless tolight-yellow liquid

CAS number [7647-01-0]


PROPERTIES

Density, phase1.18 g/cm³,37% solution.

Solubility in water Fully miscible.

−26 °C (247 K)38% solution.

110 °C (383 K),20.2% solution;48 °C (321 K),38% solution.

Boiling point

Acid dissociationconstant pKa

Melting point

−8.0

Viscosity1.9 mPa·s at 25 °C,31.5% solution

H CI


Ferric chlorideIron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl and with iron in 3

the +3 oxidation state. The colour of iron(III) chloride crystals depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is deliquescent, forming hydratedhydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is rarely observed in its natural form, mineral molysite, known mainly from some fumaroles.When dissolved in water, iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis and gives off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic, and corrosive solution is used as a flocculant in sewage treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is a fairly strong Lewis acid, and it is used as a catalyst inorganic synthesis.

Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical

compound, with the formula FeCl䔡nd withiron in the +3 oxidation state.

Formula : FeCl3

Molar mass : 162.2 g/molDensity : 2.9 g/cm³Boiling point : 315 °CMelting point : 306 °CSoluble in : WaterIUPAC ID : Iron trichloride, Iron(III) chloride

CI

CI CI

Fe6H O2



Citric acid, monohydrateCitric Acid Monohydrate is an acidic compound from citrus fruits; as a

starting point in the Krebs cycle, citrate is a key intermediate in

metabolism. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds responsible for the

physiological oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins to carbon

dioxide and water. It has been used to prepare citrate buffer for antigen

retrieval of tissue samples. The citrate solution is designed to break protein

cross-links, thus unmasking antigens and epitopes in formalin-fixed and

paraffin embedded tissue sections, and resulting in enhanced staining

intensity of antibodies. Citrate has anticoagulant activity; as a calcium

chelator, it forms complexes that disrupt the tendency of blood to clot.

May be used to adjust pH and as a sequestering agent for the removal of

trace metals

Information

Physical State

Solubility

Storage

Melting Point

Density

Refractive Index

pK Values

Solid

Soluble in water (59.2 g/100 ml) at 20° C, ethanol, ether, and water (84.0 g/100 ml) at 100° C.

Desiccate at room temperature

153° C(anhydrous)

31.54 g/cm

20n 1.36 (lit.)D

pK : pK : 3.13, pK : 4.76, pK : a 1 2 3

6.4


Citric Acid Monohydrate

Synonym:

CAS Number:

Purity:

Molecular Weight:

Molecular Formula:

propanetricarboxylic acid monohydrate

5949-29-1

≥98%

210.14

C H O •H O6 8 7 2


Formic acidFormic acid(HCO H), also called methanoic acid, the 2

s i m p l e s t o f t h e c a r b o x y l i c a c i d s , u s e d i n processing textiles and leather. Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latinformica, meaning “ant.” It is made by the action of sulfuric acid upon sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide.

CO

Carbonmonoxide

SodiumHydroxide

NaOH+H O2

HCOONa

SodiumFormate

H SO2 4HCOOH

Formicacid

Formic acid is also prepared in the form of its esters by treatment

of carbon monoxide with an alcohol such as methanol (methyl

alcohol) in the presence of a catalyst.Formic acid is not a typical carboxylic acid; it is distinguished by

its acid strength, its failure to form an anhydride, and its reactivity

as a reducing agent—a property due to the −CHO group, which

imparts some of the character of an aldehyde . The methyl and

ethyl esters of formic acid are commercially produced.

Concentrated sulfuric acid dehydrates formic acid to carbon

monoxide.Pure formic acid is a colourless, fuming liquid with a pungent

colour; it irritates the mucous membranes and blisters the skin. It

freezes at 8.4 °C (47.1 °F) and boils at 100.7 °C (213.3 °F).


Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid.

The chemical formula is HCOOH or HCO䔖. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants.

Formula: CH O2 2

IUPAC ID: Formic acidDensity: 1.22 g/cm³Boiling point: 100.8 °CMolar mass: 46.02538 g/molMelting point: 8.4 °C

O

C

H OH


Hydrazine/- hydrateHydrazine hydrate is widely used as a reducing agent or an

intermediate of synthesis in various industrial sectors like water

treatment (effluents, industrial boilers), chemical treatment

process (metals, mine extraction) or active ingredients synthesis

(pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals).Hydrazine hydrate is

marketed as a water-based solution at different hydrazine

concentration.

