Regional And International Conflict

Managing Peace and Managing Peace and Security: Regional and Security: Regional and International ConflictInternational Conflict

What is the chapter about?What is the chapter about?

What were the causes and the What were the causes and the consequences of the Iraq-Kuwait consequences of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict?conflict?

How was the conflict between Iraq How was the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait resolved?and Kuwait resolved?

How can transnational terrorism be How can transnational terrorism be managed?managed?

Remember what we learnt in the Remember what we learnt in the last lesson..?last lesson..?

- all countries want to protect their - all countries want to protect their national interestsnational interests

- conflicts occur when countries do not - conflicts occur when countries do not agree with one another on various agree with one another on various issues which might threaten their issues which might threaten their national interestsnational interests

Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution

Conflicts can be resolved through Conflicts can be resolved through diplomacydiplomacy

Conflicts that cannot be solved through Conflicts that cannot be solved through peaceful means may lead to warpeaceful means may lead to war

These conflicts may impact surrounding These conflicts may impact surrounding countries in the region and at times, even countries in the region and at times, even the worldthe world

Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution

Middle EastMiddle East


Countries: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Countries: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), YemenEmirates (UAE), Yemen


People: Arabs, Turks, Kurds, JewsPeople: Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Jews

Religions: Islam, Judaism, ChristianityReligions: Islam, Judaism, Christianity

KuwaitKuwait

SudanSudan


Per Capita Income can vary from Per Capita Income can vary from US$23,000 in richer nations to US$23,000 in richer nations to US$800 in poorer nationsUS$800 in poorer nations

Such differences has caused Such differences has caused resentment between countries of the resentment between countries of the middle eastmiddle east

Why is the Middle Why is the Middle East so important East so important

to the world?to the world?

Why is the Middle East so Why is the Middle East so important to the world?important to the world?

It is one of the most important oil It is one of the most important oil producing regions in the worldproducing regions in the world

It controls a strategic waterway, the It controls a strategic waterway, the Suez Canal which links Europe to Suez Canal which links Europe to AsiaAsia

Suez CanalSuez Canal

IraqIraq KuwaitKuwait

NeighboursNeighbours

Both former British coloniesBoth former British colonies

Both were under the Ottoman EmpireBoth were under the Ottoman Empire

Iraq and KuwaitIraq and Kuwait Kuwait granted independence in 1961Kuwait granted independence in 1961

Iraq refused to recognise independenceIraq refused to recognise independence

Iraq tried to invade Kuwait in 1960’s but failedIraq tried to invade Kuwait in 1960’s but failed

1963 – Iraq gave up claim over Kuwait1963 – Iraq gave up claim over Kuwait

Iraq and Kuwait worked together during Iran-Iraq and Kuwait worked together during Iran-Iraq warIraq war

What worsened the relationship What worsened the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait?between Iraq and Kuwait?

Economic problems in IraqEconomic problems in Iraq

- Iraq suffered tremendously during the - Iraq suffered tremendously during the war with Iranwar with Iran

- It owed about US$80 billion in debts - It owed about US$80 billion in debts

- Reconstruction of war-torn areas - Reconstruction of war-torn areas required US$230 billion required US$230 billion


Oil productionOil production

- Falling oil prices due to - Falling oil prices due to overproduction by countries like UAE overproduction by countries like UAE and Kuwaitand Kuwait

- Iraq lost a lot of revenue and - Iraq lost a lot of revenue and blamed UAE and Kuwait for waging blamed UAE and Kuwait for waging an economic waran economic war


Dispute over territoryDispute over territory

Rumaila Oilfields

Were there attempts to resolve the Were there attempts to resolve the problems between Iran and Kuwait?problems between Iran and Kuwait?

Mediation by the Arab LeagueMediation by the Arab League

Remember ASEAN?Remember ASEAN?

Association of Southeast Asian Association of Southeast Asian NationsNations

Was mediation successful?Was mediation successful?

Kuwait agreed to produce oil Kuwait agreed to produce oil according to OPEC quotaaccording to OPEC quota

Iraq still accused Kuwait of having Iraq still accused Kuwait of having plans to produce more oilplans to produce more oil

Iraq assured league that as long as Iraq assured league that as long as negotiations were underway, he negotiations were underway, he would not use force against Kuwaitwould not use force against Kuwait

Was mediation successful?Was mediation successful?

