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Core partner
Angelo Baggini*, Franco Bua**, Francesco Buratti*** * [email protected] - Università degli Studi di Bergamo** [email protected] – ECD, Pavia, Italy*** [email protected] – ECD, Pavia, Italy
Webinar - 9 May 2008
Case Study - Photovoltaics
Index
Site Design criteria PV system components Tests and inspections Bill of materials Investment analysis Summary
Site > Where
Site > Global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m2 year)
Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
1300 kWh/m2 per year
Site > Electricity from PV systems
Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2007http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
(1100 kWh/kWp year)
Site > The house
Site > The house
Area: 356 m2
Electricity consumption:
5.500 kWh/year
Site > The house
Orientation
Roof area (South): 95 m2
Site > Area for installation
Orientation: South
Area: 45 m2
Slope: 19°
Design criteria
Available surface
Feed-in tariff maximization– 2005 – Ministerial Decree referred to in Art. 7, para. 1 of
Legislative Decree no. 387 of 29 Dec. 2003. Criteria for incentivising electricity generation by photovoltaic solar plants
– 2005 - AEEG - electricity & gas regulator adopted its Decision 188/05, which identifies GRTN (now GSE) as “implementing body” in charge of granting incentivising tariffs
– 2006 - second decree on photovoltaic solar generation, extending and supplementing the Ministerial Decree of 2005, was enacted
– Incentive scheme applies to photovoltaic (PV) solar plants or systems which have a capacity of 1 to 1,000 kW and which have become operational after 30 Sept. 2005
Design criteria > Incentivising tariffs
PV SystemCapacity (kWp)
Incentivising Tariffs (€/kWh)
Not integrated
Partially integrated
Integrated
1 kW ≤ P ≤ 3 kW 0,4 0,44 0,49
3 kW < P ≤ 20 kW 0,38 0,42 0,46
P > 20 kW 0,36 0,4 0,44
Design criteria > Contract Type and Energy usage
PV energy ContractType
No sale
Partial sale
Complete sale
Net Metering
Energy sale
Design criteria > Contract Type and Rated Power
PV system
Net metering
≤ 20kW
Sale contract
> 20kW
Design criteria > Contract Type and PV energy value
PV energy
Used
Net metering
Used
Sale contract
To grid To grid
Energy Energy
0,4 €/kWh
0,12-0,18 €/kWh 0 €/kWh 0,12-0,18 €/kWh 0,1 €/kWh
Design criteria > PV System size
2,94 kWp
PV system components (PV SC)
PV Generator Inverter DC & AC Cables AC & DC disconnecting switch AC & DC overcurrent protection Metering Earthing Overvoltage protection Grid connection
PV SC > System overviewGrid
Energy measurement
Coupling pointMain Switch
Load
InterfaceInt. Protection
PV energy measurement
PV Systemswitch
Inverter
PV modules
PV SC > PV Generator, module features
PV SC > PV Generator, module features
800
G20NOCTTT MAXMAX
aMAXCELL
STDa
MINCELL
STDOC
MAXOC T.T
dT
dVVV
MINa
MINCELL TT
STDa
MAXCELL
STDMPP
MINMPP T.T
dT
dVVV
STDa
MINCELL
STDMPP
MAXMPP T.T
dT
dVVV
PV SC > PV Generator
Modules 14
Arrays 1
System rated peak power (W) 2940
Voc, max @ Ta, min (V) 562,94
Vmpp @ STC (V) 407,40
Vmpp, min @ Ta, max (V) 344,73
Vmpp, max @ Ta, min (V) 460,74
Isc, max (A) 9,91
Module
Diode
PV SC > PV Generator > constructive aspects
PV module
Roof underlay
Tiles
Orientation: -5° (South 0, East -90, West 90)
Slope: 19°
PV SC > PV Generator > Final result
PV SC > Inverter, MPPT
I
V
MAXPV,MPP
MAXMPPT II
PV generator
Inverter
MAXPV,OC
MAXINV VV
MAXPV,MPP
MAXMPPT VV MIN
PV,MPPMINMPPT VV
T c
ell,
min
T c
ell,
max
MPP MPP
PV SC > Inverter, efficiency
Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2
MPPT adjustment efficiency
Source: Photon Internationalwww.photon-magazine.com
PV SC > Inverter, efficiency
Inverter n. 1 Inverter n. 2
Overall efficiency
Source: Photon Internationalwww.photon-magazine.com
PV SC > Inverter
PV SC > DC & AC Cables
Uo/U
Section– Capacity– Voltage drop
Cross section: 4, 6 mm2
Formation: 1X
0,6/1 kV
os
asaK
0iZ IKI
PV SC > DC & AC Cables
Type– External
installation– Anti-Fraud
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch& overcurrent protection
Inverter
PV modules
Meter
QS 2
QP1
To load
Grid
Existing electrical
installation
QS 1
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch& overcurrent protection
Inverter
PV modules
Meter
QS 2
QP1
To load
Grid
Existing electrical
installation
QS 1
PV SC > AC & DC disconnecting switch& overcurrent protection
QP1 QS2 QS 1
Rated current 16 32 25
Termical release type C Curve
Magnetic release type C Curve
Breaking capacity 6
Residual current type B
Rated residual current 0,3
PV SC > Metering
PV system energy– Produced– To grid– From grid
Measurement system– Installation and maintenance– Recording– Transmission
Location Type of connection
– Direct– Indirect– Semi-direct
On way meter
Two way meter
Near the inverter
PV SC > Earthing
All exposed conductive parts and the whole electrical system
A PV system can be connected to earth only if a transformer separates it from the grid
Without separation, PV system is considered as part of the grid, which already has an earthing connection. PV system is then connected to earth through the grid.