Property

mp −51.7 °C(lit.)

bp

Density

Vapor Density

120.1 °C(lit.)

1.03 g/mL at 20 °C

>1 (vs air)

Vapor Pressure 5 mm Hg ( 25 °C)

Refractive Index

n20/D 1.428(lit.)

Fp 204 °F

Storage Temp

0-6°C

Merck 14,4771


Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N 2H 4. It is a colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine is highly toxic and dangerously unstable unless handled in solution.

Formula: N H2 4

Molar mass: 32.0452 g/molDensity: 1.02 g/cm³Boiling point: 114 °CMelting point: 2 °C

HN N

H

H

H

Sodium sulfide, -hydrogen sulfide

Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula Na S, or more commonly its hydrate Na S·9H O. 2 2 2

Both are colorless water-soluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, Na S 2

and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Some commercial samples are specified as Na S·xH O, 2 2

where a weight percentage of Na S is specified. Commonly 2

available grades have around 60% Na S by weight, which 2

means that x is around 3. Such technical grades of sodium sulfide have a yellow appearance owing to the presence of polysulfides. These grades of sodium sulfide are marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'. Although the solid is yellow, solutions of it are colorless.Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H 2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotteneggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable, and explosive.


Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula Na䔖,

or more commonly its hydrate Na䔖·9H䔖. Both are colorless

water-soluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions.

Formula: Na S2

Molar mass: 78.0452 g/molMelting point: 1,176 °CDensity: 1.86 g/cm³ Na

SNa

Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H 2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable, and explosive.

Formula: H S2

Molar mass: 34.0809 g/molBo iling point: -60 °CDensity: 1.36 kg/m³Melting point: -82 °CSoluble in: WaterClassification: Sulfide, Sulfur compounds

S

H H


Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H O . 2 2

In its pure form, it is a colourless liquid, slightly more viscous than water; however, for safety reasons it is normally used as an aqueous solution. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen–oxygen single bond) and finds use as a strong oxidizer, bleaching agent and disinfectant. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or "high-test peroxide", is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry.

Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being "water but with one more oxygen atom", a description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the two compounds. While they have a similar melting point and appearance, pure hydrogen peroxide will explode if heated to boiling, will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can set materials alight on contact. For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution (household grades are typically 3–6% in the U.S. and somewhat higher in Europe). Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond.


PropertiesH O2 2Chemical formula

Molar mass

Appearance

34.0147 g/mol

Very light blue color; colorless in solution

Odor Slightly Sharp

Density31.11 g/cm (20 °C, 30% (w/w)

solution )

Melting point −0.43 °C (31.23 °F; 272.72 K)

Boiling point 150.2 °C (302.4 °F; 423.3 K) (decomposes)

Solubility in water

Solubility

Vapor Pressure

Acidity (pK )a

Refractive index(n )D

Miscible

Soluble in Ether, Alcohol, INsoluble in Petroleum Ether

[5 mmHg (30 °C)

11.75

1.4061

Viscosity

Dipole moment 2.26 D

1.245 c P (20 °C)

Uses Hydrogen peroxide is a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. It may also be used as a mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve minor mouth irritation (e.g., due to canker/cold sores, gingivitis). This product works by releasing oxygen when it is applied to the affected area. The release of oxygen causes foaming, which helps to remove dead skin and clean the area.This product should not be used to treat deep wounds, animal bites, or serious burns.


Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2O 2. In its pure form, it is a colourless liquid, slightly more viscous than water; however, for safety reasons it is normally used as an aqueous solution.

Formula: H O2 2

Molar mass: 34.0147 g/molIUPACID: hydrogen peroxideDensity: 1.45 g/cm³Boiling point: 150.2 °CMelting point: -0.43 °C HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

H

O H

O


Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, porous form of silicon

dioxide made synthetically from sodium silicate. Silica gel

contains a nano-porous silica micro-structure, suspended inside of

a liquid. Most applications of silica gel require it to be dried, in

which case it is called silica xerogel. For practical purposes, silica

gel is often interchangeable with silica xerogel. Silica xerogel is

tough and hard; i t i s more so l id than common

household gels like gelatin or agar. It is a naturally occurring

mineral that is purified and processed into either granular or

beaded form. As a desiccant, it has an average pore size of 2.4

nanometers and has a strong affinity for water molecules.

