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CHAPTER 16:
CREATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE
WORK SYSTEMS
Kirsti Kompus
Richard Stefan
Omar Sagor
Topics:
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
HOW COMPONENTS FIT TOGETHER AND SUPPORT STRATEGY
PROCESSES FOR IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
OUTCOMES FOR EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
A high performance work system can be defined as a specific combination of HR practices, work structures, and processes that maximizes the knowledge, skills, commitment, flexibility, and resilience of employees.
4 Simple but powerful principals:- Egalitarianism and engagement
- Shared Information
- Knowledge development
- Performance-reward linkage
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
4 Simple but powerful principals:Egalitarianism and engagement
- Sense of being members, not just workers, in an organization
- Egalitarian work environments eliminate status and power differences
- Increase collaboration and teamwork
- Productivity improves through working together
- Employee engagement: Involving employees in decision-making and giving them the power
- Engaged employees: performing at high levels, are enthusiastic about what they do, and look for better, more efficient ways of doing things
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
4 Simple but powerful principals:Shared Information
- The principal of shared information is critical to the success of employee empowerment and involvement initiatives in organizations
- In the past employees traditionally were not given and did not ask information about the organizations
- Information helps employees make good suggestions for improving the business and to cooperate in major organizational changes
- The principal of shared information typifies a shift in the relationship between employer and employee in organizations
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
4 Simple but powerful principals:Knowledge development
- Knowledge development: the twin sister of information sharing
- “The only thing you get when you empower dummies, is bad decisions faster.”
- The number of jobs requiring little knowledge and skill is declining
- The number of jobs requiring greater knowledge and skill is growing
- High-performance work systems depend on the shift from touch labor to knowledge work
- Employees today need a broad range of skills
- Knowledge and skill requirements must also change rapidly
PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
4 Simple but powerful principals:Performance-reward linkage
- People may intentionally or unintentionally pursue outcomes that are beneficial to them but not necessarily to the organization as a whole
- When companies reward their employees based on their performance, workers naturally pursue outcomes that are mutually beneficial to themselves and the organization
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Work-flow design and teamworkBy redesigning the work-flow around key business processes, companies
can:
- Establish a work environment that facilitates teamwork
- Takes advantage of employee skills and knowledge
- Empowers employees to make decisions
- Provides employees with more meaningful work
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
StaffingCompanies can improve their staffing practices by selecting one of the
following:
- Potential job applicants that are drawn from a pool of individuals who have been trained at the state's expense and who seem best suited to work in high performance teams
- Team members select their teammates
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Training and development:- Training focuses on ensuring that employees have the skills needed to
assume greater responsibility in a high-performance work environment. Companies can develop training by the following points:
- Provide pre-hire training program of instruction and testing in subject based on companies specific business needs.
- Apprenticeship program that focuses on key areas based on companies specific business needs.
- Training certification process; the teams have to certify their abilities to function effectively by demonstrating knowledge.
- "Cross-cultural sensitivity and team building"
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Compensation- Many companies are experimenting with alternative compensation plans
in order to link pay and performance, high-performance work systems often include some type of employee incentives.
- Incorporating skill-based pay plans (based on the number of different job skills)
- "Intracapital" method: a pool of money an employee can spend on capital improvements if the company meets profitability goals
- Egalitarianism: implementing an all-salaried workforce
- ''Pay-for-performance'' philosophy: high performance organizational culture that translates into better business results and company profitability
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Management processes and leadership:- Maximizes staff engagement, development, and performance
- Is consistent across units to enhance full development and utilization of talent
- Remains flexible, efficient, measurable, fair, and transparent
- Provides better alignment of staff roles and goals with the university’s mission
- Promotes on-going and proactive succession management.
- Cornell’s Performance Management Philosophy.
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Management processes and leadership (cont)- Addresses the relationship of employees to the institution, from the time
they are recruited, through their growth and development, to the time they depart
- Engages and develops employees throughout the year
- Establishes goals and measures performance to those goals
- Depends on the supervisor giving clear, developmental feedback
- Includes a review of past performance and goals and focuses on future development opportunities that are aligned to individual, unit, and university goals
COMPONENTS OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEM
Supportive information technologies- Technologies of various kinds create an infrastructure for
communicating and sharing information vital to business performance
- But IT need not always be so high-tech
- The richest communication occurs face to face
- The important point is that high-performance work system cannot succeed timely and accurate communication
HOW COMPONENTS FIT TOGETHER AND SUPPORT STRATEGY
The pieces of the system are important only in terms of how they help the entire system function. When all the pieces support and complement one another, high-performance work systems achieve internal fit. When the system is aligned with the competitive priorities of the organization as a whole, it achieves external fit as well.
