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1
PUTTING THE “PLAN” INTO PLANNED GIVING
Ann E. Casey, CPA Vice President of Finance and Operations at the Madison Community Foundation
Theresa A. Zeidler-Shonat, ASADirector of Valuation Services at Smith & Gesteland
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ANN E. CASEY, CPAAnn Casey is Vice President of Finance and Operations for Madison Community Foundation, where she directs the financial and accounting activities for the foundation's assets, including oversight for investment management and policy development. She also assists individuals with planned giving and major gifts.
Before joining MCF in 1999, Ann spent nearly 20 years in public accounting as a Senior Tax Manager with both Ernst & Young and Grant Thornton, focusing on tax planning for entrepreneurial businesses, executives and high net worth individuals.
Beyond her commitment to managing philanthropy through the Madison Community Foundation, Ann demonstrates a commitment to community through her many volunteer activities. She is currently on the Board of the Wisconsin Planned Giving Council and the Catholic Diocese of Madison Foundation. She is also a public board member of the University of Wisconsin Medical Foundation, as well as its Investment and Audit Committees.
Ann holds a BBA in Accounting from UW-Whitewater and a Masters in Taxation from UW-Madison, and completed the Strategic Perspectives in Non-Profit Management program at Harvard School of Business.
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THERESA A. ZEIDLER-SHONAT, ASA
As an Accredited Senior Appraiser in the Business Valuation discipline, Theresa specializes in business enterprise, equity, and intangible asset valuations for financial reporting, gift and estate tax, tax planning, succession planning, merger and acquisition planning and assessment, divorce and litigation support, and SBA lending requirements.
Theresa has performed valuations for companies in a wide variety of industries that range from traditional service and manufacturing industries to service industries to rapidly-changing and high-tech industries and other intellectual-property-intensive industries. Theresa has worked with clients that range in size from small family businesses to multi-billion dollar, multi-national firms.
Theresa takes a consultative approach to business valuation. In her role she helps companies understand the value of their businesses, and gives them the tools and information to understand how their actions can strengthen their business.
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WHAT CAN GIVING DO?
Think of all the things that Charitable Giving and Philanthropy
do for our Community…….
5CLEAN LAKES AND WATER
6LIBRARIES
7
EDUCATION AND OPPORTUNITY
8JOB TRAINING
9
PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS
10
ARTS & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
11
HOUSING
12FOOD
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HOW TO GIVE
• Lifetime gifts• Life Interest Gifts• Planned/Deferred Gifts
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OUTRIGHT GIFTS
• Cash, Check, Credit card, Text-to-Give• Securities– Publicly traded stock, mutual funds– Closely-held business interests
• Real Estate, Other property• Retirement accounts, Annuities, Life
Insurance
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DONATE LONG-TERM GAIN PROPERTY
Sell stock/Gift Cash Gift Stock
Stock Value $50,000 $50,000
Basis 10,000
Long-Term Capital Gain
$40,000
Gift to charity $50,000 $50,000
Tax on gain 8,000 0
Tax savings of deduction
(15,000) (15,000)
Net cost of gift $43,000 $35,000
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ORDINARY INCOME
• For property which would result in Ordinary Income when sold:– Charitable deduction reduced, or– Ordinary Income must be recognized
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ORDINARY INCOME
• Examples:– Short Term gain property– IRAs– S Corps, Partnerships, LLCs– Commercial annuities or insurance– Real estate
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LIFE INTEREST GIFTS
• Charitable Remainder Trust– Income to individual/remainder to
charity
• Charitable Lead Trust– Income to charity/remainder to
individual
• Retained Life Interest in Property– Give home to charity; donor may live in
home
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CHARITABLE GIFT ANNUITY
• Donor(s) receives lifetime income in return for charitable gift
• Immediate tax deduction• Annuity rate based on age• Annuity payments partially tax-free• Remainder of gift/fund stays with
charity
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CGA SAMPLE RATES
One LifeAGE RATE60 4.4%
65 4.7%
70 5.1%
75 5.8%
80 6.8%
85 7.8%
90+ 9.0%
Two LivesAGE RATE60/65 4.0%
65/70 4.4%
70/75 4.8%
75/80 5.3%
80/85 6.1%
85/90 7.3%
90/95 8.8%
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GIVING VEHICLES
Private Foundation– Separate charitable entity–Minimum $3 million - $5 million
recommended– Apply for tax-exempt status; annual tax
returns– Not really “private”– Annual board meetings, corporate
records– Closely-held stock deducted at basis
only
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GIVING VEHICLESDonor Advised Fund– Component fund within another charity• Community foundations• Commercial investment companies
– Simple to create, low minimums– No separate tax filings or record-keeping– “Recommend” grants and distributions– Can give anonymously
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AUDIENCE POLL:Do you have Charity in your Estate Plan?