Silica gel is most commonly encountered in everyday life as beads

in a small (typically 2 x 3 cm) paper packet. In this form, it is used

as a desiccant to control local humidity to avoid spoilage or

degradation of some goods. Because silica gel can have added

chemical indicators (see below) and absorbs moisture very well,

silica gel packets usually bear warnings for the user not to eat the

contents.

Silica gel

Properties

Chemical formula SiO2

Molar Mass

Appearance

Odor

60.08 g/mol

Transparent beads

Odorless


Activated alumina is manufactured from aluminium hydroxide by dehydroxylating it in a way that produces a h i g h l y p o r o u s material; this material

can have a surface area significantly over 200 m²/g. The compound is used as a desiccant (to keep things dry by absorbing water from the air) and as a filter of fluoride, arsenic and selenium in drinking water. It is made ofaluminium oxide (alumina; Al O ), 2 3

the same chemical substance as sapphire and ruby (but without the impurities that give those gems their color). It has a very high surface-area-to-weight ratio, due to the many "tunnel like" pores that it has .

Activated Alumina Balls


· Catalyst applications: Activated alumina is used for a wide range of adsorbent and catalyst applications including the adsorption of catalysts in polyethylene production, in hydrogen peroxideproduction, as a selective adsorbent for m a n y c h e m i c a l s i n c l u d i n g a r s e n i c , f l u o r i d e , in sulphur removal from gas streams (Claus Catalyst process).

· Desiccant: Used as a desiccant, it works by a process called adsorption. The water in the air actually sticks to the alumina itself in between the tiny passages as the air passes through them. The water molecules become trapped so that the air is dried out as it passes through the filter. This process is reversible. If the alumina desiccant is heated to ~200°C, it will r e l e a s e t h e t r a p p e d w a t e r. T h i s p r o c e s s i s called regenerating the desiccant.

· Fluoride adsorbent: Activated alumina is also widely used to remove fluoride from drinking water. In the US, there are widespread programs to fluoridate drinking water. However, in certain regions, such as the Rajasthan region of India, there is enough fluoride in the water to cause fluorosis. A study from the Harvard school of Public Health found exposure to fluoride as a child correlated with lower IQ.

· Vacuum systems: In high vacuum applications, activated alumina is used as a charge material in fore-line traps to prevent oil generated by rotary vane pumps from back streaming into the system.

· Biomaterial: Its mechanical properties and non-reactivity in the biological environment allow it to be a suitable material used to cover surfaces in friction in body prostheses (e.g. hip or shoulder prostheses).

Uses


Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase thesurface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. Activated is sometimes substituted with active.

Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of

21,300 m (14,000 sq ft), as determined by gas adsorption. An activation level sufficient for useful application may be attained solely from high surface area; however, further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is s o m e t i m e s u t i l i z e d a s b i o c h a r. T h o s e d e r i v e d from coal and coke are referred as activated coal and activated coke respectively.

PropertiesJames Dewar, the scientist after whom the Dewar (vacuum flask) is named, spent much time studying activated carbon and published a

[paper regarding its adsorption capacity with regard to gases. In this paper, he discovered that cooling the carbon to liquid nitrogen temperatures allowed it to adsorb significant quantities of numerous air gases, among others, that could then be recollected by simply allowing the carbon to warm again and that coconut based carbon was superior for the effect. He uses oxygen as an example, wherein the activated carbon would typically adsorb the atmospheric concentration (21%) under standard conditions, but release over 80% oxygen if the carbon was first cooled to low temperatures.Physically, activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals force or London dispersion force.Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, diols, strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead,arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid.Activated carbon adsorbs iodine very well. The iodine capacity, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method test) may be used as an indication of total surface area.


Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated carbon. This should be of particular concern to those using the material in filters for respirators, fume hoods or other gas control systems as the gas is undetectable to the human senses, toxic to metabolism and neurotoxic.Substantial lists of the common industrial and agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can be found online. Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H S), ammonia (NH ), formaldehyde 2 3

(HCOH), mercury (Hg) and radioactive iodine-131.This property is knownas chemisorption.


A molecular sieve is a material with pores (very small holes) of uniform size. These pore diameters are of the dimensions of small molecules, thus large molecules cannot be absorbed, while smaller molecules can. Many molecular sieves are used as desiccants. Some examples includeactivated charcoal and silica gel.

