Review 4Review 4

Chapters 8, 9, 10Chapters 8, 9, 10

CHAPTER 8CHAPTER 8

What are the three levels What are the three levels of management activity?of management activity?

OperationalOperational TacticalTactical Strategic Strategic

Operational management Operational management level?level?

Composed of supervisory managers that Composed of supervisory managers that develop short-range plans such as develop short-range plans such as weekly production schedules.weekly production schedules.

Tactical management Tactical management level?level?

Composed of middle managers that Composed of middle managers that develop short- and medium-range plansdevelop short- and medium-range plans

Strategic management Strategic management level?level?

Composed of a board of directors and an Composed of a board of directors and an executive committee of the CEO who executive committee of the CEO who develop overall organizational goals, develop overall organizational goals, strategies, policies as a part of a strategic strategies, policies as a part of a strategic planning process.planning process.

What is a Structured What is a Structured decision?decision?

Repetitive and routine problems for which Repetitive and routine problems for which standard solution exist. standard solution exist.

The procedures to follow can be The procedures to follow can be specified in advance.specified in advance.

What is a Semi-What is a Semi-structured decision?structured decision?

Some decision procedures can be pre-Some decision procedures can be pre-specified, but not enough to lead to a specified, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision.definite recommended decision.

What is an Unstructured What is an Unstructured Decision?Decision?

The procedures cannot be specified in The procedures cannot be specified in advance.advance.

Unstructured problems are novel and Unstructured problems are novel and non-routine, complex.non-routine, complex.

Ex: new business planningEx: new business planning

Decisions made at the Decisions made at the operational management operational management level tend to be morelevel tend to be more

Structured Structured

Decisions made at the Decisions made at the tactical management level tactical management level tend to be moretend to be more

Semi-structuredSemi-structured

Decisions made at the Decisions made at the strategic management level strategic management level tend to be moretend to be more

Unstructured Unstructured

What are the management What are the management support systems?support systems?

Management Information systemsManagement Information systems Decision support systemsDecision support systems Executive information systemsExecutive information systems

What is an exception What is an exception report?report?

ExceptionException reports, highlighting only reports, highlighting only exceptional conditions, such as when a exceptional conditions, such as when a customer exceeds their credit limit, a customer exceeds their credit limit, a manager would probably get an manager would probably get an exception report.exception report.

What are the What are the characteristics of the characteristics of the Decision Support Systems?Decision Support Systems? InteractiveInteractive Supports semi-structured and unstructured Supports semi-structured and unstructured

decisionsdecisions

What is a What-if What is a What-if analysis?analysis?

What-if analysis attempts to check the What-if analysis attempts to check the impact of a change in the assumptions impact of a change in the assumptions on the proposed solution.on the proposed solution.

What if we cut advertising by 10 percent?What if we cut advertising by 10 percent?

What is a Sensitivity What is a Sensitivity Analysis?Analysis?

When the value of one variable is When the value of one variable is changed repeatedly and the resulting changed repeatedly and the resulting changes in other variables are observed.changes in other variables are observed.

What is a goal-seeking What is a goal-seeking model?model?

Attempts to find the value of the inputs Attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of necessary to achieve a desired level of outputs.outputs.

What is Data What is Data Visualization?Visualization?

Data visualization refers to presentation Data visualization refers to presentation of data in graphical form instead of of data in graphical form instead of traditional form of text and table.traditional form of text and table.

What is Geographical What is Geographical Information System Information System (GIS)?(GIS)?

A GIS is a data visualization technology A GIS is a data visualization technology that captures, stores, checks, integrates, that captures, stores, checks, integrates, manipulates, and displays data using manipulates, and displays data using digitized maps.digitized maps.

What are the What are the characteristics of Executive characteristics of Executive Information Systems (EIS)?Information Systems (EIS)?

Provide management with immediate and Provide management with immediate and easy access to information about the firm’s easy access to information about the firm’s critical success factors.critical success factors.

