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Roman EngineeringMachines and Mechanisms
Gustavo Trapp3rd Session, 2011
Roman Engineering Main Sources:
– Vitrubius (c. 80–70 BC - after 15 BC)
• De Architectura
– Pliny the Elder (23 AD – 79AD)
• Naturalis Historiae
– Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD)
• Pneumatica, Automata, Mechanica,
Main types of machines
– Siege machines
– Industrial machines
– Small mechanisms
Siege machines
Mostly evolutions of early greek designs Ballistae (arrow throwers)
Lithobolos (stone throwers)
De Re Militari, by Vegetius, c.430-450 AD
Siege machines
Balistae• Static
• High degree of accuracy
• Usually constructed on site
• Metal parts carried around
• 3 shots per minute
Variations• Manuballista
• Carroballista
Siege machines
Lithobolos/Onager/Mangonel Used to throw Rocks
Burning objects
Dead animals or people
Capacity
10 to 180 lb stones
Up to 500 meters (1500ft)
Industrial Machines Pumps Water mills Wind mills Pulley-based machines for lifting and transporting
weights Machines that convert rotary to linear motion and
vice-versa
Roman EngineeringPumps
Rio Tinto Mine, Spain
Lifting mechanisms
Roman Engineering
13 000 lb vs. 110 lb
Manual CraneManual Crane
Threadwheel Crane
Roman Engineering
Machines that convert rotary to linear motion
Hierapolis, Asia Minor c. 350 AD
Stone Saw mill
Small mechanisms Odomoter Astronomical computer Hydraulic organ
Roman Engineering
Antikhera
Questions ?