YES
NOT YET
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LEGACY EXAMPLE
Continue Lifetime Giving
• Add to Donor Advised Fund at CF
• Support ~30 annual charities
• Adjust list as interests have changed
• Payout over 10 years• Report back to family
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LEGACY EXAMPLE
One Bequest, Many Uses
• College scholarship fund
• High school scholarship fund
• Donor advised fund for children
• Immediate grants to 20 favorite charities
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BEQUESTS
Gift of property or money promised to a person or organization upon your death.
90% of Planned Gifts
• Defined $$ amount
• % of estate• Specific asset• Beneficiary
– Bank account– Life Insurance– Retirement Funds
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BEQUESTS
I/we give and bequeath (describe bequest) to Madison Community
Foundation, Madison, Wisconsin, for its charitable purposes as defined in and
subject to the provisions of the Madison Community Foundation Trust Agreement
as it exists on this date or as they may be amended in the future. This gift shall be added to the Bob and Sue Smith Donor
Advised Fund.
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WHAT TO GIVE TO CHARITY• During Lifetime – Capital Gain property– No gain recognized; full FMV deduction– At death, taxable beneficiaries get step-up
in basis • Gain goes away forever
• At Death – Ordinary Income accounts– Taxable beneficiaries would be taxed on
income– Charity pays no income tax
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CHARITABLE GIFT PLANNINGWhat to consider
• Donor considerations– Values and interests– Available assets
Valuation Tax consequences Ease and consequences of transfer
– Income considerations Need for future income Ability to generate income from gift
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CHARITABLE GIFT PLANNINGWhat to consider
• Non-Profit considerations– Ability to liquidate the gift– Risks/Costs of ownership
Valuation and acceptance costs Holding/liquidation costs Liabilities Tax consequences
– Capacity to honor donor intent Current or new program or initiative? Mission fit or mission drift? Other donor expectations
31
PLANNING PROCESS & TEAM
• Consult with: – Tax Advisor– Attorney– Appraiser– Giving Coordinator at Charity/Charities
32
WHY PEOPLE GIVE• 2014 Study of High Net Worth
philanthropy (household income >$200,000)– 74% belief gift can make a difference– 73% personal satisfaction– 66% supporting the same causes– 63% giving back to the community– 62% serving on a nonprofit’s board or
volunteering for a non-profit
33
BUT WHAT ABOUT TAX BENEFITS OF PHILANTHROPY?
• Only 34% of donors cited tax advantages among their chief motivators for giving.
• Even if they aren’t a primary motivator, tax advantages exist.
• There are also impacts on what you need to include in your tax return.
34
THE KNOWLEDGE CONNECTION
• The study found strong relationships between donors’ knowledge of giving and personal fulfillment from giving.
• Donors who rated themselves “expert” at giving both give more and gain more fulfillment from giving.
35
NON-CASH GIFTS
• Most non-cash gifts have some sort of valuation or appraisal requirement related to taking a charitable deduction on a tax return.
36
WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL
• Art work(s) with a total claimed value deduction at or exceeding $20,000 must have a complete, signed appraisal by a qualified appraiser attached to the return;
• Be sure to verify IRS requirements regarding photo-documentation.