Are most useful to managers at the Are most useful to managers at the strategic level of management.strategic level of management.

Support unstructured decision-making Support unstructured decision-making process.process.

What is drill down?What is drill down?

provides details behind any given provides details behind any given information.information.

What is Data mining?What is Data mining?

organizing valuable business information organizing valuable business information in a large databasein a large database

What is Artificial What is Artificial Intelligence?Intelligence?

AI is the effort to develop computer AI is the effort to develop computer based systems that behave as humans.based systems that behave as humans.

What are the major areas What are the major areas of AI?of AI?

Cognitive scienceCognitive science Robotics Robotics Natural interfaces Natural interfaces

What are the major areas of What are the major areas of Cognitive science?Cognitive science?

intelligent agentsintelligent agents, , neural networksneural networks, , fuzzy logic.fuzzy logic.

What is an Intelligent What is an Intelligent agent?agent?

It is a software surrogate for end user or It is a software surrogate for end user or process that fulfills a stated need or process that fulfills a stated need or activity.activity.

Systems that use massively Systems that use massively parallel processors whose parallel processors whose architecture is based on architecture is based on the human brain’s neuron the human brain’s neuron structure are calledstructure are called

Artificial Neural NetworksArtificial Neural Networks

What is a Fuzzy Logic What is a Fuzzy Logic system?system?

system that can process ambiguous data system that can process ambiguous data and quickly provides approximate, but and quickly provides approximate, but acceptable solutions to problems.acceptable solutions to problems.

What are the What are the characteristics of an characteristics of an Expert system?Expert system?

They are designed to replicate and then They are designed to replicate and then to replace a human advisor.to replace a human advisor.

They transfer expertise from an expert They transfer expertise from an expert and documented sources to a computer and documented sources to a computer and then to the user. and then to the user.

CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9

What are the major What are the major components involved in IT components involved in IT Planning process?Planning process?

Strategy developmentStrategy development Resource managementResource management Technology architectureTechnology architecture

What are the ways for What are the ways for minimizing end-user minimizing end-user resistance?resistance?

Proper end user trainingProper end user training Improved communications with IS Improved communications with IS

personnelpersonnel End user involvement in the development End user involvement in the development

and implementation of new systemsand implementation of new systems

What is the major focus of What is the major focus of organizational change organizational change management?management?

PeoplePeople

CHAPTER 10CHAPTER 10

What are the steps in the What are the steps in the SDLC?SDLC?

systems analysis, systems analysis, systems design,systems design, programming,programming, testing,testing, implementation (conversion), implementation (conversion), and production & maintenance. and production & maintenance.

What is the function of What is the function of systems analysissystems analysis stage? stage?

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM TO BE ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM TO BE SOLVEDSOLVED

What is feasibility study?What is feasibility study?

Determining whether the proposed Determining whether the proposed system is feasible financially, system is feasible financially, economically, technically, and economically, technically, and operationally.operationally.

What is SYSTEMS What is SYSTEMS DESIGN?DESIGN?

describes describes howhow the system will accomplish the task. the system will accomplish the task.

What are the major forms What are the major forms of CONVERSION?of CONVERSION?

ParallelParallel PhasedPhased DirectDirect PilotPilot

What is parallel What is parallel conversion?conversion?

The conversion process in which both the The conversion process in which both the old and new system are operated for a old and new system are operated for a time.time.

What are the alternative What are the alternative system-building system-building approaches?approaches?

PrototypingPrototyping Application software packagesApplication software packages End-user developmentEnd-user development OutsourcingOutsourcing

What is Prototyping?What is Prototyping?

Using Using prototypeprototype which is a working which is a working version of an information system or part version of an information system or part of the system for discovering how a of the system for discovering how a system should operate.system should operate.

What is outsourcing?What is outsourcing?

Purchase of product or service from another Purchase of product or service from another company.company.