Internal fit - Occurs when all the internal elements of the work system complement
and reinforce one another
- Changes in one component affect all the other components
- Horizontal fit: testing to make certain that all of the HR practices, work designs, management processes, and technologies complement one another
HOW COMPONENTS FIT TOGETHER AND SUPPORT STRATEGY
External fit- To achieve external fit, high-performance work systems must support
the organization’s goals and strategies
- Analysis and discussion of competitive challenges, organizational values, and the concerns of employees and
- Statement of the strategies being pursued by the organization
- Objectives: cost containment, quality enhancement, customer service, and speed to market directly influence what is expected of the employees and the skills they need to be successful
HOW COMPONENTS FIT TOGETHER AND SUPPORT STRATEGY
Assessing Strategic Alignment: The HR Scoreboard
Uses
- Is used to diagnose internal fit and external fit in a relatively straightforward way
- Is used to engage a broader set of managers and employees in the discussion of how to best implement the system
Procedure
Consists of analyzing and comparing internal and external fit, key strategic performance drivers, HR practices, employment, stability and teamwork
IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
Actions necessary for success- Making a compelling case for change linked to the company's business
strategy
- Ensuring that change is owned by senior and line managers
- Allocating sufficient resources and support for the change effort
- Ensuring early and broad communication
- Ensuring that teams are implemented in a systemic context
- Establishing methods for measuring the results of change
- Ensuring continuity of leadership and champion of the initiative
IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
Implementing High-Performance Work SystemsBuilding a Business Case for Change
- Managers have to build a case that changes are needed for the success of the organization
- Top managers spending time to communicate with employees about the reasons and approaches of change
- Major transformations should not be be left only to middle managers. CEO and senior management team need to establish the context for change and communicate the vision tot he entire organization
IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
Processes for Implementing High-Performance Work Systems
Establishing a Communications Plan
- Two-way communication: diminishing fears and concerns of employees
- Two-way communication: open discussions, sharing information
Unions
- Cultivating Mutual Gains: creating win-win situations and building trust
- Formalizing Commitment: sign of managers' commitment and institutionalizing the initiative
IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
Processes for Implementing High-Performance Work Systems
- Gaining the support of other key groups: within the company and outside the company
- Adhering to Procedures: keeping the parties focused
Navigating Transition to High-Performance Work Systems
- Building a transition structure: keeps everyone on track and prevents the system from failing
- Incorporating the HR function as valuable partner: enabler of a company's human capital that helps employees through the transition
IMPLEMENTING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS
Evaluating the Success and Sustaining it
- Process audit: determine whether the system has been implemented as it was designed and principles of high-performance work systems being reinforced
- Sustaining: motivating and retaining the workforce to avoid burnout and employee poaching by other companies
- Evaluations: high-performance work systems should be periodically evaluated in terms of new organizational priorities and initiatives
OUTCOMES FOR EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION
Progressive organizations of all sizes have successfully implemented high-performance work systems. When implemented effectively, high-performance work systems benefit both employees and their organizations.
Employee Outcomes and Quality of Work Life- In high-performing workplaces, employees have greater latitude to
decide how to achieve their goals. Employees become more engaged and empowered to make decisions, experience greater career growth and satisfaction, and become more valuable contributors to their firms.
-When employees are underutilized, the performance of an organization suffers, and employees develop poor work attitudes and habits.
OUTCOMES FOR EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION
Organizational Outcomes and Competitive Advantage
Organizations benefit from higher productivity, quality, flexibility, and customer satisfaction. These features together can provide a company with sustainable competitive advantage
Competitive advantage by developing competencies in employees:
1) Valuable: High-performance work systems increase value by establishing ways to increase efficiency, decrease costs, improve processes, and provide something unique to customers.
OUTCOMES FOR EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION
Organizational Outcomes and Competitive Advantage (cont)
2) Rare: High-performance work systems help organizations develop and harness skills, knowledge, and abilities that are not equally available to all organizations
3) Difficult to imitate: High-performance work systems are designed around a team of processes and capabilities that cannot be transported, duplicated, or copied by rival firms
4) Organized: High-performance work systems combine the talents of employees and rapidly deploy them in new assignments with maximum flexibility