The diameter of a molecular sieve is measured in ångströms (Å) or nanometres (nm). According to IUPAC notation, microporous materials have pore diameters of less than 2 nm (20 Å) and macroporous materials have pore diameters of greater than 50 nm (500 Å); the mesoporouscategory thus lies in the middle with pore diameters between 2 and 50 nm (20–500 Å).

Molecular Sieves

M o l e c u l a r s i e v e s a r e u s e d

as adsorbent for gases and liquids. Molecules small enough to pass

through the pores are adsorbed while larger molecules are not. It is

different from a common filter in that it operates on a molecular level

and traps the adsorbed substance. For instance, a water molecule may

be small enough to pass through the pores while larger molecules are

not, so water is forced into the pores which act as a trap for the

penetrating water molecules, which are retained within the pores.

Because of this, they often function as a desiccant. A molecular sieve [7]can adsorb water up to 22% of its own weight. The principle of

adsorption to molecular sieve particles is somewhat similar to that

ofsize exclusion chromatography, except that without a changing

solution composition, the adsorbed product remains trapped because,

in the absence of other molecules able to penetrate the pore and fill the

space, a vacuum would be created by desorption

Properties


Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite,rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food colouring. When used as a food colouring, it has E number E171.

Titanium Dioxide


Properties

Chemical formula TiO2

Molar mass 79.866 g/mol

Appearance

Odor

Density

White solid

Odorless

34.23 g/cm (Rutile)33.78 g/cm (Anatase)

Melting point

Boiling point

Solubility in water

Band gap

Refractive index(n )D

1,843 °C (3,349 °F; 2,116 K)

2,972 °C (5,382 °F; 3,245 K)

Insoluble

3.05 eV (rutile)

2.488 (anatase)2.583 (brookite)2.609 (rutile)

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891.

Formula: TiO2

Molar mass: 79.866 g/molMelting point: 1,843 °CDensity: 4.23 g/cm³Boiling point: 2,972 °CIUPAC ID: Titanium dioxide, Titanium(IV) oxide

HO Ti OH


Industrial Grade Salt

*(Low Sulphate )

Nacl

Ca

Mg

So4

Insoluble

Moisture

99.6 %

0.04 %

0.03 %

0.15 %

0.10 %

3.00 %


Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest.T hey are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth r e g u l a t o r , n e m a t i c i d e , termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide,avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), andsanitizer.In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals,fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.

Pesticides


Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases likeWest Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas.Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming

and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant.Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given

stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.

Uses


Herbicides

Algicidesor Algaecides

Avicides

Bactericides

Fungicides

Insecticides

Miticides or Acaricides

Molluscicides

Nematicides

VirusesVirucides

Rodents

Nematodes

Snails

Mites

Insects

Fungi and Oomycetes

Bacteria

Birds

Algae

Plant

Rodenticides

Type of pesticide Target pest group


Phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4. Orthophosphoric acid refers to phosphoric acid, which is the IUPAC name for this compound. The prefix ortho is used to distinguish the acid from related phosphoric acids, called polyphosphoric acids. Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic acid, which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The conjugate base of phosphoric acid is the dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO−4, which in turn has a conjugate base of hydrogen phosphate, HPO2−4, which has a conjugate base of phosphate, Po3−4. Phosphates are nutritious for all forms of life.

In addition to being a chemical reagent, phosphoric acid has a wide variety of uses, including as a rust inhibitor, food additive, dental and orthop(a)edic etchant, electrolyte, flux, dispersing agent, industrial etchant, fertilizer feedstock, and component of home cleaning products. Phosphoric acids and phosphates are also important in biology.

The most common source of phosphoric acid is an 85% aqueous solution; such solutions are colourless, odourless, and non-volatile. The 85% solution is a syrupy liquid, but still pourable. Although phosphoric acid does not meet the strict definition of a strong acid, the 85% solution is acidic enough to be corrosive. Because of the high percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some of the orthophosphoric acid is condensed into polyphosphoric acids. For the sake of labeling and simplicity, the 85% represents H3PO4 as if it were all orthophosphoric acid. Dilute aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid exist in the ortho- form.


Orthophosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds which are also referred to as phosphoric acids, but in a more general way.