37
WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL• Any personal property with a claimed
deduction exceeding $250 must include with the return a written communication from the qualified organization containing the name of the organization, the date of the contribution and the amount of the contribution
38
PERSONAL PROPERTY?• General Definition:– A type of property which can include any asset
other than real estate. The distinguishing factor between personal property and real estate is that personal property is movable.
– That is, the asset is not fixed permanently to one location as with real property such as land or buildings. Examples of personal property include vehicles, furniture, boats, collectibles, etc.
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WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL• The donor must have an
acknowledgement stating whether the organization provided any goods or services in exchange for the gift and, if so, a description and a good faith estimate of the value of those goods or services.
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WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL
• Any personal property with a claimed deduction exceeding $500 but less than $5,000, the client must complete Section A of the Form 8283 and attach it to the tax return (this includes donation of household contents exceeding claimed $500)
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WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL• Any personal property with a claimed
deduction of $5,000 or more, Section B of IRS Form 8283 must be completed (including “qualified appraiser’s” and donee’s signatures) and attached to the tax return. A qualified appraisal must be prepared for the donated property.
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WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL• This applies to single items or
multiple similar items of personal or real property.
43
WHEN TO DO AN APPRAISAL
• IRS: Appraisal for charitable gift deduction for tax return must be effective as of date of donation or no more than 60 days preceding donation.
44
POLL QUESTION
How Long do you think a Typical Business Appraisal Process Takes?A. 4 to 6 monthsB. 3 to 6 weeksC. 2 to 3 monthsD. 1 to 2 weeksE. 3 to 4 days
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Business Interest Appraisal Timeline
I.
• Project Scoping and Engagement Letter• This typically takes a few days between initial discussions and
the engagement letter
II.
• Information and Data Request• This length of this step depends on how quickly client responds
with requested information
III.
• Initial Modeling and industry research• This portion should take 4 to 6 days to complete
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Business Interest Appraisal Timeline
IV.
• Follow up questions for client• Questions arise during step III. Timing depends on client
response time.
V.
• Finish model and finalize report• A few days to a week depending on responses received in Step
IV.
VI.
• Submit final report to client• In total process typically takes 3 to 6 weeks .
47
APPRAISAL TIMELINE• Length it takes to complete a
business appraisal can be affected by:–Whether the appraiser can start right
away or has other projects that must be finished before starting yours
– Responsiveness to information requests/follow-up questions
48
APPRAISAL TIMELINE
• You may also need– Real estate appraisal– Machinery and Equipment appraisal– Art or Antiques appraisal
• The timelines for those are different. If they are assets held in the business, these appraisals need to be complete before business appraisal can be finalized.
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IRS Guidance Regarding Appraisals for non-cash charitable contributions
• IRC Section 170(f)(11)• Section 883 American Jobs Creation
Act• Section 1219 of the Pension
Protection Act of 2006• IRC Section 6695A
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WHAT’S NOT DEDUCTIBLE?• A contribution to a specific individual,• A contribution to a non-qualified
organization,• The part of a contribution from which the
individual receives or expects to receive a benefit (such as sports tickets or a dinner),
• The value of time or services,• Personal expenses.
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WHAT’S NOT DEDUCTIBLE?• A qualified charitable distribution from an
individual retirement arrangement (IRA),• Appraisal fees (these may be claimed as
related business expenses),• Certain contributions to donor-advised funds,
or• Certain contributions of partial interests in
property.
52
WHAT’S NOT DEDUCTIBLE?• One may not deduct a charitable
contribution of a fractional interest in tangible personal property, unless all interests in the property are held immediately before the contribution by the donor or by the donor and the qualifying organization receiving the contribution.
53
WHO CAN AND CAN’T PERFORM APPRAISALS
• The IRS has a requirement that a “Qualified Appraiser” is used.
• The IRS also excludes certain individuals from performing appraisals for tax purposes.
54
WHAT IS A “QUALIFIED APPRAISER?”
