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The Joy of Seed Collecting The Joy of Seed Collecting and Startingand Starting
Presented by Sheryl WilliamsDelta Montrose Technical
College
Miracle of growing a whole Miracle of growing a whole plant from a tiny seedplant from a tiny seed Learn to collect, germinate and start
seedlingsExpand your palette of plant materialJust plain fun
AgendaAgenda
Plant Sex – Flower and Seed Anatomy
Harvesting, cleaning, storageGermination information
– DormancyPaper Towel techniqueOutdoors for Winter techniqueTiming
VocabularyVocabulary
ScarificationScarification – Scratch, nick, chip or notch a seed coat to
allow water to penetrate more quickly and speed up germination
StratifyStratify– Artificial cold period to break dormancy
Dormant Dormant – Alive but in a state of suspended animation
until all conditions are right for growth
VocabularyVocabulary
GerminationGermination – The moment when a plant’s embryo breaks its
dormancy and begins to grow Hardening OffHardening Off
– Gradually toughen up plant for transition to the garden
Damping offDamping off – Fungal disease that rots seeds as they germinate or
seedlings once they emerge from the soil
Flower AnatomyFlower Anatomy
Viva la difference!Viva la difference!
Male – Stamen Female - Pistil
Stamen - Anther and FilamentStamen - Anther and Filament
Stamen - make pollen available
Two parts – anther and filament
On top of the filament is the anther
Sack containing pollen
Filaments can force contact
Pollen GrainsPollen Grains
Each plant’s pollen has a distinct shape and chemical make up
Wrong pollen is not acceptedPollen contains protein, necessary for bee
larvaeBee larvae is fed pollen and saliva ‘bee
bread’
Pollen GrainsPollen GrainsSunflower Basil Chicory
Dandelion, Eucalyptus Sunflower petal & pollen
Pistil - Stigma, Style, OvaryPistil - Stigma, Style, Ovary
Physical and chemical characteristics of pollen MUST match the female plant
Pollen grain grows a pollen tube Down to the ovary Fertilization of the ovule One pollen grain to one ovule Unfertilized ovules will not make
seeds
StigmasStigmas
Changes shape during the reproductive cycle
• Stigma catches pollen grains
• Often hairy or sticky
Pollen TubePollen Tube
Pollen match Pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary
Fertilization takes place
Sunflower – Multiple flowers Sunflower – Multiple flowers
Snapdragon FlowerSnapdragon Flower
Lab 1 – Explore FlowersLab 1 – Explore Flowers
Cut open flowers and find the ovaries, pistil and stamen
What’s in a SeedWhat’s in a Seed
Starch storageSeed Leaves (Cotyledon)Embryonic plant - embryoEmbryonic Root
Corn SeedCorn Seed3) Starch storage -
energy source for the germinating seed and seedling
4) Seed Leaf8) Embryonic root –
first to emerge9) Embryonic plant
Bean SeedBean Seed
Epicotyl becomes stem leaves and flowers
Radicle becomes the root
Hypocotyl becomes the portion between the root and stem
Lab 2 – Seed Germination Lab 2 – Seed Germination StagesStagesSoaked corn and bean seeds
Cut or pry each in half and find root, shoot, seed leaf (leaves) and starch storage.
Carefully dab with Iodine Iodine will blacken the starch areas.
Harvesting, Cleaning, StorageHarvesting, Cleaning, Storage
Harvest when dryPlace on a newspaper for a weekPut upside down in a paper bag until the
seeds releaseUse a sieve to separate the seeds from the
chaffStore in sealed and labeled paper packetsKeep 35 - 50 degrees
Lab 3 – Cleaning seedsLab 3 – Cleaning seeds
Take bag of flower stalks
Clean seed from chaff
Place in seed envelopes
Lab 4 - Finding Germination Lab 4 - Finding Germination Information Information Look up Latin nameTake Seed catalogue or database and look
up your seedRead codes to see how to germinateAdd germination information to your seed
packages
Where to find Germination Where to find Germination InformationInformationCatalogues
– Park, Stokes– Thompson & Morgan– J.L. Hudson
Books– Seed Germination Theory and Practice by
Norman DenoInternet Databases
Breaking Seed DormancyBreaking Seed Dormancy
Dormancy is nature’s way of preventing germination until conditions are favorable for survival– Temperature– Water – Oxygen– Light
Internal or External– Internal chemical or external hard coat
Breaking Seed DormancyBreaking Seed Dormancy
Scarification– Hard seed coat won’t let in water or gases– Any breaking, scratching, nicking will open
the hard seed coat– In nature seed out in fall and winter freeze and
thaw will break down the seed coat
Scarification TechniquesScarification Techniques
Sand paperBoiling water – soak until water is room
temperatureMetal fileNick with nail clippers
– Don’t damage the embryo– Sow immediately, won’t store
Lab 5 -Scarification Lab 5 -Scarification
Use a nail file to file some of the seed coat away.