OPEC ministers agreed to raise the price of OPEC ministers agreed to raise the price of oil so that Iraq could make more revenue oil so that Iraq could make more revenue for its reconstruction effortsfor its reconstruction efforts

Kuwait agreed to write off Iraq’s debts as Kuwait agreed to write off Iraq’s debts as well as provide US$500 million as a loanwell as provide US$500 million as a loan

Kuwait refused to give in to territorial Kuwait refused to give in to territorial demandsdemands

02 AUGUST 199002 AUGUST 1990

Iraq invades KuwaitIraq invades Kuwait

Within 2 days, most of the Kuwaiti soldiers Within 2 days, most of the Kuwaiti soldiers had given uphad given up

Occupation lasted 7 months until a US led Occupation lasted 7 months until a US led coalition freed Kuwaitcoalition freed Kuwait

This came to be known as the Persian Gulf This came to be known as the Persian Gulf WarWar

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War

2 August 1990 – 28 February 19912 August 1990 – 28 February 1991

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti

George Herbert Walker Bush

Why War?Why War?

Sunni MuslimSunni Muslim Worried about Shi’a Worried about Shi’a

uprisinguprising Saw himself as a Saw himself as a

great leadergreat leader Needed to improve Needed to improve

situation in Iraqsituation in Iraq

Why War?Why War?

Hussien Misread US positionHussien Misread US position Did not think America would go to Did not think America would go to

war over Kuwaitwar over Kuwait

Reactions to the invasionReactions to the invasion

Fear of Iraqi dominanceFear of Iraqi dominance

- Iraq would control 20% of world’s oil - Iraq would control 20% of world’s oil productionproduction

- Saudi Arabia was worriedSaudi Arabia was worried- World was worried for Saudi ArabiaWorld was worried for Saudi Arabia- No ‘Arab Solution’No ‘Arab Solution’

Reactions to the invasionReactions to the invasion

- US decided to intervene in the US decided to intervene in the interest of its ally, Saudi Arabia interest of its ally, Saudi Arabia (Operation Desert Shield)(Operation Desert Shield)

- More than 30 countries took part in More than 30 countries took part in the coalition to liberate Kuwaitthe coalition to liberate Kuwait

- UN passed resolution demanding Iraq UN passed resolution demanding Iraq to withdrawto withdraw

- Economic Sanctions on IraqEconomic Sanctions on Iraq

TimelineTimeline August 2, August 2, #1#1

Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes Kuwaiti oil Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes Kuwaiti oil fields. Kuwait's emir flees. Iraq masses fields. Kuwait's emir flees. Iraq masses troops along the Saudi bordr. U.N. troops along the Saudi bordr. U.N. condemns Iraq's invasion and demands condemns Iraq's invasion and demands withdrawl.withdrawl.


First U.S. military forces arrive in First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void.annexation of Kuwait void.

December 17December 17U.N. sets deadline for Iraqi U.N. sets deadline for Iraqi withdrawal on January 15, 1991. withdrawal on January 15, 1991. Hussein rejects all U.N. resolutions.Hussein rejects all U.N. resolutions.


First U.S. military forces arrive in First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void.annexation of Kuwait void.

TimelineTimeline

January 17January 17Operation Desert Storm begins at 3 Operation Desert Storm begins at 3 a.m. Baghdad time. a.m. Baghdad time.

TimelineTimeline January 19, January 19, #3#3

First scud missiles strike Israel. First scud missiles strike Israel.

TimelineTimeline

February 26, #8 February 26, #8 Hussein announces Iraq's withdrawal Hussein announces Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. from Kuwait.

TimelineTimeline

War ended with Iraq accepting all UN War ended with Iraq accepting all UN resolutions.resolutions.

Was the use of force the only Was the use of force the only solution?solution?

Diplomacy did not work (Saddam’s Diplomacy did not work (Saddam’s defiance)defiance)

Impact of sanctions would take too Impact of sanctions would take too long to be of consequencelong to be of consequence

Impact of the conflictImpact of the conflict

Casualties (both civillian and military)Casualties (both civillian and military)

Destruction of Iraqi military capabilityDestruction of Iraqi military capability

Political instability (Kurds)Political instability (Kurds)

Suffering of IraqisSuffering of Iraqis


Environmental catastropheEnvironmental catastrophe


Displacement of foreign workers Displacement of foreign workers (large no. of workers from (large no. of workers from Bangladesh, India, Egypt, the Bangladesh, India, Egypt, the Philippines, Palestine)Philippines, Palestine)

Why do nations go to war? Why do nations go to war? What motivated the Western decision to go to What motivated the Western decision to go to

war in the Gulf? war in the Gulf? What motivated Iraq to invade Kuwait? What motivated Iraq to invade Kuwait? Why was oil an important factor in the war? Were Why was oil an important factor in the war? Were

other factors involved? other factors involved? How do we distinguish between acts of How do we distinguish between acts of

aggression and acts of defense? aggression and acts of defense? How do we decide what stategy to respond with? How do we decide what stategy to respond with?

(sanctions, force, etc.) (sanctions, force, etc.) What role should the United Nations play in What role should the United Nations play in

conflict situations? conflict situations?

What do leaders need to consider What do leaders need to consider before going to war? before going to war?

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Regional And International Conflict