PV SC > Overvoltage protection
Direct lightningstrike Building
LPS ?
PV system increasesstrike frequency?
Class 1 LPS
New risk assessment LPS integration
Risk assessment
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
PV SC > Overvoltage protection
Indirect lightningstrike
SPD SPD
SPD
PV System
Tests and Inspections
On site (acceptance and periodic) inspections– Shadows– Equipment
Tests– DC side– AC side– At acceptance:
• Array voltage and current• Circuit insulation• Equipotential bonding
Tests and Inspections > On site inspectionsType Acceptance Periodic inspection
Module installation Yes Yes
Modules
Module damage Yes Yes
Frame corrosion No Yes
Earthing conductors damage Yes Yes
Boxes damage No Yes
Plate damage Yes Yes
Cables type and installation Yes No
CablesMechanical and fault stresses No Yes
Circuit identification Yes Yes
Rack proper installation Yes No
Rack
Terminal installation Yes Yes
Water/corrosion No Yes
Fuses No Yes
Earthing conductors damage Yes Yes
Plate damage Yes Yes
Inverter proper installation Yes No
Inverter
Operation and alarm signalling Yes Yes
Connections Yes Yes
Fan Yes Yes
Plate damage Yes Yes
Bill of materials
Modules: 14.200€Inverter: 1.900€Other (cables, accessories, etc…): 7.081€Total: 23.181€
Specific cost: 7.884 €/kW
Investment analysis > Energy cost
Year Electric energy (€/kWh)(VAT excluded)
1 0,1920 0,29
Environment and energy. 2006. (epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu)
Calculation made on the basis of variation average index for domestic energy cost calculated for 2000-2006 (source Eurostat)
Average: +0,26% / year
Investment analysis > Cash Flows
Year0 1st 12th 20th
Incomes
Energy sale € - € - € -
Energy savings € 676,80 € 760,47 € 796,77
Incentives € 1.524,15 € 1.356,50 € 1.234,57
Total € 2.200,96 € 2.116,97 € 2.031,33
Costs
Operative -€ 100,00 -€ 100,00 -€ 100,00
Maintenance € - -€ 2.781,76 € -
Insurance € - € - € -
Total -€ 23.181,31 -€ 100,00 -€ 2.881,76 -€ 100,00
Balance € 2.100,96 -€ 764,79 € 1.931,33
Cash flows -€ 23.181,31 -€ 21.080,36 -€ 1.220,01 € 14.543,93
Discount rate 2% NPV +7684,4€
Rate of return 5,4%
Investment analysis > Cash Flows
-€ 30.000,00
-€ 25.000,00
-€ 20.000,00
-€ 15.000,00
-€ 10.000,00
-€ 5.000,00
€ 0,00
€ 5.000,00
€ 10.000,00
€ 15.000,00
€ 20.000,00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Summary
Site location: Northern Italy Irradiation: 1058 kWh/kWp System power capacity: 2,94 kW System installation: roof integrated Investment cost: approx. 23.000€ Specific cost: 7.884 €/kW Incentive: 0,49€/kWh Investment rate of return: 5,4% Energy savings: ~ 3000 kWh/year Emissions savings: 2350 kg CO2/year