• Has an appraisal designation from an appraiser org, or
• Has met certain minimum education and experience requirements;
• Regularly prepares appraisals for which he or she is paid;
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WHAT IS A “QUALIFIED APPRAISER?”
• Demonstrates verifiable education and experience in valuing the type of property being appraised;
• Has not been prohibited from practicing before the IRS under section 330(c) of title 31 of the United States Code at any time during the 3-year period ending on the date of the appraisal;
• The individual is not an excluded individual.
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APPRAISER ORGANIZATIONS• Business Appraisals– American Society of Appraisers (ASA)
• Accredited Senior Appraiser (ASA)
– The Institute of Business Appraisers (IBA)• Certified Business Appraiser (CBA)
– National Association of Certified Valuation Analysts (NACVA)• Certified Valuation Analyst (CVA)
57
APPRAISER ORGANIZATIONS• Machinery and Equipment Appraisals– American Society of Appraisers (ASA)
• Accredited Senior Appraiser (ASA)
– Association of Machinery and Equipment Appraisers (AMEA)• AMEA accredited or certified
– NEBB Institute• Certified Machinery & Equipment Appraiser (CMEA)
58
APPRAISER ORGANIZATIONS• Art and Antique Appraisals– American Society of Appraisers (ASA)• Accredited Senior Appraiser (ASA)
– Appraisers Association of America (AAEA)• Certified Member
– International Society of Appraisers
59
APPRAISER ORGANIZATIONS• Real Estate Appraisals– American Society of Appraisers (ASA)
• Accredited Senior Appraiser (ASA)
– National Association of Real Estate Appraisers (NAREA)
– Appraisal Institute
• Real estate appraisers must be licensed/certified in the state in which the property exists
60
WHAT IS AN “EXCLUDED INDIVIDUAL?”
• The donor of the property, or the taxpayer who claims the deduction.
• The donee of the property.• A party to the transaction in which the donor acquired
the property being appraised, unless the property is donated within 2 months of the date of acquisition and its appraised value is not more than its acquisition price. This applies to the person who sold, exchanged, or gave the property to the donor, or any person who acted as an agent for the transferor or donor in the transaction.
61
WHAT IS AN “EXCLUDED INDIVIDUAL?”
• Any person employed by any of the above persons. For example, if the donor acquired a painting from an art dealer, neither the dealer nor persons employed by the dealer can be qualified appraisers for that painting.
• Any person related under section 267(b) of the Internal Revenue Code to any of the above persons or married to a person related under section 267(b) to any of the above persons.
• An appraiser who appraises regularly for a person in (1), (2), or (3), and who does not perform a majority of his or her appraisals made during his or her tax year for other persons.
62
THE VALUE OF YOUR GIFT MAY NOT BE WHAT YOU THINK IT IS…
63
Fair Market Value
“The price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller when the former is not under any compulsion to buy and the latter is not under any compulsion to sell, both parties having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts. Court decisions frequently state in addition that both the hypothetical buyer and seller are assumed to be able, as well as willing, to trade and to be well informed about the property and concerning the market for such property.”
Source: IRS Revenue Ruling 59-60
64
GIFTS OF INTERESTS IN CLOSELY-HELD COMPANIES
• Your buy-sell agreement is probably not “fair market value”– The IRS requires charitable deductions
at FMV.
65
GIFTS OF INTERESTS IN CLOSELY-HELD COMPANIES
• Market participate considerations?– Value of ability to control the company
(discount for lack of control)– Opportunity cost of investment
(discount for lack of marketability/non-liquidity)
66
Point in time Measurement• Value Changes over time• “Valuation Date” is important
67
Intangible Assets
• Intellectual Property (IP)• Marketing Intangibles (Trademarks)• Artistic Intangibles• (there are other intangible assets
that are harder to gift)
68
Art and Antiques• Auction prices may not be FMV– Typically auction prices include both
buyer and seller fees
• Your insurance appraisal is replacement cost, not FMV
• eBay isn’t a good source for value estimates, either
69
IRS Restrictions on Charitable Deductions for Intangibles
• The taxpayer’s initial deduction for contributions of certain intellectual property may be the lesser of the taxpayer’s basis in the property or the fair market value of the property.
