U13 Everything

Essential Natural Science 1Unit 13

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Contents

Everything is matter

States of matter

PropertiesChanges of stateParticle Theory

Pure substances

Elements and compounds

Synthetic materials

Synthetic materialsRecycled waste

Mixtures

TypesSolutionsSeparating mixtures

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Properties of the states of matter

How can matter change state?

Particle Theory

Types of mixtures What is a solution?

Separating mixtures

Pure substances

What are synthetic materials like?

What happens to recycled waste?


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Animation: Changes of state

Interactive activity: Solids, liquids and gases

Links


Principal properties of the states of matter

Physical state Shape Volume

• Fixed, if no pressure

is exerted

• Fixed

• Expand if heated or

contract if cooled

• Not fixed

• Adapt to shape of

container

• Fixed

• Expand if heated or

contract if cooled

• Not fixed

• Occupy all available

space

• Not fixed

• Expand to occupy

all available space

SOLIDS

LIQUIDS

GASES


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Substance Water Alcohol Iron Mercury

Melting point (ºC) 0 -117 1,539 -38

Boiling point (ºC) 100 78 3,000 357

ºC ºC

0

100

FUSION (MELTING)

VAPORISATION

SOLIDIFICATION CONDENSATION

melting point boiling point

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Specific properties:

SOLID GAS


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solid

gas

Sublimation of iodine

Directly from solid to gas (sublimation)

solid

gas

Formation of snowflakes

Directly from gas to solid (regressive sublimation)


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Animation: Changes of state


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Particle TheoryMatter is made up of particles

in constant motion..

STATES OF MATTER:

Changes of state

FU

SIO

N

(ME

LT

ING

)

SO

LID

IFIC

AT

ION

SUBLIMATIO

N

REGRESSIVE

SUBLIMATIO

N

VAPOURISATION

CONDENSATION

INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE

DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE


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Liquid

Solid

Gas



in constant motion.STATES OF MATTER:

Changes of state

FU

SIO

N

(ME

LT

ING

)

SO

LID

IFIC

AT

ION

SUBLIMATIO

N

REGRESSIVE

SUBLIMATIO

N

VAPORISATION

CONDENSATION




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Solid

The particles:• are very close together• have strong attraction• vibrate but do not change position GO BACK




Changes of state

FU

SIO

N

(ME

LT

ING

)

SO

LID

IFIC

AT

ION

SUBLIMATIO

N

REGRESSIVE

SUBLIMATIO

N

VAPORISATION

CONDENSATION




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Liquid

The particles:• are close together• have some attraction • have limited movement

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Changes of state

FU

SIO

N

(ME

LT

ING

)

SO

LID

IFIC

AT

ION

SUBLIMATIO

N

REGRESSIVE

SUBLIMATIO

N

VAPORISATION

CONDENSATION




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Gas

The particles:• are far apart and move rapidly in all directions• have no attraction• collide with each other

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Heterogeneous

Types of mixtures

granite

Homogeneous

sea water


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The components are clearly distinguishable. There is uniform composition.


Any

homogeneous

mixture

What is a solution?

sea water

Solutions

solventsolute solution


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Types of solutions


Solutions

solventsolute solution

What is a solution?

Types of solutions

solid-liquid

solid-solid

gas-gas

steel (iron and carbon)

liquid-liquid

gas-liquid

alcohol in water


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Separating mixtures

Filtration Decantation

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

To separate liquids of different densities

Distillation Others

To separate two mutually soluble liquids

METHODS


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TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS

TO SEPARATE A SOLUTION OF A SOLID AND A LIQUID


Separating mixtures


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To separate an

insoluble solid

from a liquid

To separate

liquids of

different densities

Distillation Others

To separate

two mutually

soluble liquids

METHODS

Separatingiron particles with a magnet




Separating mixtures


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To separate an

insoluble solid

from a liquid

To separate

liquids of

different densities

Distillation Others

To separate

two mutually

soluble liquids

Fuencaliente, Canary IslandsEvaporating

water to

obtain salt

METHODS




Compounds (2 or more elements)

Elements

Pure substances

hydrogen oxygen

water CLICK TO SEE

CHANGE

tin

water

Types of change


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electricity

salt


Pure substances

ice

Physical change

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When water changes into ice,

it is still water.


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Elements

hydrogen oxygen

water

electricity

tin

salt


Pure substances

Chemical change

A new substance is formed: iron oxide


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Elements

hydrogen oxygen

water

electricity

Rust on a tin

water

salt

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Pure substances

Physical change

Salt dissolved in water

The water and salt have not changed their composition.


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Elements

hydrogen oxygen

water

electricity

tin

water

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What are synthetic materials like?

Plastic Glass• light

• strong• impermeable• does not rust

• flexible

• fragile but hard• does not rust

• transparent

Fibreglass Optical fibre Carbon fibre

• flexible• strong

• does not rust• excellent conductor of light• does not rust


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OIL


What happens to recycled waste?

Treatment of urban solid waste

SEE COMPOSITION

waste collection

domestic consumption

transport

processing and manufacturing

waste classification

rubbish dump

incinerationtoxic waste

recyclin

g pro

cess

raw materials

compost

plasticmetal

paperglass


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What happens to recycled waste? What can you do?

Reuse

Recycle

Reduce consumptionComposition of urban solid waste

30 % 25 %

7 %8 %

10 %

10 %

10 %

paperorganic matter

othermetals

textiles

glass

plastics

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Interactive activity: Solids, liquids and gases


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U13 Everything