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Keynote at the 2011 CONFENIS conference in Aalborg, DK, October 17th, 2011.
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Michael zur Muehlen, Ph.D.Stevens Institute of TechnologyHowe School of Technology ManagementCenter for Business Process InnovationHoboken, New [email protected]
Semantic Enterprise Architecture
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2
“Vision without execution is hallucination” Thomas Alva Edison
A Story in 3 Parts
3
4
“If it doesn’t make three people angry, it is not a process”
Beyond Reengineering (Michael Hammer, 1996)
Enterprise
Management System
Operational System
5
Operational Information System
Suppliers
Goods and Services
Money
Custo-mers
Planning and Control System
Mgt. Information
Dir
ecti
ve
Management Information
SystemR
eportin
g
Business as a System
6
“All models are wrong, some are useful”George P.E. Box
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Why Model?
past present future
explain
predict
constrain
guide
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What are Good Models?
Correct Relevant Economical
Clear Comparable Systematically Designed
ModelQuality
Source: Becker, Rosemann, von Uthmann
9Source: xkcd.com
Understanding Process Modeling
BPMN is a standard notation for business processes, but it is complex (50+ symbols)
Questions:
How expressive is BPMN in theory?
Which parts of BPMN are used in practice?
Which parts of BPMN should be used in practice?
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BPMN Features
Modeling Practice
BPMN Best Practice
What can BPMN express?
Which BPMN subset do people
use?
How should you use BPMN?
Δ = untapped potential OR unnecessary features Δ = skill deficit
Δ = standard design flaws
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Normal FlowTask
End EventStart Event / Event
PoolData-Based XOR
Start MessageText Annotation
Message FlowParallel Fork/Join
LanesGateway
Sub-Process (Collapsed)AssociationData Object
Intermediate TimerIntermediate Message
End TerminateSub-Process (Expanded)
End LinkDefault Flow
Inclusive Decision/MergeActivity LoopingException Task
Start LinkEnd Message
End ExceptionComplex Decision/Merge
Event-Based XORMultiple Instance
GroupTransaction
Intermediate EventEnd Cancel
CompensationIntermediate Compensation
Conditional FlowException Flow
Intermediate LinkStart Timer
Off-page connectorStart Rule
Intermediate RuleIntermediate Multiple
End CompensationStart Multiple
Intermediate ExceptionIntermediate Cancel
End MultipleCompensation Association
source: zur Muehlen, Recker (2007)
How to Improve a Standard
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Analyze BPMN Use
2007
Define BPMN Subset
2008
Engage BPMN
Standards Body
2009
Issue BPMN 2.0 w/
Conformance Classes
2010
Develop Skilled
Workforce
Develop BPMN 2.0
training program
Issue Policy Memo
mandating BPMN 2.0 Use
Add BPMN 2.0 to
Enterprise Standards Registry
While keeping the vendor community continually informed...
enterprise architecture |ˈentəәrˌprīz ˈärkiˌtekCHəәr|
Terminology and composition of enterprise components, their relationships with the external environment, and the guiding principles for the analysis, design, and evolution of an enterprise.
Source: Wikipedia
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Why Enterprise Architecture?
To Understand
Analyze what already exist
Assess what will be
Main purpose: People Integration/Conversation
To Build
Design what will be within today’s constraints
Set objectives and constraints for detailed speci!cations
Main purpose: Instruction/Guideline
To Verify
Provide a framework for others
Evaluate current practice against existing guidelines
Main purpose: Compliance/Control 15
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Enterprise Architecture is primarily about People talking to each other...
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...so we can buildSystems and Services that talk to each other
Enterprise
Management System
Operational System
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Operational Information System
Suppliers
Goods and Services
Money
Custo-mers
Planning and Control System
Mgt. Information
Dir
ecti
ve
Management Information
SystemR
eportin
g
Business as a System
19
20
Enterprise
Management System
Operational System
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Operational Information System
Suppliers
Goods and Services
Money
Custo-mers
Planning and Control System
Mgt. Information
Dir
ecti
ve
Management Information
SystemR
eportin
g
Business as a System
Problem: Information Quality
1
Problem: Information Overload
2
Problem: Decision Quality
3
Enterprise Architecture IssuesDifferent Framworks
Multiple Views
Many Techniques
UML, IDEF, BPMN, RAD, EPC, PowerPoint and many, many others...