Be sure to file until you can see the white starch in the seed.
Use a nail clipper to chip a bit of the seed coat away.
Clip the starch not the embryo.Look for the embryo
StratificationStratification
Need a period of moist-pre chilling or moist-warm periods
Cold stratification (moist pre chilling) mix seeds with a volume of a moist medium– Sand or perlite– Closed container– Store in refrigerator 40 degrees– Check for moist but not wet– Amount of time varies
Stratification – Moist warmStratification – Moist warm
Similar to “moist – pre chill” except temperatures are kept at 68 to 86 degrees
Depends on the speciesA few species even need to be scarified
and pre chilled
Paper Towel Germination Paper Towel Germination Technique Lab 6Technique Lab 6Cheap paper towelsSmall plastic bagsWaterLabelsBasil seeds
Germination Lab – Paper Towel Germination Lab – Paper Towel TechniqueTechniquePaper towel
folded in half three times 1
32
Soak Paper TowelSoak Paper Towel
Soak paper towel and squeeze out the excess water
1 2
Place SeedsPlace Seeds
If “Light” is required place the seeds on top of the still folded towel
If “Light” is not required, open the towel once and place the seeds inside
If you are not sure, put a few inside and a few outside
BagBagPlace label with seed name and date on the
plastic bagPlace towel with seeds into the bagLightly close plastic bag – do not seal
Germination Lab At HomeGermination Lab At Home
Basil should germinate 3-7 days at 70 degrees with light or dark
Nicked seeds should germinate 7-14 days at 70 degrees
Add a small amount of water if towel is dry
Open bag to ventilate if moisture insideIf you need to pre chill or stratify, put in
the refrigerator
Tools and Equipment – Tools and Equipment – SeedlingsSeedlingsHeating cableSandContainersSterile potting soilPlant labelsWatering can with a fine roseOverhead lighting
When Seeds GerminateWhen Seeds Germinate
Plant in soil when seeds leaves are visible
Be careful not to break off the root when taking the seedling out of the paper towel
Plant into SoilPlant into Soil
Be sure the crown is at the soil surface
Overhead lightOverhead lightGive the seedlings 12 – 16 hours of
artificial light4-6 inches above the seedlings
Seed Starting RackSeed Starting Rack
http://davesgarden.com/community/blogs/t/j29/8750/
Winter Sow Outdoors Winter Sow Outdoors Technique – Trudi DavidoffTechnique – Trudi DavidoffGood candidates – look for these terms
– Pre chilling– Stratification– Self Sows– Sow outdoors in Early Autumn– Sow outdoors in early Spring – Hardy seeds– Can be direct sown early
Winter Sow Outdoors Winter Sow Outdoors TechniqueTechniqueMake slits in the top
and bottom of the container for air and drainage
Add SoilAdd Soil
Fill with soil to about half inch from the top
Secure the lidWater well and let drain
Sow seeds and pat them downSow seeds and pat them down
If “light” is not required, add soil to get the correct germination depth
Label Label Put a label on the
bottom so the label won’t bleach out from the sun– Freezer tape– Laundry marker or
sharpie
Winter Sow OutdoorsWinter Sow Outdoors
Put the flat out somewhere safeThe freeze and thawing helps break
dormancyIn early spring when the seedlings emerge,
check the moisture in the flatsAs they grow widen the slits in the covers
getting bigger and biggerTransplant to the garden and they are
hardened off
TimingTiming
Seeds will take different amounts of time to germinate and to grow to a size to plant out
Our last spring frost are in early MayDon’t start too soon or your plants
– will be leggy– Take up too much room in the house or
greenhouse– Take a lot of babysitting time in the
winter/early spring
Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information
Seed Sowing and Saving– Carole B. Turner 1998
American Horticultural Society Plant Propagation– Alan Toogood Editor in Chief
The Seed Site – great pictures of seeds and cotyledons
http://www.theseedsite.co.uk/index.html
Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information
A Basic Guide to Savings Seeds for Home Gardeners –
http://www.virtualseeds.com/seedsaving.html
Collecting seeds from Oregon State:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/fs/fs220/
Internet Seed Germination Internet Seed Germination DatabasesDatabasesTom Clothier – intense databases
http://tomclothier.hort.net/Thompson and Morgan –genus only
http://www.backyardgardener.com/tm.html
General Gardening info: http://davesgarden.com/
Internet Seed ExchangesInternet Seed Exchanges
North American Rock Garden Society– http://www.nargs.org/seed/exchange.html
Gardenweb.com– http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/exchind/
International Seed Saving Institute– http://www.seedsave.org
SummarySummary
Observe your flowers
Look for seedsShare with friendsPay attention to the
timing to know when to start new plants from seed
Have fun