Anhydrous phosphoric acid, a white low melting solid, is obtained by dehydration of 85% phosphoric acid by heating under a vacuum.[6]

Orthophosphoric acid ionizes upon dissolving in water, mainly to give H2PO4- and protons:

H3PO4(s) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H2PO4−(aq) Ka1= 7.5×10−3

H2PO4−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HPO42−(aq) Ka2= 6.2×10−8

HPO42−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + PO43−(aq) Ka3= 2.2×10−13

The anion after the first dissociation, H2PO4−, is the dihydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the second dissociation, HPO42−, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the third dissociation, PO43−, is the phosphate or orthophosphate anion. For each of the dissociation reactions shown above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant, called Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3 given at 25 °C. Associated with these three dissociation constants are corresponding pKa1=2.12, pKa2=7.21, and pKa3=12.67 values at 25 °C.[7] Even though all three hydrogen (H) atoms are equivalent on an orthophosphoric acid molecule, the successive Ka values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose another H+ if one (or more) has already been lost and the molecule/ion is more negatively charged.

Because the triprotic dissociation of orthophosphoric acid, the fact that its conjugate bases (the phosphates mentioned above) cover a wide pH range, and, because phosphoric acid/phosphate solutions are, in general, non-toxic, mixtures of these types of phosphates are often used as buffering agents or to make buffer solutions, where the desired pH depends on the proportions of the phosphates in the mixtures. Similarly, the non-toxic, anion salts of triprotic organic citric acid are also often used to make buffers. Phosphates are found pervasively in biology, especially in the compounds derived from phosphorylated sugars, such as DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There is a separate article on phosphate as an anion or its salts.


Upon heating orthophosphoric acid, condensation of the phosphoric units can be induced by driving off the water formed from condensation. When one molecule of water has been removed for each two molecules of phosphoric acid, the result is pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7). When an average of one molecule of water per phosphoric unit has been driven off, the resulting substance is a glassy solid having an empirical formula of HPO3 and is called metaphosphoric acid.[8] Metaphosphoric acid is a singly anhydrous version of orthophosphoic acid and is sometimes used as a water- or moisture-absorbing reagent. Further dehydrating is very difficult, and can be accomplished only by means of an extremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone). It produces phosphoric anhydride (phosphorus pentoxide), which has an empirical formula P2O5, although an actual molecule has a chemical formula of P4O10. Phosphoric anhydride is a solid, which is very strongly moisture-absorbing and is used as a desiccant.

In the presence of superacids (acids stronger than H2SO4), H3PO4 reacts to form poorly characterized products, perhaps corrosive, acidic salts of the hypothetical[9] tetrahydroxylphosphonium ion, which is isoelectronic with orthosilicic acid. The suspected reaction with HSbF6, for example, is supposed to go:

H3PO4 + {HSbF6} → [P(OH)4+] [SbF6]−Aqueous solution[edit]For a given total acid concentration [A] = [H3PO4] + [H2PO4−] + [HPO42−] + [PO43−] ([A] is the total number of moles of pure H3PO4 which have been used to prepare 1 liter of solution), the composition of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid can be calculated using the equilibrium equations associated with the three reactions described above together with the [H+] [OH−] = 10−14 relation and the electrical neutrality equation. Possible concentrations of polyphosphoric molecules and ions is neglected. The system may be reduced to a fifth degree equation for [H+] which can be solved numerically, yielding:

Caustic soda is also known as lye or sodium hydroxide. Lye manufactured by Aditya Birla Chemicals is widely used in alumina refineries and in the manufacture of soaps and detergents, viscose fibre production and zeolite.

It is also a raw material for a large number of chemicals used in the paper, textiles, dyes, refinery and other industries. Considered to be the most common base in chemical laboratories, caustic soda also finds use in the production of food additives.

Product specifications:

Formula NaOHSynonyms Caustic soda lye, sodium hydroxideSpecifications Specific gravity at 30°C: Min. 1.514 Purity: Min. 47% w/w Sodium chloride: Max. 0.03% wt Sodium carbonate: Max. 0.20% wt Iron: Max. 0.001% wtApplicationsAlumina refineriesPulp and paperSoaps and detergentsViscose fibreTextile processingOrganic chemicals such as dyes, etc.Inorganic chemicals such as sulphites, phosphites, etc.Packaging / transportation Road tankers / rail wagonsView Material Safety Data Sheet

Caustic soda lye


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