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<<TupleType>>Activities::PerformerRuleConstrainsActivityOverlap
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::PersonnelTypePartOfSystem
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityWholeConsumingPartOfActivity
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::SkillPartOfPersonnelType
<<TupleType>>Rules::RuleGuidanceOfActivityValidUnitorCondition
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityWholeProducingPartOfActivity
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::ArchitectureOverviewAndPurpose
<<type>>Locations::IntentionallyConstructedInd
ividual
<<TupleType>>Goals::VisionsRealizedByDesiredEff
ect
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::Information
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::PerformerLocationOverlap
<<type>>ResourceFlows::Resource
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::ResourceType
<<powertype>>Activities::ConsumingPartOfActivity
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::PerformerType
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityPerformedByPerformer
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityResultsInEffect
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::MaterielPartOfSystem
<<type>>ResourceFlows::EffectObject
<<TupleType>>Capability::CapabilityPerformerManifestation
<<TupleType>>Goals::EffectPartOfCapability
<<TupleType>>Locations::FacilityPartOfSite
<<powertype>>Measures::Measure Type
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::DomainInformation
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::ServiceDescription
<<TupleType>>InformationAndData::DescribedBy
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::DataPartOfInformation
<<TupleType>>Services::ServiceEnablesAccessTo
<<powertype>>Activities::ProducingPartOfActivity
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityChangesEffectObject
<<IndividualType>>Locations::GeoPoliticalExtent
<<TupleType>>ResourceFlows::nameTypeInstance
<<IndividualType>>ResourceFlows::IndividualResou
rce
<<IndividualType>>Locations::PlanerSurface
<<TupleType>>Activities::PerformerSupportingActivity
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityPerformerOverlap
<<IndividualType>>ResourceFlows::IndividualPerfo
rmer
<<type>>ResourceFlows::Means
<<type>>ResourceFlows::Performer
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::Service
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::PersonnelTyp
e
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityResourceOverlap
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::NameType
<<powertype>>TrainingSkillEducation::Skill
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityConditionOverlap
<<TupleType>>Rules::RuleConstrainsActivity
<<type>>Measures::NeedsSatisfaction
Measure
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::Materiel
<<TupleType>>InformationAndData::namedBy
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::Data
<<IndividualType>>ResourceFlows::Organizatio
n
<<TupleType>>Activities::ActivityPartOCapability
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::System
<<TupleType>>Goals::DesiredEffectDirectsActivity
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Location
<<type>>Services::ServicePort
<<TupleType>>Services::PortPartOfPerformer
<<type>>Measures::Maintainability
Measure
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Site
<<type>>Measures::Organizational
Measure
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Facility
<<TupleType>>Project::GoalsRealizedByProject
<<TupleType>>InformationAndData::tuple
<<NameType>>ResourceFlows::Address
<<TupleType>>InformationAndData::DataAss
ociation
<<powerType>>Services::ServiceChannel
<<type>>Measures::PhysicalMe
asure
<<type>>Measures::SpatialMea
sure
<<type>>Measures::Performanc
eMeasure
<<type>>Measures::AccuracyPr
ecision
<<type>>Measures::RateThroug
hput
<<type>>Measures::Capacity
<<type>>Measures::Dependabili
ty
<<type>>Measures::Trustworthi
ness
<<type>>Measures::Reliability
<<type>>Measures::Security
<<type>>Measures::ServiceLev
el
<<type>>Measures::Adaptability
Measure
<<type>>Measures::Interoperabi
lity
<<type>>Measures::EffectsMea
sure
<<type>>Measures::Cost
<<IndividualType>>Locations::GeoFeature
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Surface
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Line
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Point
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Country
<<IndividualType>>Locations::RegionOfCo
untry
<<IndividualType>>Locations::SolidVolum
e
<<IndividualType>>Locations::Installation
<<TupleType>>Locations::SitePartOfIn
stallation
<<IndividualType>>Locations::RealPropert
y
<<IndividualType>>Goals::Vision
<<IndividualType>>Goals::Goal
<<powertype>>ResourceFlows::Organ
izationType
<<type>>Services::Port
<<IndividualType>>Measures::Measure
<<powerType>>Rules::TechnicalStandard
<<type>>InformationAndData::Thing
<<type>>Measures::Timeliness
<<NameType>>ResourceFlows::Name
<<powerType>>Activities::ServiceFunction
<<individualType>>Rules::FunctionalStandard
<<TupleType>>Services::InterfaceType
<<individualType>>Rules::Guidance
<<type>>Capability::Capability
<<powertype>>Activities::Activity
<<individualType>>Rules::SecurityAttributes
Group
<<individualType>>Rules::Constraint
<<powerType>>Rules::ServicePolicy
<<IndividualType>>Project::Project
<<powertype>>Activities::Condition
<<individualType>>Rules::Rule
<<individualType>>Rules::Agreement
<<powertype>>Goals::DesiredEffect
<<individualType>>Rules::Standard
<<powerType>>Activities::Event
<<powertype>>Project::Plan
10..*
place2Type
place1TypenameType
place2TypenameInstance
place1Type
wholeInformation
place2Type
dataPart
place2Type
place1Type
place1Type
place2Type
2pointOnLine
place2Typeplace1Type
place2Type
place1Type
place2Type
1..*
place1Type
place1Typeplace2Type0..1
place1Type
nameType
place4Type
place2TypeassociateOne
place3Typerelationship
place1TypeassociateTwo
place1TypethingDescribed
place2Type
tuplePlace2
place1Type
tuplePlace1
place1Typeplace2Type
place1Type
place2Type
place2Typedescription
place2Type
place2Type
place1Type
place1Type
thingBeingDescribed
place2Type
place1Type
place2Type place1Type
place1Type
place2Type
place1Type
place2Type
place1Type
place2Type
place2Type
place1Type
place1Type
place1Type
place1Type
place1Type
place2Type0..*
place3Type
place2Type
place3Type
place1Type
place2Type
place2Type
place2Type
place1Type
place1Type
place2Type
place1Type
place2Type
place1Type place3Type
place2Type0..*
Dependencies (DoDAF 2.0 Spec)
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OV-1
AV-1
NOTE1
NOTE 1: Developed iteratively as the Architecture Description is developed.NOTE 2: The AV-2 presents all the metadata used in an architecture. An AV-2 shows elements from the DoDAF Meta-model that have been described in the Architectural Description and new elements (i.e., not in the DM2) that have been introduced by the Architectural Description.