70
IRS Restrictions on Charitable Deductions for Intangibles
• Transfers of property are not deductible:– If the transfer is of a partial interest in
property.– To the extent that consideration is
received for the transfer.– If the transfer is inadequately
substantiated.– To the extent the property is overvalued.
71
IRS Restrictions on Charitable Deductions for Intangibles
• The fair market value of a patent must take into account factors such as whether the patented technology has been made obsolete by other technology; any restrictions on the donee’s use of, or ability to transfer the patented technology; and the length of time remaining before the patent’s expiration.
72
LIMITATIONS ON DEDUCTIONS
• If the donor contributes personal property that has a fair market value less than the donor's basis in the item, the claimed deduction is limited to the fair market value.
• Donor cannot claim a deduction for the difference between the basis and the fair market value.
73
LIMITATIONS ON DEDUCTIONS
• If the donor contributes property with a fair market value that is more than the donor's basis, the donor may have to reduce the fair market value by the amount of appreciation (increase in value) when figuring the deduction to be claimed.
• Different rules apply to figuring the deduction, depending on whether the property is ordinary income property or capital gain property
74
LIMITATIONS ON DEDUCTIONS
• Donation of self-created works: Since the 1970s, an artist may not claim the fair market value of self-created works donated by the maker to a qualifying nonprofit organization. The artist may only claim the cost of materials used in creating the works.
75
MAKE SURE YOU AREN’T GIFTING A PROBLEM
• Are there restrictions on transfer?• Check your buy-sell agreement and
other corporate documents– Can an organization outside of company
management own company equity?
76
MAKE SURE YOU AREN’T GIFTING A PROBLEM
• Illustrative Example of a problem…• Robert Rauschenberg’s Canyon– A work of art in the estate of art dealer
Ileana Sonnabend
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THE CANYON PROBLEM
Image from MOMA.org
78
THE CANYON PROBLEM
Image from MOMA.org
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THE CANYON PROBLEM
Image from MOMA.org
Taxidermied Bald Eagle
80
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• Under US law it can’t be sold because it contains a taxidermied bald eagle.
• Actually, most people can’t even own it, much less sell it.
81
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• Violation of:
– 1940 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection
Act
– 1918 Migratory Bird Protection Act
82
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• Criminal Penalties for Anyone who:– “take, possess, sell, purchase, barter,
offer to sell, purchase, or barter, transport, export, or import, at any time or any manner… alive or dead, or any part, nest, or egg thereof…”
83
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• Sonnabend had an exemption to own the work based on a notarized statement that the bald eagle was stuffed by one of Roosevelt’s Rough Riders prior to passage of the laws
84
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• However, it couldn’t be sold or possessed by anyone else.
• How could it have a fair market value if it is illegal to have a market for it?
• Three separate appraisers valued it at $0
85
THE CANYON PROBLEM
• The IRS disagreed and said it was worth $65 million
• They imposed penalties• It went to tax court
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THE CANYON PROBLEM• The ultimate resolution?• The IRS agreed to drop fines and
taxes• However, the work had to be
donated to a US Institution and the estate could not claim a charitable deduction on it
• It is in MoMA’s collection today
87
WHAT’S NEXT?• Think about
what you want to support
• Think about which of your assets is best gift to support it (hint: it may not be cash)
• Talk to your legal and tax advisors
88
WHAT’S NEXT?• Talk to the giving
coordinator at the charities you want to support
• Line up the appraisals you’ll need
• Feel good about supporting the things that matter to you
89
Questions?
90
Theresa Zeidler-Shonat, ASA
Director of Valuation Services
Smith & Gesteland, LLP
608.828.3154
Ann Casey, CPA
Vice President Finance and Operations
Madison Community Foundation
608.232.1763
91