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Reactive Hazards Webinar
September 15, 2008
2
Reactive properties and physical conditions of a single chemical or mixture that have the potential to
generate heat, energy, and gaseous by-products that have the
potential to do harm.
Reactive Hazard
Definition from CSB
3
CSB Reactive Hazard Investigation
• 167 incidents since 1980
• 108 fatalities
• 5 fatalities per year (average)
• 50 incidents with public impact
4
Location Date Fatalities1 Channelview TX 7/5/90 172 Charleston SC 6/17/91 93 Sterlington LA 5/1/91 84 Lodi NJ 4/21/95 55 Allentown PA 2/19/99 56 Port Neal IA 12/13/94 4
Severe Reactive Chemical Incidents
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Severe Reactive Chemical Incidents
Location Date Fatalities
7 Auburn IN 6/28/88 4
8 Gulfport MS 6/2/82 3
9 Barceloneta Puerto Rico 6/12/86 3
10 Belpre OH 5/27/94 3
11 West Helena AR 5/8/97 3
12 Augusta, GA 3/13/01 3
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Types of Reactive Hazards
• Reactive Materials
• Reactive Interactions
7
Reactive Materials
Unstable – Has a tendency to break down over time or when exposed to certain conditions.
STABILITY
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Reactive Materials
Polymerizing – Has the tendency to self-react to form larger molecules, while possibly generating enough heat/gases to burst a container.
Photo from BP Amoco Augusta GA 2001 Explosion
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Reactive Materials
Pyrophoric – Will ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Photo from unknown origin
10
Reactive Materials
Peroxide Former – Has the tendency to slowly react with oxygen, such as when exposed to air, to form unstable organic peroxides.
Photo from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory Website
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Reactive Materials
Water Reactive – Will react violently with water or moisture. Heat and flammable/toxic gases may be produced.
12
Reactive Materials
Oxidizer – Will give up oxygen easily or readily oxidize other materials.
13
Reactive InteractionsIntentional Reactions
GA Pacific Resins Columbus, OH
•Reactor vessel rupture
•All raw materials & catalysts charged at once
•Runaway reaction
•Exceeded relief system
•Exceeded cooling capacity
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Reactive InteractionsContamination
Pool Chemical Fire Springfield, MA
June 1989
•Rainwater leaked into a room contaminating pool chemicals
•Heat and chlorine released
USFA Technical Report Series
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Reactive InteractionsConditions
Bartlo Packaging West Helena, AR
May 8, 1997
•Bulk storage & distribution center
•Bulk sacks of pesticide stored too close to compressor discharge pipe
•Decomposition released flammable vapor Rick McFarland, Rick McFarland, Arkansas Democrat-GazetteArkansas Democrat-Gazette
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Reactive InteractionsUnintentional Mixing
•Confusion over common chemical name
•Truck of sodium hydrosulfide unloaded into ferrous sulfate tank
•Hydrogen sulfide released
Lisa Medendorp, The Chronicle
Whitehall Leather Whitehall, MI June 4, 1999
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What Chemicals are most often involved in Reactive Incidents?
Chemical Class No. of Incidents
Acid 38
Oxidizer 20
Monomer 15
Water 14
Base 12
Organic Peroxide 12
Hypochlorite 10
Alcohol 8
Hydrocarbon 7
Inorganic/metal 6
Hydrosulfite 6
Other 79Source: CSB
CSB Investigation of Reactive Incidents
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What Types of Reactions cause Reactive Incidents?
Reaction Type Percentage
Decomposition 26
Acid/Base 11
Water Reactive 10
Polymerization 10
Oxidation 6
Decomp by another reaction
5
Oxidation/Reduction 4
Other 8
Source: CSB
CSB Investigation of Reactive Incidents
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Where Do Reactive Incidents Occur?
Source: CSB
CSB Investigation of Reactive Incidents
Transfer
Equipment
5%
Reactor
25%
Storage
Equipment
22%Other Process
Equipment
22%
Separation
Equipment
5%
Unknown
8%
Storage Drum
10%
Waste
Equipment
3%
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Where Do Reactive Incidents Occur?
Source: CSB
CSB Investigation of Reactive Incidents
Type of Facility Percent of Incidents
Chemical Manufacturing 70% +
Storage, Handling, Consumer Sites
Nearly 30%
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What are the Consequences of Reactive Incidents?
Source: CSB
CSB Investigation of Reactive Incidents
Consequence Percent of Incidents
Fire/explosion 42%
Toxic Gas Release 37%
Fire/explosion and toxic release
16%
Hazardous liquid spill 5%
22
Identifying Reactive Hazards
Identifying Reactive Hazards
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Identifying Reactive Hazards
• MSDSs• Literature• Computer tools• Compatibility Charts• Testing
– Stability testing– Reactive Interaction Screening– Reaction calorimetry– Adiabatic calorimetry
• Multiple data sources are almost always needed!
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MSDS Reactivity Information – 1
• MSDSs should have a “reactivity” or “stability and reactivity” section noting if materials are:
• Unstable (decomposing)• Self-reactive (polymerizing)• Pyrophoric • Peroxide formers• Oxidizers• Water reactive
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MSDS Reactivity Information – 2
• May include overview of gross incompatibilities
• Oxidizers / Organic materials• Bases / Acids
• Heat sensitivity• Shock sensitivity• Level of detail in, and reliability of, MSDSs can
vary greatly! • Don’t rely ONLY on MSDS reactivity data!
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Literature – Data Compilations
• Urben, P.G. (ed.) 2006. Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Academic Press.
• Lewis, R.J. 2004. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Wiley-Interscience.
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Literature – Control of Reactive Hazards
• CCPS, 2003. “Essential Practices for Managing Chemical Reactivity Hazards”, New York: AIChE.
(available for free download from http://info.knovel.com/ccps/ )
• HSE 2000. “Designing and Operating Safe Chemical Reaction Processes”. UK Health and Safety Executive
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Computerized References
• NOAA Chemical Reactivity Worksheet (version 1.9.2 current) - interactionshttp://response.restoration.noaa.gov/– Click on “responding to chemical spills”,
then “The Chemical Reactivity Worksheet”
• ASTM “CHETAH” package can estimate reactive energy releases– May require expert assistance
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Compatibility / Chemical Interaction Charts -1
Reaction Possible?
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Water Sulfuric Acid
Lube Oil Cleaning Solution
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
REACTIVE
WaterNot
ReactiveREACTIVE
Sulfuric Acid
REACTIVE REACTIVE REACTIVE
Lube OilNot
ReactiveNot
ReactiveNot
ReactiveREACTIVE
Cleaning Solution
Determine cleaning solution contents, e.g., ammonia, then determine reactions!
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Compatibility / Chemical Interaction Charts -2
• Interaction hazards may not be obvious! – Materials may individually be stable,
but violently reactive with each other• sulfuric acid• caustic
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Compatibility / Chemical Interaction Charts - 3
• Charts are a good practice:
– Display possible interactions at a glance– Good guide for storage, mixing, disposal– May be able to develop using the free
NOAA program, literature– Many employers will have at least a partial
chart for reactive processes
32
Compatibility / Chemical Interaction Charts - 4
• May require testing to develop
• Don’t tell the whole story:– Will materials generate gases / high pressures?– Can an explosion occur?– Are products of reaction toxic?– Generally based on ambient conditions, not
process temperatures and pressures
33
Compatibility / Chemical Interaction Charts - 5
• Charts require a long-term commitment to maintain as processes change over time
• May not be comprehensive• May not address issues of contamination,
complex mixtures, and materials of construction incompatibilities