AV-2
NOTE2
OV-5b
DIV-1
OV-6c
DIV-2
StdV-2
OV-6a
StdV-1
DIV-3
SV-4
SV-6
SV-10b
SvcV-4
SvcV-6
SvcV-10b
SV-10c
SvcV-10c
OV-2
SV-1
SvcV-1
OV-5a
OV-3
OV-4
CV-x
PV-1
OV-6b
CV-6
SV-9
SvcV-9
SV-2
SvcV-2
SV-8
SvcV-8
parallel relationship
completion order
Viewpoint may/may not be required
NOT a JCIDS Requirement
SV-3
SV-5a
SV-5b
Example: Capability Meta Model
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Core Description
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CapabilityActivity/Process/Function
Resource(Data)
realized through
input/output
Resource(Person/System)
performed by
Relationships
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Activity(Process)
realized through
Sub-Activity(Activity)
In/Out
Decom
posed
Resource
De!ne Capabilities
De!ne Resources
De!ne Activities
De!ne Performers
Capability PerformerPerforms
Vocabulary-driven Architecture
De!ne Capabilities
What is the architecture supposed to
achieve?
Items:
• Objectives
• Features
• Services
De!ne Resources
Which data/resources will be consumed or produced?
Items:
•Nouns
De!ne Activities
Which processes/
activities will provide the capabilities?
Items:
• Verbs
De!ne Performers
Who/What will be
involved?
Items:
• Roles
• Systems
• Actors
C A R P
CARP Baseline
28
Milestones (Process)
29
Use Case (Capabilities)
30
From CARP
Class Diagram (Data)
31
From CARP
Implement
ModelSimulate
Modeling & Simulation
32
Shared Concepts
semantics |səәˈmantiks|
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text: such quibbling over semantics may seem petty stuff.
Source: Merriam-Webster
33
Enterprise Architecture
34
Model
Architecture
ModelModelModel
described by
Separate Content and Representation
35
ModelStructure
DomainContent
Model
Architecture
ModelModelModel
Defined by Modeling Language
Organized by Domain
Ontology
described bycaptures
captures
Storing Content and Representation
36
ModelStructure
DomainContent
Model
Architecture
ModelModelModel
Defined by Modeling Language
Organized by Domain
Ontology
described bycaptures
captures
saved as
saved as
Model Data
Vocabulary
Example
This part describes the content of the process(the business logic)
This part describes the layout of the process
(tool-speci!c rendering information)
Target Audience: Domain Expert
Target Audience: Engineer/Implementer
38
ModelStructure
DomainContent
Model
Architecture
ModelModelModel
described bycaptures
captures
saved as
saved as
Model Data
Vocabulary
Consistent Rendering from Requirements Capture to
Implementation
Fit-for-Purpose Rendering based on Stakeholder
Needs
Focus
Organizing Domain Content
39
ModelStructure
DomainContent
Model
Architecture
ModelModelModel
Defined by Modeling Language
Organized by Domain Ontology
described bycaptures
captures
contains
containsTerms & Concepts
Constraints
apply to
Semantic Example
40Source: Moran (2011)
2
Design Time
Run Time
Process Semantics (e.g., activity labels)
BPMN Semantics (e.g., objects +
connectors) Payload Semantics (e.g., data objects +
messages)
Payload Instance Semantics (e.g.,
case data + messages)
Processing Behavior (e.g., audit trail)
Layout (placement of objects)
Metadata (e.g. author, version, validity)
42
SO WHAT?
43
So what?
Semantic approach leverages ontologies to describe domains and content
Need upper ontology to provide primitives
For elementary concepts (capability, activity, resource, performer, event, ...)
For elementary properties (metric, objective, condition, ...)
Need domain ontologies to provide context
Domain-speci!c context (key data elements, processes, actors, ...)
Domain ontologies map to concepts in the upper ontology
Need system ontologies to provide architecture details
System-speci!c content
Map to domain ontology or directly to upper ontology
Integration via mapping of shared concepts, not rede!nition
44
Semantics....
45
Thank You - Questions?
Michael zur Muehlen, Ph.D.
Center for Business Process Innovation
Howe School of Technology Management
Stevens Institute of Technology
Castle Point on the Hudson
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Phone: +1 (201) 216-8293
Fax: +1 (201) 216-5385
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.stevens.edu/bpm
slides: www.slideshare.net/mzurmuehlen
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